Repository of Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek
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Mixture Models
No full textOvaj diplomski rad istražuje teorijske osnove i praktične primjene modela miješanih distribucija, ključnog alata za analizu heterogenih podataka. Rad objašnjava osnovne koncepte, uključujući odredivost modela i algoritam maksimizacije očekivanja (EM), koji se koristi za procjenu parametara. Praktični dio obuhvaća analize različitih miješanih modela, uključujući model Gaussovih mješavina (GMM) i binomne modele, primijenjene na stvarnim i simuliranim podacima. Ilustrirane
su primjene u biomedicini i ekonomiji, s naglaskom na interpretabilnost rezultata i izazove poput odabira broja komponenti.
Zaključno, rad naglašava važnost miješanih distribucija u statističkom modeliranju te pruža smjernice za njihovu uspješnu primjenu u istraživačkom i praktičnom kontekstuThis thesis explores the theoretical foundations and practical applications of finite mixture models, which are essential tools for analyzing heterogeneous data. The study explains fundamental concepts, including model identifiability and the
Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm used for parameter estimation. The practical section covers analyses of various mixture models, including Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM), binomial, and exponential models, applied to
both real and simulated data. Applications in biomedicine and economics are illustrated, emphasizing the interpretability of results and challenges such as determining the number of components. In conclusion, this thesis highlights the importance of mixture distributions in statistical modeling and provides guidance for their effective use in research and
practical contexts
Comparasion of different systems for the application of slurry and digestate
No full textU usporedbi sustava za aplikaciju gnojovke i digestata, crpke, cisterne i cijevi igraju ključnu ulogu. Crpke omogućuju učinkovito premještanje gnojovke, a različite vrste, poput centrifugalnih i dijafragmatskih, nude različite prednosti. Cisterne su važne za skladištenje i transport, a moderni modeli smanjuju isparavanje i miris. Cijevi za aplikaciju omogućuju preciznu distribuciju gnojovke izravno u tlo, čime se povećava učinkovitost i smanjuje utjecaj na okoliš. Odabir opreme ovisi o specifičnim potrebama farme, ekonomskoj isplativosti i ekološkim standardima, što doprinosi održivoj poljoprivredi.In comparing systems for applying slurry and digestate, pumps, tanks, and pipes play a key role. Pumps enable efficient movement of slurry, with different types, such as centrifugal and diaphragm pumps, offering various advantages. Tanks are important for storage and transport, with modern models reducing evaporation and odor. Application pipes allow for precise distribution of slurry directly into the soil, increasing efficiency and minimizing environmental impact. The choice of equipment depends on the specific needs of the farm, economic viability, and ecological standards, contributing to sustainable agriculture
EFFECT OF HEAVY FUEL OIL (HFO) ON EMBRYO-LARVAL STAGE OF ZEBRAFISH (Danio rerio) AND ESTABLISHMENT OF BIOMARKER PROTOCOLS IN MARINE MEDAKA (Oryzias melastigma)
No full textNakon otkrića izvora nafte ispod Arktika, češće prometovanje novim brodskim rutama je očekivano
što upućuje na veći rizik zagađenja naftom. Znanje o posljedicama naftne prerađevine koja se ponajviše koristi kao
gorivo za transport brodova je od iznimne važnosti kako bi se razvila strategija sankcioniranja štete u području hladne
klime. U tom kontekstu, učinci kemijsko raspršenog uzorka IFO180 nafte su istraženi koristeći zebricu (Danio rerio)
kao modelni organizam za promatranje toksičnog učinka. Raspršeni uzorak nafte bio je toksičan za 50% embrija pri
2.9%-tnoj koncentraciji od 1:200 stock otopine. Iduće EC10, E20 i E50 koncentracije značajno su inducirale
etoksiresorufin-o-deetilazu (EROD), ali učinak na aktivnost katalaze (CAT) i acetilkolinesteraze (AChE) je izostao.
Test izmjene svijetla i tame rezultirao je smanjenim kretanjem tretiranih grupa u odnosu na kontrolu u uvjetima tame.
Uzeći u obzir da osjetljivost slatkovodnih i morskih vrsta prema zagađivačima okoliša može biti značajno različita,
koristeći morsku medaku (Oryzias melastigma) uspostavljeni su protokoli za mjerenje biomarkera. Medaka je
pokazala veliki potencijal kao alternativni morski organizam zebrici s rezultatima povišene EROD i CAT aktivnosti
(benzo(a)pyrene 10-40 µg/L) i inhibiranom AChE (paraoxon-methyl 10-40 mg/L). Od promatrana 3 različita razvojna
stadija (2, 6 i 8 dpf (days post fertilization)), najbolji rezultati su bili prisutni u kasnom embrionalnom stadiju (8 dpf).After discovery of oil resource under Arctic bed, new shipping routes and more traffic are expected,
hence there is a greater risk of oil spill. Knowledge about the fate and behavior of heavy fuel oil (HFO), that is mostly
used for ship transportation, is important in order to develop appropriate response strategy in cold areas. In this context,
in the present thesis the effects of the application of a chemical dispersant on HFO IFO180 was investigated. The
toxicity was assessed using zebrafish (Danio rerio) as model organism. Water accommodated fractions of dispersed
HFO were toxic for 50% of the embryos at 2.9% of 1:200 stock solution. Further, EC10, EC20 and EC50
concentrations significantly induced ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase (EROD) activity, but had no effect on catalase
(CAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. In a swimming behavior assay on light-dark transition zebrafish
larvae exposed to HFO WAFs showed reduced movement in dark conditions compared to control. Since sensitivity
of freshwater and marine species to environmental pollutants could be significantly different, biomarker protocols
using marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) were established. Marine medaka showed great potential as saltwater
alternative to zebrafish with induced EROD and CAT activity (benzo(a)pyrene 10-40 µg/L) and inhibited AChE
(paraoxon-methyl 10-40 mg/L) in embryos treated with positive control substances. From three different development
stages (2, 6 and 8 dpf), the late pre-hatched stage (8 dpf) showed the best results
REACTIONS OF WINTER WHEAT SEEDLINGS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL DROUGHT: THE POSSIBILITY OF EARLY SCREENING OF SENSITIVE AND TOLERANT GENOTYPES
No full textOsjetljivost biljaka na sušu genetski je predodređena u fenološkim, fiziološkim, biokemijskim i molekularnim
svojstvima, a genetsko poboljšanje otpornosti zahtijeva identificiranje odgovarajućih mehanizama koji
sudjeluju u inhibiranju ili ublažavanju štetnih učinaka stresa izazvanog nedostatkom vode. Tri dana stari
klijanci 18 različitih sorti ozime pšenice izloženi su uvjetima vodnog deficita tijekom sedam dana (ψ = -0,3
MPa) uz pomoć polietilenglikola (PEG-6000). Istraživanje je obuhvatilo morfološke (visina izdanka i duljina
korijena), fiziološke i biokemijske (relativni sadržaj vode, oštećenost biomembrana, razina lipidne
peroksidacije, sadržaj slobodnog prolina, koncentracija fotosintetskih pigmenata) te fluorometrijske parametre
(fluorescencija klorofila a). Multivarijantna analiza otkrila je da je potrebna potpuna interakcija složene
kolekcije svojstava koje omogućuju prilagodbu na sušu kako bi se identificirali mehanizmi koji najbolje
objašnjavaju varijabilnost među ispitivanim sortama. Fluorescencija klorofila a pokazala se kao najefikasnija
metoda za rani probir osjetljivih i tolerantnih genotipova, ali ipak kombinacija parametara fluorescencije i
određenih biokemijskih parametra ključna je za uspješnost oplemenjivačkog programa. Istraživanja utjecaja
okolišnih stresora (poput suše) na rani rast klijanaca mogu upotpuniti znanja potrebna za rješavanje nekih
temeljnih pitanja, kao što je stupanj plastičnosti, kako kod mladih nerazvijenih, tako i potpuno razvijenih
biljaka.Plant susceptibility to drought is genetically predetermined in phenological, physiological, biochemical, and
molecular properties, and genetic improvement of drought resistance requires identification of appropriate
mechanisms involved in inhibiting or mitigating the adverse effects of drought stress. Three-day-old seedlings
of 18 different winter wheat cultivars were exposed to water deficit conditions for seven days (ψ = −0.3 MPa)
using polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000). The study included measurements of morphological (shoot and root
length), physiological and biochemical (relative water content, membrane leakage, lipid peroxidation level,
free proline content, photosynthetic pigment concentration, and chlorophyll a fluorescence. Multivariate
analysis revealed that the complete interaction of a complex collection of drought-adapting traits is needed to
identify the parameters that best explain the variability among the studied cultivars. Chlorophyll a fluorescence
appeared to be the most effective method for early screening of sensitive and tolerant genotypes. However, a
combination of particular chlorophyll a fluorescence test parameters and specific biochemical parameters is
vital for a successful breeding program. Research on the impact of environmental stressors (such as drought)
on early seedling growth can complement the knowledge needed to address some fundamental issues, such as
the degree of plasticity, in both young as well as fully developed plants
Works of Piet Mondrian as Stimulus for Learning Colors and Shapes in Early Childhood
No full textOvaj završni rad je imao za cilj istražiti mogućnosti i prednosti korištenja djela Pieta Mondriana kao poticaja za učenje boja i oblika u razdoblju ranog djetinjstva, a poseban naglasak stavljen je na njihovu primjenu u vizualno-likovnom odgoju i obrazovanju predškolske djece.
Teorijska polazišta rada temelje se na suvremenim spoznajama o razvoju vizualne percepcije; važnosti likovnog izražavanja, prikazana kroz sposobnost razlikovanja boja i oblika te ulozi umjetnosti u cjelovitom razvoju djeteta. Ove spoznaje predstavljaju ključne aspekte ranog kognitivnog razvoja i povezane su s kasnijim uspjehom u području matematike, jezika i kreativnog izražavanja.
Mondrianova umjetnost i umjetnička filozofija neoplasticizam, koja se temelji na uporabi primarnih boja, ravnih crnih linija i geometrijskih oblika, pruža jasan, strukturiran i vizualno privlačan okvir za učenje kroz igru i likovno stvaralaštvo.
Iz analize relevantne literature i primjera iz prakse proizašle su najvažnije spoznaje koje pokazuju da aktivnosti inspirirane Mondrianovim djelima značajno doprinose razvoju vizualne percepcije, preciznosti u razlikovanju boja i oblika te potiču kreativnost i logičko razmišljanje kod djece. Ona su izuzetno prikladna za predškolski odgoj zbog svoje jednostavnosti i jasnoće. Naglašena je važnost praktičnih aktivnosti i igre, kroz koje djeca spontano usvajaju temeljne pojmove iz likovne umjetnosti, ali i matematike, razvijajući pritom apstraktno mišljenje, analizu i sintezu.
Rezultati istraživanja i evaluacije didaktičkih pristupa ukazuju na to da djeca koja sudjeluju u likovnim i interdisciplinarnim aktivnostima inspiriranim Mondrianovom umjetnošću brže usvajaju osnovne pojmove iz područja boja i oblika, lakše razvijaju prostornu orijentaciju te pokazuju veći interes za likovno izražavanje.
Usporedba Mondrianove umjetnosti s djelima drugih predstavnika geometrijske apstrakcije pokazala je da su njegova djela vizualno pristupačnija i lakše razumljiva djeci predškolske dobi. Mondrianov pristup omogućuje integraciju likovne i matematičke pismenosti, a interdisciplinarne aktivnosti dodatno obogaćuju odgojno-obrazovni proces.
Zaključci rada potvrđuju vrijednost integriranja Mondrianove umjetnosti u predškolski odgojno-obrazovni proces, kao i potrebu za razvojem novih didaktičkih materijala i metoda koji će djeci omogućiti cjelovito i kreativno učenje kroz iskustvo, igru i umjetnost.This final paper aimed to explore the possibilities and advantages of using the works of Piet Mondrian as an incentive for learning colors and shapes in early childhood, with a special emphasis on their application in visual-art education and preschool education.
The theoretical foundations of the paper are based on contemporary knowledge about the development of visual perception; the importance of artistic expression, demonstrated through the ability to distinguish colors and shapes, and the role of art in the comprehensive development of the child. These insights represent key aspects of early cognitive development and are linked to later success in the fields of mathematics, language, and creative expression.
Mondrian's art and the artistic philosophy of neoplasticism, which is based on the use of primary colors, straight black lines, and geometric shapes, provide a clear, structured, and visually appealing framework for learning through play and artistic creation.
From the analysis of relevant literature and practical examples, the most important findings emerged, showing that activities inspired by Mondrian's works significantly contribute to the development of visual perception, accuracy in distinguishing colors and shapes, and stimulate creativity and logical thinking in children. They are extremely suitable for preschool education due to their simplicity and clarity. The importance of practical activities and play is emphasized, through which children spontaneously acquire fundamental concepts from visual arts, but also mathematics, developing abstract thinking, analysis, and synthesis.
Research results and evaluation of didactic approaches indicate that children participating in visual and interdisciplinary activities inspired by Mondrian's art acquire basic concepts in the areas of colors and shapes faster, develop spatial orientation more easily, and show greater interest in artistic expression.
A comparison of Mondrian's art with the works of other representatives of geometric abstraction showed that his works are visually more accessible and easier to understand for preschool children. Mondrian's approach enables the integration of visual and mathematical literacy, and interdisciplinary activities further enrich the educational process.
The conclusions of the paper confirm the value of integrating Mondrian's art into the preschool educational process, as well as the need for the development of new didactic materials and methods that will enable children to learn comprehensively and creatively through experience, play, and art
Determination of the type of secretory otitis according to cytological analysis of transudate from the middle ear
No full textCiljevi istraživanja: Ciljevi istraživanja uključuju procjenu veličine tonzila i adenoidnih
vegetacija te audiološku obradu ispitanika, utvrđivanje vrste sekretornog otitisa temeljem
citološke i mikrobiološke analize transudata, ispitivanje učestalosti pojedinog tipa bolesti,
usporedbu nalaza s brisom nosne sluznice te analizu povezanosti s rezultatima timpanometrije i
tonske audiometrije.
Nacrt studije: Presječno istraživanje s povijesnim podatcima.
Ispitanici i metode: U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 20 djece do dvanaest godina, liječene zbog
sekretornog otitisa u Kliničkom bolničkom centru Osijek. Svim se ispitanicima provela
otorinolaringološka i audiološka obrada (tonska audiometrija, timpanometrija i testiranje
kohleostapesnog refleksa) te procjena veličine tonzila i adenoida. Tijekom miringotomije
prikupljen je transudat srednjeg uha za citološku i mikrobiološku analizu, kao i bris nosne
sluznice.
Rezultati: Svi ispitanici imali su provodno oštećenje sluha i smanjenu pokretljivost bubnjića.
Tonzile i adenoidi najčešće su bili veličine trećeg stupnja. Citološka analiza pokazala je povišene
eozinofile u 55 % uzoraka, dok je mikrobiološka analiza u 90 % slučajeva pokazala sterilne
nalaze ili normalnu floru. Najčešći tip sekretornog otitisa bio je eozinofilni (55 %), zatim serozni
(35 %) i kronični gnojni (10 %). Postoji značajna povezanost eozinofila u transudatu i nosnoj
sluznici (P = 0,001), kao i između citološkog nalaza i vrste otitisa (P = 0,002).
Zaključak: Eozinofilni otitis predstavlja najčešći oblik sekretornog otitisa u analiziranoj
populaciji. Nalazi upućuju na imunosno posredovanu, alergijsku etiologiju. Citološka analiza,
uključujući neinvazivne metode poput brisa nosa, može pridonijeti preciznijoj dijagnostici i
liječenju bez potrebe za antibioticima.
Ključne riječi: Citologija; eozinofilija; otitis media; rinosinusitis; transudat.Objectives: The objectives of the study include assessing the size of the tonsils and adenoid
vegetations, as well as conducting audiological evaluations of the participants, determining the
type of secretory otitis based on cytological and microbiological analysis of transudate,
examining the prevalence of specific disease types, comparing findings with nasal mucosa swab
results, and analyzing correlations with tympanometry and pure-tone audiometry results.
Study Design: A cross-sectional study using historical data.
Participants and Methods: The study included 20 children up to 12 years of age treated for
secretory otitis at the University Hospital Centre Osijek. All participants underwent
otorhinolaryngological and audiological evaluation (pure-tone audiometry, tympanometry, and
testing of the stapedius reflex), along with assessment of tonsil and adenoid size. During
myringotomy, transudate from the middle ear was collected for cytological and microbiological
analysis, together with nasal mucosa swab.
Results: All participants had a conductive hearing loss and a reduced tympanic membrane
mobility. Tonsils and adenoids were most commonly grade III. Cytological analysis indicated
elevated eosinophil levels in 55 % of samples, while microbiological analysis showed sterile
findings or normal flora in 90 % of cases. The most common type of secretory otitis was
eosinophilic (55 %), followed by serous (35 %) and chronic purulent (10 %). A significant
correlation was found between eosinophils in the transudate and nasal mucosa (P = 0.001), as
well as between cytological findings and the type of otitis (P = 0.002).
Conclusion: Eosinophilic otitis is the most common form of secretory otitis in the analyzed
population. Findings suggest an immune-mediated, allergic etiology. Cytological analysis,
including non-invasive methods, such as nasal swabs, can contribute to more accurate diagnosis
and treatment without the need for antibiotics
Gender differences in the presentation and treatment of acute coronary disease
No full textCilj: Ispitati postoje li spolne razlike u kliničkoj prezentaciji AKS, s naglaskom na atipične
simptome kod žena, učestalost faktora rizika i komorbiditeta među pacijentima, zatim razlike u
terapijskom pristupu kod muškaraca i žena te ishodima liječenja obzirom na spol.
Nacrt studije: Presječna studija s povijesnim podatcima
Ispitanici i metode: U studiju su uključeni bolesnici liječeni zbog AKS-a u Kliničkom
bolničkom centru Osijek u razdoblju od studenog 2024. do veljače 2025. godine. Kriterije je
zadovoljilo 80 ispitanika, 40 muškaraca i 40 žena.
Rezultati: Uočena je značajna razlika u dobi pacijenata koji se prezentiraju s AKS s obzirom
na spol, medijan dobi žena iznosio je 68, a muškaraca 60. Od biokemijskih pokazatelja,
značajno su veće vrijednosti NT-pro BNP-a u žena, ali manja razlika postoji i u hs-cTn I koji je
kod pacijentica niži. Nema značajnih razlika u zajedničkim čimbenicima rizika, iako se
hipertenzija i pretilost češće pojavljuju u žena. Važnu ulogu u razvoju KVB kod ženskog spola
imaju rana menarha i menopauza, paritet i migrene. Značajna statistička razlika u kliničkoj
prezentaciji primjećuje se u širenju boli u leđa te pojavi mučnine i povraćanja kod žena, što
jasno upućuje na spolno specifičnu i atipičnu kliničku sliku. Nema značajnih razlika u
prehospitalnom terapijskom pristupu kod muškaraca i žena, podjednako su korišteni svi
lijekovi. Nema statistički značajnih razlika u ishodima liječenja AKS-a, ali nešto su više brojke
muškaraca podvrgnutih invazivnom liječenju, dok su žene češće liječene konzervativnim
pristupom.
Zaključak: Žene se prezentiraju s atipičnom slikom AKS-a, imaju više faktora rizika i češće su
liječene konzervativnim pristupom.Objectives: Thea aim of this study was to investigate whether there are sex differences in the
clinical presentation of ACS, with an emphasis on atypical symptoms in women, the prevalence
of risk factors and comorbidities among patients, as well as differences in therapeutic
approaches between men and women and treatment outcomes based on sex.
Study Design: A cross-sectional study with historical data.
Participants and Methods: The study included patients treated for ACS at the Clinical
Hospital Center Osijek between November 2024 and February 2025. A total of 80 participants
were eligible, consisting of 40 men and 40 women.
Results: A significant age difference was observed between patients presenting with ACS based
on sex, with the median age of women being 68 and men 60. Among biochemical markers, NTpro BNP values were significantly higher in women, while there was a smaller difference in hscTn I, which was lower in female patients. No significant differences were found in common
risk factors, although hypertension and obesity were more prevalent in women. Important
factors in the development of cardiovascular disease in women include early menarche and
menopause, parity, and migraines. A significant statistical difference in clinical presentation
was noted in the spread of pain to the back and the occurrence of nausea and vomiting in
women, which clearly points to sex-specific and atypical clinical signs. There were no
significant differences in pre-hospital therapeutic approaches between men and women, with
all medications being used equally. No statistically significant differences were found in ACS
treatment outcomes, although slightly more men underwent invasive treatment, while women
were more often treated conservatively.
Conclusion: Women present with an atypical picture of ACS, have more risk factors, and are
more frequently treated with a conservative approach
Identification, Analysis and Response Strategies to Risks in the Supply Chain Using the Example of the Company IKEA : Graduate paper
No full textDiplomski rad fokusiran je na sveobuhvatnu analizu rizika u opskrbnom lancu, s posebnim
naglaskom na identifikaciju, analizu i strategije odgovora na rizike na primjeru globalnog
poslovnog subjekta IKEA. Rad započinje postavljanjem teorijskog okvira upravljanja rizicima,
definirajući ključne pojmove, procese prema standardu ISO 31000 i specifičnosti upravljanja
rizicima u opskrbnim lancima. Empirijski dio rada posvećen je detaljnoj analizi IKEA-inog
opskrbnog lanca, gdje su sustavno identificirani potencijalni rizici koji proizlaze iz različitih
segmenata poslovanja. To uključuje rizike opskrbe i logistike (poput prekida isporuke i
ovisnosti o sirovinama), tržišne rizike (fluktuacije kupovne moći i konkurencije), cyber napade,
reputacijske rizike te društvene i ekološke rizike. Provedena je kvalitativna analiza i
vrednovanje identificiranih rizika, a zatim su razrađeni konkretni prijedlozi tretmana rizika
usklađeni s IKEA-inim strateškim ciljevima i politikom održivosti. Rasprava rada interpretira
empirijske rezultate u kontekstu teorije, ističući usklađenost IKEA-inih praksi s modernim
pristupima upravljanja rizicima, uključujući proaktivan pristup ESG (Environmental, Social,
Governance) faktorima. Rad zaključuje da IKEA primjenjuje holistički i adaptabilan pristup
upravljanju rizicima, što je ključno za njezinu otpornost i konkurentnost u turbulentnom
globalnom okruženju. Naglašava se važnost kontinuiranog praćenja i prilagodbe strategija
rizika te se nude preporuke za buduća istraživanja i praktičnu primjenu.This graduate paper focuses on a comprehensive analysis of supply chain risks, with a particular
emphasis on their identification, analysis, and response risk strategies, using the global business
entity IKEA as an example. The paper begins by establishing a theoretical framework for risk
management, defining key concepts, processes according to the ISO 31000 standard, and the
specific characteristics of risk management in supply chains. The empirical part of the paper is
dedicated to a detailed analysis of IKEA's supply chain, where potential risks arising from
various business segments were systematically identified. These include supply and logistics
risks (such as supply disruptions and raw material dependencies), market risks (fluctuations in
purchasing power and competition), cyberattacks, reputational risks, as well as social and
environmental risks. A qualitative analysis and evaluation of the identified risks were
conducted, followed by the development of concrete risk treatment proposals aligned with
IKEA's strategic objectives and sustainability policy. The discussion section interprets the
empirical results within the theoretical context, highlighting the alignment of IKEA's practices
with modern risk management approaches, including a proactive stance on ESG
(Environmental, Social, Governance) factors. The paper concludes that IKEA applies a holistic
and adaptable approach to risk management, which is crucial for its resilience and
competitiveness in a turbulent global environment. The importance of continuous monitoring
and adaptation of risk strategies is emphasized, and recommendations for future research and
practical application are offered
Intercultural business (mis)understanding of China : Graduate paper
No full textSvaki narod ima svoje običaje i kulturu koju poštuje. Kultura ukazuje na pravila i norme
određenog naroda. Uključuje znanja koja su potrebna kako bi pojedinci mogli funkcionirati u
društvenom okruženju. Kroz vrijeme kultura se razvijala i zbog svoje raznolikosti među
narodima dolazilo je do interkulturalnih ne razumijevanja. Određene kulture imaju istaknutije
razlike te zahtijevaju poštovanje o strane drugih. Putem poslovnih bontona može se uočiti
različitost u verbalnoj i neverbalnoj komunikaciji. Kina je zemlja koja se uvelike razlikuje
svojom kulturom od ostalih zemalja. Dugogodišnja tradicija koja se prenosi s koljena na koljeno
ukazuje na poštovanje koje narod ima prema pravilila koja su postavljena još od davnina. Kina
je poznata kao najmnogoljudnija zemlja, te se ubraja u zemlje koje pripadaju Kulturi Istoka, a
nju karakterizira održivost, tradicija i nepovredivost. Jedna od karakteristika kineskog naroda
je da su “meki iznutra”, a “čvrsti izvana”. Zbog toga ih još povezuju sa “Kulturom kokosa”.
Hrvatska u odnosu na Kinu ima izraženiju neformalnost te je predstavnik kulture zapada u kojoj
prevladava opušteniji pristup.
Svrha ovog rada je istaknuti koje su razlike između kulturama te na primjerima Hrvatske i Kine
prikazati u kojim situacijama dolazi do interkulturalnog (ne)razumijevanja Kine.Every nation has its own customs and culture that it respects. Culture indicates the rules and
norms of a particular nation. It includes knowledge that is needed for individuals to function
in a social environment. Through time, culture has developed and due to its diversity among
peoples, there have been intercultural misunderstandings. Certain cultures have more
prominent differences and demand respect for others. Differences in verbal and non-verbal
communication can be observed through business etiquette. China is a country that is very
different in its culture from other countries. A long-standing tradition that is passed down
from generation to generation indicates the respect that the people have for the rules that
have been set since ancient times. China is known as the most populous country, and it is
counted among the countries that belong to the Culture of the East, and it is characterized by
sustainability, tradition and inviolability. One of the characteristics of the Chinese people is
that they are "soft on the inside" and hard on the outside, which is why they are still
associated with the "Coconut Culture". Compared to China, Croatia has a more pronounced
lack of formality, and is a representative of Western culture where a more relaxed approach
prevails. The purpose of this graduation thesis is to point out the differences between
cultures, and to use the examples of Croatia and China to show in which situations
intercultural (mis)understanding of China occurs
Rural Planning and Activating Cultural Heritage
No full textTradicijski sportovi i igre, kada se sagledavaju kao nematerijalna kulturna baština, onda su u nadležnosti uprave za kulturu. Kada se povezuju sa sportskom-rekreacijom, u nadležnosti su sporta ali gotovo se ne povezuju s urbanizmom i arhitekturom iako su za aktiviranje kulturne baštine ključne vrijednosti prostora u kojoj se ona nalazi. Studenti su, uz analizu prostornog aspekta sela (demografija, promet, poljoprivreda, gospodarstvo itd.), istraživali povezanost tradicijskih sportova i igara s lokalnom materijalnom i nematerijalnom baštinom, poput poljoprivredne proizvodnje, tradicijske gradnje i rukotvorina. Istovremeno su nudili inovativna rješenja za njihovu integraciju u suvremeni kontekst. Većina studenata arhitekture po prvi je put imala priliku upoznati se s tradicijskim sportovima i igrama te kroz proces obrazovanja osmisliti suvremene prijedloge za njihovu revitalizaciju – time su zapravo doprinijeli aktivaciji kulturne baštine u pravom smislu te riječi. Njihovi radovi pokazuju kako se baština može ne samo očuvati već i živjeti.When traditional sports and games are considered as intangible cultural heritage, they fall under the jurisdiction of cultural management. When connected to sports and recreation, they are under the jurisdiction of sports. Still, they are rarely associated with urbanism and architecture, even though space is crucial for activating cultural heritage. In addition to analysing the spatial aspects of the village (demographics, traffic, agriculture, economy, etc.), students explored the connection between traditional sports and games and local material and intangible heritage, such as agricultural production, traditional architecture, and handicrafts. At the same time, they offered innovative solutions for their integration into the contemporary context. Most architecture students had the opportunity to learn about traditional sports and games for the first time and, through the educational process, create contemporary proposals for their revitalisation—thus contributing to the activation of cultural heritage in the true sense. Their work shows how heritage can be preserved and live on