Institutional Repository of the General Jonas Zemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania
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Defence Expenditure–Government Debt Nexus in the Context of Sustainability in Selected Small European Union Countries /
No full textThis paper explores the relationship between defence expenditure and government debt in small European Union countries that are members of NATO, such as Luxembourg, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, DRenmark, Slovakia, and Slovenia. The investigation used Eurostat data in relation to gross government debt, as well as NATO information regarding defence expenditure as a share of GDP and its distribution by main category for the period between 2005 and 2019. The authors applied descriptive statistics and methods of multivariate statistics: Spearman’s correlation, the ANOVA test, and Life tables. Taking into consideration the tendencies of variables in all examined countries, the results show that the share of defence expenditure in GDP correlates statistically significantly and negatively with government gross debt. Latvia, Slovakia, and Slovenia revealed statistically significant relationships between variables, while Luxembourg, Denmark and Lithuania insignificant. In Estonia, the relationship between variables is strong and positive. Additionally, the investigation shows that, whether for increasing defence expenditure or for stable or decreasing defence expenditure, the trajectories of government debt have no clear interrelation in explored countries. Therefore, the cause of government debt by means of defence expenditure alone can only be partially explained. The insights that were drawn from this study could be applied to government finance management processes, as well as to ensure both national security and the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals 2030
Tendencies of Waiting for War in Lithuania in 1945–1953.
No full textThe article comprehensively analyses the tendencies of waiting for war in Lithuania in 1945-1953, showing the influence of the experience of waiting for war in 1940-1944 on later time based on specific examples. The reflections of the expectation of war and the alleged promises of Lithuanian emigrants in the memories of witnesses - which did not always coincide with the realities of the past - are examined. The article focuses on the moods and actions of Lithuanian partisans directly related to these tendencies, because it was one of the most topical issues for the anti-Soviet fighters. The article examines the possible sources (press, radio, rumours) on the basis of which the war between East and West was predicted. The influence of German, US and British factors on forecasts is considered. It identifies events that may have fuelled the anticipation of military conflict and stormed people's imaginations, showing what actions the population was led to. Based on archival and published sources, the importance of the mood of waiting for war for the activities of Lithuanian partisans and the attitude of the population is determined. The frustrations of the Lithuanian population about the non-commencement of the war and the unfulfilled forecasts are also examined
Women and War in Premodern Baltic Societies.
No full textThe role of women in Prehistoric Baltic societies has so far received relatively little attention. As for the Balts (east Baltic tribes), they have hardly been studied in this respect at all. The paper deals with aspects of warfare involving east Baltic women, fragmentary as they might be, based on archaeological data and written source material. The authors analyse archaeological data, asking if it might help to reveal whether there were any female warriors in ancient Baltic societies (this can be done by analysing grave goods and anthropological features of human remains found in graves). Investigations of female remains sometimes also reveal traces of violent traumas, potentially related to or even directly caused by war. The article also analyses Medieval written sources describing the role of east Baltic women in military conflicts. Although they are very scarce and do not provide clear answers, some rare and unique cases featuring female activity in military society reveal the importance of their role in tribal decision-making
Non-commissioned officer's Career Management in the Lithuanian Armed Forces: The Case of Battalion.
No full textRelevance of the work. The ever-increasing demands on soldiers, the changing public attitudes towards the significance of the military pose many new challenges to the management of military careers. As there is no career model for a non-commissioned officer tailored to each service unit, the specifics of the military make it difficult to manage the career of soldiers. Novelty of work. Career management is quite extensively examined in the context of management, but in the military context we can find only the works of a few authors. The legal basis of the Lithuanian Armed Forces contains documents regulating the procedure for awarding degrees to soldiers, non-commissioned officers and officers, but there are no guidelines for the career management of non-commissioned officers in separate units. The problem of the research is the implementation of the non-commissioned career management in the Lithuanian Army Land Forces Battalion. The object of the research is the non-commissioned officer's Career Management in Lithuanian Army Land Forces Battalion. The aim of the work is to investigate the career management system of non-commissioned officers in the Lithuanian Army Land Forces Battalion. Tasks: 1) to analyze the theoretical and legal aspects of career management; 2) to analyze the career management of non-commissioned officers in the Lithuanian Armed Forces; 3) to investigate the opinion of non-commissioned officers about the career management system in Lithuanian Army Land Forces Battalion; 4) to submit proposals for the improvement of the non-commissioned officers' career management system. Research methods - analysis of scientific literature, review of legal documents, interviews, content analysis. After reviewing the legal documents and practical analysis of the implementation of the non-commissioned career management in the Lithuanian Army Land Forces Battalion, it was established that non-commissioned career planning takes place by planning the career of the soldier and the organization offering vertical and horizontal careers according to established requirements and procedures. A military organization is partly concerned with the sustainability of a soldier’s career, but the needs of the military do not always meet a soldier’s career expectations. It was also established that when organizing the career of non-commissioned officers, performance evaluation is performed, career decisions are made, training is provided, and the career management system of non-commissioned officers is planned and organized in accordance with general documents 4 regulating career in the army. The survey of non-commissioned officers on this system revealed the following shortcomings: insufficient legal regulation in this area, insufficient knowledge of soldiers about the legislation in this area, management bias towards military careers and difficulties for soldiers to reach higher military ranks, gender discrimination. Based on the results of the study, guidelines for improving the career management system of non-commissioned officers are provided
Using Artificial Neural Networks in Predicting the Level of Stress among Military Conscripts /
No full textThe present study aims to elucidate the main variables that increase the level of stress at the beginning of military conscription service using an artificial neural network (ANN)-based prediction model. Random sample data were obtained from one battalion of the Lithuanian Armed Forces, and a survey was conducted to generate data for the training and testing of the ANN models. Using nonlinearity in stress research, numerous ANN structures were constructed and verified to limit the optimal number of neurons, hidden layers, and transfer functions. The highest accuracy was obtained by the multilayer perceptron neural network (MLPNN) with a 6-2-2 partition. A standardized rescaling method was used for covariates. For the activation function, the hyperbolic tangent was used with 20 units in one hidden layer as well as the back-propagation algorithm. The best ANN model was determined as the model that showed the smallest cross-entropy error, the correct classification rate, and the area under the ROC curve. These findings show, with high precision, that cohesion in a team and adaptation to military routines are two critical elements that have the greatest impact on the stress level of conscripts
All-Electronic Emitter-Detector Pairs for 250 GHz in Silicon /
No full textThe spread of practical terahertz (THz) systems dedicated to the telecommunication, pharmacy, civil security, or medical markets requires the use of mainstream semiconductor technologies, such as complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) lines. In this paper, we discuss the operation of a CMOS-based free space all-electronic system operating near 250 GHz, exhibiting signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) with 62 dB in the direct detection regime for one Hz equivalent noise bandwidth. It combines the state-of-the-art detector based on CMOS field-effect-transistors (FET) and a harmonic voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). Three generations of the oscillator circuit are presented, and the performance characterization techniques and their improvement are explained in detail. The manuscript presents different emitter–detector pair operation modalities, including spectroscopy and imaging
Modelling Team Cohesion during Military Conscription: a Multidimensional Model for Task Cohesion /
No full textThis research aims to predict conscripts’ task cohesion in groups using artificial neural network modelling (NNM). The prediction of task cohesion during military conscription lies on two domains of research. The first is related to team cohesion, its deconstruction, and its measurement, while the second is allied to nonlinear modelling in group behaviour research. To predict this multidimensional and complex phenomenon, the multilayer perceptron (MLP) and the radial basis function (RBF) neural networks are used. As a result, the team cohesion in conscript groups, which is a key variable in conscription service effectiveness, was predicted with high accuracy (MPL MOD2= 88% and RBF MOD8=90%) by the models created. The performed modeling shows that according to MPL MOD2 norm cohesion has 100% of normalized importance, while according to RBF MOD8, interpersonal cohesion is the best predictor (normalized importance=100%) for task cohesion in groups during conscription service
The Cultural Element in the Modern Warfare.
No full textThe article aims to review the change in the security environment after the Cold War. This change led to the growing importance of the cultural element in warfare and its inclusion in the military planning This element reflects the increase in the importance of soft power in the current interpretation of state and military power and can be related to the expanded range of military operations. The first part discusses how the cultural element in modern warfare has become part of the military arsenal. More specifically, it discusses the influence of the security environment and the new war paradigms that explain this change. The second part analyses the changes in the concept of the soldier and the need for a soldier diplomat in modern warfare. This need reflects the establishment of the cultural element and of cultural competences of military personnel both in the scientific and the military context
Nonviolent civil resistance against military force: The experience of Lithuania in 1991 /
No full textEvolving threats to national security have resulted in the adoption of comprehensive (total) defence concepts by a number of small and medium states. Civil resistance constitutes a considerable part of such concepts, complementing military defence. The historical experience of Lithuania proved the value of nonviolent resistance between 1988 and 1991 for regaining independence, and defending it in January 1991. The aim of this article is to analyse the role of non-violent civil resistance in the national defence system, based on the experience of 13 January 1991 in Lithuania and develop further discussion about the concept of civil resistance. The methodological approach of the article is based on historical and theoretical analysis. This allows the experience of Lithuania to be assessed on the basis of Lithuanian National Security and Defence Strategy and scientific research. Lithuanian non-violent civil resistance in 1988–1991 was successful in terms of strategy, leadership, organisation, planning, non-violence priorities and the number of citizens involved. The leaders of the movement were able to mobilise people into a widespread movement based on their moral authority and value orientations, strongly appealing to different groups in society. Lithuania’s independence was achieved with minimal human sacrifice, preserving the country’s resources and infrastructure. This experience of non-violent civil resistance came to be used by modern state institutions to create strategic documents of the state. In the current situation, it is necessary to focus not only on the knowledge required for state defence and civil resistance, but also on its moral aspects such as values, ethical behaviour, civic and human maturity
A Practical Way to Determine Slippage and Lead in the Front Wheels of the BELARUS 112H Mini-Tractor /
No full textVarious mini-machines are used on small farms to carry out various field works, with vehicle types including minitractors. Tractor wheels have a powerful effect on the soil while they are being subjected to loads, severely compressing the soil in the process and leaving deep tracks in it due to slippage and skidding. This article reviews slippage and front wheel lead in the wheels of a mini-tractor, the methods which can be used to determine such slippage, and methods which can be used in improving the economic efficiency of a mini-tractor. In order to increase the economic efficiency and performance of such mini-tractors, it is apparent that there is a requirement to increase the load and adaptation of the mini-tractor so that it can better handle various agricultural jobs. The starting point is to properly determine front wheel lead and slippage in the wheels of the mini-tractor, as this has the greatest level of impact on fuel consumption and the mini-tractor’s performance levels. Wheels which are unnecessarily slipping extend the time taken to complete tasks while also increasing fuel consumption