Repository of the Department of Marine Studies at the University of Split
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Communities of fish and scleractinian corals
No full textU ovom završnom radu opisane su zajednice riba iz porodice glavoča (porodica Gobiidae) i kamenih koralja (red Scleractinia) na koraljnim grebenima. Iako postoje određeni nedostaci za partnerske organizme, u navedenim zajednicama prevladavaju mutualistički odnosi korisni za ribe i koralje. Ribe u kolonijama koralja, domaćina prvenstveno dobivaju mjesto za život i zaštitu od predatora te se ujedno hrane njihovom sluzi i tkivima, a ribe štite koralje od koralivornih organizama, osiguravajući esencijalne nutrijente kao što su dušik i fosfor, prozračuju ih, i iz njih uklanjaju nakupljene sedimente. U koraljnim kolonijama vrlo često obitavaju i druge vrste morskih organizama, poput rakova, školjkaša i mnogočetinaša. Između različitih organizama u takvim se zajednicama javlja niz složenih intra- i interspecijskih odnosa koji su relativno slabo istraženi.In this final work, communities of fish from the family Gobiidae and scleractinian corals (order Scleractinia) on coral reefs are described. Although there are certain disadvantages for partner organisms, mutualistic relationships beneficial to fish and corals prevail in these communities. Fish in host coral colonies primarly receive habitat and protection from predators and feed on their mucus and tissues, while fish protect corals from corallivory organisms, provide them with essential nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, aerate them and remove accumulated sediments. Coral colonies are often inhabited by other species of marine organisms, such as crustaceans, shellfish and polychaetes. A number of complex intra- and interspecies relationships occur between different organisms in such communities that have been relatively poorly explored
Distribution of viruses along the trophic gradient in the Central Adriatic
No full textU radu je prikazana brojnost virusa, brojnost heterotrofnih bakterija, udijeli HNA i LNA
grupa u ukupnom broju heterotrofnih bakterija te omjer virusa i bakterija na četiri postaje duţ
trofičkog gradijenta Kaštelanski zaljev-Stončica. Cilj rada je utvrditi sezonsku i vertikalnu
raspodjelu virusa koristeći metodu protočne citometrije te utjecaj biotičkih i abiotičkih
parametara na raspodjelu virusa. Brojnosti virusa na istraţivanom području iznosile su od
1,11 x 106 mL
-1
do 8,26 x 106 mL
-1
. Virusna brojnost opada udaljavanjem od obale odnosno
duţ trofičkog gradijenta. Sezonske promjene virusne brojnosti su pratile promjene bakterijske
brojnosti, analizirajući HNA i LNA grupe bakterija utvrĎeno je da virusi koreliraju s obje
skupine bakterija neovisno o sadrţaju nukleinske kiseline.The number of viruses, heterotrophic bacteria, the contribution of HNA and LNA in a total
number of heterotrophic bacteria, and the ratio of virus and bacteria in four stations along
trophic gradient Kaštela bay- Stončica is shown in this paper. The main goal is to determine
the seasonal and vertical distribution of the virus using flow cytometry. Additionally, the
potential influence of biotic and abiotic parameters on viral distribution is studied. The virus
numerosity in studied area was from 1,11 x 106 mL-1 to 8,26 x 106 mL-1. Viral abundance
decreases with distance from the coast or along the trophic gradient. Seasonal changes in viral
abundance were followed by changes in bacterial abundance, analyzing HNA and LNA
groups of bacteria found that viruses correlated with both groups of bacteria regardless of
nucleic acid content
Physiological characteristics of polar fish
No full textU ovom radu su opisane fiziološke prilagodbe polarnih vrsta riba na hladne uvjete Antarktike i
Arktika. Iako su vrste s ovih područja polarne tj. žive u hladnim područjima, nemaju iste fiziološke
značajke. Neke od značajki koje su se razvile za adaptaciju su antifrizni glikoproteini, drugačiji
način disanja koji uključuje manji prijenos kisika radi manje potražnje za kisikom i hemoglobin
koji se razlikuje u nekih vrsta čak po samo četiri slijeda, ali utječe na Rootov i Bohrov efekt. Neke
polarne vrste uopće nemaju hemoglobin pa imaju bezbojnu krv. S druge strane imaju enzime na
čiju katalitičku aktivnost utječe niska temperatura.This thesis describes the physiological adaptations of polar fish species to the cold conditions of
Antarctica and the Arctic. Although species from these areas are polar, as they live in cold areas,
they do not have the same physiological characteristics. Some of the features that have been
developed for adaptation are antifreeze glycoproteins, a different mode of breathing that involves
less oxygen transfer due to less oxygen demand, and hemoglobin that differs in some species by
as little as four sequences but affects the Root and Bohr effect. Some polar species have no
hemoglobin at all, so they have colourless blood. On the other hand, they have enzymes whose
catalytic activity is affected by low temperature
Applications of diatoms in nanotechnology
No full textAlge kremenjašice ili dijatomeje (razred Bacillariophyceae) su jednostanični eukariotski organizmi koji najčešće obitavaju u hladnim vodama te imaju važnu ulogu u fiksaciji ugljika. S 12 000 opisanih vrsta danas su najbrojnija skupina algi s karakterističnom ljušturicom koja se još naziva i frustula. Jedinstvena 3D struktura, dostupnost te visoka morfološka varijabilnost dijatomeja ih čini izuzetno privlačnim organizmima na mnogim znanstvenim poljima uključujući i nanotehnologiju. Iako je korištenje frustule u nanotehnologiji još uvijek u početnoj fazi primjene, postaje sve češće. Frustule se već široko primjenjuju kao filteri za uklanjanje metala, filteri za pića i uklanjanja nekih plinova. Istraživanja su pokazala da se mogu koristiti i u isporuci lijekova, zbog svojstava kao što su ne-citotoksičnost, specifična struktura i biorazgradivost. Nadalje, mogu se koristiti za lako otkrivanje opasnih kemikalija, a zbog velike površine koja može apsorbirati veliki broj molekula, mogu se koristiti u solarnim člancima, a predstavljaju i dobrog kandidata za skladištenje vodika.Siliceous algae, or diatoms, are single-called eukaryotic organisms that most commonly inhabit in cold water and play an important role in carbon fixation. With 12,000 described species, today they are the most numerous groups of algae, with characteristic shell that is also called frustule. Because of their unique 3D structure, availability, and high morphological variability, they become attractive in many scientific fields, including nanotechnology. Although the use of diatom frustula in nanotechnology is still in its infancy, their applications are becoming more common. Frustulas are already used as filters for metal removal, filters for drinks, and removal of some gases. Studies have shown that they can be used in drug delivery, due to their non-cytotoxicity, specific structure, and biodegradability. Furthermore, they can be used to easily detect hazardous chemicals, and because of large surface that can absorb lot of molecules, they can be used in solar cells, and as a good candidate for hydrogen storage
Quantity and composition of microplastics in littoral sediments from the Eastern coast of the Central Adriatic
No full textU ovom diplomskom radu predstavljeni su rezultati istraţivanja količine i kategorije mikroplastike u sedimentima litoralnog pojasa istočnog dijela srednjeg Jadrana. Uzorci sedimenta prikupljeni su ručnim korerom na plaţi Bačvice u Splitu. Laboratorijska obrada uzoraka provedena je pomoću niza prosijavanja kroz sita veličine oka 1 mm i 32 μm, centrifugiranja uzoraka te odvajanja prema gustoći. Prisutnost čestica mikroplastike zabiljeţena je u svim uzorcima. Identificiranje mikroplastike se provelo odvajanjem na vlakna, fragmente i pelete te se biljeţila boja čestica Ukupno je pronaĎeno 1057 čestica mikroplastike/10 cm2, od čega ukupno 868 vlakana/10 cm2, 97 fragmenata/10 cm2 te 92 peleta/10 cm2.Na svim postajama vlakna su zabiljeţena kao najzastupljenije čestice mikroplastike, dok su fragmenti i peleti bili prisutni, ali su pokazali značajno niţe vrijednosti. Broj crnih vlakana je bio 348, bijelih 310, plavih 115 i rozih 95. Broj zelenih fragmenata je bio 39, srebrnih (sivih) 18, bijelih 14, rozih 13, plavih 9 i ţutih 4. Boja svih 92 peleta je prozirna. Na svim postajama zabiljeţene su čestice veličine 32 μm - 1 mm dok čestice > 1 mm nisu zabiljeţene na dvije postaje.The thesis presents the results of research on the number and category of microplastics in the sediments of the littoral belt in the eastern part of the central Adriatic. Sediment samples were collected by manual corer on the Bačvice beach in Split. Laboratory processing of the samples was performed by a series of sieving through sieves with a mesh size of 1 mm and 32 μm, centrifugation of the samples and separation according to density. The presence of microplastic particles was recorded in all samples. Identification of microplastics was performed by separation into fibers, fragments and pellets and the color of the particles was marked. A total of 1057 microplastic particles/10 cm2 were found, of which a total of 868 fibers/10 cm2, 97 fragments/10 cm2 and 92 pellets/10 cm2. At all stations, fibers were recorded as the most abundant microplastic particles, while fragments and pellets were present but showed significantly lower values. The number of black fibers was 348, white 310, blue 115 and pink 95. The number of green fragments was 39, silver (gray) 18, white 14, pink 13, blue 9 and yellow 4. The color of all 92 pellets was transparent. Particles with a size of 32 μm - 1 mm were recorded at all stations, while particles > 1 mm were not recorded at two stations
Assessment of oxidative stress in fish as a response to the impact of contamination in the southern Adriatic sea
No full textU ovom diplomskom radu su predstavljeni rezultati istraživanja utjecaja onečišćenja mora, s naglaskom na mikroplastiku, na biološke odgovore riba trlje blatarice (Mullus barbatus Linnaeus, 1758), oslića (Merluccius merluccius Linnaeus, 1758) i arbuna (Pagellus erythrinus Linnaeus, 1758) u području Neretvanskog kanala u južnom Jadranu. Kako bi se utvrdio eventualni utjecaj onečišćenja mora pod utjecajem luka, turističkih i poljoprivrednih aktivnosti, donosa morskih struja, kao i rijeke Neretve, određene su razine biomarkera u mišićima riba kao biološki pokazatelji neurotoksičnosti (acetilkolinesteraza, AChE), oksidativnog (malondialdehid, MDA i ukupni glutation, GSH) i općeg stresa (ukupni citosolski proteini, TP). Prisustvo mikroplastike određeno je u sadržaju probavila riba postupkom razgradnje dušičnom kiselinom i vodikovim peroksidom te filtriranjem. Plastika je predstavljala 17% ukupnog ulova koće, a pregledom na lupi potvrđeno je postojanje fragmenata mikroplastike u svakom uzorku, što ukazuje na unos putem hrane. Razine biomarkera nisu značajno različite među postajama te ne ukazuju na značajan utjecaj onečišćenja, već uglavnom odražavaju razlike između pojedinih vrste riba. Time su po prvi puta definirane bazalne razine biomarkera. Rasponi koncentracija/aktivnosti u mišićima trlje blatarice, oslića i arbuna iz Jadranskog mora su iznosili: MDA 3-5 nmol g-1, GSH 140-150 nmol g-1, AChE 30-70 nmol min-1 mg-1 i TP 7-12 mg ml-1. Obzirom na dokazano prisustvo fragmenata mikroplastike u prikupljenim uzorcima svakako je potrebno dodatno istražiti utjecaj ovog oblika onečišćenja na Jadransko more.This thesis presents the research results of the impact of marine contamination, with emphasis on microplastics, on the biological responses of red mullet (Mullus barbatus Linnaeus, 1758), hake (Merluccius merluccius Linnaeus, 1758) and common pandora (Pagellus erythrinus Linnaeus, 1758) in the area of the Neretva canal in the southern Adriatic Sea. In order to determine the possible impact of contamination related to ports, tourist and agricultural activities, marine current movements, as well as the Neretva River input, levels of biomarkers in fish muscles were determined as biological indicators of neurotoxicity (acetylcholinesterase, AChE), oxidative (malondialdehyde, MDA and total glutathione, GSH) and general stress (total cytosolic proteins, TP). The presence of microplastics was determined in the digestive tract of the fish by acid digestion using nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide, followed by filtration. Plastics presented 17% of the total trawl catch, and examination on a stereo microscope confirmed the existence of microplastic fragments in the gut content of each analysed fish, indicating food uptake. There were not significant differences in biomarker levels between locations, so significant impact of contamination was not confirmed, but mostly indication of species specific differences. Thus, for the first time, basal levels of biomarkers were defined. Concentrations/activities in the muscles of red mullet, hake and common pandora from the Adriatic Sea ranged for MDA 3-5 nmol g-1, GSH 140-150 nmol g-1, AChE 30-70 nmol min-1 mg-1 and TP 7-12 mg ml-1. Regarding the presence of microplastic fragments in studied samples, it is certainly necessary to further investigate the impact of this form of pollution on the Adriatic Sea
The Blue growth
No full textPlavi rast je strategija pokrenuta od strane Europske unije (EU), a usmjerena je na poticanje gospodarskog rasta, povećanje broja radnih mjesta kao i promicanje inovacija i održivog rasta s učinkovitim korištenjem resursa. Europska unija sa svojim članicama, ali i u suradnji s ostalim državama Svijeta, nastoji stvoriti odgovarajuće uvjete za razvoj pet najznačajnijih sektora strategije: obalni i pomorski turizam, mineralni resursi, obnovljivi izvori energije, akvakultura i plava biotehnologija. Osim EU, i Organizacija za prehranu i poljoprivredu (FAO) pokrenula je svoju Inicijativu plavog rasta, koja se fokusira na plavu proizvodnju, plavu razmjenu i plave zajednice, kako bi poboljšala korištenje vodenih resursa. Plavi rast na području Jadranskog mora prikazan je kroz različite regionalne projekte. Plavi rast potiče horizontalno i vertikalno udruživanje svih dionika kako bi se svladali postojeći izazovi i osiguralo održivo korištenje mora i obala.The Blue Growth is a strategy launched by the European Union (EU) with aim to encourage economic growth and employment as well as promote innovation and sustainable growth. The EU members in cooperation with other countries seek to create good conditions for the development of five most important sectors: coastal and maritime tourism, mineral resources, renewable energy sources, aquaculture and blue biotechnology. Beside EU, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) created The Blue Growth Initiative that is focused on: blue production, blue exchange and blue communities, in order to improve the use of water resources. The Blue Growth in the Adriatic Sea is represented by various regional projects. The Blue Growth encourages horizontal and vertical cooperation of all stakeholders in order to overcome existing challenges and to ensure sustainable use of seas and coasts
Heart rhythm in fish
No full textOvaj rad bavi se fiziološkim značajkama ribljeg srca koje djeluje poput pumpe koja se ritmički skuplja i širi. U prvom dijelu rada opisuje se gdje je srce smješteno, koji su glavni dijelovi srca i njihove uloge. Središnji dio rada odnosi se na srčani ciklus, odnosno na promjene krvnog tlaka, protoka krvi i električne aktivnosti koje prate punjenje i pražnjenje srca. Također, analizirano je ritmičko pumpanje krvi kroz glavne srčane komore. Posao srca je generirati protok krvi i krvni tlak. Ovaj zadatak prvenstveno se odnosi na klijetku, a zatim na pretklijetku. U posljednjem dijelu rada opisuje se akcijski potencijal ribljeg srca, njegove različite faze te razni oblici akcijskog potencijala karakteristični za pojedine dijelove srca.This thesis studies physiological characteristics of a fish heart that acts like a pump which shrinks and expands rhythmically. In the first part of the thesis position of the heart, it's main parts and their roles are described. The central part of the thesis refers to the cardiac cycle, i.e. changes in blood pressure, blood flow, and electrical activity that accompain cardiac filling and emptying. Rhythmic pumping of blood through the main heart chambers is also analyzed. The job of the heart is to generate blood flow and blood pressure. This task primarily refers to the ventricle and then to the atrium. The last part of the thesis describes the action potential of the fish heart, its different phases and different shapes of the action potential, characteristic for different parts of the heart
Age, growth and otolith morphometrics of the Sphyraena species in the eastern Adriatic
No full textU ovom radu istraženo je 113 jedinki vrste škaram (Sphyraena sphyraena) i 14 jedinki vrste žutousna barakuda (Sphyraena viridensis). Dužinski raspon za vrstu S. sphyraena iznosio je od 23,4 do 42,5 cm (33,4 ± 3,89 cm), dok se dužinski raspon za vrstu S. viridensis kretao od 34,5 do 42,5 cm (39,0 ± 32,42 cm). Zbog malog broja ulovljenih jedinki vrste S. viridensis, pojedine analize provedene su samo za vrstu S. sphyraena. Dužinsko-maseni odnos za S. sphyraena iz-ražen je jednadžbom W=0,017Lt2,57, a negativni alometrijski rast je također zabilježen i za mu-žjake i za ženke ove vrste. Vrijednost indeksa kondicije za S. sphyraenu iznosi 0,372 za ukupni uzorak, 0,368 za ženke i 0,381 za mužjake. Starost obje vrste roda Sphyraena je određena oči-tavanjem godišnjih prstenova na sagitalnim otolitima koji su vretenastog oblika. Najviše jedinki vrste S. sphyraena pripada starosnoj grupi od tri, a najmanji broj starosnoj grupi od jedne go-dine, dok kod vrste S. viridensis najviše jedinki pripada starosnoj grupi od četiri, a najmanji broj starosnoj grupi od tri godine. Parametri rasta dobiveni von Bertalanffyjevom jednadžbom za vrstu S. sphyraena su L∞=55,58; K=0,12; t0= -4,29. Odnos starosti vrste S. sphyraena s morfometrijskim mjerama otolita pokazao se najboljim u slučaju širine otolita.In this thesis, 113 individuals of the the European barracuda (Sphyraena sphyraena) and 14 individuals of the Yellowmouth barracuda (Sphyraena viridensis) were analysed. The length range for S. sphyraena was from 23.4 to 42.5 cm (33.4 ± 3.89 cm), while the length range for S. viridensis was from 34.5 to 42.5 cm (39.0 ± 32.42 cm). Due to the small number of caught individuals of S. viridensis, some analyses were done only for S. sphyraena. The length–weight relationship of the analysed S. sphyraena is expressed by the equation W=0.017Lt2.57, and the negative allometric relationship was also found in males and females. The value of the condition index, that was determined for S. sphyraena, was 0.372 for the whole sample, 0.368 for females and 0.381 for males. The age of both species was determined by reading annual rings on sagittal otoliths that were spindle-shaped. Most S. sphyraena individuals belong to the age group of three years, and the smallest number to the age group of one year, while for S. viridensis most individuals belong to the age group of four years, and the smallest number to the age group of three years. The growth parameters obtained by the von Bertalanffy equation for S. sphyraena are L∞=55.58; K=0.12; t0=-4.29. The ratio of S. sphyraena age with morphometric measures of otoliths proved to be the best in the case of otolith width
The role of meiofauna in marine food web
No full textHranidbene mreže se sastoje od hranidbenih lanaca te prikazuju hranidbene odnose i puteve protoka energije kroz različite trofičke razine, od primarnih proizvođača, preko potrošača, sve do vršnog predatora. Oceani i mora predstavljaju veliku bioraznolikost organizama koji su razvili različite karakteristike kao rezultat prilagodbe na život u morskom okolišu. Obzirom na to da su stanište brojnim organizmima, morski ekosustavi sadrže složene oblike prehrane i kompleksne hranidbene mreže. Meiofauna obuhvaća skupinu bentoskih organizama koji su manji od makrobentosa, a veći od mikrobentosa, a imaju važnu ulogu u protoku energije unutar bentoskih zajednica. Ovaj rad prikazuje ulogu meiofaune u morskoj hranidbenoj mreži, kao i u morskom ekosustavu.Food webs consist of food chains and present trophic interactions and energy flow pathways through various trophic levels, from primary producers, through consumers, all the way to the top predator. Oceans and seas represent a great biodiversity of organisms that have developed different characteristics as a result of adaptation to life in the marine environment. Because they are a habitat for many organisms, marine ecosystems contain complex forms of nutrition and complex food webs. Meiofauna encompasses a group of benthic organisms that are smaller than macrobenthos and larger than microbenthos, and have an important role in energy flow within benthic communities. This paper presents the role of meiofauna in the marine food web as well as in marine ecosystem