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Regards croisés sur les études françaises
No full textCet article souligne l’importance de la conscience métapragmatique dans l’apprentissage/ l’enseignement des langues étrangères. En effet, les opérations générales de la pensée se reflètent dans les structures d’une langue et une analyse linguistique de la langue à apprendre contribue au développement de la réflexion.
Dans cet article, nous nous intéressons à la conscience métapragmatique des apprenants avancés finlandais (niveau LICENCE) de la grammaire du français. Lors d’un cours de grammaire dispensé au niveau universitaire, nous avons posé les questions suivantes : Quels sont les points difficiles dans la grammaire française ? Qu’est-ce qui est difficile pour vous personnellement ? à quels genres de stratégies avez-vous recours dans les situations problématiques ?
Les résultats indiquent que les problèmes liés aux formes verbales, surtout au subjonctif et à son emploi, semblent les plus difficiles pour les étudiants du cours de grammaire de niveau avancé. De plus, il apparaît que les étudiants ont recours à diverses activités métalangagières pour contourner ces problèmes (par exemple, consultation de dictionnaires et de manuels, demande d’aide, intuition). Les résultats montrent également que malgré la reconnaissance des formes verbales au test, la justification de leur emploi se base souvent sur des règles mal intériorisées.</p
Tobacco Smoking in Early Adulthood and Labor Market Performance: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study
Get PDFIntroduction: Tobacco smoking has been associated with reduced success in the labor market, potentially due to its negative impact on labor productivity, especially in physically demanding jobs, as it affects physical fitness and performance adversely.Methods: This prospective study used data from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study survey, linked to register information on labor market outcomes and education attainment, to examine the association between tobacco smoking and long-term labor market outcomes (earnings and employment, N = 1953). Smoking levels were determined by cigarette pack-years in 2001, as reported in the survey, whereas annual earnings and employment status were tracked from 2001 to 2019.Results: A one-unit increase in pack-year of smoking was associated with a 1.8% decrease in earnings (95% confidence interval [CI]: -2.6% to -0.9%) and a 0.5% reduction in years employed (95% CI: -0.6% to -0.3%). This association was pronounced among participants with lower education levels. The earnings difference was evident among younger cohorts, whereas a negative correlation with employment was observed most strongly in older cohorts among individuals with lower education.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that smoking had a negative effect on earnings among the younger generation, particularly among the less well-educated. The finding of greater impacts on years of employment among the older age group, particularly among groups with low education levels, is consistent with the delayed onset of most health impacts, which may particularly affect productivity in physically demanding jobs that are more common among people with less education.Implications: Adverse consequences of smoking include reduced earnings and labor market participation, particularly among less well-educated groups. Tobacco control advocates should draw attention to these consequences in arguing for effective measures to reduce smoking initiation and increase cessation in order to achieve socially optimal outcomes.</p
Affective Body Politics of Social Media
Get PDFIn this introduction to special issue, we elaborate our use of the concept affective body politics in the context of social media. Bringing together two theoretical concepts, the notion of “body politics” and that of “affective politics,” we direct attention to the carnal ways in which bodies experience practices of governance, how they affect and are affected by other bodies. The introduction maps out some of the interdisciplinary voices that study affect online, provides an overview of the papers in this special issue, and concludes by considering ideas for further discussion.</p
Instruments for measuring empowering patient education competence of nurses: Systematic review
Get PDFAim: This review aimed to identify validated self-reported instruments used to measure nurses' competence or attribute(s) of competence in empowering patient education, to describe their development and main content and critically appraise and summarize the quality of the instruments.Design: Systematic review.Data Sources: Electronic databases of PubMed, CINAHL and ERIC were searched from January 2000 to May 2022.Review Methods: Data was extracted following predetermined inclusion criteria. With the support of the research group, two researchers performed data selection and appraised the methodological quality using the COnsensus- based Standards for the selection of health status Measurement INstruments checklist (COSMIN).Results: A total of 19 studies reporting 11 instruments were included. The instruments measured varied attributes of competence and the contents were heterogenous reflecting the complex nature of both empowerment and competence as concepts. Overall, the reported psychometric properties of the instruments and methodological quality of the studies were at least adequate. However, there was variation in the testing of the instruments' psychometric properties and lack of evidence limited the evaluation of both the methodological quality of the studies and quality of instruments. Conclusion: The psychometric properties of the existing instruments assessing nurses' competence in empowering patient education need to be tested further, and future instrument development should be built on a clearer definition of empowerment as well as on more rigorous testing and reporting. In addition, continued efforts to clarify and define both empowerment and competence on the conceptual level are needed.Impact: Evidence on nurses' competence in empowering patient education and its valid and reliable assessment instruments is scarce. Existing instruments are heterogenous and are often missing proper testing of validity and reliability. These findings contribute to further research on developing and testing the instruments of competence in empowering patient education and strengthening nurses' empowering patient education competence in the clinical practice.</p
Risk Governance and Bank Risk of Public Commerical Banks of OECD
No full textThis study investigates the impact of risk governance on bank risk within the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) public commercial banks. Utilizing Knight’s (1921) distinction between risk and uncertainty, it emphasizes the roles of key figures like bank directors, the chief risk officer (CRO), and the chief financial officer (CFO) in risk management. The research employs multivariate regression analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) to reveal a positive correlation between risk governance and the Tier 1 capital ratio, indicating that effective governance leads to reduced bank risk and increased financial stability. This finding is consistent with Aebi et al.’s (2012) study on risk management and bank performance. These results underscore the crucial role of robust risk governance in banking, suggesting that enhanced governance practices can significantly mitigate risks. The study contributes to the existing literature by providing empirical evidence supporting the quantification of risk through governance mechanisms, aligning with, and enriching current theoretical frameworks. While highlighting the importance of these findings, the study also acknowledges its limitations, such as potential endogeneity issues, and suggests directions for future research to expand the understanding of risk governance’s impact on bank behavior, including the exploration of additional variables and the integration of qualitative methodologies. This research holds significant implications for banking institutions and regulatory bodies, advocating for a deeper examination of risk governance strategies in banking
World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule versus Functional Independence Measure in Traumatic Brain Injury
Get PDFObjective: In patients with traumatic brain injury, to compare functioning measured using the 12-item patient and proxy World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS-12) with assessments made by professionals.Patients and methods: At discharge from rehabilitation, 89 consecutive patients with traumatic brain injury (10 mild, 36 moderate, 43 severe) and their proxies completed the WHODAS-12. Professionals assessed functioning simultaneously using the WHO minimal generic set of domains of functioning and health and Functional Independence Measure (FIM).Results: From mild to severe traumatic brain injury, increasing disability was found in: sum, component and item scores of patient and proxy WHODAS, except for emotional functions in patients’ ratings; in sum and item scores of the WHO minimal generic data-set, except for pain; and in FIM total score and sub-scores. The WHODAS participation component was more impaired than activities. Although proxies rated functioning more impaired than patients, the correlation between patient and proxy WHODAS was strong (0.74). The correlation between patient/proxy WHODAS and FIM was also strong (–0.56 and –0.78, respectively). Proxy WHODAS differentiated mild and moderate traumatic brain injury more accurately than the other assessments.Conclusion: We recommend using the WHODAS-12 when planning patient- and family-oriented rehabilitation services after traumatic brain injury.</p
Lower abdominal adipose tissue cannabinoid type 1 receptor availability in young men with overweight
Get PDFObjectiveCannabinoid type 1 receptors (CB1R) modulate feeding behavior and energy homeostasis, and the CB1R tone is dysgulated in obesity. This study aimed to investigate CB1R availability in peripheral tissue and brain in young men with overweight versus lean men.MethodsHealthy males with high (HR, n = 16) or low (LR, n = 20) obesity risk were studied with fluoride 18–labeled FMPEP-d2 positron emission tomography to quantify CB1R availability in abdominal adipose tissue, brown adipose tissue, muscle, and brain. Obesity risk was assessed by BMI, physical exercise habits, and familial obesity risk, including parental overweight, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. To assess insulin sensitivity, fluoro-[18F]-deoxy-2-D-glucose positron emission tomography during hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp was performed. Serum endocannabinoids were analyzed.ResultsCB1R availability in abdominal adipose tissue was lower in the HR than in the LR group, whereas no difference was found in other tissues. CB1R availability of abdominal adipose tissue and brain correlated positively with insulin sensitivity and negatively with unfavorable lipid profile, BMI, body adiposity, and inflammatory markers. Serum arachidonoyl glycerol concentration was associated with lower CB1R availability of the whole brain, unfavorable lipid profile, and higher serum inflammatory markers.ConclusionsThe results suggest endocannabinoid dysregulation already in the preobesity state.</p
IMI - Myopia Genetics Report
Get PDFThe knowledge on the genetic background of refractive error and myopia has expanded dramatically in the past few years. This white paper aims to provide a concise summary of current genetic findings and defines the direction where development is needed.We performed an extensive literature search and conducted informal discussions with key stakeholders. Specific topics reviewed included common refractive error, any and high myopia, and myopia related to syndromes.To date, almost 200 genetic loci have been identified for refractive error and myopia, and risk variants mostly carry low risk but are highly prevalent in the general population. Several genes for secondary syndromic myopia overlap with those for common myopia. Polygenic risk scores show overrepresentation of high myopia in the higher deciles of risk. Annotated genes have a wide variety of functions, and all retinal layers appear to be sites of expression.The current genetic findings offer a world of new molecules involved in myopiagenesis. As the missing heritability is still large, further genetic advances are needed. This Committee recommends expanding large-scale, in-depth genetic studies using complementary big data analytics, consideration of gene-environment effects by thorough measurement of environmental exposures, and focus on subgroups with extreme phenotypes and high familial occurrence. Functional characterization of associated variants is simultaneously needed to bridge the knowledge gap between sequence variance and consequence for eye growth
The Immune Synapse
No full textRecent technical developments have fueled increasing utilization of proteomics to gain new insights into various aspects of cellular behavior. In this chapter, we describe a method to specifically isolate immune synapses from mouse primary B cells. The method utilizes antibody-coated magnetic beads to induce the formation of the immune synapses and describes a protocol for the extraction of the cell-bead adhesions for mass spectrometry analysis. Finally, this method enables unveiling the large-scale protein content of the immune synapse
Semantic segmentation of point cloud data using raw laser scanner measurements and deep neural networks
No full textDeep learning methods based on convolutional neural networks have shown to give excellent results in semantic segmentation of images, but the inherent irregularity of point cloud data complicates their usage in semantically segmenting 3D laser scanning data. To overcome this problem, point cloud networks particularly specialized for the purpose have been implemented since 2017 but finding the most appropriate way to semantically segment point clouds is still an open research question. In this study we attempted semantic segmentation of point cloud data with convolutional neural networks by using only the raw measurements provided by a multiple echo detection capable profiling laser scanner. We formatted the measurements to a series of 2D rasters, where each raster contains the measurements (range, reflectance, echo deviation) of a single scanner mirror rotation to be able to use the rich research done on semantic segmentation of 2D images with convolutional neural networks. Similar approach for profiling laser scanner in forest context has never been proposed before. A boreal forest in Evo region near Hämeenlinna in Finland was used as experimental study area. The data was collected with FGI Akhka-R3 backpack laser scanning system, georeferenced and then manually labelled to ground, understorey, tree trunk and foliage classes for training and evaluation purposes. The labelled points were then transformed back to 2D rasters and used for training three different neural network architectures. Further, the same georeferenced data in point cloud format was used for training the state-of-the-art point cloud semantic segmentation network RandLA-Net and the results were compared with those of our method. Our best semantic segmentation network reached the mean Intersection-over-Union value of 80.1% and it is comparable to the 80.6% reached by the point cloud -based RandLA-Net. The numerical results and visual analysis of the resulting point clouds show that our method is a valid way of doing semantic segmentation of point clouds at least in the forest context. The labelled datasets were also released to the research community