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Music in Society: An Analysis of Media Relations, Values and Musical Preferences within the Sociology of Music
No full textSociologija glazbe bavi se proučavanjem glazbenih sadržaja unutar sociološke perspektive, a obuhvaća istraživanja područja glazbenih preferencija, utjecaja glazbe na društvo kroz stvaranja supkultura i drugih zajednica, proučavanjem publike te praćenja promjena i razvoja koji se događa kroz izražavanja glazbenika, a reflektira se na društvo. Cilj je ove disertacije definirati glavne vrijednosti povezane s glazbenim preferencijama te ustanoviti obrasce kojima se oblikuju glazbene preferencije. Istraživanje je konstruirano metodološkom triangulacijom, odnosno provođenje istraživanja odvija se u dvije faze, od koje prva obuhvaća online anketu u čijem uzorku je sudjelovalo 1476 ispitanika opće populacije Republike Hrvatske, a druga faza obuhvaća polustrukturirane intervjue kojim je obuhvaćen uzorak mladih od 18 sudionika. Rezultati su pokazali da postoji statistički značajna povezanost vrijednosti i glazbenih preferencija. U odnosu na preferiranje određenih glazbenih žanrova pokazalo se postojanje razlike između ispitanika prema sociodemografskim karakteristikama. Uloga medija prilikom odabira glazbenih preferencija pokazala se vidljivom. Dobiveni podaci iz intervjua mladih ispitanika pružili su dublju analizu glazbenih preferencija te pokazuju odstupanja rezultata anketa i nalaza intervjua oko preferencija turbofolk glazbe, a koja samo potvrđuju važnost obuhvaćanja kvantitativne i kvalitativne metodologije unutar sociologije glazbe. Sociologija glazbe nedovoljno je istražena u Hrvatskoj, pa je ovo istraživanje plodan doprinos za provođenje daljnjih istraživanja glazbe unutar sociologije.The sociology of music is concerned with the study of musical content from a sociological perspective. This includes research into areas such as musical preferences, the impact of music on society through the creation of subcultures and other communities, the study of audiences, and the tracking of changes and developments occurring through musicians' expressions that reflect upon society. The aim of this dissertation is to define the main values associated with musical preferences and to establish the patterns that shape these preferences. The research is constructed using methodological triangulation, conducted in two phases. The first phase involves an online survey with a sample of 1,476 respondents from the general population of the Republic of Croatia. The second phase consists of semi-structured interviews with a sample of 18 young participants. The results indicate a statistically significant correlation between values and musical preferences. Differences in the preference for certain music genres were observed among respondents according to their sociodemographic characteristics. The role of media in the selection of musical preferences was also evident. Data obtained from the interviews with young respondents provided a deeper analysis of musical preferences and highlighted discrepancies between survey results and interview findings regarding the preference for turbofolk music, further underscoring the importance of incorporating both quantitative and qualitative methodologies within the sociology of music.
The sociology of music is under-researched in Croatia, making this study a valuable contribution to future research in sociology of music
Beach vulnerability assesment at the island of Hvar
No full textU radu su metodama terenskog rada, daljinskih istraživanja i analizom arhivskog materijala istražena geomorfološka obilježja, evolucija i ranjivost 47 žala na otoku Hvaru. Većina žala, njih 85,1 %, čini geomorfološke sustave s drenažnim bazenima i oblikovana su u plavinskom materijalu na njihovom ušću, 8,5 % žala oblikovano je ispod klifa, dok je najmanje, njih 6,4 % oblikovano u eolskim naslagama. U posljednjih 200 godina žala su izgubila prosječno 44,1 % svoje površine, dok im se obalna linija pomaka prema kopnu za prosječno 5,5 m. Procjena ranjivosti žala pokazala je da je većina žala na otoku Hvaru jako ranjiva te teži prema vrlo jakoj ranjivosti, što se podudara sa značajnim trendom erozije žala tijekom posljednjih ~200 godina te naglašava potrebu za održivim upravljanjem žalima i stalnim praćenjem stanja.This thesis investigates the geomorphological properties, evolution, and vulnerability of 47 beaches on the island of Hvar using fieldwork methods, remote sensing, and analysis of archival material. The majority of the beaches, 85.1%, are part of geomorphological systems with drainage basins and are formed in alluvial material at their outlets, 8.5% are formed beneath cliffs, while the smallest portion, 6.4%, are shaped in aeolian deposits. In the last 200 years, the beaches have lost an average of 44.1% of their surface area, and their shoreline has retreated landward by an average of 5.5 meters. The vulnerability assessment shows that most beaches on the island of Hvar are highly vulnerable and tend toward very high vulnerability, which corresponds to the significant trend of beach erosion over the last ~200 years, highlighting the need for sustainable beach management and continuous monitoring
D-block metal complexes with amino acid conjugates of oxazolines and triphenylphosphines as chiral catalysts iN hydrogenation reactions
No full textPripravljeno je i okarakterizirano 22 aminokiselinska (Ala, Gly, Phe ili Gly-Val-Phe) biokonjugata oksazolina i 5 oksazolina bez aminokiselinskih supstituenata te njihovih metalnih kompleksa (Cd(II), Co(II), Ir(I), Rh(I) i Zn(II)). Ispitan je utjecaj supramolekulskih interakcija na agregaciju monooksazolinskih spojeva nekoordiniranih i koordiniranih s metalom te na selektivnost u enantioselektivnoj hidrogenaciji. Spektroskopskim tehnikama u otopini je potvrđeno da oksazolini s jednim tripeptidnim ili dva monopeptidna lanca agregiraju bez metala, dok u svim metalnim kompleksima aminokiselinskih derivata djeluju nekovalentne intramolekulske interakcije. Indukcija kiralnosti na prokiralnom metalu u kompleksima je potvrđena CD spektroskopijom, a kristalne strukture pokazuju da je helikalna kiralnost inducirana kompleksacijom. Sklonost nastajanja agregata nemetaliranih spojeva, te helikalne strukture u metalnim spojevima dodatno su analizirane CREST/CENSO i DFT računalnim metodama. Kompleksi rodija(I) i iridija(I) homo- i hetero-kombinacija aminokiselinskih biokonjugata oksazolina i literaturno poznatog trifenilfosfina s indukcijom kiralnosti upotrijebljeni su u enantioselektivnoj hidrogenaciji derivata metil-(Z)-3-fenilprop-2-enoata, pri čemu je maksimalno dobivena vrijednost enantioselektivnosti 85%.A set of 22 oxazoline amino acid bioconjugates (Ala, Gly, Phe and Gly-Val-Phe) and corresponding metal complexes were prepared and characterized (Cd(II), Co(II), Ir(I), Rh(I) i Zn(II)). The influence of supramolecular interactions on the aggregation of non-metallated and metalled mono-oxazoline compounds and on the enatioselectivity in hydrogenation was examined. Spectroscopic measurements in solution confirmed that oxazolines with one tripeptide or two monopeptide chains aggregate without a metal, while non-covalent intramolecular interactions are acting in all prepared metal complexes. The induction of chirality on the metal in the complexes was confirmed by CD spectroscopy; the crystal structures show that the metal atom is part of a helically chiral structure. The tendency to form aggregates of non-metal compounds and helical structures in metal compounds was analyzed by CREST/CENSO and DFT computational methods. Rh(I) and Ir(I) complexes of homo- and hetero-combinations of oxazoline bioconjugates and a literature-known triphenylphosphine with induction of chirality were used in the enantioselective hydrogenation of methyl-α-acetamidocinnamate, with obtained enantioselectivity up to 85%
Professional formation of religious education teachers in the context of developing general and specific competences for work in school
No full textKatolički vjeronauk u Republici Hrvatskoj ima ključnu ulogu i za Crkvu i za školu, budući da obje institucije dijele zajedničku odgovornost za promicanje dobrobiti čovjeka i njegovih prava, posebice prava na uživanje vjerskih sloboda. Tijekom protekle trideset i tri godine Katolički vjeronauk u Republici Hrvatskoj oblikovao se kao nastavni predmet koji ne samo da prenosi religijske vrijednosti, nego i aktivno pridonosi cjelovitom odgoju i obrazovanju učenika unutar institucionalnih okvira javne škole. U ovom radu razmatra se uloga vjeronauka u hrvatskom odgojno-obrazovnom sustavu te se analizira potreba za kontinuiranim usavršavanjem vjeroučitelja kako bi mogli što kvalitetnije obavljati svoju zadaću u školama. Rad je, uz uvod i zaključak, podijeljen na dva dijela: teorijski i empirijski dio. U teorijskom dijelu rada znanstveno se obrađuju i analiziraju tri teme: vjeronauk u suvremenoj školi, stručno usavršavanje i kompetencije. Trostrukoj Ziebertzovoj podjeli kompetencija na osobnu, teološku i religijsko-pedagošku te pedagoško-didaktičku kompetenciju, na kojoj se temelji ovaj rad, pridodana je i socijalna kompetencija koju ističe Direktorij za katehezu u broju 140. U empirijskom dijelu rada mješovitim istraživačkim pristupom istražuje se percepcija odnosa pohađanja programa stručnog usavršavanja verificiranih od strane Agencije za odgoj i obrazovanje i stjecanja općih i specifičnih kompetencija vjeroučitelja. Znanstvena relevantnost istraživačkog problema očituje se na području religiozne pedagogije i katehetike u domeni definiranja općih i specifičnih kompetencija vjeroučitelja. Praktična relevantnost očituje se u evaluaciji postojećih programa stručnog usavršavanja vjeroučitelja u osnovnoj i srednjoj školi u Republici Hrvatskoj i njihovom utjecaju na razvoj kompetencija vjeroučitelja te u projekciji razvoja programa stručnog usavršavanja u budućnosti sa svrhom unaprjeđenja profesionalne prakse vjeroučitelja.Catholic religious education in the Republic of Croatia plays a key role for both the Church and the school, as both institutions share a common responsibility for promoting human well-being and human rights, particularly the right to religious freedom. Over the past thirty-three years, Catholic religious education in the Republic of Croatia has developed into a subject that not only conveys religious values but also actively contributes to the holistic upbringing and education of students within the institutional framework of public schools. This paper examines the role of religious education in the Croatian educational system and analyzes the need for continuous professional development for religious educators to perform their duties more effectively in schools. In addition to the introduction and conclusion, this paper includes both a theoretical and an empirical part. The theoretical section scientifically addresses and analyzes three topics: religious education in the contemporary school, professional development, and competencies. The triple division of competences by Ziebertz into personal, theological and religious-pedagogical, as well as pedagogical-didactic competence, which forms the basis of this work, is supplemented by social competence, as emphasized by the Directory for Catechesis in number 140. In the empirical part of the paper, a mixed-methods research approach is used to investigate the perception of the relationship between participating in professional development programs accredited by the Teacher Training Agency and the acquisition of general and specific competencies for religious educators. The scientific relevance of the research problem is evident in the field of religious pedagogy and catechetics, specifically in defining the general and specific competencies of religious educators. The practical relevance is reflected in the evaluation of existing professional development programs for religious educators in primary and secondary schools in the Republic of Croatia and their impact on the development of educators' competencies. Additionally, it includes projections for the future development of professional development programs with the aim of enhancing the professional practice of religious educators
Systematization of places and forms of consumption of the LGBT communities in the City of Zagreb
No full textNa kontinuumu između autentičnosti i homonormativnosti, u disertaciji se analiziraju obrasci funkcioniranja i reprodukcije mjesta ružičaste potrošnje u Zagrebu. Istraživanje je utemeljeno na mješovitoj metodologiji s ciljem nadilaženja nedostataka pojedinačne primjene samo kvalitativnih ili samo kvantitativnih metoda. Ustanovljena je rezidencijalna LGBT jezgra u Zagrebu koja ujedno čini prostorni okvir pojave mjesta ružičaste potrošnje. Istovremeno propitkujući i održavajući normativnost urbanog prostora, mjesta ružičaste potrošnje čine dio heteronormativnoga statusa quo. Naglašena homonormativna obilježja, naročito u potrošačkom sistemu zabave – ključnom za uprostorivanje ružičaste potrošnje – limitiraju njihov emancipacijski potencijal. Naime, favoriziraju homoseksualnost i tradicionalne rodne identitete, (p)održavaju rodne uloge, promiču kult mladosti i mladolikosti te privilegiraju pojedince višeg socioekonomskog statusa. Dob, seksualnost i socioekonomski status identificirani su kao ključne varijable koje objašnjavaju ružičastu potrošnju, a razlike obrazaca potrošačkog ponašanja unutar LGBT zajednice pokazale su se većima od razlika između LGBT osoba i osoba heteroseksualne orijentacije.On the continuum between authenticity and homonormativity, the dissertation analyses the functional and reproductive patterns of pink consumption places in Zagreb. The research is based on a mixed methodology with the aim of overcoming the deficiencies of the individual application of only qualitative or only quantitative methods. The LGBT residential core in Zagreb was identified. Within this core, pink consumption places were also detected. These places simultaneously challenge and maintain the normativity of urban space, and are thus part of the heteronormative status quo. Clearly visible homonormative features, especially in the entertainment consumer system – the key to the spatialization of pink consumption – limit their emancipatory potential. Namely, they favour homosexuality and traditional gender identities, support and maintain gender roles, promote the cult of youth and youthfulness, and privilege those of higher socioeconomic status. Age, sexuality, and socioeconomic status were identified as key variables in explaining pink consumption, and differences in consumption patterns within the LGBT community were found to be greater than differences between LGBT people and people of heterosexual orientation
The collection of textiles and clothes of the Ethnographic museum in Zagreb in the 20th and at the beginning of the 21st century in the context of changing museum policies
No full textU disertaciji se istražuje razvoj Etnografskoga muzeja u Zagrebu od nastanka 1919. godine do 2015. godine. U središtu su zanimanja promjene muzejske politike u odnosu na povijesni i društveno-politički kontekst koje se prate na primjeru Zbirke tekstila i odjeće. Od utemeljenja 1919. godine do danas u Muzeju je postojalo devet različitih koncepcija muzejske politike, koje se podudaraju s promjenom društveno-političkoga okruženja, a uglavnom su definirane mandatnim razdobljima različitih ravnatelja. Okosnica rada je rasprava o načinima kako su ravnatelji i zaposlenici Etnografskoga muzeja shvaćali rad u njemu, kako su odredili njegovu politiku i nastojali je ostvariti kroz različite muzejske prakse. Ta se problematika najbolje ogleda na primjeru Zbirke tekstila i odjeće (dalje u tekstu: Zbirka) kroz načine njezina oblikovanja, imenovanja, klasificiranja te interpretiranja i reprezentiranja javnosti. Budući da su dijelovi Zbirke oblikovani od sredine 19. stoljeća do danas, u njoj dolaze do izražaja različite koncepcije kulturnoga identiteta (lokalnog, regionalnog, nacionalnog i dr.). Etnografski muzej je od samoga početka imao ulogu stvaranja slike nacije ili izgradnje nacionalnog identiteta kroz diskurs o seljaštvu i prošlosti u čemu je Zbirka imala istaknutu ulogu. Načinom upravljanja Zbirkom definirao se odnos prema tradicijskoj kulturi u Hrvatskoj. Osobitosti političkih sustava u kojima je djelovao Muzej vidljive su u idejama koje su se u svakom od razdoblja povezivale s istim predmetima, bilo da su se nazivali „seljačkom umjetnošću“, „narodnom kulturom“, „rukotvorinama“ ili „nacionalnom baštinom“. Zbirka je pokazatelj toga kako se u određenim razdobljima u Muzeju shvaćala nacionalna kultura. U Hrvatskoj je upravo život seoskih zajednica u predindustrijskom društvu često predstavljao osnovu za oblikovanje i komuniciranje nacionalnog identiteta. Svaki je od uzastopnih režima isticao aspekte tradicijske kulture koji su odgovarali službenoj politici. Istraživanje promjena politike provedeno je u teorijskom okviru etnologije i kulturne antropologije te povijesne muzeologije, u kombinaciji s historiografskim i etnografskim metodama.The dissertation explores the development of the Ethnographic Museum in Zagreb from its founding in 1919 to 2015. It starts from the assumption that there have been nine different museum policy concepts in the Museum from its establishment in 1919 to the present day, which coincide with changes in the socio-political environment and are mostly defined by the mandate periods of different directors. The core of the work is a discussion about how directors and employees of the Ethnographic Museum understood their work within it, how they defined its policies, and how they sought to implement them through various museum practices. This issue is best exemplified by the case of the Textile and Clothes Collection (hereinafter referred to as the Collection) through the ways of its shaping, naming, classifying, and then interpreting and representing it to the public. The institutional history of the Textile and Clothes Collection dates to the 19th century when, as part of the national integration processes, national institutions were established in Croatia, including the National Museum in Zagreb in 1846. This museum initiated the collection of objects related to both material and non-material aspects of folk culture, not only from the Croatian region but also from the broader South Slavic area, with the goal of shaping an image of national culture. Among the material objects, clothing, utility textiles, and fragments of weaving embroidery and lace held a prominent place. During the reorganization of the National Museum in 1880, a collection of textile samples was established which was intended to serve as an educational aid for students at the Crafts School. For this occasion, ethnographic material was separated and added to this collection, marking the discontinuation of ethnographic collecting within the National Museum. From 1880 onwards, objects of rural textile folk art were collected at the Museum of Arts and Crafts to serve as inspiration for artists and artisans, as well as educational materials for students at the Crafts School. With the establishment of the Croatian School Museum and the Trade and Crafts Museum, such materials were also collected in those institutions in accordance with their respective missions. During this period, costumes and clothing played an important role in national, economic, educational, social, artistic, and cultural events. Despite the continuous efforts and initiatives of individuals such as F. Rački, I. Kršnjavi, B. Bogišić, J. Purić, S. Berger, V. Deželić, and A. Jiroušek, the Ethnographic Museum in Zagreb, or the Ethnographic Department of the National Museum, was only founded in 1919, after the conclusion of World War I, within the framework of the newly created Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. The initial collection of Museum objects consisted of approximately 20,000 items, mainly textile fragments and samples, utilitarian folk textiles, jewellery, individual parts of costumes, and sets that were separated from other collections of the National Museum, collections of the aforementioned museums, and private collections during its establishment. The largest collection was the National Collection of Salamon Berger, an industrialist and collector, which also served as the immediate impetus for the Museum's founding. The collection contained over 8,000 objects, predominantly textiles from various regions of Croatia, Southeastern and Central Europe, as well as Middle Eastern and Far Eastern countries. The initial collection of the Museum reflected the collecting concepts of different institutions and individuals at that time, motivated by various factors. These factors include the desire to create a representation of their own nation, efforts to preserve peasant culture, which was seen as the one carrying the “national character”, from detrimental effects of modernization, the desire to restore artistic craftsmanship and promote the Croatian national industry, and the need to demonstrate the continuity of life in the region where they wanted to establish a national state and define a national identity. After the establishment of the Ethnographic Museum, clothing and textiles that became part of the Collection were reclassified as objects of “peasant art” and categorized in accordance with the museum's policies. The first phase of the Museum's development was marked by the efforts of Salomon Berger and Vladimir Tkalčić. According to Vladimir Tkalčić's clearly defined museum mission, the primary focus of the Museum was the study of the peasant social strata, primarily from the region of Croatia, followed by Yugoslavia and other Slavic and non-Slavic countries, as well as the cultures of “primitive” peoples. The Textile and Clothes Collection, in addition to its scientific purpose, also served as a source for artistic and creative craftsmanship. From the very beginning, the Museum's social role was reflected in its pedagogical and educational work. From the very beginning, the Museum initiated professional and scientific work. According to Vladimir Tkalčić's understanding, the museum collections were meant to provide a “clear representation of the entire folk life of our people”. The Textile and Clothes Collection was supposed to be enriched with various types of costumes from the Yugoslav regions, as well as various forms of weaving, embroidery, and lace. To achieve this, he organized a network of museum commissioners and friends of the Museum and initiated a series of collecting campaigns. In addition to collecting objects, data related to them were also gathered. Clothes and textiles were documented through drawings and photographs, and various practices in which costumes played an important role were captured on film. During the interwar period, Yugoslavia participated in numerous international exhibitions where it aimed to unite tradition and modernism. These exhibitions presented costumes and folk utility textiles to show Yugoslavia as a modern country that participated in world culture as an equal. Household industry products were displayed alongside museum objects. As a result, at these exhibitions, peasant culture was not presented as a relic of the past but rather as a living aspect of Yugoslav culture. The period from the proclamation of the 6 January Dictatorship in 1929 until the death of King Alexander in 1934 was marked by the concept of “integral Yugoslavism” In 1929, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes changed its name to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The political situation during this time influenced cultural activities that expressed a sense of panSlavic cultural closeness and South Slavic unity. The appointment of Ivo Franić as the director of the Museum in 1935 marked a period of significant changes. Franić's appointment as director occurred after the Yugoslav National Party came to power. He advocated for monarchist centralism and integral Yugoslavism. In terms of the methods of collecting materials for the Collection, there weren't many differences from the previous period. The Museum continued to gather objects through a network of commissioners, friends, and collaborators from all over Yugoslavia, as well as through fieldwork in Croatia. During this time, the commissioners were often teachers and representatives of rural associations. However, significant changes occurred in the interpretation of the material. Franić emphasized the museum's task in Yugoslavia to demonstrate that all South Slavs were connected by a common origin. The goal of the new "reorganized" exhibition was to present national history through objects of folk culture. Within this historical context, the objects were meant to bear witness to the continuous existence of peasant culture over long periods. The emphasis on the DinaricBalkan collection in a large exhibition hall on the ground floor, where costumes were indicators of the kinship of the peoples in that region, reflects Franić's understanding of the nation, which was supported by the central authority of the time. The Dinaric anthropological type was considered the ideal representative of the nation. After the fall of the last Stojadinović government and the emergence of new political options which led to the establishment of the Banovina of Croatia, Milovan Gavazzi assumed the position of acting director in 1939. He was also a professor at the Department of Ethnology at the Faculty of Philosophy at Zagreb University. His political orientation aligned with his professional and scientific insights. He believed that the Croatian national identity should be promoted through education and by strengthening autonomous Croatian institutions. Through his scientific work, he related to both institutional and non-institutional efforts to shape and empower Croatian culture. Gavazzi's research focused on the ethnographic portrayal of the Croats, and he considered the key determinant of Croatian identity to be “the awareness of Croats of all of them belonging to one and the same individuality of the Croatian name”. At the same time, he pointed out the fundamental characteristics that Croats had acquired “in their ancestral homeland”, which were represented by “Proto-Slavic or Proto-Croatian” features. The questions he sought to answer pertained to the origins, antiquity, provenance, development, and kinship, as well as the geographical distribution of individual cultural elements that constitute a culture. His goal was the reconstruction of Croatian culture. By synthesizing established facts, he classified the material on costumes in the region of Croatia into culturalgeographical areas and cultural-historical layers. During the period between the First and Second World Wars, the peasantry in Croatia achieved its peak influence on the political stage, due to the efforts of the Croatian Peasant Party (Hrvatska seljačka stranka or HSS). During his tenure, Gavazzi collaborated closely with Peasant Concord (Seljačka sloga), a cultural and educational organization aligned with the HSS. The primary form of cultural activity for Peasant Concord was the organization of festivals celebrating peasant culture. During these festivals, experts from the Museum, who were part of the committees responsible for assessing the authenticity of costumes, influenced the shaping of perceptions of “authentic” folk art from specific regions. These festivals also provided opportunities for intensive ethnological research. The collection continued through research with the help of new museum collaborators in the field, during this period the members of the Peasant Concord, especially doctors and former students. During the Second World War (April 1941 - May 1945), Božidar Širola held the position of the Museum's director. The Museum remained open to the public until 1943, after which the permanent exhibition was dismantled, and Museum objects were stored in crates in basement shelters. Even in wartime conditions, the Museum continued to collect and document materials. During the war, ethnographic items that had been confiscated from Jews and members of other nationalities were brought to the Museum from collection centres. After the Second World War, the new government led by the Communist Party established a socialist system of governance inspired by the Soviet model. In the new Yugoslav community, Croatia became one of the six republics within the federal state. The government's policies and ideologies encouraged Yugoslav patriotism but also recognized and supported the national identities and interests of individual peoples and nationalities within the country. Marijana Gušić became the director of the Museum in 1946, during the challenging post-war circumstances. She had an ideological affinity with the new state regime and sought to align the museum's policies with the prevailing state policies at that time. Changes in the museum's policy, compared to its original framework as defined by Tkalčić, can be observed during her tenure. M. Gušić primarily emphasized the preservation aspect of folk materials “of our people”. She placed a strong emphasis on safeguarding ethnographic materials in Croatia, which she regarded as a “scientific instrument” and a “cultural monument”. Changes in the priorities reflect the transformations that occurred in rural communities after the Second World War. Despite the changes experienced by rural populations, the focus remained on collecting older rural clothes with distinctive regional characteristics and/or aesthetic qualities. During this period, research was conducted in areas of national interest, including Istria, parts of Dalmatia, and islands that had become part of Yugoslavia, specifically Croatia. Research also took place in nationally/ethnically sensitive areas such as the hinterland of Zadar, Kordun, and Banija, as well as in Hrvatsko Zagorje, which was explained by the urgency of fieldwork in these regions due to the implementation of the first five-year plan, which encompassed these areas as well. The new permanent exhibition opened to the public with an accompanying catalogue titled “Commentary on the Exhibited Material (Tumač građe)” in 1955. Despite efforts to create a new exhibition based on the principles of historical materialism that would significantly differ from the previous one, in some parts, the result was very similar. In the exhibition, given the predominance of textile materials in the Museum costumes were predominantly displayed. Representative costumes from the region of Croatia and examples of folk craftsmanship were now categorized according to cultural-geographical zones. This exhibition, in a way, determined the way ethnographic materials would be presented in the future, both in subsequent permanent exhibitions and in temporary exhibitions. The first exhibition after the Second World War in which the Museum participated, along with other museums from the territory of the former state was titled “Folk Art of Yugoslavia”. It ran from 1949 to 1951 and toured museums in major European cities. This exhibition continued the pre-war tradition of showcasing the culture of Yugoslav nations by displaying peasant culture which presented Yugoslavia as a modern nation. The same or similar costumes that represented the Kingdom of Yugoslavia now had the role of representing the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia and the various traditions of its people. The cultural revival, partly triggered by the liberalization and democratization of the 1960s, introduced new orientations to Croatian culture and politics, moving away from rigid Marxist concepts of development toward new values and lifestyles. In these changed circumstances, Jelka Radauš Ribarić became the director of the Museum in 1964. J. Radauš Ribarić, like her predecessors, considered collecting to be the most important part of the museum's policy. From her perspective, the importance of this function was described as an action that serves to save the remaining objects of traditional culture in rural areas. Studying material culture during that time also involved acquiring knowledge of skills such as weaving, embroidery, and lacemaking. Documenting these techniques became an essential skill. The most crucial information was identifying features that indicated affiliation with a particular cultural area. Since typical characteristics were favoured over individuality, biographical details about the collected objects were considered unnecessary. Stripping objects of their biographies contributed to a one-sided interpretation within the context of their regional and local significance, and, on the other hand, allowed these objects to be attributed with any meaning. J. Radauš Ribarić approached the study of costumes comprehensively, much like M. Gušić, examining them from both a cultural-historical and cultural-artistic perspective, while also considering their societal role and symbolic meanings. In the interpretation and classification of costumes, she primarily followed Gavazzi's cultural-geographical and culturalhistorical divisions, emphasizing older elements in their design. J. Radauš Ribarić translated her understanding of costumes into the creation of a new permanent exhibition. Under her leadership, a team of experts worked on the exhibition from 1968 to 1972, simultaneously with the Museum's renovation. However, the new permanent exhibition did not represent a conceptual departure from the previous one. Until the 1970s, ethnology in Croatia focused on the study of traditional culture, which, in the context of the Museum, meant collecting, preserving, interpreting, and presenting elements of rural culture. Despite the changes they underwent over time, these elements were often seen as static, implying their long duration and relative immutability, primarily in terms of their form. Ways of life in rural communities, clothing, concepts of beauty, and more were considered to demonstrate continuity and immutability over long periods. In the new exhibition, costumes were the most prevalent materials. The focus was on displaying the clothing of rural communities from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The basic idea of the original exhibition concept is still visible today and is based on the division of Croatia into cultural zones, within which ceremonial and ritual costume specimens are presented by region. The exhibit aimed to emphasize the origins of different cultural phenomena, with a focus on "authentic" and "indigenous" elements. The costume exhibit was conceived as an expression of the Croatian national identity through various regional and local identities, with the Museum contributing to the understanding and shaping of these identities. In 1976, Mario Petrić became the director of the Museum. He directed the Museum's policy towards scientific work, with the intention of organizing the Museum as a scientific unit. For the first time in the Museum's history, the collection of material culture objects was not considered the most important function. Now, the focus was on documenting and registering rural culture phenomena. At the initiative of the Croatian Ethnological Society, the Museum organized team research on traditional forms of village culture in the Zagreb region, and during its twenty-year duration, there was a growing recognition of the need to record changes in the rural way of life. During this period, more emphasis was placed on the changes that were happening and less on the loss and decline of folk culture phenomena. While researching the Zagreb region, some newer clothing items were acquired, which bear witness to changes in the lives of rural communities. On the other hand, the Museum collaborated with local communities on the revaluation of their traditional clothing, measures for its protection, preservation, and the promotion of intangible cultural heritage. Toward the end of the 1980s, there was a growing recognition of tradition as something important for maintaining one's cultural identity in the face of modernization processes. This led to a different understanding of ethnographic objects, with a shift towards their symbolic significance. Material culture began to be viewed as an expression of belonging to a community. Costumes were analysed as symbols of local culture and local identity with national significance. The value of material culture was reconsidered from the perspective of its bearers. At the same time, in Western Europe, there was a questioning of museum practices, and ethnographic museums were criticized for presenting a false, romantically nostalgic image of the past of rural com
Hierarchical lexical-semantic relations in the Croatian language
No full textTema su ovoga rada hijerarhijski leksičko-semantički odnosi, odnosno hiponimija i meronimija. Hiponimija je odnos između leksičke jedinice koja označuje vrstu (životinja) i leksičke jedinice koja označuje predstavnika vrste (pas), a meronimija odnos između leksičke jedinice koja označuje cjelinu (pas) i leksičke jedinice koja označuje dio te cjeline (njuška). Ti se odnosi nazivaju hijerarhijskim jer ustrojavaju hijerarhije u kojima nadređenica ima podređenice – vrsta ima predstavnike ili cjelina dijelove. U hiponimijskome odnosu nadređenica je hiperonim i podređenica hiponim, a u meronimijskome nadređenica je holonim i podređenica meronim. U teorijskome dijelu rada na temelju dostupne literature donose se glavne spoznaje o hiponimiji i meronimiji: njihova definicija, primjeri, podjele. Rad se oslanja na distribucijsku hipotezu kao teorijski okvir i na temelju poluautomatske korpusne analize najprije dolazi do leksičko-sintaktičkih obrazaca kojima se hiponimija i meronimija izražavaju. U istraživanju analizirani su rječnički korpus (Hrvatski mrežni rječnik – Mrežnik), opći (hrWaC) i specijalizirani korpus hrvatskoga jezika (Hrvatski jezikoslovni korpus). Obrascima dobivenim iz višemilijunskih korpusa u višerazinskoj analizi dolazi se do brojnih hiperonimno-hiponimnih i holonimno-meronimnih parova. Na temelju primjera iz analizirane građe i u usporedbi sa spoznajama iz dostupne literature donosi se definicija odnosa, dodiri i razlike između njih te specifičnosti obaju odnosa (npr. kvazihiponimija, autohiponimija, automeronimija). Rad predlaže taksonomiju obaju odnosa, donosi popis leksičko-sintaktičkih obrazaca, primjere leksičkih jedinica u obama odnosima, ilustracije specifičnosti s primjerima na hrvatskome jeziku. Sam rad doprinos je u proučavanju leksičko-semantičkih odnosa općenito, u kojemu hiponimija i meronimija u usporedbi sa sinonimijom i antonimijom zaokupljaju znatno manje istraživačke pozornosti.Numerous entities of extra-linguistic reality are in some way categorized in the speaker’s mind, and speakers of one language share the categorization inscribed in the language. The lexicon of a language is organized into certain groups, so for example, dog, cat, etc. belong to the animal group, and tulip, rose, etc. belong to the plant group. A dog, which on the one hand belongs to the animal group, on the other hand also possesses a muzzle, a tail and a leg. This thesis focuses on hierarchical lexical-semantic relations, i.e. hyponymy and meronymy, in the Croatian language. Hyponymy is a relation between a lexical unit that denotes a species (životinja, ‘animal’) and a lexical unit that denotes a representative of that species (pas, ‘dog’). Meronymy is a relation between a lexical unit that denotes a whole (pas, ‘dog’) and a lexical unit that denotes a part of that whole (njuška, ‘muzzle’). These relations are referred to as hierarchical because they form hierarchies in which the superordinate has its subordinates: the species has representatives or the whole has parts. In a hyponymic relation, the superordinate is a hyperonym and the subordinate is a hyponym, and in a meronymic relation, the superordinate is a holonym and the subordinate is a meronym. Lexical units that have a common immediate hyperonym are called co-hyponyms, and lexical units that have a common immediate holonym are called co-meronyms. The theoretical part of the thesis rests on available existing literature, exploring comprehensive insights into hyponymy and meronymy, their definitions, examples, divisions. Hierarchical lexical-semantic relations were the subject of interest of some Greek philosophers (Plato, Aristotle), as well as medieval thinkers (Peter Abelard, Thomas Aquinas, William Ockham) and later philosophers such as Edmund Husserl, Lothar Ridder and especially the Polish philosopher Stanisław Leśniewski. He was the first to use the term mereology for the philosophical study of part-whole relations. Hierarchical relations are also a subject matter of interest for anthropologists, they are important in computer science and, of course, in linguistics, especially since linguists became more focused on them in the second half of the 20th century. Linguistic pioneers in studying hyponymy and meronymy are the English structuralists John Lyons (Lyons 1977) and his student David A. Cruse (Cruse 1986), and after that, numerous researchers followed. The thesis adopts the classification of hyponymic relations according to Chaffin and Herrmann (1984), Wierzbicka (1984), Murphy (2003) and the classification of meronymic relations according to Winston, Chaffin and Herrmann (1987), Iris, IV Litowitz and Evens (1988), Chaffin, Herrmann and Winston (1988), Gerstl and Pribbenow (1995), Odell (1998), etc. Even still, when it comes to lexical-semantic relations, both in foreign and in Croatian linguistics more attention has been paid to synonymy and antonymy. Furthermore, hyponymy and meronymy are relations whose main structural principles are the relation of dominance (on a tree diagram, the vertical relation between units) and the relation of difference (horizontal relation) (Cruse 1986: 113). For example, cvijet (‘flower’) is in a relation of dominance with ruža (‘rose’) and tulipan (‘tulip’), and ruža (‘rose’) and tulipan (‘tulip’) do not necessarily match, so their meanings are close, but sufficiently incompatible or different (otherwise they would be synonymous). In contrast to synonymy and antonymy, hyponymy and meronymy are asymmetric relations. For example, two antonyms are antonymous to each other (crn – bijel, ‘black – white’), and a hyperonym and a hyponym are in different relations, being either a hyponym or a hyperonym to each other (cvijet > ruža, ruža rose, rose hodati > šetati se ‘move > walk > stroll’). Adjectives were also observed to play an important role in structuring hyponymic hierarchies, occurring more often in hyponyms (which is why hyponyms are morphologically more complex, e.g. ulje > jestivo ulje > maslinovo ulje > djevičansko maslinovo ulje ‘oil > edible oil VI > olive oil > virgin olive oil’) (as stated by Cruse 1986: 146). This conclusion is confirmed with examples from the linguistic corpus, in which the role of adjectives in hierarchies is also outlined in examples such as slavenski jezici > južnoslavenski jezici > zapadnojužnoslavenski jezici (‘Slavic language > South Slavic language > West South Slavic language’), where compounding with adjectives is also evident on the formative level. Based on research and research results, the following taxonomy of hyponymic relations is proposed: 1. people > persons according to gender, occupations, etc. (osoba > aktivist, ženska osoba > gimnastičarka ‘person > activist, female person > female gymnast’) 2. members of communities in the natural world a. animal species > animal (pas > terijer ‘dog > terrier’) b. plant species > plant (cvijet > ruža ‘flower > rose’) 3. space a. geography term > example of such a term (država > Hrvatska ‘country > Croatia’) b. building > example of such a building (građevina > svjetionik ‘building > lighthouse’) 4. organised communities > examples of such communities (nogometni klub > Dinamo ‘football club > Dinamo Zagreb’) 5. beliefs or activities someone engages in > example of such beliefs or activities (ples > balet ‘dance > ballet’) 6. artefacts (devices, implements, appliances, etc.) > example of an artefact (stroj > dizalica ‘machine > crane’) 7. closed groups of agreed hyperonyms > group members (mjesec > siječanj ‘month > January’) 8. conditions > example of a condition (osjećaj > tuga ‘feeling > sadness’) 9. doing > ways of doing (glasati se > cijukati ‘produce sounds > squeak’) 10. metalinguistic groups > metalinguistic subgroups or group members (e.g. glagol > cijukati ‘verb > squeak’, quasi-hyponymy). Regarding the relation between a part and a whole, it was first noticed that syntagmatic expression plays an important role in the Croatian language, specifically in the expression of a part or a whole using the genitive case, instrumental or locative, or using prepositional-case expressions (e.g. od (‘of’) + genitive). In addition, it is important for meronymy that it is not VII realized without semantic links, and the most common in the Croatian language is dio (‘part’). This lexical unit has many hyponyms which also form special hierarchies, and since these hyponyms appear as meronyms of many holonyms, it can be stated that they are super meronyms (Cruse 1986: 164). In addition to the lexical unit dio (‘part’), the lexical units element (‘element’), sastavnica/komponenta (‘component’), odjel (‘section’) and verbs such as sastojati se (‘consist’), sadržavati (‘contain’), dijeliti se (‘divide (itself)’), obuhvaćati (‘encompass’), uključivati (‘include’), brojiti (‘count’), imati (‘have’) play an important role for the relation between a part and a whole. Finally, the following meronymic relations can be emphasized: 1. object > functional component (računalo > tipkovnica ‘computer > keyboard’) 2. set > individual a. set as a collection of equal or similar elements (šuma > stablo ‘forest > tree’) b. group as a united community (čopor > vuk ‘pack > wolf’, razred > učenik ‘class > student’) c. group as an organisation (EU > Hrvatska ‘EU > Croatia’, Sveučilište u Zagrebu > Filozofski fakultet ‘University of Zagreb > Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences’) 3. duration or process > phase or activity (osnovna škola > mala matura ‘primary school > primary school graduation’) 4. area > part of an area (učionica > kut ‘classroom > corner’, Hrvatska > Slavonija ‘Croatia > Slavonia’) 5. mixture > ingredient (gemišt > bijelo vino ‘spritzer > white wine’) 6. mass > part as a measurable unit (meso > šnicla ‘meat > steak’, grašak > zrno (graška) ‘peas > grain (pea)’) 7. whole as a construct > part as an agreed unit (kilometar > metar ‘kilometre > metre’, sat > minuta ‘hour > minute’). The so-called quasi-relations and auto-relations were noticed in both hyponymy and meronymy: quasi-hyponymy, quasi-meronymy, auto-hyponymy, and auto-meronymy. Quasi hyponymy is in this thesis understood as a meta-linguistic relation, such as a relation in which a certain word is classified into a group according to the type of word (e.g. veznik > ali ‘conjunction > but’), and the linguistic corpus proved to be particularly useful for finding such examples. The relations between lexical units that do not have the same structure (e.g. the relation between a one-word lexical unit and a multi-word lexical unit) is not considered an VIII example of quasi-hyponymy in this thesis. When it comes to auto-hyponymy and auto meronymy, it should be noted that they are recognized in dictionary definitions containing the lexical unit istoimen (‘eponymous’). Numerous examples of auto-hyponymy were found (e.g. Beech is a family of woody plants (...) and Beech is a member of the family of the same name (...)), mostly among members of the plant and animal world. For example, bor (‘pine’), deva (‘camel’), fazan (‘pheasant’), gljiva (‘mushroom’), hrast (‘oak’), jelen (‘deer’), kokoš (‘chicken’), kornjača (‘turtle’), kuna (‘marten’), leptir (‘butterfly’), ljiljan (‘lily’), mačka (‘cat’), majmun (‘monkey’), medvjed (‘bear’) can be considered auto-hyponyms, i.e. lexical units whose meanings are in a hyponymic relation. Auto-meronymy has been observed in plants and their fruit, e.g. pineapple as pineapple fruit (relation ananas > ananas ‘pineapple tree > pineapple’), apple as apple fruit (relation jabuka > jabuka ‘apple tree > apple’), tomato as tomato fruit (relation rajčica > rajčica ‘tomato plant > tomato’), but there are cases in which the lexical unit denoting the plant and the lexical unit denoting the fruit differ (e.g. the hrast > žir ‘oak > acorn as oak fruit’), so there is no auto-meronymy, see Table 16. During the analysis, certain examples were observed in which it was not easy to determine whether hyponymy or meronymy occurred. These examples prompted the questioning of the contact or boundaries of these two relations. Certain lexical-syntactic patterns were noted to introduce both relations, e.g. jedan/jedna/jedno od (‘one of’), grana (‘branch’), dijeliti se (‘divide (itself)’), uključivati (‘include’), and it was particularly difficult to set the boundary when it came to collectives (Wierzbicka 1984) or sets such as clothing, furniture, accessories, etc. A comparative analysis of dictionary definitions (Table 15) is presented, showing that even within one dictionary, the definitions fluctuate – whether, for example, a T-shirt (majica) is a piece or part of clothing (komad/dio odjeće) (meronymy) or an article of clothing (odjevni predmet) (hyponymy). It was concluded that the fluctuation between meronymy and hyponymy occurs most often with nouns from the singularia tantum group which have subordinate terms that are lexical units of a complete paradigm. Finally, the thesis was based on the following hypotheses: 1. The lexical-syntactic patterns through which hyponymy and meronymy are recognized and which are extracted from the dictionary are also applicable to other types of texts (general language and specialised texts). This hypothesis was confirmed for nouns, but it was only partially confirmed for verbs and other types of words. Linguistic corpus as a corpus of texts dealing with language gave IX special insight into specific and meta-linguistic relations such as quasi-hyponymy and was, therefore, particularly useful for research. The hypothesis should therefore be questioned in future research on other types of corpora. 2. Using formalized lexical-syntactic patterns and examples containing hyperonyms or holonyms, it is possible to extract hyponyms or meronyms from the text. This assumption has been fully confirmed, i.e. with the help of adopted lexical-syntactic patterns, it is possible to extract thousands of sentences from the corpora in which hyperonymous-hyponymous and holonymous-meronymous pairs appear. 3. The traditional taxonomy of hyponymic and meronymic relations is not sufficient to describe all subtypes of these relations. Since languages have their own structure and the taxonomy of hyponymic and meronymic relations for the Croatian language has not been adopted, it can be stated that the hypothesis is confirmed or partially confirmed. The Croatian language with its specificities, for example in the grammatical number of individual lexical units, outlines the peculiarities of certain types of relations. For example, no division mentions the role played by, for instance, the case or a prepositional-case phrase, and for Croatian as an inflectional language, especially when it comes to the relation between part and whole, this role is very important and refers to numerous examples. In establishing a taxonomy for the Croatian language, the existing divisions in the literature were certainly useful, but in certain places, they were approached critically, whether regarding the stated relation in general or a specific aspect of Croatian. Although the adopted taxonomies of hyponymic and meronymic relations are a questionable model, they are nevertheless an incentive for further exemplification or restructuring of the division. Questioning this assumption also pointed to the importance of emphasizing the specificity of a particular language, which is very important in teaching foreign languages (e.g. how one would say in English, German, Hungarian, French, Chinese or any other language that someone likes cucumbers, strawberries, carrots or anything else). Starting from individual examples, the thesis came to the general conclusion that certain groups of linguistic phenomena in this context can be fertile ground for comparative research. In addition to comparative research, the findings from this work can also be used for conducting or stimulating other scientific research. For example, cooperation with experts from different scientific fields or the application of obtained lexical-syntactic patterns to specialized texts can result in automatic or semi-automatic recognition of wholes and parts as well as the X species/sorts and representatives of species and sorts. The linguistic corpus has broached research questions which are valuable precisely for linguistic research, but corpora from fields such as medicine, biology, construction, shipbuilding, architecture, etc., for certain relations (examples of units in certain relations) could be even more informative. Since in specialised professional texts of certain fields, for example wholes and parts are often highlighted, the research would probably lead to new lexical-syntactic patterns. In linguistics itself, research can stimulate new morphological, syntactic, glottodidactic, lexicological and, of course, semantic analyses. The points of contact between hyponymy and meronymy could be examined with native speakers (both adults and children), for example by surveys or by observing speakers while they need to define the vacillating lexical unit in a game like Alias. Application of patterns could also be found in computational linguistics and natural language processing (NLP), especially in the momentum of development of language models that serve to answer questions, provide information, etc. Thus, they can be used for information extraction, text summarisation, machine translation, improved search, data mining, text generation, discourse analysis (e.g. application for analysis of literary works), creation of ontologies and semantic networks, gamification, lexicographic work, and so on
Provenance, genres and readers of the Florentine Miscellany
No full textFirentinski zbornik je hrvatski latinički rukopisni kodeks koji se čuva u knjižnici Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana u Firenci (sign Ashb. 1582). Za znanost ga je otkrio Carlo Verdiani, koji ga je pripisao Marku Maruliću. Zbog prijeporne Verdianijeve atribucije rukopisa kanonskome autoru, rukopis je prepoznat kao potencijalno važnan izvor tekstova starije hrvatske književnosti. Iako ova disertacija odbacije Verdianijevu atribuciju, Firentinski zbornik predstavlja kao važno vrelo za poznavanje duhovnosti, devocionalnih praksi i književnoga ukusa u ženskim samostanima. Često obraćanje kazivača ženskome adresatu koji se naziva sestricom u Kristu pokazuje da su redovnice ciljana publika pisara najstarijega dijela zbornika, kompilacije žanrovski različitih hagiografskih i teoloških tekstova u kojima se često miješaju proza i stih. Slijed tema u starijemu dijelu zbornika prati liturgijsku godinu, što pokazuje da je sastavljač radio planski, za razliku od mnogih pisara koji su građu prepisivali nasumično, a određena se nesustavnost zapaža i u mlađemu dijelu Firentinskog zbornika, koji sadrži propovijedi koje se nižu bez razvidnoga organizacijskoga načela. Nasuprot pretpostavkama da je zbornik iz Splita, pokazujem da je nastao u Zadru, o čemu svjedoče izravni spomeni Zadra te zapisivanje Života sv. Šimuna, jednog od gradskih zaštitnika. Nadalje, zbornik je pripadao zbirci rukopisa zadarskoga benediktinskog samostana sv. Marije, čije su ga redovnice obogatile dodatnim propovijedima. Ipak, najstariji dio rukopisa sastavio je dominikanac, možda za dominikanke. Mnogi tekstovi iz najstarijega dijela zbornika temelje se na latinskim i talijanskim izvorima, isključivo djelima dominikanaca kao što su Alberto da Castello, Gabriel de Barletta i Johannes Herolt. Osim toga, zbornik sadrži život dominikanskoga sveca Vinka Fererskoga i mirakul koji promiče dominikansku inačicu krunice. Revidirana je datacija zbornika u kraj 15. ili početak 16. st. Budući da njegov stariji dio donosi nekoliko tekstova prevedenih iz djela Rosario della gloriosa Vergine Maria Alberta da Castella, prvi put objavljenog 1521. godine, zbornik se treba datirati nakon toga datuma.The Florentine Miscellany, kept in the Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana in Florence (shelfmark Ashb. 1582), is a Croatian manuscript codex written in Latin script. Carlo Verdiani discovered it in the 1950s and attributed it to Marko Marulić. Due to Verdiani’s controversial attribution of the MS to a canonical author, it gained recognition as a potentially significant repository of Croatian premodern literary texts. While this thesis rejects Verdiani’s attribution, it presents the understudied MS as a valuable source for understanding nuns’ spiritual life, devotional practices, and literary tastes. Frequent invocations of a female addressee, called a beloved sister in Christ, indicate that nuns were the intended audience of the oldest portion of the MS, which contains a mix of hagiographical and theological genres and frequently alternates between verse and prose. The progression of the themes in that part of the MS follows the liturgical calendar, which indicates that the creator worked with a plan, unlike many other scribes who compiled the material haphazardly. The unsystematic compiling approach is visible in the sermons from the later portion of this MS. While it has been usually assumed that the MS originates from Split, I argue that it was produced in Zadar, which can be inferred from specific references to Zadar and the inclusion of The Life of St. Simeon, one of the city’s patrons. Furthermore, the MS once belonged to the Zaratine Benedictine monastery of St. Mary, whose nuns have augmented it with several sermons. The oldest portion of the MS was probably written by a Dominican friar, perhaps for Dominican nuns. Many of his texts rely on Latin and Italian sources, all authored by Dominicans such as Alberto da Castello, Gabriele de Barletta, and Johannes Herolt. Additionally, the MS contains The Life of St. Vincent Ferrer, a Dominican saint, and a miracle promoting the Dominican version of the Rosary. The dating of the MS, usually set at the end of the 15th or the beginning of the 16th century, has been revised. Considering that the older part of the MS incorporates several texts translated from Alberto da Castello’s Rosario della gloriosa Vergine Maria, first published in 1521, it is undoubtedly several decades younger than previously thought
Production optimisation and biological activity of glycerol extracts of medicinal plants for application in dermatopharmacy
No full textRazvijene su zelene metode ultrazvučne ekstrakcije bioaktivnih sastavnica biljnih droga
Berberidis radicis cortex, Echinaceae purpureae herba, Liquiritiae radix i Silybi mariani fructus
pomoću mješavina glicerola i vode. Za optimizaciju ekstrakcija korištena je metodologija
odziva površine prema Box-Behnkenovom dizajnu. Ispitan je utjecaj većeg broja neovisnih
varijabli, kao što su udio glicerola u ekstrakcijskoj smjesi, temperatura, snaga ultrazvuka,
vrijeme ekstrakcije, dodatak askorbinske kiseline u reakcijsku smjesu te omjer droga/otapalo,
na ishode ekstrakcije. Ovisne varijable bile su koncentracija odabranih bioaktivnih sastavnica
te antiradikalna aktivnost ekstrakata. Na ishode UAE-a najviše su utjecali udio glicerola i
vrijeme ekstrakcije te temperatura i snaga ultrazvuka. Na osnovi eksperimentalnih podataka
izrađeni su ekstrakcijski modeli, a njihova prikladnost potvrđena je visokom podudarnošću
eksperimentalno određenih vrijednosti ovisnih varijabli s onima dobivenim teorijskim
modelima. Priređenim ekstraktima ispitan je antioksidativni učinak te učinak na enzime i
procese koji utječu na izgled i zdravlje kože. Glicerolni ekstrakti odabranih biljnih droga
djelovali su kao antioksidansi, te su učinkovito inhibirali enzime tirozinazu, kolagenazu,
elastazu, hijaluronidazu i lipoksigenazu, kao i koagulaciju proteina. Posebno istaknut bio je
inhibitorni učinak ekstrakata Liquiritiae radix na enzime elastazu i tirozinazu, koji je bio
usporediv ili jači od korištenih standarda dok su ekstrakti droge Echinaceae purpureae herba
snažno inhibirali hijaluronidazu. Ekstrakti Echinaceae purpureae herba bili su biokompatibilni
s HaCaT staničnim kulturama te su potaknuli proces cijeljenja rana na in vitro modelu. Glicerol,
u koncentracijama korištenim u ekstraktima, inhibirao je toplinom induciranu koagulaciju
proteina aktivno pridonoseći učinku ekstrakata. Sve navedeno čini glicerolne ekstrakte
odabranog ljekovitog bilja potencijalnim aktivnim sastavnicama u dermatofarmaceutskim
proizvodima.Introduction
Over time, due to the action of internal and external adverse factors, a number of
structural changes occur in the skin. Those changes include changes in pigmentation, elasticity
or hydration, which all manifest themselves as skin aging. To combat those changes, numerous
dermatopharmaceutical products are being developed with the aim of displaying positive effects
on the skin’s health and appearance. The bioactive components of such products are often
secondary metabolites of medicinal plants, such as polyphenols and alkaloids. They are known
for their beneficial effect on the skin including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antihyperpigmentation
effects.
Besides their skin-related beneficial effects, contemporary cosmetic and dermatological
products are often prepared so that they meet the ethical and environmental demands for a
sustainable production. One of the pivotal aspects of producing eco-friendly plant extracts is
selection of eco-friendly extraction techniques and solvents, and ultrasound-assisted extraction
is one of the most used green extraction techniques. This technique achieves high yields with
lower energy and solvent use by applying sound waves to break cell walls, expediting
compound release. Furthermore, green solvents, characterized by their biodegradability, nontoxicity
and low flammability are an integral part of green extraction methods. Glycerol, a nontoxic
and biodegradable solvent of natural origin, is characterized by all the characteristics that
a green solvent should display. It also has an additional advantage which makes it highly
suitable for cosmetic applications due to its influence on viscosity and stability of the cosmetic
product and the moisture-retaining properties on the skin. Therefore, glycerol offers a valuable
eco-friendly option for plant-based extract production.
Numerous scientific studies show that herbal drugs Berberidis radicis cortex,
Echinaceae purpureae herba, Liquiritiae radix, and Silybi mariani fructus have a significant
dermatopharmaceutical potential. Therefore, in this dissertation, the optimization of glycerolbased
ultrasound-assisted extraction of the phenolic and other active components from these
drugs was performed using chemometric methods. The antioxidant activity of optimized
extracts was determined and their ability to inhibit the enzymes collagenase, elastase, tyrosinase
and lipoxygenase was examined. Additionally, their effect on hyaluronidase, biocompatibility
with HaCaT cells as well as their effect on wound healing in the "scratch" test was assessed.
Methods
The identity of the herbal drugs was confirmed by the procedures described in the
relevant pharmacopoeial monographs and other appropriate scientific literature. Prior to the
extraction, plant material was pulverized and sieved to obtain uniform particle size. In the
preliminary extractions, comparison of macerations using either glycerol/water or
ethanol/water mixtures was performed in order to select the optimal solvent. In addition to that,
the effectiveness of ultrasound assisted extraction with glycerol/water mixtures was compared
with the effectiveness of maceration performed using the same solvent. In order to obtain
extracts with desired chemical and biological characteristics ultrasound-assisted extraction was
optimized using response surface methodology. Box-Behnken design and two-level factorial
design were used for design of these experiments. Influences of several factors (independent
variables; glycerol concentration, extraction duration, ultrasound power, temperature, addition
of ascorbic acid to the extraction mixtures and the weight of herbal drug used for the extraction)
on the extraction outcomes (dependent variables) were assessed.
Concentrations of the selected bioactive ingredients in the extracts, berberine from
Berberidis radices cortex, cichoric and caftaric acid from Echinaceae purpureae herba, glabridin
and isoliquiritigenin from Liquiritiae radix, and silymarin (flavonolignans silibinin A and B,
isosilibinin A and B, silicristin and silidianin concentrations) from Silybi mariani fructus, were
determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. UV-VIS spectrophotometry was used
for determination of total phenolic compounds in Liquiritiae radix. Total phenolic acids in
Echinaceae purpureae herba was calculated as the sum of cichoric and caftaric acid
concentrations. Relative extraction efficiency of total phenols from Liquiritiae radix was
calculated as the ratio of total phenol content and the weight of the plant material used for the
extraction.
Antioxidant potential of the extracts was determined using several methods. Antiradical
activity of the extracts was tested spectrophotometrically with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
radical. The inhibition of oxidative degradation of unsaturated fatty acids was tested by
monitoring the kinetics of b-carotene degradation in the presence of linoleic acid at elevated
temperature, whereas the ability to chelate Fe2+ ions was determined in the reaction with
ferrozine. Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and EDTA were used as positive controls,
respectively.
Appropriate spectroscopic methods were used to determine the ability of plant extracts,
as well as glycerol in the concentrations used in the extracts, to inhibit specific enzymes that
can affect the health and appearance of the skin. Tyrosinase inhibition was determined by
monitoring formation of dopaquinone from 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine. Kojic acid was
used as a reference inhibitor. Elastase activity was tested with the substrate N-succinyl-Ala-
Ala-Ala-p-nitroanilide and oleanolic acid as a positive control. Collagenase activity was
determined by using N- 3-2-furyl-acryloyl-Leu-Gly-Pro-Ala as the substrate and gallic acid as
a positive control. Anti-hyaluronidase activity was performed in the assay with pdimethylaminobenzaldehide,
while tannic acid was used as positive control. The antiinflammatory
activity of plant extracts was tested by measuring the concentration of conjugated
diene resulting from the oxidation of linoleic acid by 5-lipoxygenase and in the reaction with
ovalbumin. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid and diclofenac were used as positive controls,
respectively. Evaluation of biocompatibility and wound healing effects were evaluated on
HaCaT cells, immortal keratinocyte cell line from human skin. Cell viability was assessed using
3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT test), while wound
healing effects were determined using the "scratch" test method.
Measurements were performed in triplicate and expressed as arithmetic mean ± standard
deviation. The activities in the performed assays were calculated by regression analysis and
expressed as an IC50 values. Statistical differences were examined using ANOVA and
corresponding post-hoc tests (Tukey's and Dunnett's post-hoc tests for comparison among the
extracts and the control, respectively). Validity of the response surface methodology models
was assessed using ANOVA.
Results
Preliminary experiments were focused on the comparison of the two extraction solvent
systems (glycerol/water mixtures vs. ethanol/water mixtures) and the two extraction techniques
(maceration vs. ultrasound assisted extraction). They were performed using the extraction of
phenolic acids from Echinaceae purpureae herba and silymarin from Silybi mariani fructus as
the models for further development of extraction procedures. Maceration results showed that
glycerol/water mixtures were equally effective solvents for the extraction of phenolic acids
from Echinaceae purpureae herba as ethanol/water mixtures. However, the efficiency of
glycerol/water for extraction of silymarin from Silybi mariani fructus was inferior to
ethanol/water mixtures. On the other hand, ultrasound-assisted extraction of target compounds
was superior to maceration in both cases. It achieved significantly higher yields of target
phenolics despite much shorter extraction time. In addition, the efficiency of glycerol/water for
ultrasound-assisted extraction of silymarin from Silybi mariani fructus reached the efficiency
of maceration using ethanol/water mixtures. Taking this into account, glycerolic ultrasoundassisted
extraction was proposed as the method of choice in further investigations performed
within this work.
Preliminary ultrasound-assisted extraction of Echinaceae purpureae herba, performed
according to the two-level factorial design, was used for initial selection of independent
variables for further extraction optimization. It was found that the extraction outcome was most
influenced by glycerol concentration, extraction time, temperature and ultrasound power. The
addition of ascorbic acid had a negative, time-dependent, influence on the concentration of all
the Echinaceae purpureae herba phenolic acids analyzed in this work.
Based on the results obtained in the preliminary experiments, further optimization of
the glycerol extraction of bioactive compounds from selected herbal drugs was performed.
Glycerol content and the temperature were used as independent variables in all the performed
extraction optimizations, while the other variables were selected on case-to-case basis.
Additional independent variable for optimization of berberine yield and antiradical activity in
Berberidis radicis cortex extraction was the ultrasonication power, while plant material to
solvent mass ratio was the additional variable for the extraction of total phenolic compounds,
glabridin and isoliquiritigenin from Liquiritiae radix. Extraction of Echinaceae purpureae herba
was optimized for the yield of caftaric acid, chicoric acid, total phenolic acids, and for
antiradical activity. Ultrasonication power and time were used as additional independent
variables, while time was the additional independent variable for preparation of Silybi mariani
fructus extracts optimized for the yield of silymarin and antiradical activity.
Further experiments were conducted based on the protocols established by Box-
Behnken design. Upon the preparation of the extracts and the determination of the target
dependent variables, the independent variables that significantly affected the extraction
efficiency were determined. The most important independent variables, the extraction
temperature and glycerol concentration, significantly influenced the efficiency in all the
performed experiments. In all the extractions conducted within this research, the extraction
outcome was proportional to the negative square value of the glycerol concentration. Also, a
negative linear effect of glycerol concentration was observed during the extraction of
Echinaceae purpureae herba, Berberidis radicis cortex and Liquiritiae radix. On the other hand,
the extraction temperature had a positive linear influence on the outcome of all the phenolic
compounds extractions performed within this work. Even though the other independent
variables were not employed in all the extractions performed herein, in individual cases they
also influenced extraction efficiency. For example, ultrasonication power influenced the
extraction of berberine from Berberidis radicis cortex, and the extraction of phenolic acids from
Echinaceae purpureae herba, while mass ratio of plant material to solvent influenced the
extraction of all the dependent variables from Liquiritiae radix. Extraction time significantly
influenced the content of target phenolic compounds from Echinaceae purpureae herba and
Silybi mariani fructus.
Based on the values of dependent variables in the prepared extracts (concentrations of
the target compounds and antiradical activity) response surface methodology was used to
propose the equations for extraction models and to calculate the values of independent variables
needed to achieve the extraction goals. Two extracts were prepared from Berberidis radicis
cortex. The extract optimized for berberine content contained 145.5 μg/mL of the alkaloid, and
it was prepared at 80 °C using 50% (w/w) glycerol and 144 W ultrasonication power. The extract
with maximum antiradical activity (IC50 = 58.88 μL extract/mL) was prepared at the same
temperature, but using lower glycerol content (30 %, w/w) and stronger ultrasonication (720
W). The conditions necessary for preparation of the Echinaceae purpureae herba extracts
optimized for caftaric acid, cichoric acid and total phenolic acid contents were essentially the
same. Therefore, only one extract was prepared using the calculated conditions: 70% glycerol
(w/w), temperature of 60 °C and 360 W of ultrasonication power. The extraction lasted for 60
min. Contents of caftaric acid, cichoric acid and total phenolic acid the extracts were 31.82
μg/mL, 113.11 μg/mL and 144.93 μg/mL, respectively. The Echinaceae purpureae herba extract
displaying the strongest antiradical activity was prepared at 60 °C and using 177 W
ultrasonication power. The extraction was performed with 50%, glycerol (w/w) and lasted for
55 min.
Liquiritiae radix extract optimized for total phenolics, obtained using 20% glycerol
(w/w), 70 °C and using 0.93 g of plant material, contained 854.6 μg/mL of the target compounds.
The extract with the highest relative extraction efficiency of total phenols contained 791.6
μg/mL of phenols per g of plant material. It was prepared using 30% glycerol (w/w), at 70 °C
and using 0.7 g of plant material. The conditions required for preparation of the extracts
optimized for glabridin and isoliquiritigenin contents coincided and only one extract was
prepared. The most appropriate extraction solvent for its preparation was 85% glycerol (w/w).
The extract was prepared at 70 °C using 1 g of plant material. Concentrations of glabridin and
isoliquiritigenin in thus prepared extract were 21.89 μg/mL and 6.23 μg/mL, respectively. The
Silybi mariani fructus extract with strongest antiradical activity (IC50 = 192.30 μL extract/mL)
was prepared at 60 °C, but using a rather low glycerol content (20%, w/w). The extraction was
performed for 60 min. The best conditions for the extraction of silymarin were 60 min at 80 °C
using 40% (w/w) glycerol. Silymarin content in the extract optimized for the highest
concentration of active substances, reached 99.6 μg/mL (expressed as silibinin).
The difference between the experimental results and the values calculated by the
theoretical models was less than 8% indicating the validity of the models. The prepared extracts
were used for further investigation of biological activities.
The optimized extracts displayed notable antioxidant activities in the performed
antioxidant assays. For example, Silybi mariani fructus extract optimized for antiradical activity
had a statistically equal effect to the employed positive control BHA, while the extract
optimized for silymarin content had a better effect than BHA in the test with b-carotene and
linoleic acid. Both Echinaceae purpureae herba extracts showed a statistically better effect than
BHA in the test with b-carotene. The Liquiritiae radix extract optimized for glabridin and
isoliquiritigenin content showed a better radical scavenging activity than BHA, while the
extract optimized for total phenolic content was as effective an iron chelator as EDTA.
The optimized extracts effectively inhibited enzymes and processes that negatively
affected the appearance and health of the skin, indicating the potential for positive effects on
inflammatory processes, pigmentation, skin firmness, hydration and elasticity. The activity of
several extracts in the performed assays was equal to or statistically higher than the activity of
standard inhibitors. By far the most effective among the tested optimized extracts were the
extracts prepared from Liquiritiae radix. The extract optimized for glabridin and
isoliqiuritigenin content was a stronger inhibitor of protein coagulation, as well as elastase and
tyrosinase activity than the employed positive controls diclofenac, ursolic and kojic acid.
Compared to the standard inhibitors, the extract optimized for total phenolic content was an
equally effective elastase inhibitor and a better tyrosinase inhibitor, while the extract optimized
for extraction efficiency of total phenols was an equally effective elastase and tyrosinase
inhibitor. Echinaceae purpureae herba extracts also displayed notable efficacy in the performed
assays. For example, the extract optimized for the highest content of phenolic acids and the
extract optimized for the most pronounced antiradical activity were more effective than tannic
acid in the hyaluronidase inhibition test, while the extract optimized for total phenolic acid
content was a statistically equally effective tyrosinase inhibitor as kojic acid. Glycerol, at the
concentrations in which it was present in the extracts, inhibited heat-induced protein
coagulation, actively contributing to the effect of the extracts. This ability of glycerol further
confirms that the advantages of using glycerol extracts in cosmetics go beyond its use as a green
solvent.
Biocompatibility and wound healing activity was investigated using Echinaceae
purpureae herba glycerol extracts. When tested for biocompatibility, neither the extracts nor
glycerol, did significantly adversely affect the viability of HaCaT cells in concentration of up
to 25 μL/mL. When used for in vitro investigation of wound healing using the in vitro "scratch"
model wound, the extracts used in these concentrations significantly increased wound healing
rate. After 48 h, the scratch surface in the cell monolayer treated with the extract optimized for
antiradical activity in concentration of 2.5 μL/mL reduced by approximately 60 %. Similar
results were observed in the extract optimized for phenolic acid content, indicating excellent
wound healing activity.
Conclusion
The performed research confirmed that glycerol is an effective solvent for the extraction
of the active components of herbal drugs: Berberidis radicis cortex, Echinaceae purpureae
herba, Liquiritiae radix, and Silybi mariani fructus. Ultrasound-assisted extraction was the
extraction method of choice due to shorter extraction time and superior extraction results over
maceration. Application of glycerol resulted in eco-friendly extracts with pronounced
antioxidant properties that inhibited selected skin-related enzymes. In addition to its many
advantages over conventional solvents, such as humectant properties and biocompatibility, that
eliminates the need to remove the solvent from the extract, glycerol was also active in the
protein coagulation assay thus displaying anti-inflammatory properties. The observed
biocompatibility with HaCaT cells indicated that the prepared glycerol extracts could be used
in dermatopharmaceutical preparations without prior removal of the solvent, thereby reducing
energy consumption and negative environmental impact. The observed biological effects of the
tested plant extracts indicate that they have a promising role in development of innovative
dermatopharmaceutical products intended for diminishing the consequences of skin aging.
Additional research is needed to determine the method of incorporation of the extracts into
dermopharmaceutical cosmetics, as well as their exact dosage.
Keywords
Determinants of managing visitors´ satisfaction of wellness tourism destinations
No full textIstraživački model uključuje namjeru ponovnog posjeta destinaciji kao zavisnu varijablu s prediktorima zadovoljstva posjetitelja, afektivnog imidža destinacije i percepcije iskustva brenda destinacije. Vrijednost za novac promatra se kao moderirajuća varijabla u odnosu zadovoljstva i ponovne namjere posjeta wellness destinaciji. Empirijsko istraživanje je obuhvatilo 292 ispitanika koji su tijekom svog odmora u hrvatskim wellness destinacijama u 2023. i 2024. godini koristili wellness usluge u hotelima, toplicama i talasoterapiji. Primijenjene metode testiranja istraživačkog modela su eksploratorna faktorska analiza s Varimax rotacijom i modeliranje strukturnih jednadžbi metodom parcijalnih najmanjih kvadrata (PLS-SEM). Modelom je sveukupno zadovoljstvo wellness posjetitelja objašnjeno s 11,4 % varijance nezavisnih latentnih varijabli, a namjera ponovne posjete destinaciji s 64,2 % varijance nezavisnih latentnih varijabli. Koeficijent determinacije tumači umjerenost utjecaja latentnih varijabli na varijancu sveukupnog zadovoljstva wellness posjetitelja i jak utjecaj nezavisnih latentnih varijabli na varijancu zavisne varijable namjera ponovne posjete destinaciji. Značajnost koeficijenata determinacije za konstrukte sveukupno zadovoljstvo wellness posjetitelja i namjeru ponovne posjete destinaciji ukazala je na reprezentativnost modela. Između konstrukata afektivni imidž destinacije i sveukupno zadovoljstvo wellness posjetitelja te afektivni imidž destinacije i namjera ponovne posjete destinaciji utvrđeno je da ne postoji statistički značajna povezanost dok je statistička značajnost utvrđena u odnosima konstrukata iskustvo brenda turističke wellness destinacije i sveukupno zadovoljstvo wellness posjetitelja, konstrukata iskustvo brenda destinacije i namjera ponovne posjete destinaciji i konstrukata sveukupno zadovoljstvo wellness posjetitelja i namjera ponovne posjete wellness turističkoj destinaciji. Nije utvrđena statistička značajnost moderirajućeg učinka konstrukta vrijednost za novac. Kvantitativno istraživanje kombinirano je s kvalitativnim istraživanjem stavova deset menadžera i drugih relevantnih dionika u wellness turizmu o wellness turističkoj ponudu u Republici Hrvatskoj. Provedeno istraživanje dopunjuje teoriju i smanjuje jaz u postojećoj literaturi o determinantama zadovoljstva posjetitelja destinacija wellness turizma.The doctoral thesis extends theoretical knowledge about visitors' satisfaction and intention to revisit a destination in the wellness tourist segment. The main objective of the research is is to classify the importance of the attributes of the wellness offer for the satisfaction of wellness visitors by factor analysis and to examine the relationships between the overall satisfaction of the visitor, the affective image of the wellness tourist destination, the brand experience of the wellness tourist destination, the value for money and the intention to return to the wellness tourist destination within the structural model of the research. The research model includes destination revisit intention as a dependent variable with predictors of tourist satisfaction, affective image of a destination, and perception of a destination brand experience. Value for money is observed as a moderating variable in the relation between satisfaction and revisit intention for a wellness destination. The empirical research included 292 respondents who used wellness services in hotels, spas and thalassotherapy during their vacation in Croatian destinations with a strong focus on the development of wellness tourism in 2023 and 2024. The applied methods for testing the research model were Exploratory Factor Analysis with Varimax rotation and Structural Equation Modeling using the Partial Least Squares Method (PLS-SEM). The model explained overall wellness tourist satisfaction with 11.4 % of the variance of the independent latent variables, and destination revisit intention with 64.2 % of the variance of the independent latent variables. The coefficient of determination explains the moderate influence of the latent variables on the variance of overall wellness tourist satisfaction and the strong influence of the independent latent variables on the variance of the dependent variable, destination revisit intention. Between the constructs affective image of the destination and overall satisfaction of wellness tourists and affective image of the destination and intention to revisit the destination, it was determined that there is no statistically significant connection, while statistical significance was determined in the relationships between the constructs destination brand experience and overall satisfaction of wellness tourists, the constructs destination brand experience and intention to revisit the destination, and the constructs overall satisfaction of wellness tourists and the intention to revisit the destination. There is no statistical significance of the moderating influence of the construct Value for Money on the relationship of the constructs overall wellness tourist satisfaction and intention to revisit the destination. The quantitative research was combined with a qualitative survey of the attitudes of ten managers and other relevant stakeholders in wellness tourism on the wellness tourism offer in the Republic of Croatia. The conducted research complements the theory and reduces the gap in the existing literature on the determinants of tourist satisfaction of wellness tourism destinations