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Spatial representation of encyclopaedic knowledge in a virtual environment
No full textEnciklopedička djela postavljena u mrežnome prostoru predstavljaju vrijedan resurs, koji se izgradnjom mrežnih informacijskih sustava i organizacijom sadržaja može nadograditi u epistemološkom smislu diseminacije konsolidiranoga sadržaja. Ta praksa već je prisutna u Wikipediji i različitim projektima, a taj nov način predstavljanja mrežnog enciklopedičkog sadržaja omogućuje učinkovitije informiranje korisnika te pospješuje navigaciju pri dohvaćanju sadržaja. Ono se, među ostalim, temelji na metapodatcima koji sadržaju objavljenom u mrežnom prostoru daju prostornu odrednicu. Iako je prostorni prikaz enciklopedijskog znanja koncept koji se tek istražuje (a posebice u segmentu prostornog obilježavanja kao prvom koraku pri prostornom prikazu), enciklopedička djela odavna su tome pristupala izradom tematskih karata. Tematske karte, iako fragmentiran, svojevrsan su protoprostorni prikaz enciklopedijskog znanja, a suvremeno prostorno obilježavanje i prikaz podrazumijevali bi cjeloviti prikaz (prikazom čitavog enciklopedijskog znanja, a ne samo pojedinih članaka ili dijelova članaka) koji je virtualan i interaktivan Kao polazna točka istraživanja poslužio je projekt Hrvatske tehničke enciklopedije čiji je sadržaj iskorišten za početak istraživanja kojima se nastoji stvoriti model prostornog označavanja i prikaza enciklopedija (enciklopedičkih projekata) općenito te stvoriti metodologiju pristupa prostornom označavanju i prikazu kao znanstveni doprinos čitavom području enciklopedike. U disertaciji je provedena kvalitativna analiza članaka Hrvatske tehničke enciklopedije kojom su se za svaku od kategorija članaka odredile vrste podataka s prostornom odrednicom koje su tipične za kategoriju, a potom odredile vrste podataka koju je za svaku od kategorija uputno bilježiti. Istraživanjem je utvrđeno kako su upravo kategorije članaka nosioci stvaranja budućeg modela prostornog označavanja i prikaza enciklopedijskog znanja. Istražena je i mogućnost upotrebe alata za automatsko prepoznavanje nazivlja kao pomoći u pronalasku prostorno obilježenih informacija. Nadalje, istraženo je poklapanje nalaza dobivenih prvim istraživanjem sa sadržajem opće enciklopedije (ovdje Hrvatske enciklopedije), a kako bi se saznanja proširila iz strukovne enciklopedije (tehničke) na opće enciklopedije. Tim istraživanjem utvrđena je i potreba dobrog poznavanja materije enciklopedijskog projekta kojeg se nastoji prostorno obilježiti te su definirane upute kako pristupiti upoznavanju s materijom, a što se provodi sagledavanjem tematskih karata koje projekt već donosi i pretraživanjem tekstova članaka na informacije koje se detaljno prostorno bilježe (poglavito se odnosi na bilježenje imenima ulica, odnosno dodatno ako imena ulica prate i kućni brojevi). Budući da ne postoji metapodatkovni standard ovog područja, razmotreni su standardi srodnih područja gdje je zaključeno da je najpovoljniji od metapodatkovnih standarda za upotrebu u prostornom označavanju i prikazu enciklopedijskog znanja onaj Inicijative za označavanje teksta (Text Encoding Initiative, TEI) s mnoštvom postojećih elemenata strukture. Na temelju stvaranja unificiranih prostornih odrednica (geotagova) za pojedine kategorije članaka predložen je skup metapodataka i stvoren model prostornog prikaza enciklopedijskog znanja. Time je ispunjen cilj ove doktorske disertacije. Taj je cilj dodatno potvrđen stvaranjem prototipa prostornog prikaza znanja Hrvatske tehničke enciklopedije. Opći znanstveni doprinos u području enciklopedike ostvaren je definiranjem metodologije pristupa prostornom označavanju i prikazu enciklopedijskog znanja, koja se temelji na dva ključna koraka – kategorizaciji članaka i svim definiranim koracima obilježavanja informacija za svaku od kategorija te upoznavanju s materijom enciklopedijskog projekta. Ta dva koraka (a od kojih svaki sadrži dodatne korake definirane rezultatima ovih istraživanja) uputa su urednicama ili informacijskim stručnjakinjama za stvaranje prikaza enciklopedijskog znanja njihova enciklopedijskog projekta, bilo za enciklopedijske projekte općega sadržaja ili ostalih netehničkih područja.Encyclopaedic works in the online space represent a valuable resource that, through the development of network information systems and content organization, can be enhanced in the epistemological sense of disseminating consolidated content. This practice is already present in Wikipedia and various projects, and this new way of presenting online encyclopaedic content allows for more efficient user information retrieval and facilitates navigation when accessing content. It is, among other, based on metadata that provide a spatial reference to the published content in the online space. Although the spatial representation of encyclopaedic knowledge is a concept still under exploration (especially in the segment of spatial annotation as the first step in spatial representation), encyclopaedic works have already long approached it by creating thematic maps. Thematic maps, though fragmented, are a kind of proto-spatial representation of encyclopaedic knowledge, and contemporary spatial annotation and representation would imply a more comprehensive presentation (displaying the entire encyclopaedic knowledge, not just individual articles or parts of articles) that is virtual and interactive. For the start of the research the Croatian Encyclopaedia of Technology was used as a jumpingof point in the process of creating a model of spatial annotation and representation of encyclopaedias (encyclopaedic projects) in general (not just specialised encyclopaedias) and development of methodology for approaching spatial annotation and representation as a scientific contribution to the entire field of encyclopaedics. The dissertation research included a qualitative analysis of encyclopaedic articles, identifying types of data with spatial references typical for each article category, and then determining the types of data advisable to annotate (and later represent) for each category. The research found that article categories are indeed carriers of creating a future model of spatial annotation and representation of encyclopaedic knowledge. The possibility of using tools for automatic named entity recognition as assistance in finding spatially marked information was also explored. Furthermore, the alignment of findings from the initial research with the content of a general encyclopaedia (the Croatian Encyclopaedia was used here) was investigated to expand findings from a specific (technical) encyclopaedia to general encyclopaedias. This research identified the need for a good understanding of the subject matter of the encyclopaedic project to be spatially marked, and guidelines were defined on how to approach familiarizing oneself with the subject matter, involving the examination of thematic maps provided by the project and searching article texts for information that is spatially recorded in detail (especially concerning the recording of street names, and additionally if street names are accompanied by house numbers). As there is currently no defined metadata standard for geotagging encyclopaedias, several metadata standards in related areas were considered, concluding that the most favourable metadata standard for use in spatial annotation and representation of encyclopaedic knowledge is the one of the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) with its multitude of existing structural elements. Based on the creation of unified spatial references (geotags) for individual article categories, a set of metadata was proposed, and a model for the spatial representation of encyclopaedic knowledge was developed. This fulfilled the goal of this doctoral dissertation, and was further confirmed by creating a prototype of the spatial representation of knowledge for the Croatian Encyclopaedia of Technology. The general scientific contribution in the field of encyclopaedics was achieved by defining a methodology for approaching spatial annotation and representation of encyclopaedic knowledge, based on two key steps – categorization of articles, and all the defined steps in annotation information for each category; and familiarization with the subject matter of the encyclopaedic project. These two steps (each containing additional steps defined by research results) serve as a guide for editors or information professionals in creating representations of encyclopaedic knowledge for their encyclopaedic projects, whether for encyclopaedic projects of general content or other specific non-technical fields
Problems in Adolescents' Behaviour in the Frame of Ecological Model Theory
No full textCilj je ovog rada ispitati fenomenologiju i istražiti etiologiju problema u ponašanju adolescenata uključenih u institucionalni tretman i adolescenata u općoj populaciji srednjoškolaca u okviru rizično-zaštitnih podsustava ekološkog modela, koji utječu na razvoj, odgoj, obrazovanje i socijalizaciju mladih. U teorijskom dijelu rada opisane su karakteristike adolescencije kao životnog razdoblja i objašnjena je fenomenologija problema u ponašanju adolescenata iz perspektive socijalne pedagogije, gdje su pritom problemi u ponašanju definirani kao središnji pojam koji obuhvaća tri skupine ponašanja: rizična ponašanja, teškoće u ponašanju te poremećaje u ponašanju. Problemi u ponašanju kategorizirani su kao internalizirani i eksternalizirani oblici problema u ponašanju te je objašnjena etiologija problema u ponašanju kroz biološke, psihološke, sociološke i biopsihosocijalne pristupe istraživanju ponašanja mladih. U radu je korištena Bronfenbrennerova teorija ekološkog modela u odgoju i socijalizaciji mladih prema kojoj je najvažnije sagledati i uzeti u obzir kombinaciju individualnih karakteristika pojedinca te intenzitet utjecaja društva i okoline. Prema Bronfenbrennerovom modelu ljudskog razvoja opisani su rizični i zaštitni čimbenici u odgoju i socijalizaciji mladih na svim razinama društvenog ekosustava. U empirijskom dijelu rada analizirani su podatci prikupljeni na uzorku od 455 ispitanika, adolescenata iz opće populacije i adolescenata koji su na području Republike Hrvatske korisnici institucionalnog tretmana – centara za pružanje usluga u zajednici te odgojnih zavoda u Požegi i Turopolju. Prikupljeni podatci uneseni su i obrađeni primjenom statističkog programa za računalnu obradu podataka (SPSS, verzija 26.0), postupcima deskriptivne i inferencijalne statistike: t-test za nezavisne uzorke, Mann Whitney test, Kruskal Wallis H test uz post hoc usporedbu, Spearman Rho korelacijska analiza i hijerarhijska regresijska analiza. Rezultatima istraživanja utvrđene su značajne razlike na svim razinama društvenog ekosustava i u problemima u ponašanju s obzirom na sociodemografska obilježja ispitanika. Utvrđena je značajna pozitivna povezanost između problema u ponašanju i niže samoprocjene kvalitete obiteljskih odnosa, između problema u ponašanju i niže samoprocjene kvalitete provođenja slobodnog vremena te značajna povezanost internaliziranih i eksternaliziranih oblika problema u ponašanju. Dobiveni su značajni prediktori problema u ponašanju, među kojima se od sociodemografskih varijabli kao primarni prediktor pokazao školski uspjeh, a od varijabli društvenog ekosustava primarni prediktori su čimbenici iz razine mikrosustava (obitelj, škola, vršnjaci) te makrosustava (vrijednosti). Od varijabli internaliziranih i eksternaliziranih oblika problema u ponašanju kao primarni prediktori ističu se samoprocjena problema lijenosti te samoprocjena problema ovisnosti. Rezultati rada doprinose razumijevanju etiologije i fenomenologije problema u ponašanju kod adolescenata, obogaćujući znanstveni i stručni sadržaj novim saznanjima, a upućuju na višestruke zaštitne i rizične čimbenike višestrukih indikatora problema u ponašanju. Dobiveni rezultati rada mogu doprinijeti spoznajama socijalne pedagogije u boljem razumijevanju zaštitnih i rizičnih čimbenika u odgoju i socijalizaciji mladih. Mogu biti korisni u kreiranju metoda intervencija za rad s mladima i mogu se primijeniti u unapređenju kvalitete odgoja i sustava obrazovanja, socijalne skrbi, obiteljskih centara te penalnih sustava. Djelatnicima u odgojno-obrazovnim sustavima rezultati ovog rada mogu pomoći u pravovremenoj identifikaciji mladih u riziku, a dobivene informacije mogu im koristiti u osmišljavanju i planiranju preventivnih odgojno-obrazovnih strategija i programa vezanih za probleme u ponašanju mladih. Također, dobiveni podatci mogu doprinijeti planiranju strategija vezanih za unaprjeđenje nastavnog procesa, razvoj odgojnih kompetencija nastavnika, roditelja i studenata svih nastavničkih smjerova te oblikovanju školskih kurikuluma.The aim of this paper is to examine the phenomenology and investigate the etiology of behavioral problems of adolescents involved in institutional treatment and adolescents in the general population of high school students within the framework of the risk-protective subsystems of the ecological model, which affect development, upbringing, education and socialization. In the theoretical part of the work, the characteristics of adolescence as a period of life are described and the phenomenology of adolescent behavioral problems is explained from the perspective of social pedagogy, where behavioral problems are defined as a central concept that includes three groups of behaviors: risky behaviors, behavioral difficulties, and behavioral disorders. Behavioral problems are categorized as internalized and externalized forms of behavioral problems, and the etiology of behavioral problems is explained through biological, psychological, sociological and biopsychosocial approaches to the research of youth behavior. The paper uses Bronfenbrenner's theory of the ecological model in the upbringing and socialization of young people, according to which it is most important to look at and take into account the combination of the person's individual characteristics and the intensity of the influence of society and the environment. According to Bronfenbrenner's model of human development, risk and protective factors in the upbringing and socialization of young people at all levels of the social ecosystem are presented. In the empirical part of the work, data collected from a sample of 455 respondents, adolescents from the general population and adolescents who are beneficiaries of institutional treatment in the Republic of Croatia - community service centers and educational institutes in Požega and Turopolj were analyzed. The collected data were entered and processed using a statistical program for computer data processing (SPSS, version 26.0), descriptive and inferential statistics procedures - t-test for independent samples, Mann Whitney test, Kruskal Wallis H test with post hoc comparison, Spearman Rho correlation analysis and hierarchical regression analysis. The results of the research revealed significant differences at all levels of the social ecosystem and in behavioral problems with regard to the sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents. A significant positive correlation was found between behavioral problems and lower self-assessment of the quality of family relationships. Also, a significant positive correlation was found between behavior problems and lower self-assessment of the quality of spending free time. A significant connection between internalized and externalized behavioral problems was also established. Significant predictors of behavioral problems were obtained, among which school success was the primary predictor of the sociodemographic variables, and factors from the microsystem (family, school, peers) and macrosystem (values) were the primary predictors of the social ecosystem variables. Of the variables of internalized and externalized forms of behavioral problems, the primary predictors were the self-assessment of the problem of laziness and the self-assessment of the problem of addiction. The results of the work contribute to the understanding of the etiology and phenomenology of behavioral problems in adolescents, enriching the scientific and professional content with new knowledge, and point to multiple protective and risk factors of multiple indicators of behavioral problems. The obtained work results can contribute to the knowledge of social pedagogy in a better understanding of protective and risk factors in the upbringing and socialization of young people. They can be useful in creating intervention methods for working with young people and can be applied in improving the quality of education systems, social welfare, family centers and penal systems. The results of this work can help employees in educational systems in the timely identification of young people at risk, and the information obtained can help them design and plan preventive educational strategies and programs related to problems in the behavior of young people. Also, the obtained data can contribute to the planning of strategies related to the improvement of the teaching process, the development of the educational competencies of teachers, parents and students of all teaching majors, and the design of school curricula
THE IMPACT OF INTERNAL COMMUNICATION ON THE SATISFACTION OF EMPLOYEES IN PUBLIC COMPANIES IN CROATIA
No full textDoktorski rad aktualizira učinkovitost internog komuniciranja u javnim poduzećima u Hrvatskoj
te definira varijable na koje je potrebno obratiti pozornost prilikom organiziranja internog
komuniciranja. Pritom je temeljni znanstveni cilj kreirati optimalni model adekvatne interne
komunikacije u javnim poduzećima u Hrvatskoj. S tom namjerom postavljena je glavna hipoteza
da interna komunikacija značajno utječe na zadovoljstvo zaposlenika u javnom poduzeću (H1) te
tri pomoćne hipoteze o postojanju pozitivne povezanosti zadovoljstva korporativnom
informiranošću i komunikacijskom klimom (H2), pozitivne povezanosti zadovoljstva povratnim
informacijama i komunikacije s nadređenim (H3) te o postojanju razlika u zadovoljstvu
horizontalnom komunikacijom ovisno o starosnoj dobi i dužini radnog staža (H4). Doktorski rad
sastoji se od dvaju glavnih dijelova koji obuhvaćaju teorijsku razradu i istraživanja. Teorijska
razrada analizira dostupnu literaturu stranih i domaćih autora iz istraživanih područja, dok se
istraživanja provode upotrebom komparativne metode i kvalitativne metodologije u tri koraka.
Naime, prvo je putem anketnog upitnika provedeno istraživanje u trima velikim javnim
poduzećima na uzorku od 1342 zaposlenika u kojem se ispitivalo općenito zadovoljstvo
zaposlenika poslom s naglaskom na internu komunikaciju. Zatim su komparativnom metodom
uspoređene sličnosti i razlike između dvaju istraživanja u Hrvatskoj pošti u kojima je ispitano
zadovoljstvo zaposlenika u razmaku od deset godina. Završno su kvalitativnom metodologijom,
odnosno metodom dubinskog intervjua ispitane ključne osobe odgovorne za internu komunikaciju,
ljudske resurse i prodaju u javnim poduzećima koja su sudjelovala u provedbi istraživanja putem
anketnog upitnika. U znanstvenom smislu, doktorski rad dokazuje da je zadovoljstvo zaposlenika
internom komunikacijom povezano s ukupnim zadovoljstvom poslom znatno više nego što su sa
zadovoljstvom poslom povezana sociodemografska obilježja. Posebno važnim aspektima interne
komunikacije pokazalo se zadovoljstvo komunikacijskom klimom te zadovoljstvo komunikacijom
s nadređenima. Rezultati istraživanja sugeriraju da javna poduzeća trebaju kontinuirano ulagati u
razvoj i poboljšanje internih komunikacijskih procesa kako bi povećali zadovoljstvo zaposlenika
na njihovim radnim mjestima što se može ostvariti osiguravanjem transparentnosti, poticanjem
dvosmjerne komunikacije, redovitim obavještavanjem zaposlenika i promicanjem uključenosti i
timskog rada putem komunikacijskih kanala unutar poduzeća. Rezultati ove doktorske disertacije
mogu pomoći javnim poduzećima osigurati adekvatne resurse za ulaganje u optimalnu internu
komunikaciju kako bi pozitivno utjecali na opće zadovoljstvo poslom i angažman zaposlenikaThe doctoral dissertation updates the effectiveness of internal communication in public companies
in Croatia and defines the variables that need to be paid attention to when organizing internal
communication. The fundamental scientific goal is to create an optimal model of adequate internal
communication in public companies in Croatia.. With this intention, the main hypothesis was set
that internal communication significantly affects the satisfaction of employees in a public company
(H1) and three auxiliary hypotheses about the existence of a positive relationship between
satisfaction with corporate information and communication climate (H2), a positive relationship
between satisfaction with feedback and communication with superiors (H3), and the existence
difference in satisfaction with horizontal communication depending on age and length of service
(H4). The doctoral dissertation consists of two main parts, which include theoretical elaboration
and research. The theoretical elaboration analyzes the available literature of foreign and domestic
authors from the researched areas, while the research is conducted using the comparative method
and qualitative methodology in three steps. First, a survey was conducted in three large public
companies on a sample of 1,342 employees, in which the general satisfaction of employees with a
focus on internal communication was examined. Then, using a comparative method, the
similarities and differences between two qualitative surveys of the Croatian Post in which
employee satisfaction was examined ten years apart were compared. Finally, the key persons
responsible for internal communication, human resources and sales in public companies that
participated in the implementation of the research were examined using a qualitative methodology,
that is, an in-depth interview method. In a scientific sense, the doctoral dissertation proves that
employee satisfaction with internal communication is associated with overall job satisfaction
significantly more than sociodemographic characteristics are associated with job satisfaction.
Particularly important aspects of internal communication were satisfaction with the
communication climate and satisfaction with communication with superiors. The results of the
research suggest that public companies should continuously invest in the development and
improvement of internal communication processes in order to increase employee satisfaction in
their workplaces, which can be achieved by ensuring transparency, encouraging two-way
communication, regularly informing employees and promoting involvement and teamwork
through communication channels within the company. The results of this doctoral dissertation can
help public companies provide adequate resources for investing in optimal internal communication
in order to positively influence general job satisfaction and employee engagemen
Lojalnost markama prehrambenih proizvoda: utjecaj clear labela na percepciju kvalitete proizvoda i kredibilitet marke
No full textThe purpose of this thesis is to investigate the relationship between perceived product quality, brand credibility and brand loyalty in food products. It also examines how these relationships change through the influence of communication elements on the design of food packaging (food labelling), focusing on the ongoing trend towards transparent communication with consumers. Transparency in communicating the content of food products has evolved in recent years from simple ‘free from’ claims to simplifying the content of the product and stating it on the front of the packaging. For the purposes of this research, the terminology ‘Clear label’ is used to describe this trend.
A conceptual model was set up to understand the relationship between the variables mentioned. Proven scales from the literature were used to test perceived product quality and brand credibility, and with slight adaptations to test food brand loyalty. However, the scale to test ‘Clear label’ had to be developed specifically for this study. To test the conceptual model, a survey was conducted among consumers who were divided into a test group and a control group.
To analyse the data collected in the survey, descriptive statistics were used to describe the individual constructs. The scales were tested and checked for reliability and validity in a pilot and a main study. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted to check the factor structure between measured variables and a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to test how well measured variables represent the constructs used. Multivariate regression analysis was used to test the relationships between the variables and the Sobel test was used to test the moderator effect. The statistical programme SPSS is used for the statistical analysis and AMOS for the confirmatory factor analysis.
The overall conclusion from the research and all the analyses conducted is that the Nutritional and natural content and the Origin (the NANC and ORI scales), which form the construct Clear label perception, show a strong positive correlation not only with some levels of Food brand loyalty, but also to Product quality perception (PPQ) and Brand credibility (BRC). However, no moderating effect was found. This also means that the conceptual model proposed for this research was not confirmed.
In an additional analysis, mediation was also tested based on the conclusion about correlations. For this purpose, an additional model was set up with the parallel mediators, and the results showed that Nutritional and natural
content and the Origin (NANC and ORI) play a mediating role between Product quality perception (PPQ) / Brand credibility (BRC) and Food brand loyalty.
The findings presented in this thesis contribute to the overall understanding of the Clear label trend and its impact on consumer behaviour in relation to the constructs studied: brand loyalty, perceived product quality and brand credibility in packaged food.
The main methodological contribution is seen in the development of new measurement scales for measuring the constructs of the Clear label (Nutritional and natural content or NANC and the Origin or ORI scales).
The methodology and conclusions from the research could provide valuable insights for packaged food companies to improve their branding and integrated communication strategies on the one hand, and on the other hand the results could also be useful for authorities and regulators (e.g., inclusion of guidelines for legal requirements and mandatory information on packaging).Svrha ovog doktorskog rada je istražiti odnos između percipirane kvalitete proizvoda, kredibiliteta marke i lojalnosti marki prehrambenih proizvoda. Također se ispituje i na koji način se ti odnosi mijenjaju kroz utjecaj komunikacijskih elemenata na dizajnu pakiranja prehrambenih proizvoda, fokusirajući se na stalni trend prema transparentnoj komunikaciji s potrošačima. Transparentnost u komunikaciji sadržaja prehrambenih proizvoda razvila se posljednjih godina od jednostavnih tvrdnji "ne sadrži" do pojednostavljivanja samog sastava proizvoda i njegovog navođenja na prednjoj strani pakiranja. Za potrebe ovog istraživanja koristi se terminologija Clear label za opis ovog trenda.
Za potrebe istraživanja postavljen je konceptualni model za razumijevanje odnosa između spomenutih varijabli. Potvrđene ljestvice iz prethodnih istraživanja korištene su za testiranje percipirane kvalitete proizvoda i kredibiliteta marki, te uz male prilagodbe za testiranje lojenosti prehrambenih marki. Međutim, ljestvica za testiranje Clear label konstrukta morala je biti razvijena posebno za ovo istraživanje. Za testiranje konceptualnog modela provedena je anketa među potrošačima koji su podijeljeni u testnu i kontrolnu skupinu.
Za analizu prikupljenih podataka korištena je deskriptivna statistika za opis pojedinačnih konstrukata. Ljestvice su testirane i provjerene na pouzdanost i validnost kako kroz pilot, tako i kroz glavno istraživanje. Provedena je eksplorativna faktorska analiza kako bi se provjerila faktorska struktura između mjerenih varijabli, te konfirmatorna faktorska analiza kako bi se ispitalo koliko dobro varijable predstavljaju korištene konstrukte. Multivarijantna regresijska analiza korištena je za testiranje odnosa između varijabli, a Sobelov test za testiranje učinka moderatora. Za statističku analizu korišten je statistički program SPSS, te AMOS za faktorsku analizu.
Generalni zaključak istraživanja i svih provedenih analiza je da nutritivni sadržaj i prirodnost (Nutritional and natural content - NANC) te podrijetlo (Origin - ORI), koji čine konstrukt Clear label-a, pokazuju snažnu pozitivnu korelaciju ne samo s nekim razinama lojalnosti prehrambenim markama, nego i s percepcijom kvalitete proizvoda (Percived product quality - PPQ) te kredibilitetom marki (Brand credibility - BRC). Međutim, nije pronađen moderirajući učinak. To također znači da konceptualni model predložen za ovo istraživanje nije potvrđen.
U dodatnoj analizi ispitana je i medijacija temeljem zaključka o korelacijama. U tu svrhu postavljen je dodatni model s paralelnim medijatorima,
a rezultati su pokazali da nutritivni sadržaj i prirodnost (NANC) te podrijetlo (ORI) imaju medijatorsku ulogu između percepcije kvalitete proizvoda (PPQ) / kredibiliteta marke (BRC) te lojalnosti prehrambenim markama.
Rezultati predstavljeni u ovom doktorskom radu pridonose cjelokupnom razumijevanju trenda Clear label i njegovog utjecaja na ponašanje potrošača u odnosu na proučavane konstrukte: lojalnost marki, percipiranu kvalitetu proizvoda i kredibilitet marki prehrambenih proizvoda. Glavni metodološki doprinos vidi se u razvoju novih mjernih ljestvica za mjerenje konstrukata Clear label.
Metodologija i zaključci istraživanja mogli bi pružiti vrijedne uvide prehrambenim tvrtkama za izgradnju svojih marki te kreiranja integrirane komunikacijske strategije s jedne strane, a s druge strane rezultati bi mogli biti korisni i za regulatore (npr. uključivanje smjernica u zakonski okvire i definiranje navođenja obveznih podatka na pakiranju)
Utjecaj dimenzijske točnosti pužnoga kola i teksture površine boka zuba na razvoj rupičenja
No full textPitting of worm wheel flanks is one of the main damage mechanisms that occur in worm pairs. Due to their geometry, worm pairs are sensitive to manufacturing errors, and their influence on damage mechanisms, namely pitting, has not yet been thoroughly studied. This doctoral thesis investigates the influence of worm pair dimensional accuracy on pitting formation and development. The goal was to correlate worm pair deviations with the occurrence of pitting and to predict worm wheel flanks susceptible to pitting based on measured deviations. Also, three-dimensional optical scans were employed in developing a finite element method model based on real worm pair geometry. The model was used to obtain contact patterns and load and stress distribution in worm pairs. If a specific worm wheel deviation distribution is present, it will govern the pitting formation and development. However, if worm threads have distinct differences, the unfavorable deviation present in one of the worm threads will induce the majority of pitting on worm wheel flanks. If there is no specific distribution of deviations, the locations of the most damaged and least damaged flanks can be explained by radial and axial runout. Besides deviations, established contact patterns have a large influence on pitting formation.
In worm pairs, a high degree of sliding paired with unfavorable oil-entraining geometry leads to poor lubrication conditions and lower overall efficiency compared to other gear types. In order to improve lubrication conditions in worm pairs, surface texturing was conducted through electropolishing at higher current densities which produced surface texture in the form of dimples and pits on a steel surface. Electropolishing, as a surface texturing method, was verified through model testing of an electropolished steel-bronze pair. Results showed a reduced coefficient of friction and faster running-in. Electropolishing was then applied to steel worms to investigate the effects of surface texturing in worm pairs. Obtained results indicated improved lubrication conditions as both worm pairs with electropolished worms showed higher overall efficiencies and higher initial bronze wear, demonstrating a faster running-in process. Surface texture with larger and shallower pits displayed better results in terms of efficiency and pitting. Overall results indicate that surface texturing improves lubrication conditions in worm pairs with possible promising applications in other machine elements characterized by highly loaded non-conformal contacts.Pužni parovi su strojni elementi koji se koriste u prijenosu snage i gibanja. Pužni par sastoji se od puža i pužnog kola. Puž je najčešće pogonski, dok je kolo gonjeni element pužnog para. Pužni parovi karakteristični su po visokom prijenosnom omjeru u jednom stupnju prijenosa te kompaktnoj izvedbi. Kao i ostali strojni elementi, podložni su mehanizmima oštećenja među kojima su najizraženiji klizno trošenje i rupičenje (eng. pitting). Rupičenje je posljedica umora površine uslijed velikog broja ciklusa izmjena opterećenja koji su popraćeni visokim kontaktnim pritiscima. Manifestira se u odvajanju i ispadanju čestica materijala s površine boka pužnog kola što dovodi do pojave rupica. Rupičenje je tip oštećenja koje je teško izbjeći čak i u pravilnom radu pužnog para. Pužno kolo može normalno raditi čak do 60% površine boka zuba oštećene rupičenjem. Općenito, mehanizam i razvoj rupičenja dobro je poznat te detaljno istražen u području zupčanika s ravnim zubima, no u području pužnih parova nedostaje saznanja o različitim materijalima, radnim uvjetima te utjecaju geometrije na sam nastanak i razvoj rupičenja. Kako je dosad u istraživanjima pokazano da je rupičenje izrazito neujednačeno te je teško uspostaviti određene zakonitosti, prvi cilj ovog istraživanja je pobliže povezati utjecaj grešaka izrade, odnosno dimenzijske točnosti pužnog para, s pojavom i razvojem rupičenja. Greške u izradi mogu nepovoljno utjecati na raspodjelu opterećenja i naprezanja te na sliku nošenja što u konačnici može utjecati na razmjer oštećenja bokova pužnog kola rupičenjem.
Drugi cilj ovog istraživanja temelji se na nepovoljnim uvjetima podmazivanja, a koji predstavljaju jedan od glavnih nedostataka pužnih parova. Nepovoljna geometrija pužnog para popraćena s pretežito kliznim gibanjem u zahvatu rezultira lošijim uvjetima podmazivanja. Nedostatno podmazivanje uzorkuje povećane gubitke u sustavu, ubrzano trošenje, a u ekstremnim slučajevima rezultira naglim zatajenjem pužnog para uslijed zaribavanja. Također, uvjeti podmazivanja jedan su od glavnih razloga manje iskoristivosti pužnih parova naspram ostalih tipova zupčanika. Rješenje u pogledu povećanja iskoristivosti i općenito boljeg podmazivanja dosad se pokušalo riješiti upotrebom novih materijala pužnih parova ili varijacijama u samoj geometriji. U ovom radu cilj je promjenom teksture površine poboljšati uvjete podmazivanja te time povećati iskoristivost pužnih parova. Umjetno stvorene teksture sastoje se od jamica koje mogu biti različitih oblika i dimenzija te raspoređene u specifičnim rasporedima. Uloge takvih tekstura prvenstveno se očituju u funkcijama kao što su: sekundarno podmazivanje, povećanje debljine uljnog filma, poboljšano odvođenje topline iz mjesta kontakta, zadržavanje čestica nastalih trošenjem i smanjenje trenja. Teksture na površinama kreiraju se procesima kao što su lasersko graviranje, jetkanje, sačmarenje ili mehaničko utiskivanje. Iako je primjena različitih površinskih tekstura čest predmet triboloških istraživanja, sama primjena i istraživanje tekstura na zupčanicima je vrla rijetka i ograničena. Razlog tomu su prvenstveno kompleksna geometrija i priroda dodira zupčanika u zahvatu popraćena visokim dodirnim pritiscima. Izuzev par istraživanja provedenih na čelnicima s ravnim zubima, primjena površinskih tekstura na pužnim parovima dosad je neistražena.
Kako bi se ispunila oba opisana cilja, istraživanje je započeto paralelno u oba smjera. Stvarna geometrija proizvedenih pužnih parova dobivena je pomoću trodimenzionalnog (3D) optičkog skeniranja. Dobiveni podaci sadrže informacije o potpunoj geometriji puža i pužnog kola iz kojih su se naknadnom programskom obradom odredila odstupanja stvarne geometrije od idealne, odnosno definirale devijacije izrađenih pužnih parova. Također, samo kućište pužnog prijenosnika je 3D optički skenirano kako bi se utvrdile eventualne greške odstupanja osi pužnog para. Paralelno je provedena evaluacija postojećih metoda za kreiranje površinskih tekstura. Odabir najprikladnije metode proveden je uzimajući u obzir geometriju pužnog para, jednostavnost i brzinu primjene, točnost proizvedene geometrije te u konačnici cijene samog postupka. Kao najprikladnija metoda odabrano je elektropoliranje pri povišenim gustoćama struje. Elektropoliranjem pri povišenim gustoćama struje dolazi do nastanka jamica i kanalića na površini obrađivanog uzorka stvarajući tako svojevrsnu površinsku teksturu. Za materijal primjene odabran je cementirani čelik, odnosno materijal puža. Kako u radu pužnog para dolazi do izrazitog trošenja brončanog kola zbog manje tvrdoće i lošijih mehaničkih svojstava (posebice u procesu uhodavanja), logično je bilo površinsku teksturu proizvesti na tvrđoj komponenti, odnosno čeličnom pužu. Iz istog razloga, tekstura proizvedena na čeličnom pužu trajat će znatno duže nego ista proizvedena na brončanom kolu. Verifikacija odabrane metode provedena je modelskim ispitivanjem na paru materijala čelik (16MnCr5)-bronca (CuSn12) koji je ujedno i najučestaliji par materijala pužnih parova. Rezultati ispitivanja ukazali su na smanjeni faktor trenja i ubrzano uhodavanje para elektropolirani čelik-bronca u usporedbi s konvencionalnim parom brušeni čelik-bronca. Kako je elektropoliranje polučilo pozitivne rezultate modelskog ispitivanja, odlučeno je da će se elektropoliranjem proizvesti površinska tekstura na pužu kako bi se utvrdio utjecaj promjene teksture površine na ponašanje pužnog para u radnim uvjetima.
Ispitivanje pužnih parova provedeno je u sklopu Laboratorija za elemente strojeva Fakulteta brodogradnje i strojarstva u Zagrebu. Ukupno je provedeno ispitivanje na šest pužnih parova (četiri pužna kola od materijala CuSn12, jedno pužno kolo od materijala AlSn6 i jedno pužno kolo od materijala CuAl10Fe5Ni5) od kojih su četiri obuhvaćena u analizu rupičenja (tri pužna kola od materijala CuSn12 i jedno pužno kolo od materijala AlSn6). Tijekom ispitivanja, vrijednosti opterećenja, brzine vrtnje te temperature ulja bile su konstantne te kontinuirano praćene. Dodatno, periodički se ispitivanje zaustavljalo kako bi se provelo fotografsko dokumentiranje bokova pužnog kola u svrhu određivanja površine boka zahvaćene rupičenjem. Za cijelo vrijeme ispitivanja posebna pozornost bila je usmjerena na praćenje iskoristivosti pužnog para.
Rezultati praćenja iskoristivosti korišteni su kao generalni pokazatelj poboljšanja uvjeta podmazivanja u pužnim parovima s elektropoliranim pužem. Svi pužni parovi obuhvaćeni ovim dijelom ispitivanja su bili od materijala čelik (16MnCr5)-bronca (CuSn12). Oba pužna para s elektropoliranim pužem imala su veću iskoristivost od konvencionalnog pužnog para. Spomenuto je posebice bilo vidljivo kod elektropoliranog puža s većim, ali plićim jamicama. Također, oba pužna para imala su veće trošenje brončanog kola, što je opet posebice bilo prisutno kod ranije spomenutog puža. Povećano trošenje može se pripisati periodu uhodavanja i kao takvo ne smatra se lošom pojavom. Dapače, pužni par s najvećim trošenjem imao je najvišu iskoristivost te najmanje rupičenje bokova. Povrh povećane iskoristivosti, jedan od pužnih parova s elektropoliranim pužem radio je s punom slikom nošenja koja se u pravilu izbjegava zbog onemogućenog ulaska ulja u područje zahvata što drastično povećava opasnost od pojave zaribavanja. Za potrebe usporedbe i potvrde teorije, provedeno je dodatno ispitivanje jednog konvencionalnog pužnog para s uspostavljenom punom slikom nošenja. Na navedenom pužnom paru došlo je do zaribavanja u dva navrata, prilikom čega je drugi put bio i katastrofalan te je rezultirao prijevremenim prekidom ispitivanja. Na temelju rezultata iskoristivosti i uspostave funkcionalne pune slike nošenja može se zaključiti da površinska tekstura proizvedena elektropoliranjem poboljšava uvjete podmazivanja pužnih parova.
Rupičenje je praćeno na ukupno četiri pužna para preko fotografija oštećenih bokova u relativno jednakim vremenskim intervalima. Zbog same geometrije istraživanih pužnih parova, svaki pojedini voj dvovojnog puža bio je konstantno u zahvatu s istim bokovima pužnog kola (parnim ili neparnim). Takva specifičnost pužnog para je donekle istaknula razlike u procesu rupičenja na pojedinim bokovima. Svaki od pužnih parova obrađen ja zasebno zbog specifičnosti koje su bile prisutne bilo u rasporedu grešaka, razlici ispitivanih materijala pužnog kola ili površinskoj teksturi puža (brušeni puž; elektropolirani puž). Rezultati rupičenja ukazuju na povezanost s greškama u izradi puža ili pužnog kola. Ukoliko postoji jasna razlika između dva voja puža, kao što je slučaj greške profila boka na jednom od puževa, tada će ta greška diktirati zakonitost pojave rupičenja na bokovima pužnog kola. Ako ne postoje razlike u vojevima puža, a postoji specifična raspodjela greške koraka pužnog kola, razvoj rupičenja bit će uvjetovan upravo specifičnom raspodjelom spomenute greške. Općenito je za očekivati da greška koraka igra veliku ulogu u nastanku rupičenja jer direktno utječe na raspodjelu opterećenja među zubima u zahvatu. Ukoliko ne postoji zakonitost ili specifičnost u raspodjeli neke od grešaka, već su greške stohastički distribuirane, razlike među zubima s najvećim i najmanjim udjelom rupičenja mogu se povezati s raspodjelom radijalne i aksijalne točnosti vrtnje. Općenito se u literaturi rupičenje predviđa pomoću broja ciklusa opterećenja te se razmatra u obliku prosječnog rupičenja svih bokova pužnog kola. U ovom istraživanju predstavljeni su linearni modeli koji opisuju rupičenje pojedinog boka pužnog kola pomoću broja ciklusa opterećenja i izmjerenih grešaka pužnog kola.
Koristeći 3D optičke skenove pužnih parova uspostavljen je numerički model pomoću metode konačnih elemenata. Model je korišten za analizu slike nošenja i raspodjele opterećenja i naprezanja na bokovima pužnog kola. Predloženi model verificiran je s aktualnom normom te validiran na temelju slika nošenja ostvarenih u eksperimentalnim istraživanjima. Rezultati dobiveni modelom ukazuju na velike razlike naspram teoretskih pretpostavki te upućuju na kontinuiranu promjenu slike nošenja uslijed trošenja bokova pužnog kola. Za razliku od modela koji u pravilu koriste idealnu geometriju promatranih komponenti, cilj ovog modela bilo je prikazati stanje pužnih parova temeljeno na stvarnoj geometriji te tako omogućiti realniju simulaciju uvjeta rada.
Posljednje poglavlje sažima provedeno istraživanje, sadrži zaključke i ograničenja istraživanja te prijedloge mogućih smjerova budućih istraživanja. Također, izneseni su znanstveni doprinosi ovog doktorskog rada
SEROTONINSKI SUSTAV POSTELJICE: MEĐUODNOS REGULATORNIH GENA I MAJČINOG METABOLIČKOG STANJA U TRUDNOĆI
No full textSerotonin je multifunkcionalna signalna molekula s važnom ulogom u regulaciji razvoja i funkcija posteljice. Cilj ovog rada bio je doprinijeti boljem razumijevanju homeostaze serotoninskog sustava posteljice u majčinoj pretilosti i gestacijskom dijabetesu melitusu (GDM). Istraživanja na kliničkim uzorcima posteljice na kraju trudnoće pokazala su povezanost majčine debljine i GDM-a s promjenama ekspresije gena SERT i funkcije enzima MAOA. Koncentracije pojedinih lipida u krvi majke bile su povezane s razinama mRNA SERT, OCT3 i HTR2A, ali ne TPH1 i MAOA u posteljici. Pokazano je da u regulaciji gena SERT i MAOA dominiraju epigenetički mehanizmi, dok je razina mRNA HTR2A povezana s rijetkom varijantom gena. Istraživanja in vitro, na modelu stanica posteljice iz prvog tromjesečja trudnoće upućuju da razine glukoze, inzulina i kisika tijekom rane trudnoće mogu biti okidač promjena homeostaze serotonina u posteljici. Dobiveni rezultati doprinose boljem razumijevanju molekularnih mehanizama povezanih s majčinom debljinom i GDM-om, što je posebno važno s obzirom na sve veću učestalost ovih poremećaja u svijetu.Serotonin is a multifunctional signaling molecule important in regulating placental development and functions. The aim of this work was to contribute to a better understanding of the placental serotonin system homeostasis in maternal obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Research on clinical samples of the term placenta showed an association between maternal obesity and GDM with changes in the SERT gene expression and MAOA enzyme function. Maternal blood lipid concentrations were associated with placental SERT, OCT3 and HTR2A, but not TPH1 and MAOA mRNA levels. Epigenetic mechanisms dominated in the regulation of SERT and MAOA, while HTR2A mRNA levels were associated with a rare gene variant. In vitro studies on a first trimester trophoblast cell line suggested that glucose, insulin and oxygen levels during early pregnancy may trigger changes in the placental serotonin homeostasis. These results contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms related to maternal obesity and GDM, which is especially important considering the increasing rates of these disorders worldwide
Korpusno utemeljena komparativna analiza metadiskursa u raspravljačkim esejima neizvornih i izvornih govornika engleskog jezika
No full textThe present study is a cross-cultural, corpus-based, genre-based study. The main objective of the study is to examine the use of metadiscourse in student academic writing and examine the possible variations in the use and distribution patterns of both interactive and interactional metadiscourse between the non-native and native speakers of English. To that aim, two comparable corpora of argumentative essays written by non-native and native English speakers are compared. The overall results show that that the non-native speakers tend to use metadiscourse markers more frequently than the native speakers, though not significantly so. A shared characteristic among the non-native and native writers is a relatively low lexical variation in the use of metadiscourse, indicating tendency to reuse specific markers, rather than diversifying their usage. With respect to preferences for interactive versus interactional metadiscourse categories, another notable parallel emerges in the shared emphasis on interactive metadiscourse. The results show that the non-native corpus demonstrates a more frequent use of interactive metadiscourse while the native corpus demonstrates a more frequent use of interactional metadiscourse. Although the difference in the use of both interactive and interactional metadiscourse is not significant between the two groups of speakers, this contrast still highlights differences in the two groups’ rhetorical strategies. Another parallel trend between the two corpora is evident in the order of frequency of interactive and interactional metadiscourse categories, with transition markers being most common among interactive categories and hedges among interactional categories. However, the non-native writers use transition markers and frame markers more frequently than the native writers, while selfmention markers are more common in the native speakers’ writing. With respect to distribution patterns across individual essays, a noticeable distinction emerges in a more balanced use of all interactive markers by the non-native writers and a more balanced use of the interactional category of hedges by the native speakers. Differences in distribution patterns also reveal that while the native writers distribute interactive and interactional metadiscourse markers more or less evenly throughout their essays, the non-native writers exhibit an intriguing preference for using both interactive and interactional markers more frequently in the concluding paragraph. Additionally, the analysis of distribution patterns of interactive metadiscourse categories shows no significant differences between the two groups of speakers apart from the use of transition markers which are significantly more frequently used by the non-native speakers in the body and conclusion paragraphs. Frame markers are another category where the non-native writers exhibit a significantly higher frequency consistently across all three paragraphs. In terms of distribution patterns of interactional metadiscourse categories, the results reveal significant discrepancies. While the non-native speakers employ hedges more frequently in the introduction paragraph, the use of hedges is more balanced throughout all three paragraphs by the native writers. Engagement markers display a considerably higher frequency in the body paragraph in the native speakers’ essays compared to the non-native speakers’ essays. Self-mention markers also show notable differences, with the native writers using them more frequently in the introduction and body paragraphs, while the non-native writers prominently use them in the concluding paragraph. The study also highlights disparities the particular linguistic items employed to realize metadiscourse functions, particularly in the use of frame markers, engagement markers, hedges, and self-mention markers. The non-native speakers rely more heavily on a limited set of frame markers and lack engagement markers. Both groups prefer generalizing statements and maintaining objectivity by using impersonal forms and avoiding self-representation. The pronounced scarcity of self-representation in the non-native writing as compared to the native writing is speculated to be influenced by cultural factors and educational guidelines emphasizing objectivity. In sum, this research provides a comprehensive examination of similarities and differences in the frequency and distribution patterns of metadiscourse markers between the non-native and native speakers and how these variations impact the structural and rhetorical elements of argumentative essays. The study is likely to motivate further research into academic writing conventions in L2 English and their comparison with those in L1 English.Glavni cilj ovog međukulturnog, korpusnog i žanrovski utemeljenog istraživanje jest istražiti uporabu metadiskursnih oznaka u studentskom akademskom pisanju te moguće varijacije u uporabi i obrascima distribucije interaktivnih i interakcijskih metadiskursnih oznaka među neizvornim i izvornim govornicima engleskog jezika. U tu svrhu uspoređuju se korpusi raspravljačkih eseja neizvornih i izvornih govornika engleskoj jezika. Rezultati pokazuju da su neizvorni govornici skloni učestalijem korištenju metadiskursnih oznaka u odnosu na izvorne govornike, iako ne statistički značajno. Zajednička karakteristika neizvornih i izvornih govornika jest relativno niska leksička varijacija u uporabi metadiskursnih oznaka, što ukazuje na tendenciju opetovanog korištenja specifičnih oznaka, umjesto diverzifikacije njihove uporabe. S obzirom da kod obje skupine govornika prednjače interaktivne metadiskursne kategorije, još jedna važna značajka obaju korpusa jest naglasak na uporabi interaktivnih metadiskursnih oznaka. Rezultati također pokazuju da korpus neizvornih govornika odlikuje učestalija uporaba interaktivnih metadiskursnih oznaka, dok je uporaba interakcijskih metadiskursnih oznaka u većoj mjeri prisutna kod izvornih govornika. Iako razlika u korištenju interaktivnih i interakcijskih metadiskursnih oznaka nije značajna među dvjema skupinama govornika, ovo ipak naglašava razlike u retoričkim strategijama kojima se koriste. Paralelni trend dvaju korpusa također je uočljiv u redoslijedu učestalosti interaktivnih i interakcijskih metadiskursnih kategorija, pri čemu su prijelazi najčešći među interaktivnim kategorijama, a ograđivači među interakcijskim kategorijama. Međutim, neizvorni govornici koriste prijelaze i označivače okvira učestalije od izvornih govornika, dok su oznake autoreferiranja u većoj mjeri prisutne u pisanju izvornih govornika. S obzirom na obrasce distribucije kroz pojedinačne eseje, zamjetna razlika pojavljuje se u ravnomjernijem korištenju svih interaktivnih oznaka u esejima neizvornih govornika te u ravnomjernijoj uporabi interakcijske kategorije ograđivači u esejima izvornih govornika. Razlike u obrascima otkrivaju da izvorni govornici rabe interaktivne i interakcijske metadiskursne oznake uglavnom ravnomjerno kroz svoje eseje, dok neizvorni govornici pokazuju znakovitu sklonost učestalije uporabe interaktivnih i interakcijskih oznaka u završnom odlomku. Dodatno, analiza distribucijskih obrazaca interaktivnih metadiskursnih kategorija ne pokazuje značajne razlike među dvjema skupinama govornika osim uporabe prijelaza koji su kod neizvornih govornika znatno češće upotrjebljivani u glavnom dijelu i zaključku eseja. Označivači okvira još su jedna kategorija znatno učestalija u cijeloj strukturi eseja neizvornih govornika. U pogledu distribucijskih obrazaca interakcijskih metadiskursnih kategorija, rezultati pokazuju značajna odstupanja. Uporaba ograđivača ravnomjernije je raspoređena u strukturi eseja izvornih govornika, dok ih neizvorni govornici najčešće koriste u uvodnom dijelu. U usporedbi s esejima neizvornih govornika, označivači odnosa prema čitatelju učestaliji su u glavnom dijelu eseja izvornih govornika. Značajne razlike uočljive su i u uporabi oznaka autoreferiranja. Izvorni govornici češće ih koriste u uvodnom i glavnom dijelu, dok ih neizvorni govornici redovitije koriste u završnom dijelu. Istraživanje također naglašava nejednakosti u uporabi pojedinačnih jezičnih stavki korištenih za realizaciju metadiskursnih funkcija, osobito u uporabi označivača okvira, označivača odnosa prema čitatelju, ograđivača i autoreferiranja. Neizvorni govornici uglavnom se oslanjaju na ograničen skup označivača okvira, dok im u esejima manjka označivača odnosa prema čitatelju. Obje skupine karakterizira uopćavanje izjava i održavanje objektivnosti uporabom neosobnih oblika i izbjegavanjem samoreprezentacije. Pretpostavlja se da je naglašena nedostatnost samoreprezentacije u esejima neizvornih govornika u usporedbi s esejima izvornih govornika, rezultat kulturnih čimbenika i obrazovnih smjernica koje naglašavaju objektivnost u pisanju. Zaključno, ovo istraživanje omogućilo je sveobuhvatno ispitivanje sličnosti i razlika u učestalosti i obrascima distribucije metadiskursnih oznaka u raspravljačkim esejima izvornih i neizvornih govornika te kako te varijacije utječu na strukturalne i retoričke elemente eseja.Pretpostavka je da bi ovo istraživanje moglo potaknuti daljnja istraživanja normi akademskog pisanja u engleskom kao drugom ili stranom jeziku i njihovu usporedbu s onima u engleskom jeziku kao prvom jeziku
The relationship between goal orientation, self-efficacy, professional burnout and job satisfaction during teaching in virtual and traditional classroom
No full textCilj ovog istraživanja bio je istražiti povezanost ciljnih orijentacija, samoučinkovitosti, zadovoljstva poslom i izgaranja tijekom rada u klasičnoj i virtualnoj učionici s fokusom na posredujuću ulogu samoučinkovitosti između ciljnih orijentacija i zadovoljstva poslom i izgaranja na poslu hrvatskih učitelja razredne i predmetne nastave. Desetljećima se odgojnoobrazovni rad ostvarivao u klasičnim učionicama, ali posljednjih godina virtualne učionice postale su sve popularnije i nužnije, osobito tijekom pandemije COVID-19. Virtualne učionice postaju okruženja učenja i poučavanja u kojima učitelj i učenici fizički nisu na istom mjestu, a učenje se odvija virtualno, pomoću digitalne tehnologije na platformama.
U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 445 učitelja razredne i predmetne nastave iz područja cijele Republike Hrvatske. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da su učiteljice samoučinkovitije i zadovoljnije sadržajem posla od učitelja u klasičnoj učionici, u virtualnoj učionici imaju izraženiju ciljnu orijentaciju na učenje, ali pokazuju i veću razinu izgaranja na poslu. Učitelji razredne nastave imaju veću samoučinkovitost, zadovoljniji su sadržajem posla te pokazuju manju razinu izgaranja u klasičnoj i virtualnoj učionici od učitelja predmetne nastave. U klasičnoj učionici učitelji s više od 30 godina radnog staža značajno su zadovoljniji sadržajem posla i imaju manju razinu izgaranja na poslu od učitelja koji imaju od 11 do 20 godina staža. Analiza uzorka učitelja razredne i predmetne nastave pokazuje različite faktore koji utječu na zadovoljstvo sadržajem posla i izgaranje. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da je samoučinkovitost značajni medijator između ciljne orijentacije i zadovoljstva sadržajem posla te izgaranja na poslu.Fast social changes impose a need for continuous learning and constant adaptation to new situations on teachers. For that reason, self-efficacy and goals that encourage teachers to learn and that affect their job satisfaction are very important. The relationship between goal orientations, self-efficacy, job satisfaction and work burnout are studied a lot, but research that would study their relationships and changes in a virtual environment, or compare them in both traditional and virtual environment is still missing. The goal of this research was to study the relationship between goal orientations, self-efficacy, job satisfaction and work burnout during working in traditional and virtual classroom, with a focus on the mediating role of self-efficacy between goal orientations, self-efficacy and work burnout among Croatian teachers in primary education (first 8 years of education), which includes teachers teaching all classes in the first four years of education and those teaching subject classes in the following four years. Research so far has shown a positive correlation between high level of self-efficacy and job satisfaction (Kasalak i Dagyar, 2020), and a negative relationship with work burnout (Skaalvik i Skaalvik,
2014). Teacher's goal orientations that are directed towards developing, implementing and demonstrating the capacity, skill and competency to teach are positively correlated with selfefficacy (VandeWalle, 1997), and goal orientations of avoiding implementation appear because of fear of failure (Mesić i Topolovčan, 2016). For decades, education has been carried out in traditional classrooms; however, in recent years, virtual classrooms have become increasingly popular and necessary, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Virtual classroom has become a teaching and learning environment where teachers and students are not physically present at the same place, and where learning takes place online through digital technology. During virtual teaching, a higher level of self-efficacy and a better adaptation was demonstrated by teachers that have some experience in applying digital technologies (Baroudi i sur., 2022; Dolighan i Owen, 2021) and in using modern, online methods (Szabó i sur., 2022). These results go in favor of practical implications of this work that talk about the importance of good preparation of teachers to design online teaching, but also about the need of having digital competencies and a high level of self-efficacy and focus on developing goal orientations for teaching.
445 teachers in primary education from across the Republic of Croatia participated in this research. The results of the research indicate that the female teachers have a higher level of selfefficacy and job satisfaction than male teachers in traditional classrooms, while in the virtual classroom, they have a more evident goal orientation for teaching, but also show a higher levelof work burnout. Male teachers, teaching all subjects in the first four years of primary education, have a higher level of self-efficacy and job satisfaction, and have shown lower level of work burnout in both traditional and virtual classroom than teachers who teach separate subjects in years 5 to 8. In traditional classrooms, teachers with more than 30 years of work experience have a significantly higher level of job satisfaction and have a lower level of burnout than teachers who have 11 to 20 years of experience. Analysis of the sample of teachers used in this research shows different factors that affect their level of job satisfaction and burnout. The results of this research indicate that self-efficacy plays a significant mediator role between goal orientation, job satisfaction and work burnout.
The results obtained in this research could also encourage studying mechanisms that could increase the level of self-efficacy and goal orientation of teachers for successful use of virtual classrooms that are more often the teaching environment. The results also demonstrate the need for professional training for teachers when it comes to having digital competencies, high level of self-efficacy and orientation on developing goal orientations for teaching. Furthermore, the results of this research could help with designing the curriculum for the mentioned training of teachers in the virtual environment
Validation of Motivational Factors in Physical Education
No full textCilj istraživanja bio je odrediti utjecaj poticajnih čimbenika u nastavi tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture kroz interventni program (IP) Forma na pozitivna psihološka stanja kod adolescenata. IP Forma je dizajniran prema cjelovitoj paradigmi u kojoj tijelo i um čine koherentnu cjelinu.
Utjecaj IP Forma mjerio se skalama za usredotočenu svjesnosti, temeljne psihološke potrebe i motivaciju na satu Tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture. Istraživanje se provelo na uzorku od 121 sudionika adolescentne dobi (od 14. do 15. god.) O. Š. „Isak Samokovlija” u Sarajevu (Bosna i Hercegovina), koji su bili podijeljeni u dvije skupine, eksperimentalnu i kontrolnu u odnosu 50% prema 50%. Eksperimentalna skupina je sudjelovala u IP Forma četiri tjedna, tri sata tjedno, a kontrolna je sudjelovala uobičajenom programu rada bez intervencija. Nakon provedbe inicijalnog i finalnog mjerenja urađena je statistička analiza deskriptivnih karakteristika i ponovljena mješovita ANOVA. Rezultati inicijalnog mjerenja pokazali su da je riječ o ravnomjernom početnom stanju. Rezultati finalnog mjerenja su pokazali da postoje statistički značajne interakcije i razlike između eksperimentalne i kontrolne skupine u smjeru eksperimentalne skupine za usredotočenu svjesnost i motivaciju, točnije smanjenje negativnih dimenzija motivacije samoodređenja (amotivacija, eksterna i introjektivna regulacija) na satu Tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture. Za zadovoljenje i smanjenje frustracije temeljnih psiholoških potreba i cjelovito iskustvo motivacije zapaženi su pozitivni pomaci u smjeru eksperimentalne skupine, ali ne na nivou značajnih statističkih interakcija. Ovim rezultatima je pokazano da IP Forma s poticajnim čimbenicima ima pozitivan utjecaj na poticanje spomenutih pozitivnih psiholoških stanja kod adolescenata kao prediktora doživljaja smisla i svrhe.
Znanstveni doprinos je u otkrivanju i kategorizaciji poticajnih čimbenika za tjelesni i mentalni aspekt kroz cjelovitu paradigmu. IP Forma može doprinijeti boljoj usredotočenoj svjesnosti i motivaciji učenika za aktivnosti na satu Tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture pa time i suočavanju s izazovima tjelesnog i mentalnog zdravlja zbog općeg smanjenja tjelovježbe kod mladih u svakodnevnom životu. Rezultati doprinose klasifikaciji poticajnih čimbenika kroz poticajne čimbenike za tijelo, um, dušu i duh, u predloženom modelu Paradigme cjelovite edukacije. Rezultati pokazuju da interventni program na ovim osnovama može biti sredstvo za poticaj pozitivnih psiholoških stanja kod učenika. Zbog standardizacije IP, buduća istraživanja trebalo bi provesti s većim brojem ispitanika i u različitim geografskim oblastima uzimajući u obzir potrebnu pripremu i trening edukatora.The study aimed to determine the influence of motivational factors in the teaching of physical education through the intervention program (IP) Forma on positive psychological states in adolescents. IP Forma is designed according to a holistic paradigm in which body and mind form a coherent whole.
At the beginning of the theoretical part of the study, three fundamental terms were defined: (1) motivational factors; (2) motivational factors in the context of physical and health education; and (3) motivational factors in the context of Holistic education.
(1) Motivational factors are techniques and strategies that aim to foster positive psychological states. This research delves into how motivational factors impact mindfulness, self-determination motivation, satisfaction of psychological needs, and holistic experience of motivation within the Forma intervention program in physical education. These positive psychological states serve as indicators and predictors of experiencing a sense of meaning and purpose. The use of effective motivational factors is intended to cultivate these positive states and, in turn, enhance a sense of meaning and purpose. This exploration of motivational factors draws from scientific and philosophical research and is exemplified through a case study involving the Forma intervention program, which is founded on this research. Examples of motivational factors are physical exercise, reading the great books, writing (e.g., creative, journaling), dialogue, mindfulness, and prayer.
(2) Motivational factors in physical and health education have been explored in depth by Edin Branković and his colleagues since 2014, aligning with the current trend in educational research emphasizing the importance of spiritual development in Positive Youth Development. The study of motivational factors in physical education is driven by two key factors: Firstly, the recognized link between physical well-being and the positive impact of physical activities on individuals; and secondly, concerns over the declining physical activity and motor skills of students due to a sedentary lifestyle and the prevalence of “absence of meaning,” “spiritual crisis,” “nihilism”, and “emptiness.” These negative psychological states manifest as a lack of mindfulness, unmet psychological needs, amotivation, and a sense of meaninglessness, leading to complex mental and physical conditions like boredom, apathy, anxiety, depression, sexual misconduct, usage of psychoactive substances, etc. Global research, such as the Teen Voice study, highlights that activities like sport and physical exercise, art, and mindful use of technology are effective in promoting positive emotional states and fostering a sense of purpose and personal values, thereby reducing negative psychological states. Over the last two decades, traditional practices—also called “spiritual exercise”—like mindfulness and prayer have gained traction in neuroscience research due to their positive impact on well-being. Overall, this raises the question of identifying motivational factors to address the evolving needs of modern education, necessitating a shift in both theoretical frameworks and practical approaches to fulfill students’ real needs, restructuring and renovating the educational process. The term “education” (from the Latin educare) has been approached in its essential meaning which encompasses both character nurturing and skill development, as elaborated in the chapter on the Holistic education paradigm.
(3) Motivational factors in Holistic education encompass a comprehensive approach to individuals that goes beyond solely physical and mental aspects. A reductionistic approach has been identified as a key contributor to health and existential challenges, as evidenced by scientific research and philosophies of science and education. Contemporary integrated studies emphasize the importance of spiritual development and meaning in both education and life, moving away from a reductionist view of spirituality. A holistic approach considers the human being as an integral whole comprised of body, soul, and spirit (intellect), with each aspect interconnected and influencing the others. In different languages, they are the Greek
sōma, psyche, pneuma (nous); the Latin corpus, anima, spiritus (intellectus); the Chinese Shēn / hsen, ling, shén; the Arabic jism, nafs, rūḥ (ʿaql); and the Croatian tijelo, duša, duh (um). Mind or reason is the content of the soul according to this perspective. Said holistic approach forms the foundation of the Holistic education paradigm advocated in this research, which identifies motivational factors aligned with these aspects, drawing on scientific and philosophical research to describe and explore them individually and in their interconnected contexts. That is to say, the application of motivational factors to one aspect impacts other aspects as well. A teaching model incorporating these factors was developed and implemented in the Forma intervention program as part of this study. According to the Holistic education paradigm, the goal of the educational process is to inspire and motivate personal transformation in students, fostering awareness of choices and responsibility, known as conscience, intellection, and intellectual intuition. Such heightened awareness leads to insights into personal relationships with others, objects, and oneself, facilitating personal growth and self-transcendence toward experiencing meaning and purpose. This transformative process also results in the manifestation of positive psychological states, as outlined in contemporary positive psychology, as well as broader soul states encompassing virtues, character development, and the embodiment of metaphysical principles which are outlined in premodern and traditional psychology. Until recently, for instance, cultivation of virtues, mindsets, and character traits have been viewed mostly as abstract concepts related solely to philosophy and theology. However, contemporary integrative research emphasizes the positive impact of such cultivation of the aforementioned aspects in various practices, like mindfulness, which belong to motivational factors in this research. They are also called “spiritual,” “meditative”, and “contemplative” practices in different traditions, for example in Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity, or Islam. These practices have garnered scientific and philosophical interest on account of their rootedness in living traditions, their positive influence on well-being, as well as the prevailing health crisis. Therefore, these practices and a holistic perspective have been approached here from a traditional point of view, meaning the admittance of metaphysical principles found in authentic spiritual and wisdom traditions. Contemporary studies often overlook or ignore the roots of the practices of the wisdom traditions and tend to uproot and syncretize them, which can be misleading and counterproductive. Accordingly, the Holistic education paradigm underscores the importance of cultivating awareness to recognize the sacred in all aspects of life through the application of motivational factors, thereby fostering positive psychological states, a sense of meaning and purpose, while strengthening conscience within individuals.
In the subsequent theoretical sections, comprising ten chapters, a detailed exposition of the Holistic paradigm and the Holistic education paradigm—forming the conceptual foundation of the IP Forma—is provided. Initially, the interconnection between kinesiology and holistic education research is elucidated, highlighting the integrative research requirements in kinesiology that encompass psychology, pedagogy, neuroscience, and medicine. The overarching goal was to broaden kinesiology research horizons and address contemporary challenges in physical education, notably the lack of motivation for physical activity and the absence of meaningful experiences in the educational domain. The potential for a new paradigm in kinesiology education is explored, critiquing the prevailing modernist and scientific reductionism which impacts the contemporary understanding of kinesiology, sports, and exercise. The reductionist perspective is critiqued for its limitations in addressing existential concerns such as inner emptiness and existential anxiety, “nihilism”, and “existential vacuum”, as articulated by philosophers like Søren A. Kierkegaard (d. 1855), Friedrich Nietzsche (d. 1900), and Viktor Frankl (d. 1997). The necessity for a paradigm shift is underlined by insights from neuroscience, the resurgence of traditional physical disciplines like yoga and tai chi, and the growing interest in meditative practices like mindfulness.
Preceding the delineation of the new paradigm, historical perspectives in terms of “holistic education” were discussed, encompassing premodern traditions, living traditions, and modern educational reform movements. The narrative delves into the challenges posed by dualism and scientific reductionism, advocating for the integration of spirituality, spiritual development, and meaning into contemporary education. The complexities of spiritual discourse in the “new age” era and the implications of reducing the soul to mere “mental” or “psychic” facets are critically examined, attributing these phenomena to the neglect of traditional psychology. Also, drawing on Viktor Frankl’s existentialist philosophy and logotherapy, the narrative emphasizes the significance of traditional psychology or pneumatology (literally, “knowing the spirit” or “knowledge of the spirit”) in counteracting the causes and effects of scientific reductionism on understanding the human being.Logotherapy represents a way of approaching the importance of traditional psychology to the man of the secular age which is marked by scientific reductionism. Traditional psychology (pneumatology) as metaphysical knowledge of authentic tradition goes into much further detail as regards spiritual development, but in any case offers a theory and practice necessary to live healthily and to find meaning and purpose. Both logotherapy and traditional psychology underscore the holistic nature of human existence, wherein the spiritual dimension plays a pivotal role in the pursuit of meaning. This holistic perspective aligns with the shared belief that humans are driven by a profound quest for meaning and the sacred, echoing the etymological connection between “health” and “holy.” Frankl puts it in a way that human beings are essentially determined not by the need for pleasure and power, but by the “will to meaning.” The discussion also touches upon the concept of spiritual exercises as articulated by Pierre Hadot, advocating for the practical application of theoretical frameworks to bridge the gap between theory and practice in academia. Ultimately, the Holistic paradigm and the Holistic education paradigm aspire to establish a symbiotic relationship between theory and practice within educational contexts.
The Holistic paradigm articulated in this research underscores the interconnectedness of the human being under the aspects “body and mind,” or “body, reason, soul, and spirit.” This paradigm draws inspiration from diverse philosophical perspectives, including the philosophy of nothingness of the Kyoto School, whose main representatives are Kitarō Nishida (d. 1945), Hajime Tanabe (d. 1962), and Keiji Nishitani (d. 1990); the perennial philosophy of the traditionalist school represented by René Guénon (d. 1951), Ananda K. Coomaraswamy (d. 1947), Titus Burckhardt (d. 1984), Frithjof Schuon (d. 1998), Martin Lings (d. 2005), Huston Smith (d. 2016), William Stoddart (d. 2023), and Seyyed H. Nasr; and Oriental philosophy as expounded by Toshihiko Izutsu (d. 1993). These philosophical frameworks address contemporary challenges while offering traditional wisdom to navigate modern complexities. Central themes such as faith, conscience, freedom, responsibility, and authentic religiosity related to traditional metaphysics are highlighted as pivotal elements in fostering meaning, purpose, and spirituality. At the same time, they provide guidance in overcoming negative mental and psychological states prevalent today overall and in educational systems. Also, their commonality is that the traditional approach to theory and practice serves as a conduit for spiritual growth, reinforcing conscience, facilitating personal connection with the divine, and promoting deeper introspection.
Based on such a foundation, the Holistic paradigm integrates traditional principles and theory into daily activities which can catalyze spiritual advancement and encourage individuals to reflect more profoundly on their existence. It also integrates traditional spiritual practices along with other practices summed under the term “motivational factors” tailored to each aspect of the human constitution, while being aware of the pitfalls of scientific reductionism and syncretism that often overshadow the significance of tradition and spirituality. The Holistic education paradigm is therefore introduced in this research as an educational approach centered on nurturing all aspects of the human self through the application of theory and practice regarding motivational factors. Accordingly, these applications of the factors aim to cultivate an atmosphere and state where students are receptive to uncovering meaning and purpose throughout their educational journey by fostering states like mindfulness, psychological fulfillment, self-determination, and motivation. Such education is envisioned as a dual process of “exteriorization of the inner” and “interiorization of the outer,” emphasizing the traditional perspective of harmonizing
internal and external growth.
While all motivational factors are interconnected, those addressing aspects of body (the bodily/physical aspect) and reason (the mental/rational aspect) facilitate the external manifestation of internal growth, while those focusing on soul (the psychic/psychological aspect) and spiritual (the spitirual aspect) dimensions promote the internalization of external influences. Based on the research criteria guiding this study, which involve identifying and selecting easily applicable motivational factors within the context of the paradigm for physical education instruction, the theoretical underpinnings for each of the four groups of factors are outlined with a particular focus on those utilized in this research in IP Forma.
They are:
* the bodily/physical aspect (consciously directed physical exercise);
* the mental/rational aspect (rhetoric as active listening and purposeful speaking, reading the great books,
creative writing);
* the psychic/psychological aspect (expressive writing, contemplative writing, writing a diary, meaningful and
purposeful dialogue, methods of growth mindset and metacognition);
* the spiritual aspect (cultivating virtue, mindfulness, prayer).
Following an in-depth exposition of the theoretical underpinnings and the empirical research founding the theoretical part of the research, the next chapters discuss similar contemporary studies advocating for a holistic approach to physical education and physical activity. Further exposition of contemporary studies delves into psychological statesindicative of meaning and purpose in education, encompassing basic psychological needs, self-determination motivation, flow experience, growth mindset, mindfulness, and the holistic experience of motivation. A detailed review is then provided of similar intervention programs and the corresponding motivational factors employed within these interventions. Finally the intervention program Forma utilized in this research is introduced and described in detail, with subsequent chapters of the study outlining the research methods, findings, and conclusions.
The latter can be summarized as follows:
The impact of the IP Forma was measured by scales for mindfulness, basic psychological needs, and motivation in the physical education class. The research was conducted on a sample of 121 participants of adolescent age (14–15 years of age) at the Isak Samokovlija Elementary School in Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina), which were divided into two groups, experimental and control, at a ratio of 50% to 50%. The experimental group participated in IP Forma for four weeks, three times weekly, and the control group participated in the usual work program without any intervention. After the implementation of the initial and final measurements, a statistical analysis of descriptive characteristics and twoway mixed ANOVA was performed. Data processing was done by IBM SPSS Statistics v29.
The initial measurement results indicated a similar starting point for both groups. In the final measurement, statistically significant differences emerged between the experimental and control groups, favoring the experimental group in terms of mindfulness and motivation. Notably, there was a significant decrease in negative aspects of motivation, such as
amotivation, external, and introjected regulation. Positive changes were also observed in psychological needs and holistic motivation for the experimental group, although they did not reach a statistically significant level. These findings suggest that the IP Forma, coupled with motivational factors, positively impacts the cultivation of positive psychological states in adolescents, serving as indicators and predictors of meaningful and purposeful experiences. The scientific contribution of the study lies in identifying, organizing, and categorizing motivational factors for physical and mental well-being within the framework of holistic education. The IP Forma has the potential to enhance student mindfulness and motivation in physical education classes, addressing the prevalent decline in physical activity among young individuals and the associated challenges to both physical and mental health.
The study’s findings contribute to the classification of motivational factors for the body, reason (mind), soul, and spirit within the Holistic education paradigm and promoting the cultivation of positive psychological states. To standardize the IP, future research should encompass larger sample sizes across diverse geographical locations, alongside comprehensive training for educators. Educator training is crucial for the success of such interventions, as personal examples significantly impact educational outcomes. Consistent application of motivational factors is essential to sustain a receptive and growth mindset towards finding meaning and purpose in daily life and therefore to experience positive psychological states and to deal appropriately with negative ones. The core objective of employing motivational factors in education is to empower students to recognize their inner strength to overcome challenges, fostering a sense of meaning and purpose. This process is closely linked to concepts like insight, intuition, intellection, and conscience, whic
Razumijevanje, evaluacija i prevođenje rezultata istraživanja u vezi sa zdravljem od znanosti do krajnjih korisnika
No full textAims: This research aimed to evaluate and examine various aspects of the evidence necessary for making well-informed health decisions, as well as the qualities of plain language summaries (PLSs) published by medical and non-medical organizations. The goal was to contribute to the comprehension of this topic through empirical research and offer valuable insights into the fields of health communication and evidence-based decision-making. Methods: We conducted two cross-sectional studies (questionnaire-based and methodological). We included different stakeholders in the healthcare system (researchers, healthcare workers, and consumers) and analyzed all PLSs from the latest versions of SRs published by Cochrane (medical), Campbell Collaboration, and the International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (non-medical). We assessed the stakeholders' comprehension of the hierarchy of evidence and conclusiveness, readability, and textual characteristics of the PLS. Results: Researchers were most capable of differentiating between study designs, while consumers and healthcare workers did not differentiate between observational studies, experimental studies, and SRs. Furthermore, medical PLSs were less conclusive and displayed lower readability than non-medical PLSs. Additionally, medical PLSs contained more words displaying emotions of disgust and fear, while non-medical PLSs displayed more positive emotions. Conclusions: Courses on basic research methodology should be required for lower-level learners and included in Continuing Medical Education for all stakeholders in the healthcare sector. Overall, our results may help PLS readers better understand and engage with the scientific information, which, in turn, improves their decision-making abilities and may have significant implications for the field.Ciljevi: Ovo istraživanje imalo je za cilj procijeniti i ispitati različite aspekte dokaza potrebnih za donošenje dobro informiranih zdravstvenih odluka, kao i kvalitete laičkih sažetaka (PLS) koje objavljuju medicinske i nemedicinske organizacije. Cilj je bio empirijskim istraživanjem pridonijeti razumijevanju ove teme i ponuditi vrijedne uvide u područja zdravstvene komunikacije i odlučivanja temeljenog na dokazima. Metode: Proveli smo dva presječna istraživanja (anketno i metodološko). Uključili smo različite dionike zdravstvenog sustava (znanstvenike, liječnike i pacijente) i analizirali sve PLS-ove iz najnovijih verzija sustavnih pregleda koje su objavili Cochrane (medicinski), Campbell Collaboration i International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (nemedicinski). Procijenili smo razumijevanje dionika o hijerarhiji dokaza te zaključivast, čitljivosti i tekstualne karakteristike PLS-a. Rezultati: Znanstvenici su bili najsposobniji za razlikovanje ustroja istraživanja, dok pacijenti i liječnici nisu razlikovali opservacijska istraživanja, eksperimentalna ispitivanja i sustavne preglede. Nadalje, medicinski PLS-ovi bili su manje zaključivi i pokazali su slabiju čitljivost od nemedicinskih PLS-ova. Uz to, medicinski PLS-ovi sadržavali su više riječi koje pokazuju emocije gađenja i straha, dok su nemedicinski PLS-ovi prikazivali više pozitivnih emocija. Zaključci: Tečajevi o osnovama znanstvene metodologije trebali bi biti obvezni za niže razine obrazovana te uključeni u trajno medicinsko usavršavanje za sve dionike u zdravstvenom sektoru. Općenito, naši rezultati mogu pomoći čitateljima PLS-ova da bolje razumiju i uključe se u znanstvene informacije, što, zauzvrat, poboljšava njihove sposobnosti donošenja odluka i može imati značajne implikacije za ovo područje