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    Crystallization process control using direct nucleation control

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    U ovom radu istraživana je primjena metode izravne kontrole nukleacije tijekom kristalizacije keratin monohidrata. Uspoređena su dva načina regulacije tijekom eksperimenta – standardna putem plašta i s vanjskim grijanjem. Metoda izravne kontrole nukleacije podrazumijeva vođenje procesa koje osigurava stalan broj kristala u sustavu, pri čemu se procesna temperatura regulira s obzirom brojnost kristala u sustavu. Cilj je skratiti trajanje procesa primjenom vanjskog grijala, kao i postići odgovarajuću raspodjelu veličine kristala, odnosno povećati udio većih kristala. Za praćenje broja kristala u sustavu primijenjen je mikroskop visoke rezolucije koji kontinuirano prati broj kristala u sustavu i analizira slike u stvarnom vremenu. Na temelju eksperimenata izravne kontrole nukleacije zaključeno je da se primjenom vanjskog grijanja, u usporedbi sa standardnim sustavom regulacije temperature putem plašta , ostvaruje bolja regulacija, što skraćuje provedbu procesa i rezultira formiranjem većeg broja većih kristala.This master thesis investigates the application of the direct nucleation control (DNC) during the crystallisation of creatine monohydrate. Two approaches of temperature control during the experiment were compared – standard jacket control and control with external heating. The direct nucleation control involves process control that ensures a constant number of crystals in the system. With this method, the process temperature is adjusted depending on the number of crystals present. The aim is to shorten the batch duration by external heating and to achieve a desirable crystal size distribution, in particular by increasing the proportion of larger crystals. To monitor the number of crystals in the system, a high-resolution microscope was used to enable continuous image analysis in real time and to track the counts of crystals. Based on the DNC experiments, it was found that the use of an external heating allows for faster temperature control compared to a standard batch system without an external heater, which shortens the overall process time and leads to the formation of a larger number of larger crystals

    Design of storage for waste and water as part of truck cleaner development

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    Veliki ljudski napredak i urbanizacija, posljednjih su desetljeća doveli do eksponencijalnog rasta broja vozila koje pojedinci posjeduju te kojima se prometuje svakodnevno diljem svijeta. Također, sve je više onih koji odlaze u veća mjesta ili gradove kako iz poslovnih pa tako i iz privatnih razloga, čineći tako javne površine (i prometnice) prljavima i stvarajući potrebu za njihovim čišćenjem i održavanjem. Jedan od načina na koji se te površine mogu održavati čistima jest upravo korištenje kamiona koji su nadograđeni tako da postanu čistilice. Svaki takav uređaj mora biti sposoban skladištiti prikupljeni otpad, odnosno mora imati spremnik. Spremnik se sastoji od već spomenutog dijela u kojem se otpad skladišti te dijela u koji se sprema voda koja se koristi prilikom procesa čišćenja. Prvi zadatak ovog rada dati je analizu tržišta kako bi se istražila i analizirala već postojeća rješenja ovakvog uređaja od strane konkurenata, potom ustvrditi podsustave uređaja i za kraj napravila funkcijska strukturu s ciljem olakšanja daljnje faze razvoja. Nakon toga, slijedi koncipiranje spremnika unutar kojeg se predlaže nekoliko rješenja i temeljem vrednovanja određuje ono najbolje, a s kojim će se prijeći na sljedeću fazu - fazu konstruiranja spremnika. U fazi konstruiranja napravljeni su potrebni proračuni i prikaz 3D modela spremnika. Na razvoju spremnika nastavit će se raditi u budućnosti, s toga ovo nije prikaz finalnog proizvoda. Programski paket koji se koristio za izradu dijagrama funkcijske analize je draw.io koji je dio platforme Diagrams.net, dok se za izradu 3D modela, odgovarajuće dokumentacije i slika sa prikazima sila i opterećenja koristio programski paket Solidworks 2020.The great progress of human civilization within the last few decades, as well as urbanization, have led to an exponential growth in the number of vehicles owned and driven by individuals all around the world. What is more, every day there are more and more people who go to larger towns or cities for either work or other private reasons, or both, thus making public surfaces (and roads) dirty and creating a need for their cleaning and maintenance. A method that can be used for keeping these areas clean is by using trucks that have been altered to become sweepers. Each such device must be able to store the collected waste, in other words, it must have a container. The hopper consists of a part where the waste is stored and a water tank where the water used during the cleaning process is stored. The first task of this paper is to do market research to get insight into existing solutions that competition has already come up with. After the market analysis, it is crucial to determine the subsystems of the device and create a functional structure in order to facilitate the further phase of the development. The next step is to create a concept of the hopper, which will provide several possible solutions and determine the best one that will be used for the next phase - phase of container construction. In this phase, calculations and a 3D model of the tank are necessary. The development of the container will continue in the future, therefore this is not a representation of the final product. The program package used to create functional analysis diagrams is draw.io, which is part of the Diagrams.net platform, while the Solidworks 2022 program package was used to create 3D models, appropriate documentation and images with force and load displays

    Fotooksidativna razgradnja antivirusnih lijekova: Ribavirin i Emtricitabin

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    Over the past few decades, advancements in pharmaceuticals have greatly enhanced human quality of life. However, the production and widespread use of these medications have led to their presence in the environment, posing risks to various organisms. Pharmaceuticals, along with their metabolites and degradation products, can be highly persistent, accumulating over time and reaching concentrations that may be toxic to ecosystems. Consequently, it is crucial to investigate their environmental stability and persistence, as well as the potential degradation products that form. The pandemic of COVID-19 has resulted in the wide application of antiviral drugs, including ribavirin and emtricitabine, hence their raised occurrence in the environment. This study describes the photo-oxidative degradation of two antiviral drugs ribavirin and emtricitabine using advanced oxidation processes (AOPs): UV/H2O2 and UV/S2O82– to reduce their impact on the environment. Advanced oxidation processes are advanced technologies for the degradation of persistent organic pollutants in water. This process generates highly reactive species that are capable of degrading complex organic molecules into less harmful compounds. Therefore, this research was aimed at studying the efficiency of UV/H2O2 and UV/S2O82– systems for the degradation of ribavirin and emtricitabine under a variety of selected conditions, including oxidant doses, pH conditions, and different times of irradiation. The degradation kinetics was studied with a view to defining suitable operational parameters that could help achieve maximum removal efficiency. Thus, the results indicated that both UV/H2O2 and UV/S2O82– were highly efficient in the degradation enhancement of targeted compounds, ribavirin and emtricitabine, with respect to UV irradiation alone. In the case of emtricitabine degradation, UV/S2O82– was much more efficient, while for the degradation of ribavirin, was seen a good progress performance which was obtained both by UV/H2O2 and UV/S2O82–. These results indicate that AOPs may have great potential to be applied for the treatment of pharmaceutical contaminants present in wastewater and minimize their impact on the environment.Tijekom posljednjih nekoliko desetljeća, napredak u farmaceutskim proizvodima uvelike je poboljšao kvalitetu ljudskog života. Međutim, proizvodnja i široka uporaba ovih lijekova doveli su do njihove prisutnosti u okolišu, što predstavlja rizik za razne organizme. Farmaceutski proizvodi, zajedno sa svojim metabolitima i produktima razgradnje, mogu biti vrlo postojani, akumulirajući se tijekom vremena i dostižući koncentracije koje mogu biti toksične za ekosustave. Stoga je ključno istražiti njihovu stabilnost i postojanost u okolišu, kao i moguće produkte razgradnje koji nastaju. Pandemija COVID-19 rezultirala je širokom primjenom antivirusnih lijekova, uključujući ribavirin i emtricitabin, pa stoga i njihova povećana pojava u okolišu. Ova studija opisuje fotooksidacijsku razgradnju dvaju antivirusnih lijekova ribavirina i emtricitabina korištenjem naprednih oksidacijskih procesa (AOP): UV/H2O2 i UV/S2O82– kako bi se smanjio njihov utjecaj na okoliš. Napredni oksidacijski procesi su napredne tehnologije za razgradnju postojanih organskih onečišćujućih tvari u vodi. Ovaj proces stvara visoko reaktivne vrste koje su sposobne razgraditi složene organske molekule u manje štetne spojeve. Stoga je ovo istraživanje bilo usmjereno na proučavanje učinkovitosti UV/H2O2 i UV/S2O82– sustava za razgradnju ribavirina i emtricitabina pod različitim odabranim uvjetima, uključujući doze oksidansa, pH uvjete i različita vremena zračenja. Kinetika razgradnje proučavana je s ciljem definiranja odgovarajućih radnih parametara koji bi mogli pomoći u postizanju maksimalne učinkovitosti uklanjanja. Stoga su rezultati pokazali da su i UV/H2O2 i UV/S2O82– vrlo učinkoviti u poboljšanju razgradnje ciljanih spojeva, ribavirina i emtricitabina, s obzirom na samo UV zračenje. U slučaju razgradnje emtricitabina, UV/S2O82– bio je mnogo učinkovitiji, dok je za razgradnju ribavirina uočen dobar napredak koji je postignut i UV/H2O2 i UV/S2O82–. Ovi rezultati pokazuju da AOP mogu imati veliki potencijal za primjenu za obradu farmaceutskih kontaminanata prisutnih u otpadnim vodama i minimiziranje njihovog utjecaja na okoliš

    Bacterial resistance to antibiotics in Acinetobacter isolates from wastewater treatment plants in Croatia

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    Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati fenotipsku osjetljivost izolata roda Acinetobacter na različite antibiotike. Uzorci vode su prikupljeni u uređajima za pročišćavanje otpadnih voda (UPOV) Katalinića brig i Stupe u Splitu, te na pripadajućim podmorskim ispustima. Ukupno je identificiran 91 izolat, među kojima su najzastupljeniji bili A. baumannii i A. pittii, dok su ostale vrste bile manje prisutne. Rezultati su pokazali značajnu razinu rezistencije na karbapeneme (meropenem, imipenem) i peniciline s inhibitorima β-laktamaze (piperacilin/tazobaktam, tikarcilin/klavulanska kiselina). A. baumannii je pokazao najveću učestalost rezistencije, dok je A. sichuaensis bio najosjetljiviji na testirane antibiotike. Najviša stopa rezistencije zabilježena je kod izolata iz influenta UPOV-a Katalinića brig, što može biti posljedica ulijevanja bolničkih otpadnih voda u ovaj UPOV. Naime, prethodne studije su pokazale da značajan selekcijski pritisak u takvim uvjetima povećava udio višestruko rezistentnih sojeva. Ovo istraživanje naglašava ulogu otpadnih voda kao rezervoara rezistentnih oportunističkih patogena, uključujući patogena kritičnog prioriteta, karbapenem-rezistentnog A. baumannii, kao i potrebu njihovog rigoroznog praćenja u cilju smanjenja javnozdravstvene prijetnje.The aim of this study was to examine the phenotypic sensitivity of isolates of the genus Acinetobacter to different antibiotics. Samples were collected from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) of Katalinić brig and Stupe in Split, including their submarine outfalls. A total of 91 isolates were identified, among which A. baumannii and A. pittii were the most abundant, while other species were less present. Results showed a significant level of resistance to carbapenems (meropenem, imipenem) and penicillins with β-lactamase inhibitors (piperacillin/tazobactam, ticarcillin/clavulanic acid). A. baumannii showed the highest resistance rate whereas A. sichuaensis was the most sensitive to the antibiotics used. The highest resistance rate was recorded for isolates from the influent of UPOV Katalinić brig, which could be attributed to the presence of hospital wastewater. It was previously found that the selection pressure under such conditions increases the proportion of multiple resistant strains. The study highlights the role of wastewater as a reservoir of antibiotic-resistant opportunistic pathogens, including the WHO critical-priority pathogens, the carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii, as well as the need for their rigorous monitoring to reduce the public health threat

    LANGUAGE RIPETITION IN THE POLITICAL DISCOURSE

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    Il discorso politico ricorre spesso alla ripetizione linguistica come strumento per rafforzare i messaggi, costruire un’identità comunicativa e aumentare l’impatto retorico. Questo studio analizza i modelli di ripetizione nel discorso di due politiche italiane contemporanee – Giorgia Meloni ed Elly Schlein – sulla base delle classificazioni teoriche proposte da Bazzanella, Ponzi e De Roberto. Il corpus si fonda su interviste selezionate e gli esempi sono stati classificati in base alla funzione e al ruolo della ripetizione nel discorso politico. L’analisi mostra che Giorgia Meloni utilizza la ripetizione soprattutto per consolidare e affermare le proprie posizioni, mentre Elly Schlein si distingue per un uso più variegato, mirato alla coesione e alla strutturazione del discorso. Il lavoro offre uno sguardo sui modi in cui la ripetizione politica contribuisce alla chiarezza, alla credibilità e al ritmo del discorso, fornendo una panoramica delle diverse strategie impiegate nella comunicazione politica contemporanea.Political speech frequently employs linguistic repetition as a tool to emphasize messages, construct a communicative identity, and strengthen rhetorical impact. This study analyzes repetition patterns in the discourse of two contemporary Italian politicians – Giorgia Meloni and Elly Schlein – based on the theoretical classifications proposed by Bazzanella, Ponzi, and De Roberto. The corpus is built on selected interviews, and examples are categorized according to the function and role of repetition in the political discourse. The analysis shows that Giorgia Meloni mainly uses repetition to reinforce and affirm her positions, whereas Elly Schlein demonstrates a more varied use, emphasizing cohesion and structured speech. The study offers insight into how political repetition contributes to clarity, credibility, and the rhythm of speech, providing an overview of different strategies used in contemporary political communication

    Design of a refrigeration system in supermarket with CO2 as refrigerant

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    U ovom radu napravljen je cjelokupan projekt izvedbe rashladnog sustava supermarketa s ugljik dioksidom kao radnom tvari. U uvodu je opisan ugljik dioksid kao radna tvar te vrste rashladnih procesa sa ugljik dioksidom. Izračunat je potreban toplinski kapacitet za hlađenje prehrambenih proizvoda u komorama i u vitrinama na primjeru supermarketa na području sjeverozapadne Hrvatske. Na temelju izračunatog potrebnog toplinskog kapaciteta, dimenzionirane su komponente rashladnog sustava – isparivača, kompresora i hladnjaka plina. Određen je rashladnih proces sa dva seta kompresora, jedan set za plus režim te jedan za minus režim. Dimenzioniran je cjevovod cijelog rashladnog sustava. Odabrane su potrebne komponente sustava – isparivači, rashladne vitrine, setovi kompresora i hladnjak plina. Cjelokupni rashladni proces je opisan, te su određene točke procesa. Opisan je rad automatske regulacije. Također je opisana izvedba projekta po fazama, od početka do kraja te su navedeni sigurnosni zahtjevi radi korištenja ugljik dioksida kao radne tvari.This thesis presents a thorough project that implements a supermarket cooling system with carbon dioxide as a refrigerant. Introduction describes carbon dioxide as a refrigerant and types of cooling processes with carbon dioxide. Cooling capacity needed for cooling food in cold rooms and refrigerated cabinets is calculated on an example of a supermarket in northwest Croatia. Based on this calculation, components of a cooling system are dimensioned - evaporator, compressor, and gas cooler. Cooling process with two sets of compressors is specified, one set of compressors for the plus regime, one for the minus regime. Pipeline of the whole cooling system is dimensioned. Necessary system components are chosen - evaporators, refrigerated cabinets, compressor sets, and gas cooler. Complete cooling process is described and points of the cooling process are determined. Automatic regulation is described. Likewise, project implementation is described in phases, from beginning to end, and safety requirements are listed, due to using carbon dioxide as a refrigerant

    Influence of diesel-biodiesel blend composition on engine performance characteristics

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    Biodizel je vrsta goriva koja predstavlja potencijalnu zamjenu konvencionalnom dizelskom gorivu. U ovom radu, u svrhu ispitivanja utjecaja smjese biodizela i dizelskog goriva na karakteristike rada dizelskog motora, sintetizirani su metilni (FAME), propilni (FAPRE), butilni (FABE), pentilni (FAPE) i heksilni (FAHE) esteri masnih kiselina iz otpadnog ulja reakcijom transesterifikacije, nakon čega su pročišćavani i namiješavani u dvokomponentne smjese s konvencionalnim dizelskim gorivom. Dvokomponentnim smjesama biodizela i dizelskog goriva ispitivane su karakteristike rada motora na jednocilindarskom, četverotaktnom, zrakom hlađenom dizelskom motoru s unutarnjim izgaranjem. Pripremljene su smjese FAME, FAPRE, FABE, FAPE i FAHE s dizelskim gorivom u volumnim udjelima biodizela od 5, 10, 20 i 30 %. Mjerenja na motoru provedena su pri tri različite brzine vrtnje motora od 1200, 1600 i 2000 min-1 za tri različita opterećenja motora. Mjerene su i specifične emisije ispušnih plinova s obzirom na ostvarenu snagu motora i njihovi volumni udjeli te temperatura. Dvokomponentnim smjesama biodizela FAPRE i FAPE s dizelskim gorivom u volumnom udjelu biodizela od 10, 20 i 30 % ispitivano je raspršenje za tlak ubrizgavanja od 300, 500 i 700 bara za četiri različite duljine ubrizgavanja u trajanju od 0,6, 0,8, 1 i 3 ms. Smjese su ubrizgavane u stakleni okvir za atmosfersko ubrizgavanje, a domet i kut raspršenja mlaza određivani su sustavom za mjerenje s visokobrzinskom kamerom i laserom. Kako bi se podaci o karakteristikama rada dizelskog motora i raspršenja mogli dodatno potkrijepiti, svim smjesama biodizela i dizelskog goriva te čistim komponentama određene su kinematička viskoznost i gustoća pri četiri različite temperature od 15, 25, 40 i 60 °C. Na temelju provedenog ispitivanja, zaključeno je da je domet smjesa biodizela veći, a kut raspršenja manji u odnosu na čisto dizelsko gorivo zbog veće viskoznosti i gustoće biodizela. Potvrda tome su i podaci dobiveni mjerenjem viskoznosti i gustoće smjesa biodizela i dizelskog goriva. Mjerenjem karakteristika rada motora, dobiveno je da su emisije dušikovih oksida (NOx) i ukupnih ugljikovodika (THC) uglavnom manje, a emisije ugljikovog monoksida (CO) i dioksida (CO2) veće za smjese biodizela u odnosu na čisto dizelsko gorivo.Biodiesel is a type of fuel that represents a potential replacement for conventional diesel fuel. In this work, for the purpose of examining the influence of a mixture of biodiesel and diesel on the performance characteristics of a diesel engine, methyl (FAME), propyl (FAPRE), butyl (FABE), pentyl (FAPE) and hexyl (FAHE) esters of fatty acids from waste cooking oil were synthesized via transesterification reaction, after which they were purified and mixed into two-component mixtures with conventional diesel fuel. Two-component mixtures of biodiesel and diesel were used to test the performance characteristics of a single-cylinder, four-stroke, air-cooled, internal combustion diesel engine. Mixtures of FAME, FAPRE, FABE, FAPE and FAHE with diesel were prepared in biodiesel volume fractions of 5, 10, 20 and 30 %. Measurements on the engine were performed at three different engine speeds of 1200, 1600 and 2000 min-1 for three different engine loads. Specific emissions of exhaust gases were also measured with regards to the achieved engine power and their volume ratios and temperature. Two-component mixtures of biodiesel FAPRE and FAPE with diesel in a volume fraction of biodiesel of 10, 20 and 30 % were tested for dispersion at injection pressures of 300, 500 and 700 bar with four different injection durations of 0,6, 0,8, 1 and 3 ms. The mixtures were injected into a glass frame for atmospheric injection, penetration and angle of the jet dispersion were determined by a measurement system with a high-speed camera and a laser. In order to further support the data on diesel engine operation characteristics and dispersion, kinematic viscosity and density were determined for all biodiesel and diesel mixtures and pure components at four different temperatures of 15, 25, 40 and 60 °C. Based on the conducted test, it was concluded that the range of biodiesel mixtures is greater and the fuel injection angleis lower compared to pure diesel due to the higher viscosity and density of biodiesel. This is confirmed by the data obtained by measuring the viscosity and density of biodiesel and pure diesel mixtures. By measuring the performance characteristics of the engine, it was found that the emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and total hydrocarbons (THC) are mostly lower, and the emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) and dioxide (CO2) are higher for biodiesel mixtures compared to pure diesel

    LINGUISTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ITALIAN NEOSTANDARD POLITICAL DISCOURSE: THE CASE OF MATTEO RENZI

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    L’italiano neostandard è una variante della lingua italiana standard in una forma meno formale, più semplice e in qualche modo colloquiale che spesso non è accettata o semplicemente viene ignorata dalle tradizionali grammatiche, sebbene sia già ben consolidata e accettata nella pratica, e si riferisce principalmente alla popolazione istruita che ha una buona conoscenza sia del vocabolario che delle strutture colloquiali e colte. La nuova variante della lingua mostra in quale direzione si svilupperà la lingua in futuro, e il futuro punta alla semplicità e all’accessibilità, al punto che anche argomenti professionali, come un’intervista politica a Matteo Renzi, potranno essere espressi funzionalmente in modo più semplice e al di fuori dello schema dello standard che consideriamo una lingua prestigiosa.Neostandardni talijanski jezik je varijacija talijanskog standardnog jezika u manje formalnoj, jednostavnijoj, donekle kolokvijalnoj formi koje dosadašnje tradicionalne gramatike često ne prihvaćaju ili jednostavno ignoriraju, iako je u praksi već dobro ukorijenjen i prihvaćen, pritom se misli primarno na obrazovano stanovništvo koje se dobro služi i kolokvijalnim i učenim leksikom i strukturama. Nova varijacija jezika pokazuje u kojem će se smjeru jezik razvijati u budućnosti, a budućnost teži jednostavnosti i dostupnosti, do te mjere da se i stručne teme, kao što je politički intervju Mattea Renzija mogu funkcionalno jednostavnije izraziti i van okvira standarda kojeg smatramo prestižnim jezikom

    Role of interferon gamma in the control of mouse cytomegalovirus infection in neurons

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    Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a highly prevalent β-herpesvirus that infects the majority of the population worldwide. CMV infections are usually asymptomatic, however, in immunocompromised individuals and newborns they can lead to severe sequelae and life-threatening conditions. Congenital CMV infection is the most common congenital infection that can affect brain development and cause severe neurological disabilities. CMV can infect a broad range of cells including neurons, which employ pro-survival strategies to avoid destruction from the immune system. Generally, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells play a crucial role in the control of CMV infection in the brain. Since these cells secrete IFNγ, the objective of this thesis is to determine the role of IFNγ in the control of MCMV infection in neurons, using a mouse model of congenital infection. For this purpose, newborn mice lacking IFNγR in neurons were infected with MCMV and organs were harvested at three timepoints of infection. Viral titers in brain were determined by plaque assay and the percentage of infected neurons was quantified by dual immunohistochemical analysis. Analysis of viral titers was also performed for congenitally infected mice lacking IFNγR in astrocytes. The results of these experiments show that IFNγ does not directly control MCMV infection in neurons and astrocytes, both during, and after resolution of productive infection. These findings add to the understanding of immune responses to CMV infection which is pivotal for development of effective therapies and vaccines and raise new questions on which molecules and cells are involved in the control of CMV infection in neurons.Citomegalovirus (CMV) je široko rasprostranjen β-herpesvirus koji inficira većinu populacije širom svijeta. CMV infekcije su obično asimptomatske, međutim u imunokompromitiranih pojedinaca i novorođenčadi mogu dovesti do ozbiljnih posljedica te stanja opasnih po život. Kongenitalna CMV infekcija je najčešća kongenitalna infekcija koja može utjecati na razvoj mozga i uzrokovati ozbiljne neurološke poremećaje. CMV može inficirati širok raspon stanica, uključujući neurone koji koriste strategije preživljavanja kako bi izbjegli uništenje od strane imunološkog sustava. Općenito, CD4+ i CD8+ T stanice imaju presudnu ulogu u kontroli CMV infekcije u mozgu. Budući da te stanice izlučuju IFNγ, cilj ovog rada je utvrditi ulogu IFNγ u kontroli MCMV infekcije u neuronima, koristeći mišji model kongenitalne infekcije. U tu svrhu, novorođeni miševi kojima nedostaje IFNγR u neuronima inficirani su MCMV-om te su im organi prikupljeni u tri vremenske točke infekcije. Virusni titar u mozgu je određen analizom plakova te je kvantificiran postotak inficiranih neurona analizom dvojne imunohistokemije. Analiza virusnih titrova provedena je i za kongenitalno-inficirane miševe kojima nedostaje IFNγR u astrocitima. Rezultati ovih eksperimenata pokazuju da IFNγ nema direktnu kontrolu nad MCMV infekcijom u neuronima i astrocitima tijekom te nakon rezolucije produktivne infekcije. Ovi pronalasci pridodaju razumijevanju imunoloških odgovora na CMV infekciju, što je ključno za razvoj učinkovitih terapija i cjepiva te postavljaju nova pitanja o tome koje molekule i stanice su uključene u kontrolu CMV infekcije u neuronima

    Numerička analiza hlađenja cilindrične Li-ionske baterijske ćelije

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    The task of the thermal management systems (TMS) in the electric vehicles (EV) equipped with the Li-ion battery modules is to prevent the thermal runaway by the effective control of cell-core temperature. This is important mostly due to safety reason because over-temperature of the Li-ion batteries can induce fire and even explosion. In this thesis, it was carried out a numerical conjugate heat transfer analysis of the battery module cooling with the laminar fluid flow. Three battery cell models were analyzed, which differ by the level of geometrical details taken into account: single solid body model, model with the cell-core represented by a single solid body and model with the detailed cell-core representation. These three battery cell models are compared for three different cooling strategies: bottom cooling, single sided cooling, double sided cooling. For simplified models of the cell, it was important to determine the correct effective thermal conductivity of the cell core in the in-plane and through-plane directions. The effective thermal conductivity of the jelly-roll (cell-core) was determined based on the numerical results obtained for detailed cell-core model. All numerical simulations were performed by the computational fluid dynamic software ANSYS/Fluent.Zadatak sustava za upravljanje toplinom u električnim vozilima opremljenim Li-ionskim baterijskim modulima je spriječavanje termalnog pobjega (\textit{thermal runaway}) učinkovitom kontrolom temperature jezgri ćelija. Ovo je uglavnom važno zbog sigurnosnih razloga jer previsoka temperatura Li-ionskih baterija može izazvati požar, pa čak i eksploziju. U ovom diplomskom radu provedena je numerička analiza spregnutog prijenosa topline kroz baterijski modul koji je hlađen laminarnim strujanjem fluida. Analizirana su tri modela baterijskih ćelija, koji se razlikuju po razini geometrijskih detalja uzetih u obzir: model jednog čvrstog tijela, model s jezgrom ćelije predstavljenom jednim čvrstim tijelom i model s detaljnim prikazom jezgre ćelije. Ova tri modela baterijskih ćelija su uspoređena za tri različite strategije hlađenja: hlađenje s donje strane preko rashladne ploče, jednostrano bočno hlađenje, obostrano bočno hlađenje. Za pojednostavljene modele ćelije važno je odrediti točnu efektivnu toplinsku vodljivost jezgre ćelije u aksijalnom (odnosno tangecijalnom) i radijalnom smjeru. Efektivna toplinska vodljivost jezgre ćelije određena je na temelju numeričkih rezultata dobivenih za detaljan model jezgre ćelije. Sve numeričke simulacije izvedene su računalnim programom ANSYS/Fluent

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