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HARD-BOTTOM POLYCHAETE FAUNA IN THE INFRALITTORAL ALGAL BIOCOENOSIS OF THE EASTERN ADRIATIC SEA
No full textRazred mnogočetinaša (Polychaeta) predstavlja jednu od najbrojnijih i najraznolikijih skupina organizama u bentoskim zajednicama čvrstih morskih dna te se smatra reprezentativnom skupinom za procjenu ekološkog stanja nekog područja. U ovom istraživanju, analizirani su sastav i sezonske razlike faune mnogočetinaša čvrstih dna u različitim zajednicama alga koje su se razvijale u različitim ekološkim uvjetima. Zbog širokog raspona ekoloških uvjeta, za područje istraživanja odabran je širi akvatorij grada Splita. Istraživanje je provedeno sezonski, u jesen i proljeće 2018. godine. Zajednice mnogočetinaša i alga na čvrstim dnima uzorkovane su destruktivnom metodom (s površine 400 cm2) sa sedam postaja na dubini od 1 m. Na svim postajama u razdoblju od godine dana mjereni su salinitet i temperatura te je određena koncentracija hranjivih soli. Određeno je 89 vrsta mnogočetinaša koje su pripadale u 24 porodice i 145 svojti bentoskih makroalga. Na temelju rezultata istraživanja utvrđeno je kako su se zajednice mnogočetinaša razlikovale sastavom između postaja s različitim zajednicama alga koje su se razvijale u različitim ekološkim uvjetima, kao i između istraživanih sezona. Najveća bioraznolikost i gustoća zajednica mnogočetinaša pronađena je na postajama s najvećom bioraznolikošću i pokrovnošću krupnih, strukturalno kompleksnih svojti alga, koje su se nalazile u blizini otvorenog mora, dok je najmanja bioraznolikost zabilježena na postajama u blizini antropogenih izvora onečišćenja. Bioraznolikost mnogočetinaša pokazala se kao dobar pokazatelj ekološkog stanja. U sklopu ovog istraživanja utvrđena je prisutnost strane vrste mnogočetinaša Lysidice collaris. Endemska sredozemna vrsta Streblosoma nogueirai prvi je put zabilježena na istočnoj strani Jadranskoga mora, dok su sredozemne vrste Syllis kabilica i Syllis tyrrhena prvi put zabilježene u Jadranskom moru.Polychaetes constitute one of the most abundant and taxonomically diverse groups within benthic communities inhabiting hard substrates and are widely regarded as key bioindicators for evaluating the ecological condition of marine habitats. In this study, the composition and seasonal differences of polychaete fauna on hard bottoms in various algal communities that developed under different ecological conditions were analyzed. Due to the wide range of ecological conditions, the broader area of the city of Split was selected as the research area. The research was conducted seasonally, in autumn and spring of 2018. Polychaete and algal communities on hard bottoms were sampled destructively (from a surface area of 400 cm²) at seven stations at a depth of 1 meter. Throughout the year, salinity and temperature were measured at each station, along with nutrient levels. A total of 89 polychaete species belonging to 24 families and 145 taxa of benthic macroalgae were identified. The composition of polychaete communities was found to differ between stations with different algal communities shaped by varying environmental conditions, and also between the two sampling seasons. The highest biodiversity and abundance of polychaete communities were found at stations with the greatest biodiversity and coverage of large, structurally complex algal taxa, located near the open sea, while the lowest biodiversity was recorded at stations near anthropogenic sources of pollution. Polychaete biodiversity proved to be a good indicator of ecological status. Within this study, the presence of the alien polychaete species Lysidice collaris was confirmed. The endemic Mediterranean species Streblosoma nogueirai was recorded for the first time in the eastern Adriatic Sea, while the Mediterranean species Syllis kabilica and Syllis tyrrhena were recorded for the first time in the Adriatic Sea
The influence of physical and chemical parameters of water on the biodiversity of the bacterial community in water distribution systems
No full textIstraživanje analizira mikrobnu zajednicu prokariota sekvenciranjem 16S rRNA gena u četiri hrvatska vodoopskrbna sustava (VS), dva s ostatkom dezinficijensa (VS_1, VS_2) i dva bez (VS_3, VS_4), pri čemu je samo VS_2 koristio konvencionalni tretman obrade vode. Nedezinficirani VS-i pokazali su značajno veću raznolikost i bogatstvo vrsta (P<0.,05). Proteobakterije su bile dominantni predstavnici prokariota u svim sustavima, s većom prevalencijom u nedezinficiranim VS-ima. Usporedba standardnih metoda uzgoja i amplikon metagenomskih analiza pokazuje značajne razlike u njihovoj sposobnosti otkrivanja patogenih mikroorganizama. Rodovi kao što su Mycobacterium i Sphingomonas u VS_1 pozitivno su korelirali s nusproduktima dezinfekcije (ND), dok je Lactobacillus negativno korelirao s halooctenim kiselinama (HAA), a Ralstonia pozitivno korelirala s jednom od HAA i to dikloroctenom kiselinom. Osim uzoraka voda, analizirani su i uzorci biofilma iz 9 različitih cijevi, koje su prikupljene iz VS-ova tijekom popravaka na vodoopskrbnoj mreži. Analize su uključivale određivanje bakterijskog sastava i raznolikosti, karakterizaciju organske tvari (OM) fluorescencijom te određivanje mirisnih spojeva plinskom kromatografiom. Uočene su značajne korelacije između terpena geosmina, Actinomycetota i OM nalik tirozinu B2, što naglašava mogući utjecaj na javljanje okusa i mirisa u vodi za ljudsku potrošnju. Nadalje je istražen utjecaj načina uzorkovanja biofilma na identifikaciju bakterijskih taksona, pri čemu je prisutnost Actinomycetota bila obilnija u uzorcima uzorkovanima uzimanjem brisa u punom krugu unutarnjih stijenki cijevi za razliku od uzorkovanja struganjem odabranih sekcija unutarnjih stijenki cijevi.The study analyzed the microbial community of prokaryotes by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene in four Croatian water supply systems (VS), two with residual disinfectant (VS_1, VS_2) and two without (VS_3, VS_4), where only VS_2 using conventional water treatment. Non-disinfected VS showed significantly higher species diversity and richness (P<0.05). Proteobacteria were the dominant prokaryotic representatives in all systems, with a higher prevalence in non-disinfected VS. The comparison of standard cultivation methods and amplicon metagenomic analyses shows significant differences in their ability to detect pathogenic microorganisms. Genera such as Mycobacterium and Sphingomonas in VS_1 were positively correlated with disinfection byproducts (ND), while Lactobacillus was negatively correlated with haloacetic acids (HAA), and Ralstonia was positively correlated with one of the HAA, dichloroacetic acid. In addition to water samples, biofilm samples from 9 different pipes, which were collected during repairs of the water supply (VS) network were also analyzed. The analyses included the determination of bacterial composition and diversity, characterization of organic matter (OM) by fluorescence, and the determination of odorous substances by gas chromatography. Significant correlations were found between geosmin terpenes, actinomycetes, and tyrosine-like OM B2, indicating possible effects on taste and odour problems in water intended for human consumption. In addition, the influence of the biofilm sampling method on the identification of bacterial taxa was investigated, with actinomycetes being more abundant in samples taken by swabbing the full circle of the inner walls
Analytical Approach for the Assessment of Human Exposure to Fields from Wireless Power Transfer Systems
No full textUbrzanim razvojem bežične tehnologije i povezanih komunikacijskih sustava, ljudi su sve više izloženi elektromagnetskim poljima generiranim ovim sustavima. Kako bi se osiguralo sigurno korištenje sustava za bežični prijenos energije, međunarodne regulativne institucije kontinuirano rade na točnoj procjeni učinaka tih polja te postavljanju granica izloženosti s ciljem zaštite zdravlja. Većina postojećih istraživanja koristi složene numeričke modele za procjenu izloženosti, no ti modeli su često vrlo zahtjevni u pogledu izračuna i skloniji pogreškama.
Ova disertacija predstavlja analitički pristup modeliranju problema izloženosti ljudi u bliskom elektromagnetskom polju, temeljen na aproksimaciji Pocklingtonove integro-diferencijalne jednadžbe i teoriji antena. Razvijen je pojednostavljeni analitički model koji omogućuje procjenu dozimetrijskih veličina, kao što su gustoća struje, inducirano električno polje, specifična stopa apsorpcije (SAR) i gustoća transmitirane snage (TPD) koja se obično koristi u području vrlo visokih frekvencija. Razmatrani su scenariji izloženosti u slobodnom prostoru, na savršeno vodljivom i realističnom tlu, a rezultati su provjereni usporedbom s rezultatima numeričkih simulacija.
Ovaj rad doprinosi području elektromagnetske dozimetrije razvojem pouzdanog analitičkog modela za proračun dozimetrijskih veličina na nižim radio frekvencijskim pojasevima (f ≤ 400 MHz), s posebnim naglaskom na frekvencije do 50 MHz. Cilj istraživanja je kvantificirati razlike između pojednostavljenog analitičkog modela cilindra i sofisticiranih numeričkih modela, s fokusom na procjenu pogreški zbog aproksimacije tankih žica/cilindara.
Rad također pruža temelje za buduće tehnologije kroz bolje razumijevanje interakcije između WPT sustava i ljudskog tijela, osiguravajući balans između visoke efikasnosti prijenosa energije i zaštite zdravlja korisnika. Primjer primjene ovog modela je procjena izloženosti ljudi elektromagnetskim poljima kod sustava za bežično punjenje električnih vozila.With the rapid development of wireless technology and related communication systems, people are increasingly exposed to electromagnetic fields generated by these systems. To ensure the safe use of wireless energy transfer systems, international regulatory bodies continuously work on accurately assessing the effects of these fields and setting exposure limits to protect human health. Most existing studies employ complex numerical models for exposure assessment, but these models are often computationally intensive and prone to errors.
This dissertation presents an analytical approach to modeling human exposure to near-field electromagnetic radiation, based on approximations of the Pocklington integro-differential equation and antenna theory. A simplified analytical model is developed to assess dosimetric quantities such as current density, induced electric field, specific absorption rate (SAR), and transmitted power density (TPD), which is typically used in very high-frequency applications. Exposure scenarios in free space, over perfectly conductive ground, and realistic ground conditions are analyzed, with results validated against numerical simulations.
This thesis contributes to the field of electromagnetic dosimetry by developing a reliable analytical model for the calculation of dosimetric quantities at the lower radio-frequency bands (f ≤ 400 MHz), with a particular focus on frequencies up to 50 MHz. The goal of this research is to quantify the differences between a simplified cylindrical analytical model and sophisticated numerical models, focusing on the assessment of errors due to the approximation of thin wires/cylinders.
The study also lays the foundation for future technologies by improving the understanding of interactions between WPT systems and the human body, ensuring a balance between high energy transfer efficiency and user health protection. An example of the application of this model is the assessment of human exposure to electromagnetic fields in wireless charging systems for electric vehicles
Social aspects of quality of life in Zagreb's housing estates from the socialist and post-socialist period
No full textMeđunarodne i europske urbane strategije rješenja za izazove suvremenih gradova vide u poboljšanju kvalitete života na razini lokalne zajednice, pri čemu stanovanje igra ključnu ulogu. Društveno održivi gradovi budućnosti mogu se ostvariti kroz poboljšanje fizičkih i društvenih aspekata života na razini lokalne zajednice, prije svega u susjedstvu i stambenom naselju. Disertacija istražuje društvene aspekte kvalitete života u zagrebačkim stambenim naseljima iz socijalističkog i postsocijalističkog razdoblja, tzv. starim (1945. – 1990.) i novim naseljima (1991. – danas). Cilj je analizirati odabrane društvene aspekte (društvenu mješovitost, međususjedske odnose, povezanost s naseljem, participaciju te javne prostore) kako bi se utvrdile razlike između starih i novih naselja te istražio doprinos društvenih aspekata ukupnom zadovoljstvu naseljem. Istraživanje koristi mješoviti metodološki nacrt – anketne podatke (N=661) i kvalitativne podatke iz fokus-grupa, intervjua u obilasku i promatranja javnih prostora.
Socijalistička naselja imaju nešto viši udio starijeg stanovništva, ali struktura stanovništva je u oba tipa naselja stabilna jer su stanovnici uglavnom zadovoljni i ne planiraju se iseliti. Društvena kohezija (međususjedski odnosi i povezanost s naseljem) u zagrebačkim je naseljima na zadovoljavajućoj razini. Stara naselja karakterizira jača emocionalna povezanost s naseljem te jači grupni identitet, dok se u novim naseljima zajedništvo u većoj mjeri temelji na socio-demografskoj sličnosti između stanovnika i zajedničkim interesima. Unatoč promjenama koje donose digitalne tehnologije, u oba je tipa naselja i dalje važna solidarnost i pomaganje među susjedima, kao i boravak i druženje u javnim prostorima naselja. Najveći je izazov za međususjedske odnose zajedničko održavanje zgrade. Razina participacije je u oba tipa naselja niska te većina stanara ne sudjeluje u procesu odlučivanja o svom naselju. S javnim su prostorima bitno zadovoljniji stanovnici starih naselja od novih naselja, dok se sudionici iz oba tipa naselja u javnim prostorima osjećaju sigurno te žele očuvati javne i zelene površine. Najvažniji društveni aspekti za objašnjenje visokog zadovoljstva stanovanjem u zagrebačkim naseljima su solidarnost među susjedima, povezanost s naseljem i zadovoljstvo javnim prostorima te bi se stoga pri obnovi starih i planiranju novih naselja trebala obratiti pažnja na dostupnost i kvalitetu javne i društvene infrastrukture u njima.Cities in the 21st century face various challenges. To address them, international and European urban strategies emphasise improving the quality of life at the city and local community level, with housing playing a key role. Documents like the New Leipzig Charter envision socially sustainable cities of the future, which can be achieved by improving the physical and social aspects of quality of life in neighbourhoods and housing estates. Quality of life is a complex, interdisciplinary concept that can be studied through multiple dimensions. In the context of Croatia and Zagreb, there is a long tradition of researching the quality of life and housing, which this dissertation builds upon and contributes to. This dissertation examines the social aspects of quality of life in Zagreb's housing estates from the socialist and post-socialist periods, the so-called old estates (built 1945 – 1990) and new estates (built 1991 – present). The first period is characterised by planned housing development of large, well-equipped housing estates with good public infrastructure, carried out by the state. The second period is marked by the transition to market capitalism and the privatisation of housing, resulting in the construction of apartments without urbanistically planned accompanying public spaces and institutions. Since these two types of estates were built under different political and economic systems, differences in quality of life between them are expected.
The aim is to analyse selected social aspects of the estates, including social mix, neighbourly relations, place attachment, participation, and public spaces. Additionally, the study seeks to identify differences between old and new estates and examine how these social aspects contribute to overall satisfaction with the estate. To address the three research questions, a mixed-methods approach is used, combining survey data from a sample of 661 residents of Zagreb’s housing estates with qualitative data from focus groups, walking interviews, and observations of public spaces.
Regarding the socio-demographic structure (social mix) of the estates, although socialist-era housing estates have a slightly higher proportion of older residents, they are neither demographically nor socially homogeneous, and there is currently no risk of segregation. The population structure in both types of estates remains stable, as residents are generally satisfied and do not plan to move, reducing the risk of ghettoisation seen in some neighbourhoods of Western European cities. This study aligns with other research in post-socialist countries, which highlights social mix as a positive aspect of large housing estates built after World War II. This conclusion also applies to post-socialist estates.
The social cohesion (neighbourly relations and place attachment) in Zagreb's estates is also at a satisfactory level. Various forms and levels of neighbourly relationships were identified, ranging from casual acquaintances and occasional conversations to cooperation, socialising, and friendships. Most residents know their neighbours only superficially, and distant neighbourly relations are often perceived as the norm in urban environments. Social interactions are particularly strong among parents of young children, long-term residents, and dog owners, indicating that shared activities can foster closer relationships within the neighbourhood. However, disagreements among residents also exist, most commonly related to building maintenance. Despite the changes brought by digital technologies, solidarity and helping neighbours, as well as spending time and socialising in public spaces, remain important in both types of estates. Old estates are characterised by a stronger emotional attachment of residents to the estate and a stronger group identity (especially in the housing estates of New Zagreb), which was developed through the long-term, multi-generational residence of inhabitants in the estates. In new housing estates, community bonds are primarily based on socio-demographic similarities among residents (e.g., similar family situations, connections through children) and shared interests in preserving the quality of life in their local community and neighbourhood.
The level of participation is low in both types of estates, with most residents not participating in decision-making processes regarding their estates. Some of the reasons for the low level of participation identified in this study include disappointment and distrust in the system, as well as a feeling of powerlessness in influencing decisions regarding the estate. Another contributing factor could be a lack of knowledge and education about the participatory process, which, according to the literature, is common in post-socialist countries with a shorter democratic history. Qualitative research also revealed that participation can be encouraged through a strong place attachment and the community's social capital. However, a major obstacle to participation is that local councils, as the main actors at the local level, fail to engage with residents, while council representatives face numerous challenges.
Quantitative and qualitative research confirms that participants consider public spaces, especially green areas, essential to their quality of life and wish to preserve them in their neighbourhoods. Residents of older housing estates are significantly more satisfied with public spaces than those in newer estates, reaffirming that green areas are one of the key advantages of socialist-era housing estates. Post-socialist housing estates lack public spaces, but residents of older estates also perceive public spaces in their neighbourhoods as threatened due to excessive construction. According to participants, public spaces in the estates could be improved by enhancing equipment, better maintenance and cleaning of existing areas, and creating enclosed publicly accessible gathering places, especially for the younger generation. Participants generally feel safe in public spaces, which is also a key criterion for their quality that should be continuously maintained and improved.
The most important social aspects explaining high satisfaction with the estate in Zagreb are solidarity amongst neighbours, place attachment, and satisfaction with public spaces. The multiple linear regression model confirmed that both the physical aspects of public infrastructure and social aspects are key to overall housing satisfaction in the neighbourhood. Throughout the study, we demonstrate that these aspects are inseparable – public infrastructure is essential for achieving a good quality of life and successful and fulfilling social interactions within the neighbourhood. Therefore, attention should be paid to the accessibility and quality of public and social infrastructure for renewal of old estates and planning new ones. In conclusion, improving public and green spaces, creating gathering places, and preserving good neighbourly relations, high place attachment, and a sense of community are essential for maintaining the existing quality of life in both old and new housing estates in Zagreb
Metaheuristic approach to plagiarism detection
No full textDisertacija istražuje primjenu metaheurističkih pristupa u računalno potpomognutoj detekciji plagijata, s posebnim naglaskom na optimizaciju sustava i poboljšanje performansi. Glavni cilj istraživanja je istražiti mogućnost razvoja modela računalno potpomognute detekcije plagijata temeljenih na primjeni metaheuristika s ciljem efikasnijeg odabira skupa dokumenata za usporedbu sa sumnjivim dokumentom. U tu svrhu analizirane su mogućnosti primjene genetskih algoritama, optimizacije kolonijom mrava i optimizacije rojem čestica.
Istraživanje je provedeno u pet faza: prikupljanje i obrada dokumenata nad kojima će se vršiti testiranje, razvoj optimalne metode za izračun sličnosti između dokumenata, razvoj sustava za računalno potpomognutu detekciju plagijata koji nije temeljen na metaheuristikama, zatim razvoj sustava za računalno potpomognutu detekciju plagijata koji je temeljen na metaheuristikama te evaluaciju performansi razvijenih sustava. Modeli su evaluirani koristeći standardne mjere za učinkovitost sustava za računalno potpomognutu detekciju plagijata. Za model s najboljim rezultatima je u kasnijim fazama istraživanja naglasak stavljen na optimizaciju parametara korištenjem genetskih algoritama te implementaciju paralelizacije u prikladne dijelove sustava, čime se dodatno povećala učinkovitost.
Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da modeli temeljeni na metaheuristikama mogu ostvariti značajna poboljšanja u usporedbi s tradicionalnim metodama, bez da se značajno naruše performanse detekcije plagijata.
Disertacija pridonosi području detekcije plagijata kroz razvoj novih metodoloških pristupa, analizu primjene metaheuristika i sustavnu evaluaciju performansi.Plagiarism detection has become a critical issue in academia and beyond due to the exponential growth of digital content. Traditional methods for detecting similarities between documents often suffer from computational inefficiency, particularly when applied to large corpora. This dissertation investigates the application of metaheuristic algorithms to optimize computer-aided plagiarism detection systems, aiming to improve both the effectiveness and efficiency of these systems.
The primary hypotheses tested in the study are:
H1: A metaheuristic approach can effectively implement a method for computer-aided plagiarism detection.
H2: Parallelization of the developed method improves the system's response time.
H3: Using evolutionary algorithms for parameter selection significantly improves system performance.
Plagiarism, both intentional and unintentional, poses ethical challenges and undermines the integrity of intellectual work. Existing systems for plagiarism detection primarily rely on exhaustive comparisons, which are computationally intensive. Metaheuristics, such as Genetic Algorithms (GA), Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), offer innovative solutions for optimizing the selection and comparison of documents.
This research integrates these techniques into a framework that addresses the limitations of traditional plagiarism detection methods.
The research was conducted in distinct phases:
1. Document Corpus Creation - a repository was established, including preprocessing steps like tokenization, lemmatization and feature extraction using CountVectorizer, TF-IDF, LDA, and Word2Vec;
2. Similarity Method Development - a novel method combining multiple algorithms was developed to compute document similarity efficiently;
3. Metaheuristic Integration - models using GA, ACO and PSO were implemented to intelligently select subsets of documents for comparison;
4. Performance Optimization - GA was employed to tune parameters for the best performing model;
5. Parallelization - parallel processing techniques were applied to improve the system ´s response time;
6. Evaluation - comparative analysis using standard measures such as precision, recall, F1-score, and execution time.
The study successfully validated the proposed hypotheses:
H1 Validation: metaheuristic models demonstrated effective implementation for plagiarism detection.
H2 Validation: parallelization reduced response times significantly.
H3 Validation: parameter optimization using GA enhanced detection accuracy and efficiency, leading to statistically significant performance improvements.
The integrated system showed superior results in F1-score, precision and recall metrics while achieving a notable reduction in execution time.
This dissertation makes several contributions to the field:
• Development of a hybrid similarity detection method combining algorithms such as CountVectorizer, TF-IDF, LDA and Word2Vec.
• Implementation of a metaheuristic-based framework for optimizing document selection.
• Introduction of parallelization to further enhance computational performance.
• Systematic evaluation of the impact of metaheuristics on plagiarism detection systems.
• Empirical validation of the hypotheses through comprehensive testing and analysis.
The metaheuristic approach to plagiarism detection addresses key limitations of traditional methods, offering improved performance and scalability. The study highlights the potential of combining optimization algorithms with parallel processing for large scale applications. Future work could explore hybrid metaheuristic strategies and adaptive systems to further refine these models
Diachronic changes of verb valency in the history of Slavic languages with particular regard to Russian and Croatian languages
No full textU ovome radu analizirana je dijakronijska mijena valentnosti 104 etimološki istovjetnih glagola u povijesti slavenskih jezika s posebnim osvrtom na hrvatski i ruski jezik. Podaci o glagolskoj valentnosti u starijim razdobljima slavenskih jezika ekscerpirani su iz starohrvatskog i staroruskog korpusa te iz rječnika staropoljskog, staročeškog, staroslavenskog i hrvatskog crkvenoslavenskog jezika. Starohrvatski i staroruski korpus izrađeni su za potrebe ovog istraživanja. Starohrvatski korpus sastoji se od 10 tekstova napisanih na narodnom jeziku staročavske osnovice između 12. i 15. stoljeća. Staroruski korpus također sadrži 10 tekstova koji su napisani na staroruskom jeziku u razdoblju od 11. do 14. stoljeća. U uzorak nad kojim je provedeno istraživanje uvršteni su najčestotniji etimološki istovjetni glagoli u starohrvatskom i staroruskom korpusu koji su pri tome sačuvani i u suvremenom hrvatskom i u suvremenom ruskom jeziku. Svi glagoli iz uzorka podijeljeni su u značenjske klase. Valencijska obilježja istraživana u ovom radu obuhvaćaju značenjsku i morfosintaktičku razinu glagola. Značenjska razina obuhvaća semantičke uloge te taksonomske klase. Morfosintaktička razina obuhvaća opis morfosintaktičkih (padežnih, infinitivnih, rečeničnih) načina ostvaraja semantičkih uloga te morfoloških obilježja glagola. Značenjska i morfološka razina glagola predočena je pomoću valencijskih okvira, odnosno shematskog prikaza morfosintaktičkog ostvaraja pojedine semantičke uloge u korpusu. Svakom primjeru upotrebe istraživanih glagola u starohrvatskom i staroruskom korpusu pridružen je jedan valencijski okvir. Pri anotaciji primjera u starohrvatskom i staroruskom korpusu izdvojene su i kolokacijske sveze. U istraživanju su istaknuti svi valencijski okviri zabilježeni i u starohrvatskom i u staroruskom korpusu. Nakon toga je provjereno koja su zajednička valencijska obilježja u strarohrvatskom i staroruskom jeziku zabilježena i u rječnicima staropoljskog, staročeškog, staroslavenskog i hrvatskog crkvenoslavenskog jezika. Valencijska obilježja potvrđena u najmanje jednom istočnoslavenskom, južnoslavenskom i zapadnoslavenskom jeziku smatrana su praslavenskima. Usporedbom valencijskih obilježja etimološki istovjetnih glagola u najstarijim jezičnim razdobljima s istim obilježjima u suvremenom hrvatskom i ruskom jeziku utvrđeno je koje su se dijakronijske mijene odvile na značenjskoj i morfosintaktičkoj razini. Posebno su istaknute dijakronijske mijene glagolske valentnosti koje su se odvile u povijesti oba proučavana jezika. U istraživanju dijakronijske mijene valentnosti provjereno je u kojoj mjeri pripadnost glagola određenoj značenjskoj klasi uvjetuje tip promjene na značenjskoj i morfosintaktičkoj razini glagola.
Rezultati ovog rada uključuju opis zajedničkih valencijskih okvira te kolokacijskih sveza u starohrvatskom i staroruskom korpusu. Ti rezultati mogu biti polazište za pouzdanu rekonstrukciju praslavenskih značenjskih i sintaktičkih obilježja glagola. Osim toga, u radu su opisane mijene u morfosintaktičkom ostvaraju različitih semantičkih uloga u povijesti hrvatskog i ruskog jezika. U istraživanju je pokazano da su se tri istovjetna procesa dijakronijske mijene glagolske valentnosti odvile u povijesti hrvatskog i ruskog jezika. U povijesti hrvatskog i ruskog jezika brojni su glagoli izgubili mogućnost morfosintaktičkog iskazivanja dopuna besprijedložnim padežima te se u valencijskim okvirima glagola smanjio broj različitih morfosintaktičkih ostvaraja dopuna. Slično tako, u povijesti oba proučavana jezika glagoli gube obilježje sintaktičke prijelaznosti. Usporedba promjena koje su se odvile u povijesti samo jednog od dvaju proučavanih jezika pokazala je da suvremeni hrvatski jezik u većoj mjeri čuva starija značenjska i sintaktička obilježja od suvremenog ruskog jezika.This thesis analyses the diachronic change in the valency of 104 etymologically identical verbs in the history of Slavic languages, with particular regard to Modern Croatian and Russian languages. Data on verb valency in older periods of Slavic languages were excerpted from the Old Croatian and Old East Slavic corpora and dictionaries of Old Polish, Old Czech, Old Church Slavonic, and Croatian Church Slavonic. The Old Croatian and Old East Slavic corpora, on which this research was conducted, were created for this research. The sample on which the research was conducted included the most frequent etymologically identical verbs in the Old Croatian and Old East Slavic corpora, preserved in both Modern Croatian and Modern Russian. In this research, all verbs in the sample were divided into semantic classes. The valency features investigated in this research include the semantic and morphosyntactic levels. The semantic level includes the semantic roles and taxonomic classes. Taxonomic class denotes a category of extralinguistic reality to which a particular semantic role belongs (e.g., human being, time, mental state) (Padučeva, 2004). The morphosyntactic level includes a description of the morphosyntactic coding of semantic roles and the morphological features of the verb. The semantic and morphological levels of the verb are presented using valency frames, i.e., a schematic representation of the morphosyntactic coding of a particular semantic role. Each example of using the studied verbs in the Old Croatian and Old East Slavic corpora is annotated with a valency frame. When annotating the examples in the Old Croatian and Old East Slavic corpora, collocation phrases that a particular verb enters are also distinguished. Valency features confirmed in at least one East Slavic, South Slavic, and West Slavic language were considered Proto-Slavic. By comparing the valency features of etymologically identical verbs in the oldest linguistic periods with the same features in Modern Croatian and Russian, it was determined which diachronic changes took place at the semantic and morphosyntactic levels. The paper describes common and individual changes in the morphosyntactic coding of various semantic roles in the history of the Croatian and Russian languages. In the study of diachronic changes in valency, the extent to which certain semantic classes determine the type of change at the semantic and morphosyntactic levels was checked.
Goals
This research has five basic goals. The first goal is to describe the valency features of the etymologically identical verbs in the Old Croatian and Old East Slavic corpora. iii The second goal is to determine which verb meanings and valency frames are part of the common Proto-Slavic heritage based on a comparison of valency features in the Old Croatian and Old East Slavic corpora and on dictionaries of Old Polish, Old Czech, Old Church Slavonic, and Croatian Church Slavonic languages. Since the verb valency features have been analysed exhaustively only in the Old Croatian and Old East Slavic corpora, the obtained results represent only one of the first steps in a reliable reconstruction of verb meanings and valency frames in the Proto-Slavic language.
The third goal of this thesis is to describe changes in the verb valency features in the history of the Croatian and Russian languages. In doing so, it was indicated which diachronic changes have taken place in the history of both examined languages and which are typical for the history of only one of them.
The fourth goal is to investigate to what extent the verbs of the same semantic class are prone to the same diachronic changes. Given the results of previous research (Kuteva, 1999; Heine and Kuteva, 2004; Majsak, 2005; Devitt, 1990; Camilleri and Sadler, 2020), we assume that the same or similar verb meanings are subject to the same or similar diachronic changes in valency features.
The fifth goal of this research is to examine how the semantic features of verbs affect the diachronic change in syntactic transitivity. Considering previous research (Hopper and Thompson, 1980; Tsunoda, 1985; Kemmer, 1993; Malchukov, 2005), we assume that verbs that describe prototypically transitive events do not change their syntactical transitivity through time. Also, we assume that verbs that do not describe prototypically transitive events will change the feature of syntactic transitivity to a greater extent than the prototypically transitive verbs in the history of the Croatian and Russian languages.
Methodology
The Old Croatian corpus comprises 10 non-liturgical written monuments. It consists of more texts translated from Latin and Italian (73.4%) than texts originally written in Old Croatian (26.6%). The most significant part of the Old Croatian corpus is made up of religious texts (69.3%), followed by legal texts (21.4%), poetry (5.2%), and literary prose (4.1%). The Old East Slavic corpus consists of 10 written monuments initially written in the Old East Slavic language between the 11th and 14th centuries. The most significant part of the Old East Slavic corpus is made up of chronicles (76.3%), followed by religious (16.3%) and secular prose texts iv (7.4%). Previously digitized works were included in the Old East Slavic corpus. Ten works were scanned and OCRed by the ABBYY FineReader program to create the Old Croatian corpus. The list of the most frequent verbs was obtained by using a Python script and manual lemmatization.
In this study, all occurrences of all verb lemmas from the sample were annotated at the semantic and morphosyntactic levels. When determining the verb meaning, we relied on lexicographic sources, critical editions of the texts, and translations of the studied works into modern Slavic languages. Since it is impossible to apply tests to distinguish between arguments and adjuncts and their obligatory status in research on older linguistic periods and since it is impossible to rely on one's linguistic competence, arguments and adjuncts are not distinguished in this paper nor their obligatory status. The semantic level of the verb is represented using 17 semantic roles mostly taken from VerbNet (Kipper et al., 2008). Each semantic role in a particular example is associated with a taxonomic class. The set of taxonomic classes associated with semantic roles is taken from the semantic annotation of Russian National Corpora (Kustova et al., 2005). The morphosyntactic coding is represented by the coding frame schema used in the typologically orientated valency databases ValPal and PaVeDa (Hartmann et al., 2013; Zanchi et al., 2022). After all examples of verb usage in the corpus were annotated in Excel, the frequency of use of each verb meaning and valency frames was calculated. Using tables, we presented data on the frequency of each meaning and valency frame in the corpora.
When analysing verbs' meanings and valency frames in the Old Croatian corpus, we considered the possibility of calquing semantic and morphosyntactic features of Latin and Italian languages. The common meanings and valency frames of verbs in the Old Croatian and Old East Slavic corpora were compared with the same features of verbs in the modern Croatian and Russian languages. Through this comparison, we have concluded about the diachronic change in verb valency in the history of the Croatian and Russian languages.
Results
The results of this paper include a description of common meanings, valency frames, and collocation phrases in the Old Croatian and Old East Slavic corpora. These results can be a starting point for a reliable reconstruction of Proto-Slavic semantic and syntactic verb features. Also, the paper describes changes in the morphosyntactic realization of different semantic roles in the history of the Croatian and Russian languages. The research shows that three identical v processes of diachronic change in verb valency have occurred in the history of the Croatian and Russian languages.
The loss of bare case coding affected the greatest number of verbs. In the Old Croatian and Old East Slavic languages, the bare genitive was used systematically with all the verbs with prefixes *do- ‘to’ *jьz- ‘from’ and with most verbs with the prefix *otъ- ‘from’. Apart from verbs with the prefixes *do- ‘to’, *jьz- 'from', and *otъ- ‘from’, the bare genitive case was used in the valency frames of many reflexive verbs. Verbs used with the bare genitive case belong to different semantic classes. So, the usage of bare genitive case is more influenced by morphological features of the verbs, namely the prefixes *do- ‘to’, *jьz- ‘from’ and *otъ- ‘from’ and the reflexive marker *sę, than by the verb semantics. The verb with prefixes *do ‘to’, *jьz ‘from’ and *otъ ‘from’ replaced the bare genitive case with prepositional phrases *do ‘to’ + , *jьz ‘from’ + and *otъ ‘from’ + correspondently. In the valency frames of reflexive verbs, the bare genitive is either preserved or lost, where the bare genitive is not replaced by the prepositions *do ‘to’ + , *jьz ‘from’ + and *otъ ‘from’ + . Therefore, the most important factor influencing the preservation of the bare genitive case in the valency frames of verbs is the reflexive marker sę. The bare dative in Old Croatian and Old East Slavic language was mainly used to code recipient and goal semantic roles. The bare dative case used for coding the semantic role goal was gradually replaced by the preposition *kъ ‘to’ + in the history of the Russian and Croatian languages.
The bare dative case with motion verbs in the history of the Russian language has been preserved for the longest time with toponyms (Pravdin, 1956: 6-19; Borkovskij, 1968: 189 195; Pičhadze: 1996). The loss of the bare dative case affected a specific semantic class and was not conditioned by the morphological features of the verb. Unlike the genitive and dative, the loss of the use of the accusative in the valency framework of the verb was not accompanied by the replacement of the accusative by a particular set of prepositional phrases. Only four verbs in the history of the Croatian language and five verbs in the history of the Russian language have lost the possibility of being used with the accusative. Some of these verbs in modern languages can only be used with the accusative when prefixed. That indicates that in modern Croatian and Russian languages, the accusative coding in the valency frames is more related to the prefixation than in the Old Croatian and Old East Slavic languages. However, given that this tendency was observed in a few verbs, it must be further proved in future research. A few verbs that have lost the accusative coding belong to the semantic classes of emotion and mental activity verbs. That shows that the loss of the accusative coding is vi somewhat connected with the verb meaning but that the verb meaning is not a decisive criterion for the loss of the bare accusative.
The use of the bare locative was typical for almost all old Slavic languages (Old Church Slavonic, Old East Slavic, Old Bulgarian, Old Czech and Old Croatian) (Toporov, 1961: 285 347; Reinhart, 2014; 334; Mihaljević, 2018: 89). In this research, examples of the use of the bare locative were recorded only in the Old East Slavic corpus. Just like the bare dative, the bare locative was preserved for the longest time with toponyms, and during the 13th century in the Old East Slavic language, it was replaced by the prepositional locative (Toporov, 1961: 285-294). The replacement of the prepositional locative with the prepositions *na ‘on’ + and *vъ ‘in’ + affected all prepositional locatives regardless of the semantic or morphological features of the verbs (ibid.). In this study, no cases of replacement of the bare instrumental by the prepositional instrumental case were recorded.
Along with the loss of bare case coding, in the history of the Croatian and Russian languages, there has been a reduction in the number of different morphosyntactic coding patterns in the verb valency frames. Several factors are responsible for more morphosyntactic coding patterns in the Old Croatian and Old East Slavic languages. In the Old Croatian and Old East Slavic corpus, three systematic morphosyntactic alternations have been recorded: do ‘to’ + /, otъ ‘from’ + /, and kъ ‘to’ + /. These alternations in the valency frames of different verbs most likely testify to the active process of replacing the older morphosyntactic coding pattern with the younger one. The spread of alternations to semantic classes that were not initially affected by them contributed to an increase in the number of different morphosyntactic coding patterns. In the Old Croatian corpus, numerous morphosyntactic coding patterns are calqued from the Latin and Italian languages. The reduction in the number of different morphosyntactic coding patterns was influenced by the process of language standardization, which in the history of Croatian and Russian began in the second half of the 18th century and continued throughout the 19th century (Malić, 1997; Brozović, 2008; Gorškova and Haburgaev, 1981; Živov, 2017).
The third systematic change in morphosyntactic coding in the history of the Croatian and Russian languages concerns syntactic transitivity. More verbs were syntactically transitive in the Croatian and Russian languages than in modern Croatian and Russian. Therefore, syntactic transitivity has died down in the history of Croatian and Russian languages. Also, the accusative, more often than other morphosyntactic coding patterns, remained the only coding vii pattern in valency frames in which several different morphosyntactic coding patterns were recorded in Old Croatian and Old East Slavic languages. The assumption that verbs describing prototypically transitive events will retain the feature of syntactic transitivity has proven to be correct in the history of Croatian and Russian. The loss of syntactic transitivity has affected some emotion and mental verbs (*mysliti ‘to think’, *věrovati ‘to believe’, *kajati ‘to mourn’ and *plakati ‘to cry’).
Some diachronic changes occurred only in the history of one of the two examined languages. In the history of the Russian language, two verbs, *stati and *aviti (sę), began to be used as copulative verbs with nominal predicates. Although both verbs retain their original meanings in modern Russian, *stati ‘to stand’ and *aviti ‘to show’, they are used much more often as copulative verbs (Moldovan, 2010; Rudnev, 2014b; Stojnova, 2016; Pen’kova, 2021; Rudnev, 2006; Kudrjavceva, 2020). The frequency of their use in the copulative function increases significantly during the 18th century (Rudnev, 2006; Pen’kova, 2021). Corpus research shows that the frequency of using the nominal predicate in the Russian language sharply increased in the 18th century (Rudnev, 2014b). In addition, the 18th century is also the period during which the verb быть ‘to be’ in the present tense (forms есть ‘is’ and суть ‘are’) ceases to be used in the copulative function, which may have significantly influenced the increased development of the copulative function of other verbs (Rudnev, 2006).
In the history of the Russian language, the frequency of usage of many verbs has significantly changed. The verbs *učiniti ‘to make’, *sъtvoriti ‘to create’, *mysliti ‘to think’, *věrovati ‘to believe’, *pomysliti ‘to think of’, *orzuměti ‘to understand’, *počęti ‘to start’ in the Old East Slavic corpus are among the two hundred most frequent verbs. In modern Russian, none of these verbs are even among the thousand most frequent verbs (Ljaševskaja and Šarov, 2009). In the history of the Croatian language, there have not been so many significant changes in the frequency of use of etymologically identical verbs as in the history of the Russian language. That does not mean, however, that innovations are typical only for the Russian language. Compared to the Old Croatian and Old East Slavic, the frequency of Dative Infinitive Construction in modern Croatian has significantly decreased. In modern Croatian, Dative Infinitive Construction is attested (Katičić, 2002: 506-507; Raguž, 1997: 379) but it is extremely rare and archaic. The loss of dative-infinitive constructions in the history of the Croatian language could have been influenced by the appearance of the modal verbs morati ‘must’ and trebati ‘have to’, which are not recorded in modern Russian. However, the causes of the loss of this construction in the history of the Croatian language should be further viii investigated. Also, several important semantic and syntactic changes took place in the semantic class of mental verbs in the history of the Croatian language. The verbs *učiti sę ‘to learn’ and *naučiti sę ‘to learn’ in the modern Croatian language are no longer used with the reflexive marker *sę. That means that the causative meaning ‘to teach’ and the non-causative meaning ‘to learn’ of the verbs *učiti (sę) and *naučiti (sę) i are expressed similarly, i.e., without a reflexive marker. This same feature of the verbs *učiti (sę) ‘to learn/to teach’ and *naučiti (sę) ‘to learn/to teach’ in the modern Croatian language is also typical of the modern Bulgarian language (RBE), which may indicate that the loss of the reflexive marker is also characteristic of other South Slavic languages. The verb *znati in the history of the Croatian language has developed the habitual meaning of ‘to become accustomed to’ when used with infinitives. The habitual meaning of the verb *znati has been recorded since the 18th century (ARj, 23: 54-60). The habitual meaning of the verb *znati has also been recorded in Modern Serbian, Bosnian, and Macedonian (Hellman, 2005; Bužarovska, 2012; 2013) but not in East Slavic and West Slavic languages. An overview of the semantic and syntactic changes in only one of the two languages studied shows that modern Croatian largely preserves older semantic and syntactic features.
Common valency patterns and meanings of etymologi
POTENTIAL MODULATORY EFFECTS OF VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY IN OBESITY AND ASTHMA IN PAEDIATRIC POPULATION AND ADOLESCENTS
No full textU svrhu boljeg razumijevanja mehanizama u pozadini pretilosti i astme, u ovom istraživanju
analiziran je utjecaj nedostatka vitamina D na njihov tijek i težinu, s posebnim naglaskom na
fenotip astme s pretilošću. Za određivanje vitamina D u plazmi korištena je metoda tekućinske
kromatografije visoke djelotvornosti, dok je lančana reakcija polimeraze korištena za
utvrđivanje potencijalne povezanosti polimorfizama njegovog receptora s razvojem navedenih
poremećaja. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su kako je najveći postotak djece sa sniženim
vitaminom D detektiran u skupini pretile djece, dok istodobno potvrđeni manjak vitamina D u
kontrolnoj skupini ističe sve veći trend njegovih sniženih razina i među zdravom populacijom.
Tijekom analize odabranih polimorfizama receptora vitamina D, zabilježena je veća
zastupljenost izmijenjenog alela FokI polimorfizma te dominantnog alela BsmI i TaqI
polimorfizama kod pretilosti, dok je kod astmatičara najveći broj ispitanika identificiran kao
heterozigot za sve ispitivane polimorfizme. Izdvojenom analizom rezultata dobivenim kod
djece sa sniženim vitaminom D, uočena je značajna razlika u distribuciji genotipova FokI
polimorfizma, s većom učestalošću ff genotipa kod pretilosti te FF genotipa kod astme, ističući
nisku cirkulirajuću koncentraciju vitamina D te recesivni model FokI polimorfizma kao
povećan rizik za razvoj pretilosti. Osim toga, enzimskim imunosorbentnim testom te mjerenjem
dušikovog oksida u izdahu, dodatno je utvrđena značajno niža koncetracija adiponektina te više
razine dušikovog oksida, osobito u skupini pretilih astmatičara sa sniženim razinama vitamina
D, ističući povezanost manjka vitamina D i disregulacije adiponektina te vezu između pretilosti
i hiperreaktivnosti dišnih putova.To better understand the mechanisms underlying obesity and asthma, this study analysed the
impact of vitamin D deficiency on their course and severity, with special emphasis on the obese
asthmatic group. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography was used to determine vitamin D
levels, while Polymerase Chain Reaction was used to determine the possible association of
vitamin D receptor polymorphisms with development of these disorders. The results of the
study show that the highest percentage of children with low vitamin D was detected in the obese
group, while vitamin D insufficiency found in the control group highlights the increasing trend
of its low levels even in the healthy population. A higher frequency of the altered allele of the
FokI polymorphism and the dominant allele of the BsmI and TaqI polymorphisms was recorded
in obesity, while the majority of asthma patients were identified as heterozygous. Separate
analysis of the results for participants with low vitamin D revealed a significant difference in
the distribution of the FokI polymorphism genotype, with a higher frequency of the ff genotype
in obesity and FF genotype in asthma, highlighting low circulating vitamin D levels and the
recessive model of the FokI polymorphism as an increased risk for development of obesity. In
addition, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and Exhaled Nitric Oxide testing, confirmed
significantly higher levels of exhaled nitric oxide and lower levels of serum adiponectin in the
obese asthmatic group, especially in children with low vitamin D. This highlights the
association between vitamin D deficiency and adiponectin dysregulation and the association
between obesity and airway hyperresponsiveness
Total synthesis of penicyclone A
No full textPeniciklon A je poliketid izoliran iz kulture dubokomorske gljivice Penicillium Sp. F32-2. Zanimljiva struktura ovog prirodnog spoja koji sadrži spiro[5.5]laktonsku jezgru i četiri stereogena centra te prijavljena antimikrobna aktivnost potaknule su studije o njegovoj totalnoj sintezi. U ovom radu istražena su tri fundamentalno različita pristupa sintezi peniciklona A. Prvi pristup temeljio se na razvoju oksidativne dearomatizacije fenola te daljnje funkcionalizacije dobivenog cikloheksadienona regioselektivnom cis-dihidroksilacijom. Drugi pristup temeljio se na korištenju D-(+)-kvininske kiseline kao polaznog spoja, dok se treći pristup temeljio na razvoju dijastereoselektivne dvostruke adicije Grignardovih reagensa na literaturno poznati lakton izveden iz D-riboze. Peniciklon A je uspješno pripravljen trećim pristupom. Sintetski peniciklon A pokazao je različito optičko skretanje od prirodnog materijala te nedostatak antimikrobne aktivnosti što je potaknulo sintezu i drugog enantiomera, također iz D-riboze.Penicyclone A is a polyketide isolated from the deep-sea fungus Penicillium Sp. F32-2. Its interesting structure containing a spiro[5.5]lactone core and four stereogenic centers and the reported antimicrobial activity prompted studies in its total synthesis. Three fundamentally different approaches to the synthesis of penicyclone A were investigated. The first approach was based on the development of an oxidative dearomatization of phenols and further functionalization of the obtained cyclohexadienone by regioselective cis-dihydroxylation. The second approach was based on the use of D-(-)-quinic acid as a starting compound, while the third approach was based on the development of a diastereoselective double Grignard reaction. Penicyclone A was successfully prepared using the third approach. Synthetic penicyclone A showed differences in optical rotation and a lack of antimicrobial activity. This prompted the synthesis of the second enantiomer
Chemical characterization and biological effects of polyphenols in wines
No full textVina sadrže različite biološki aktivne polifenolne spojeve za koje je utvrđeno da imaju brojne pozitivne učinke na zdravlje.
Polifenolni profil vina često se koristi za procjenu njihove kvalitete i autentičnosti. U okviru doktorskog rada provedena je
usporedna kemijska karakterizacija polifenola u dvadeset i pet komercijalnih crnih i bijelih vina proizvedenih u različitim
hrvatskim vinogradarskim regijama od osam crnih i devet bijelih sorti grožđa. U tu je svrhu razvijena i validirana metoda
visokoučinske tekućinske kromatografije (HPLC-DAD) s direktnim injektiranjem vina. Analizirane su dvadeset i četiri
polifenolne sastavnice vina te razvrstane u pet skupina na temelju njihove strukture: fenolne kiseline, flavan-3-ole, antocijane,
flavonoide i stilbene. Crna vina sadržavala su značajno veće koncentracije polifenola od bijelih vina te je kod njih uočena
velika varijabilnost u sastavu. Specifičnim polifenolnim sastavom i sadržajem posebice su se istaknula vina proizvedena od
autohtonih hrvatskih sorti plavac mali i babić. Primjenom multivarijatne analize ustanovljene su sličnosti i razlike u
polifenolnim profilima hrvatskih monosortnih vina te detektirani važni diferencijatori. Glavni predstavnici polifenolnih
sastavnica koji su bili značajno zastupljeni u istraživanim vinima pokazali su snažno antioksidacijsko djelovanje te sposobnost
inhibicije aktivnosti enzima Src-tirozin-kinaze, α-glukozidaze i acetilkolinesteraze. Provedeno istraživanje pružilo je nove
spoznaje o polifenolnim profilima hrvatskih vina, dajući doprinos njihovoj sortnoj diferencijaciji, autentifikaciji i kontroli
kvalitete. Ustanovljeno je da su analizirana crna vina, prvenstveno ona dobivena iz hrvatskih autohtonih crnih sorti grožđa,
vrijedan izvor polifenola sa snažnim antioksidacijskim svojstvima i sposobnošću inhibicije enzima koji predstavljaju važne
terapijske mete u prevenciji i liječenju nekih kroničnih bolesti povezanih sa starenjem.Wines contain various biologically active polyphenolic compounds that are belived to have numerous beneficial effects on
human health. The polyphenolic profile of wines is often used to evaluate their quality and authenticity. In this doctoral thesis, a comparative chemical characterization of polyphenols was performed in twenty-five commercial red and white wines produced in different Croatian wine-growing regions from eight black and nine white grape varieties. For this purpose, a method of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD) with direct injection of wine was developed and validated. Twentyfour polyphenolic components of the wines were studied and classified into five groups based on their structure: phenolic acids, flavan-3-ols, anthocyanins, flavonoids and stilbenes. Black wines contained significantly higher concentrations of polyphenols than white wines, and a great variability in their composition was found. Wines produced from the native Croatian varieties Plavac mali and Babić were characterized by their specific polyphenolic composition and content. Multivariate analysis was used to determine similarities and differences in the polyphenolic profiles of Croatian monovarietal wines and to identify important differentiators. The main representatives of polyphenolic components, which were significantly present in the studied wines, showed strong antioxidant activity and the ability to inhibit the activity of Src tyrosine kinase, α-glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase enzymes. The conducted research provided new insights into the polyphenolic profiles of Croatian wines, thus contributing to their varietal differentiation, authentication and quality control. It was found that the analyzed red wines, especially those obtained from Croatian autochthonous red grape varieties, are a valuable source of polyphenols with strong antioxidant properties and the ability to inhibit enzymes that are important therapeutic targets in the prevention and treatment of some chronic diseases associated with aging
FILOGENETSKI ODNOSI UNUTAR RODA Phoxinus (TELEOSTEI: CYPRINIDAE) NA PODRUČJU ZAPADNOG BALKANA
No full textMinnows (genus Phoxinus) are small, cyprinid species of fish, widely distributed
throughout Europe and Asia, including in Croatia and neighboring countries. Currently, the
genus Phoxinus has as many as 23 different mitochondrial genetic lineages, thirteen
described species, while three species have been named, but their status has not yet been
confirmed. Until a few years ago, it was thought that two species were widespread in the
Western Balkans: Eurasian minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus) and the Adriatic minnow (P.
lumaireul). The first investigations showed the absence of the P. phoxinus species in this
area and the exceptional diversity of the P. lumaireul species with the existence of new
genetic lines and undescribed species. The aim of this doctoral investigation is to provide a
more detailed and clearer insight into the phylogenetic and phylogeographic as well as interand
intra-species relationships within the genus Phoxinus by a combination of molecular
phylogenetics and population genetics methods. The research showed a wide distribution of
the species P. lumaireul and a great genetic diversity in the Western Balkans, with the
existence of four genetic subclades in the area of Croatia and Slovenia. Two new species of
the Phoxinus genus were discovered in Croatia, one of which is new to science. By
combining the methods of molecular phylogenetics with morphology and meristics, this
species was described as Phoxinus krkae. For the needs of more detailed research on
population genetics within the genus, but especially within the P. lumaireul s.l. complex, a
new set of microsatellite markers was developed, which will provide detailed insights into
mutual population relationships, hybridization events and natural adn human-mediated
introgressions.Pijori (rod Phoxinus) su male, ciprinidne vrste riba, široko rasprostranjenje na
području cijele Europe i Azije, pa tako i na području Hrvatske i susjednih zemalja. Trenutno
rod Phoxinus broji čak 23 različite mitohondijske genetičke linije, trinaest opisanih vrsta,
dok je trima vrstama dodijeljeno ime, ali njihov status još nije potvrđen. Do prije nekoliko
godina se smatralo da su na području Zapadnog Balkana rasprostranjene dvije vrste: pijor
(Phoxinus phoxinus) i tzv. jadranski pijor (P. lumaireul). Prva istaživanja su pokazala
nepostojanje vrste P. phoxinus na ovom području te iznimnu raznolikost vrste P. lumaireul
uz postojanje novih genetičkih linija i neopisanih vrsta. Cilj ovog rada je pružiti detaljniji i
jasniji uvid u filogenetske i filogeografske te inter- i intra-specijske odnose unutar Phoxinus
roda kombinacijom raznih molekularne filogenije i populacijske genetike. Istraživanje je
pokazalo široku rasprostranjenost vrste P. lumaireul te veliku genetsku raznolikost na
području Zapadnog Balkana, uz postojanje četiri genetičke podlinije na području Hrvatske i
Slovenije. Otkrivene su i dvije nove vrste roda Phoxinus na području Hrvatske, od kojih
jedna nova za znanost. Kombinacijom metoda molekularne filogenetike te morfologije i
meristike, ova vrsta je opisana kao Phoxinus krkae. Za potrebe detaljnijih istraživanja
populacijske genetike unutar roda, ali posebice unutar kompleksa P. lumaireul s.l., razvijen
je novi set mikrosatelitnih markera, koji će dati detaljne uvide u međusobne populacijske
odnose, hibridizacije te prirodne i ljudski uzrokovane introgresije