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Synthesis of Acetysalicylic Acid Catalyzed by Food Industry Waste Ash
No full textZelena kemija je pristup kemiji koji se fokusira na razvoj održivih i ekološki prihvatljivijih kemijskih procesa i proizvoda. Osnovni principi zelene kemije između ostalog uključuju smanjenje količine otpada, smanjenje upotrebe toksičnih tvari, pronalazak alternativnih otapala i katalizatora. Reakcije organske sinteze uglavnom se odvijaju uz upotrebu standardnih katalizatora koji su u velikoj mjeri toksični, zapaljivi, korozivni (npr. H3PO4 ). Istraživanja brojnih autora pokazala su da se nusproizvodi prehrambene industrije poput ljuske luka, kožice kikirikija, kore naranče mogu koristiti kao alternativa standardnim katalizatorima. U diplomskom radu istražuje se može li pepeo otpadne ljuske luka, bijelog luka, kožice kikirikija, ljuske kikirikija, otpadnog hmelja i ječma, kakao ljuske i zrna zamijeniti fosfornu kiselinu u reakciji acetiliranja alkohola. Pretpostavka je da metali prisutni u pepelu mogu djelovati kao Lewisove kiseline i katalizirati navedenu reakciju. U diplomskom radu sintetizirana je acetilsalicilna kiselina iz salicilne kiseline i acetanhidrida uz dodatak 20 mg pepela zagrijavanjem reakcijske smjese pri temperaturi 80-100°C na vodenoj kupelji. Nakon završetka reakcije prisutnost salicilne kiseline provjerena je dokaznom reakcijom za fenole, reakcija s željezovim kloridom. Dokazano je da pepeo može uspješno katalizirati reakciju i potvrđena mogućnost korištenja otpada iz prehrambene industrije u organskoj sintezi kao ˝zelene katalizatore˝.Green chemistry is an approach to chemistry that focuses on the development of sustainable and more environmentally friendly chemical processes and products. The fundamental principles of green chemistry include, among other things, the reduction of waste, the decreased use of toxic substances, and the search for alternative solvents and catalysts. Organic synthesis reactions are generally carried out using standard catalysts, which are largely toxic, flammable, and corrosive (e.g. H₃PO₄). Research by numerous authors has shown that by-products of the food industry, such as onion peel, peanut skin, and orange peel, can be used as alternatives to standard catalysts. This thesis investigates whether ash derived from waste onion peel, garlic peel, peanut skin, peanut shell, spent hops and barley, cocoa husks, and cocoa beans can replace phosphoric acid in the acetylation reaction of alcohols. The working hypothesis is that metals present in the ash may act as Lewis acids and catalyze the a forementioned reaction. In the experimental part of the thesis, acetylsalicylic acid was synthesized from salicylic acid and acetic anhydride with the addition of 20 mg of ash, by heating the reaction mixture at a temperature of 80–100 °C in a water bath. Upon completion of the reaction, the presence of salicylic acid was tested using a phenol detection reaction—specifically, the reaction with iron(III) chloride. It has been proven that the ash will successfully catalyze the reaction and confiring the possibility of using food industry waste in organic synthesis as a “green catalyst.
The Relationship Between Morality and Cheating in Academic Context
No full textAkademsko nepoštenje je sveprisutan fenomen koji se pojavljuje u svim disciplinama na razini visokog obrazovanja te obuhvaća ponašanja poput plagiranja, prepisivanja, korištenja nedopuštenih sredstava i drugih oblika varanja. Često se dovodi u vezu s niskom razinom moralnosti jer odražava spremnost pojedinca da krši etičke norme radi osobne koristi. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati odnos između različitih aspekata moralnosti i sklonosti akademskom nepoštenju studenata. U istraživanju je sudjelovao 251 student različitih studijskih usmjerenja Sveučilišta Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku. Korišteni su upitnik za mjerenje akademskog nepoštenja (RAINZ-S), koji mjeri učestalost različitih neetičnih ponašanja u akademskom kontekstu, te upitnik moralnosti (Moral Character Questionnaire), koji mjeri globalni moralni karakter i šest moralnih domena (iskrenost, suosjećanje, pravednost, odanost, čistoću i poštenje). Rezultati su pokazali da globalni moralni karakter nije značajan prediktor akademskog nepoštenja, dok se domena moralnosti pravednost pokazala značajnim prediktorom, iako model u cijelosti nije bio značajan. Ostale domene nisu se pokazale značajnim prediktorima. Ovo istraživanje upućuje na potrebu uključivanja dodatnih čimbenika u buduća istraživanja, poput institucionalnih pravila, akademske kulture, i percepcije pravednosti u evaluaciji.Academic dishonesty is a widespread phenomenon occurring across all disciplines in higher education, encompassing behaviors such as plagiarism, cheating, the use of unauthorized materials, and other forms of misconduct. It is often associated with low levels of morality, as it reflects an individual's willingness to violate ethical norms for personal gain. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between different aspects of morality and students' propensity for academic dishonesty. The study included 251 students from various study programs at Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek. The questionnaires used were the questionnaire that measures academic dishonesty (RAINZ-S), which measures the frequency of various unethical academic behaviors, and a morality questionnaire (Moral Character Questionnaire), which assesses global moral character and six moral domains (honesty, compassion, fairness, loyalty, purity, and respect). The results showed that global moral character was not a significant predictor of academic dishonesty, while the moral domain of fairness emerged as a significant predictor, although the overall model was not statistically significant. Other moral domains were not found to be significant predictors. This study highlights the need to include additional factors in future research, such as institutional policies, academic culture, and perceptions of fairness in evaluation
Chalenges in the work of archives, libraries and museums during COVID-19 pandemic
No full textCilj ovoga rada je predstaviti djelatnost arhiva, knjižnica i muzeja tijekom pandemije COVID-19, koja se proširila 2020. godine u svijetu. Budući da je pandemija spriječila normalno funkcioniranje svih segmenata života i rada, izmijenila je također i dotadašnje poslovanje arhiva, knjižnica i muzeja. Kao i sve druge javne i kulturne ustanove knjižnice su također morale zatvoriti svoja vrata za korisnike i organizirati rad na daljinu, iako nisu imale sve potrebne digitalne alate za učinkovit i siguran rad online. Međutim, mnoge knjižnice su uspješno prevladale izazove koje im je nametnula pandemija te konstantno ostale dostupne svojim korisnicima. Muzeji su isto tako u vrijeme lockdowna bili primorani zatvoriti svoje prostore, a usluge ponuditi na internetu. Primjerice, platforma Google Arts and Culture omogućila je muzejima da ponude, tj. ostvare virtualne obilaske njihovih muzejskih prostora. Pandemija je također utjecala na razne segmente poslovanja arhiva, no oni su se potrudili uspješno savladati prepreke koje je pandemija postavila pred njih. Tijekom cijele pandemije COVID-19, a pogotovo nakon ponovnog otvaranja prostora za korisnike, bilo je nužno poštivanje mjera socijalnog distanciranja i higijene. Arhivi, knjižnice i muzeji pravovremeno su se uspjeli prilagoditi novim načinima rada za vrijeme pandemije kako bi ostali na raspolaganju svojim korisnicima te omogućili svome osoblju nesmetan rad od kuće ili u ustanovi pod propisanim protupandemijskim mjerama. Zahvaljujući društvenim mrežama knjižnice, muzeji i arhivi nisu izgubili kontakt s korisnicima. U radu su opisani primjeri virtualnih izložbi koje su za vrijeme pandemije koronavirusa organizirali neki domaći i inozemni muzeji i arhivi
Happiness Derived from the Misfortune of Others: The Connection Between the Dark Tetrad, Affective Dissonance, and Schadenfreude
No full textCilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati odnos mračnih crta ličnosti (makijavelizam, narcizam, psi-hopatija i sadizam), afektivne disonance i doživljaja zluradosti. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 252 sudionika, od kojih je 144 (57.1 %) ženskog spola, a 108 (42.9%) muškog spola. Oni su za pot-rebe istraživanja ispunjavali Hrvatsku verziju kratke skale mračne tetrade, Upitnik kognitivne i afektivne empatije ACME, te Skalu zluradosti temeljenu na scenarijima. Uz navedene instru-mente, prikupljeni su demografski podaci o sudionicima (rod, dob). Korelacijska analiza poka-zala je da su sve četiri mračne crte ličnosti ostvarile pozitivnu povezanost sa zluradosti. Hijerar-hijskom regresijskom analizom utvrđeno je da je jedino sadizam bio značajan prediktor zlurado-sti, dok se ostale mračne crte ličnosti nisu pokazale značajnima. Naposlijetku, medijacijskom analizom utvrđeno je kako je afektivna disonanca djelomičan medijator odnosa sadizma i zlura-dosti. Drugim riječima, rezultati su ukazali da pojedinci visoki na postignućima subkliničkog sadizma ne suosjećaju s drugim ljudima, skloni su doživljaju suprotnih emocionalnih reakcija u odnosu na emocije drugih ljudi (afektivna disonanca) i zbog toga mogu osjećati zadovoljstvo ili sreću kada drugi ljudi dožive nesreću ili neuspjeh. S obzirom na nedostatak istraživanja koji se bave konstruktom zluradosti, posebno u hrvatskoj znanstvenoj literaturi, važnost ovog istraživa-nja očituje se kroz bolje razumijevanje kako i zašto osobe s razvijenim crtama subkliničkog sa-dizma doživljavaju zluradost.The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between dark personality traits (Machiavellianism, Narcissism, Psychopathy, and Sadism), affective dissonance and the experience of schadenfreude. A total of 252 participants took part in the study, of whom 144 (57.1%) were female and 108 (42.9%) were male. For the purposes of this research, participants completed the Croatian version of the Short Dark Tetrad Scale, the ACME Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy, and the Scenario-Based Schadenfreude Scale. Demographic data (gender and age) were also collected. Correlational analysis showed that all four dark traits were positively associated with schadenfreude. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that only sadism was a significant predictor of schadenfreude, while the other dark traits were not significant predictors. Finally, mediation analysis indicated that affective dissonance partially mediates the relationship between sadism and schadenfreude. In other words, the results suggest that individuals high in subclinical sadism tend to lack empathy, experience emotional reactions opposite to those of others (affective dissonance), and may therefore feel satisfaction or pleasure when others experience misfortune or failure. Given the lack of research on the construct of schadenfreude, especially in Croatian scientific literature, the importance of this study lies in its contribution to a better understanding of how and why individuals with elevated subclinical sadistic traits experience schadenfreude
Prevalence of nomophobia in the general population
No full textCilj istraživanja: Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati razinu nomofobije među mladima u Hrvatskoj te ispitati povezanost nomofobije s demografskim obilježjima i obrascima korištenja mobilnih uređaja i društvenih mreža. Nomofobija, definirana kao iracionalni strah od nemogućnosti korištenja mobilnog telefona, sve je prisutniji fenomen u suvremenom društvu, osobito među mlađom populacijom.
Nacrt studije: Podaci su prikupljeni putem online ankete koja je uključivala demografska pitanja, pitanja o navikama korištenja tehnologije te standardizirani NMP-Q upitnik.
Ispitanici i metode: Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku od 256 ispitanika, od kojih je 76 % žena i 24 % muškaraca.
Rezultati: Rezultati pokazuju da većina ispitanika pokazuje umjerenu razinu nomofobije, s najizraženijim osjećajem nelagode pri nemogućnosti komuniciranja s bliskim osobama ili pristupu informacijama putem pametnog telefona. Statistički značajne razlike utvrđene su između razine nomofobije i intenziteta korištenja društvenih mreža i mobilnih uređaja, kao i između nomofobije i posjedovanja hobija. Ispitanici s većim intenzitetom korištenja pokazali su višu razinu nomofobije (P < 0,001), dok su oni bez hobija iskazali višu razinu nomofobije u odnosu na one koji hobi imaju (P = 0,049).
Zaključak: Zaključak istraživanja potvrđuje prisutnost nomofobije među mladima te ukazuje na važnost razvijanja strategija za odgovorno korištenje tehnologije i promicanje zdravijih oblika provođenja slobodnog vremena.Objectives: The aim of this research was to examine the level of nomophobia among young people in Croatia and to explore its association with demographic factors and patterns of mobile device and social media use. Nomophobia, defined as the irrational fear of being without access to a mobile phone, is an increasingly present phenomenon in modern society, particularly among younger populations.
Study Design: Data were collected using an online questionnaire consisting of questions on demography and habits in the use of technology, while relying on the standardized NMP-Q questionnaire.
Participants and Methods: The study was conducted on a sample of 256 participants, of whom 76 % were female and 24 % male.
Results: The results show that most participants exhibit a moderate level of nomophobia, with the highest levels of discomfort reported when unable to communicate with loved ones or access information via a smartphone. Statistically significant differences were found between the level of nomophobia and the intensity of social media and mobile device use, as well as between nomophobia and having hobbies. Respondents with higher usage intensity exhibited a higher level of nomophobia (P<0.001), while those without hobbies showed a higher level of nomophobia compared to those with hobbies (P=0.049).
Conclusion: The conclusion of the study confirms the presence of nomophobia among young people and highlights the importance of developing strategies for responsible technology use and encouraging healthier ways of spending free time
Analysis of the Budget and Development Strategies of Selected Cities According to the Development Index : Graduate paper
No full textProračun Grada, kao bitan pravni i strateški dokument, ima izravan utjecaj na kvalitetu života
stanovnika grada i okolice, kao i na njegov gospodarski, kulturni i demografski razvoj. Izrađuje
se imajući u vidu razvojne prioritete naglašene u gradskim strateškim dokumentima. Adekvatno
upravljanje proračunskim sredstvima uvelike olakšava ostvarenje strateških ciljeva što
pridonosi razvijanju šire lokalne zajednice, pa samim time doprinosi i razvoju grada. U ovom
diplomskom radu su prikazani, uspoređeni i analizirani proračuni gradova Koprivnice, Pule i
Varaždina tijekom šestogodišnjeg razdoblja, koje počinje s 2018. i završava s 2023. godinom.
Ujedno su prikazani razvojni prioriteti pojedinog grada te su oni stavljeni u kontekst trošenja
proračunskih sredstava. Ravnomjeran razvoj Republike Hrvatske osigurava rangiranje i
praćenje indeksa razvijenosti JLP(R)S-a, a u radu su analizirani indeksi razvijenost odabranih
gradova u 2018. i 2024. godini, te se ostvareni napredak povezuje se s analizom trošenja
proračunskih sredstava.A city's budget, as a crucial legal and strategic document, has a direct impact on the quality of
life of the city's residents and its surroundings, as well as on its economic, cultural, and
demographic development. It is prepared with regard to the developmental priorities
emphasized in the city's strategic documents. Adequate management of funds greatly facilitates
the achievement of strategic goals and contributes to the development of the broader local
community, and consequently the growth of the city itself. This thesis presents, compares, and
analyzes the budgets of the cities of Koprivnica, Pula, and Varaždin over a six-year period,
spanning from 2018 to 2023. Additionally, the developmental priorities of each city are outlined
and contextualized within the framework of budgetary expenditures. Balanced regional
development in the Republic of Croatia is ensured through the ranking and monitoring of the
development indices of local and regional self-government units. This study analyzes the
development indices of the selected cities for the years 2018 and 2024, linking the observed
progress in terms of development with the analysis of budgetary spending
The impact of biological therapy on the quality of life in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa and vulgar psoriasis
No full textCiljevi istraživanja: Ispitati povezanost biološke terapije s kvalitetom života oboljelih od
srednje teškog i teškog oblika vulgarne psorijaze i gnojnog hidradenitisa.
Nacrt studije: Retrospektivna opservacijska studija.
Ispitanici i metode: Istraživanje je uključivalo 88 bolesnika oboljelih od gnojnog hidradenitisa
i vulgarne psorijaze na biološkoj terapiji adalimumabom ili sekukinumabom.
Rezultati: Uočilo se značajno poboljšanje kliničke slike i kvalitete života već nakon tri mjeseca
biološke terapije u obje skupine bolesnika, iako je veće poboljšanje kvalitete života imala
skupina oboljelih od vulgarne psorijaze. U obje skupine bolesnika značajno je bila bolja
kvaliteta života kod bolesnika na sekukinumabu u odnosu na one na terapiji adalimumabom.
Nije bilo značajnih razlika u odnosu na dob ili spol kod liječenja vulgarne psorijaze i gnojnog
hidradenitisa. Kod bolesnika s hidradenitisom nakon 12 mjeseci biološke terapije značajno je
bolja kvaliteta života ispitanika kojima je HS lokaliziran glutealno u odnosu na genitalno, bez
obzira na to koju biološku terapiju dobivali.
Zaključak: Kod obje grupe pacijenata značajno je poboljšana kvaliteta života uz liječenje
biološkim lijekovima. Pacijenti oboljeli od vulgarne psorijaze imali su veće poboljšanje
kvalitete života od pacijenata oboljelih od hidradenitisa, neovisno o biološkoj terapiji. Kod
bolesnika u obje grupe sekukinumab je pokazao bolje rezultate u poboljšanju kvalitete života.
Nije bilo značajnijih razlika u odgovoru na terapiju s obzirom na dob ili spol. Kod pacijenata s
hidradenitisom veće poboljšanje kvalitete života imali su pacijenti kojima je bolest lokalizirana
glutealno u odnosu na one kojima je lokalizirana genitalno.Objectives: To examine the association between biological therapy and quality of life in patients
with moderate to severe forms of vulgar psoriasis and hidradenitis suppurativa.
Study Design: Retrospective observational study.
Participants and Methods: The study included 88 patients diagnosed with hidradenitis
suppurativa or vulgar psoriasis who were receiving biological therapy with either adalimumab
or secukinumab.
Results: A significant improvement in both clinical presentation and quality of life was
observed after three months of biological therapy in both patient groups. However, patients
with vulgar psoriasis experienced a greater improvement in quality of life. In both groups,
patients treated with secukinumab reported significantly better quality of life compared to those
treated with adalimumab. No significant differences in treatment response were found based on
age or sex. Among patients with hidradenitis suppurativa, those with gluteal localization of the
disease had significantly better quality of life outcomes after 12 months of therapy compared
to those with genital localization, regardless of the biological therapy administered.
Conclusion: Biological therapy significantly improved quality of life in both patient groups.
Patients with vulgar psoriasis experienced greater quality of life improvements than those with
hidradenitis suppurativa, regardless of the biological agent used. Secukinumab was associated
with better quality of life outcomes in both groups. Age and sex did not significantly influence
treatment response. Among patients with hidradenitis suppurativa, gluteal localization of the
disease was associated with greater quality of life improvement compared to genital
localization
The incidence of pancreatic cancer in coastal and continental Croatia in the period from 2011. to 2021.
No full textCILJ ISTRAŽIVANJA: Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati učestalost karcinoma gušterače u
primorskoj i kontinentalnoj Hrvatskoj u razdoblju od 2011. do 2021. godine, te usporediti
pojavnost bolesti između tih regija.
USTROJ STUDIJE: Provedeno je retrospektivno presječno istraživanje temeljem službenih
podataka iz Registra za rak Republike Hrvatske. Korekcija stopa incidencije izvršena je prema
popisima stanovništva iz 2011. i 2021. godine.
ISPITANICI I METODE: U istraživanje su uključeni svi novooboljeli od karcinoma
gušterače (MKB-10 šifra C25) u promatranom razdoblju. Analizirani su podatci prema spolu i
regiji prebivališta. Statistička analiza uključivala je prikaz apsolutnih i relativnih frekvencija,
Hi-kvadrat test, Cochran–Armitage test trenda te linearnu regresiju.
REZULTATI: Ukupno su zabilježena 2374 slučaja karcinoma gušterače, od čega 55,2 % u
primorskoj Hrvatskoj, a 44,8 % u kontinentalnoj Hrvatskoj. Statistički značajan porast
učestalosti obolijevanja potvrđen je u primorskoj Hrvatskoj (P < 0,001), dok u kontinentalnoj
Hrvatskoj nije utvrđen značajan trend (P = 0,46). Stope incidencije porasle su u obje regije,
izraženije u primorskoj Hrvatskoj. Trend porasta obolijevanja bio je izraženiji kod žena.
ZAKLJUČAK: Rezultati ukazuju na potrebu za nastavkom epidemiološkog praćenja
karcinoma gušterače, s posebnim naglaskom na preventivne mjere i rano otkrivanje bolesti,
osobito u primorskoj Hrvatskoj i među ženskom populacijom.OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the incidence of pancreatic cancer in
coastal and continental Croatia from 2011 to 2021 and to compare the occurrence of the disease
between these regions.
STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted based on official data
from the Croatian National Cancer Registry. Incidence rate adjustments were made using
population census data from 2011 and 2021.
PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: The study included all newly diagnosed cases of
pancreatic cancer (ICD-10 code C25) during the observed period. Data were analyzed
according to sex and region of residence. Statistical analysis included absolute and relative
frequencies, the Chi-square test, Cochran–Armitage trend test, and linear regression.
RESULTS: A total of 2,374 cases of pancreatic cancer were recorded, of which 55.2% occurred
in coastal Croatia and 44.8% in continental Croatia. A statistically significant increase in
incidence was confirmed in coastal Croatia (P < 0.001), while no significant trend was observed
in continental Croatia (P = 0.46). Incidence rates increased in both regions, more markedly in
coastal Croatia. The trend of increasing incidence was more pronounced among women.
CONCLUSION: The results highlight the need for continued epidemiological monitoring of
pancreatic cancer, with a particular emphasis on preventive measures and early detection,
especially in coastal Croatia and among the female population
Empathy level among nursing students at the Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek
No full textCilj istraživanja: Ispitati razinu empatije studenata sestrinstva na I. i III. godini sveučilišnog prijediplomskog i II. godini sveučilišnog diplomskog studija te ispitati razlike u razini empatije u odnosu prema godini studija i općim obilježjima ispitanika.
Nacrt studije: Provedeno je presječno istraživanje.
Ispitanici i metode: U istraživanju je sudjelovao 201 ispitanik/ica I. i III. godine sveučilišnog prijediplomskog i II. godine diplomskog studija Sestrinstvo. Upotrebljen je anonimni anketni upitnik s validiranim upitnikom Ljestvice empatije po Jeffersonu – inačica za studente zdravstvene struke (JSE-HPS) i općim pitanjima.
Rezultati: Medijan ukupnog rezultata iznosio je 109 (IQR 95 – 118). Žene su ostvarile višu razinu ukupne empatije u odnosu na muškarce (P = 0,003), posebno u dimenzijama zauzimanja perspektive (P = 0,004) i suosjećajne brige (P = 0,01). Studenti u dobi od 21 do 25 godina ostvarili su višu razinu empatije u odnosu na starije dobne skupine (P < 0,05). Studenti II. godine diplomskog studija ostvarili su nižu razinu empatije u odnosu na studente I. i III. godine prijediplomskog studija. Nezaposleni studenti ostvarili su višu razinu empatije (P < 0,001). Studenti s manje od jedne godine radnog staža ostvarili su višu razinu empatije u odnosu na one s duljim stažem (P = 0,01).
Zaključak: Studenti sestrinstva iskazali su srednje do visoku razinu empatije, no preporučuje se kontinuirano održavanje, razvijanje i osnaživanje empatijskih vještina kroz teorijsku i praktičnu edukaciju tijekom svih godina studija s ciljem osposobljavanja studenata za pružanje kvalitetne i holističke zdravstvene njege.Objectives: To examine the level of empathy of nursing students in the 1st and 3rd years of undergraduate and 2nd year of graduate studies and to examine differences in the level of empathy in relation to the year of study and general characteristics of the participants.
Study Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted.
Participants and methods: The research involved 201 participants in the 1st and 3rd years of undergraduate studies and 2nd year of graduate studies in Nursing. An anonymous survey questionnaire was used with the validated Jefferson Scale of Empathy– Health Professions Student version and general questions.
Results: The median total score was 109 (IQR 95–118). Women achieved a higher level of overall empathy compared to men (P = 0.003), especially in the dimensions of perspective taking (P = 0.004) and compassionate care (P = 0.01). Students aged 21–25 achieved a higher level of empathy compared to older age groups (P < 0.05). Students in the second year of graduate studies achieved a lower level of empathy compared to students in the first and third years of undergraduate studies. Unemployed students achieved a higher level of empathy (P < 0.001). Students with less than one year of work experience achieved a higher level of empathy compared to those with longer experience (P = 0.01).
Conclusion: Nursing students demonstrated a medium to high level of empathy; however, it is recommended to continuously maintain, develop, and strengthen empathy skills through theoretical and practical education throughout all years of study, with the aim of training students to provide quality and holistic health care
The prevalence of trypanophobia and its impact on people's quality of life
No full textCilj istraživanja: Ispitati prevalenciju tripanofobije prema dobi, radnom iskustvu i toleranciji
boli.
Nacrt studije: Presječna studija.
Ispitanici i metode: Obuhvaćeno je 126 ispitanika u odrasloj općoj populaciji bez obzira na
spol i socioekonomski status na području Republike Hrvatske. Istraživanje je provedeno u
ožujku 2025. godine. Korišten je kombinirani anonimni anketni upitnik.
Rezultati: Sveukupno je sudjelovalo 126 ispitanika od kojih 31 (24,60 %) ima tripanofobiju.
Najveći je udio tripanofobije u dobi između 26 i 35 godina (33,33 %), a najmanji u dobi između
56 i 75 godina (20 %). Tripanofobija je prisutna kod zdravstvenih radnika – 19,35 % (n = 6) te
nema značajne povezanosti između radnog statusa i tripanofobije. U ovom je istraživanju
mjerena i bol na skali od 1 do 10 te distribucija podataka pokazuje da osobe s već spomenutim
strahom imaju manju toleranciju boli. S obzirom na uzrok pojave ove fobije postoji značajna
povezanost između prisutnosti straha od igala kod članova obitelji i tripanofobije. Najveći
doprinos strahu izazivaju intervencije postavljanja intravenske kanile, dobivanje infuzije u
venu, dobivanje anestezije kod zubara te bušenje uha, dok najmanji doprinos strahu ima
cijepljenje. Primijećen je mali broj ispitanika (16,13 %) s prisutnom fobijom koji bi izbjegli
određeni medicinski postupak zbog kontakta s iglom te su darivanje krvi i vađenje krvi iz vene
najčešći medicinski postupci koje bi izbjegli. Postoji značajna povezanost kod svih simptoma
tripanofobije, osim mogućnosti hodanja i bolova u mišićima, koji je jednako prisutan kod
ispitanika s tripanofobijom i bez nje. Zdravstveni radnici smatraju manje/tanje igle najboljom
strategijom za ublažavanje straha, dok ostali ispitanici više zagovaraju neinvazivne metode.
Zaključak: Tripanofobija je prisutnija kod mlađih osoba, nezdravstvenih radnika te onih s
nižom tolerancijom boli, čija obitelj ima prisutan strah od igala. Strah i tjeskoba izraženiji su
kod bolnijih intervencija s iglom, a upotrebom manjih/tanjih igala te neinvazivnih metoda
nastoji se spriječiti izbjegavanje medicinskih postupaka.Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of trypanophobia regarding age, work experience
and pain tolerance.
Study design: Cross-sectional study.
Subjects and methods: 126 respondents from the adult general population in the Republic of
Croatia, regardless of their gender and socioeconomic status, were included in the study. The
research was conducted in March 2025. A combined anonymous survey questionnaire was used.
Results: 126 respondents were included in the research, 31 (24.60%) of whom suffer from
trypanophobia. The highest proportion of trypanophobia is between the ages of 26 and 35
(33.33%), and the lowest is between the ages of 56 and 75 (20%). Trypanophobia is present in
health workers – 19.35% (n = 6) and there is no significant correlation between employment
status and trypanophobia. In this research, pain was also measured on a scale from 1 to 10, and
the data distribution shows that people with the already mentioned fear have a lower pain
tolerance. Regarding the cause of this phobia, there is a significant correlation between the
presence of a fear of needles in family members and trypanophobia. The interventions that
contribute to fear the most are placing an intravenous cannula, receiving a vein infusion,
receiving anesthesia at the dentist, and ear piercing, while vaccinations contribute to fear the
least. A small number of respondents (16.13%) with a present phobia would avoid a certain
medical procedure due to contact with a needle, and blood donation and vein blood extraction
are the most common medical procedures they would avoid. There is a significant correlation
between all symptoms of trypanophobia, except for the ability to walk and muscle pain, which
is equally present in respondents with and without trypanophobia. Healthcare professionals
consider smaller/finer needles to be the best strategy for alleviating fear, while other
respondents are more in favor of non-invasive methods.
Conclusion: Trypanophobia is more prevalent in younger people, non-healthcare workers, and
those with lower pain tolerance, whose family has a history of fear of needles. Fear and anxiety
are more pronounced in more painful needle interventions, and the use of smaller/thinner
needles and non-invasive methods aims to prevent avoidance of medical procedures