Repository of Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek
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PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE L.) SEEDLINGS TO SHORT-TERM SALT STRESS
No full textZaslanjivanje tla predstavlja abiotički stres koji uvelike ograničava poljoprivrednu proizvodnju. Cilj ovoga
rada bio je istražiti utjecaj solnog stresa na klijance ječma (Hordeum vulgare L.) te utvrditi koji se pokazatelji
solnog stresa primarno aktiviraju kao mehanizmi tolerancije u ranoj fazi razvoja klijanaca. Sedam dana stare
biljke uzgajane u kontroliranim uvjetima uzgojne komore izložene su različitim koncentracijama natrijevog
klorida (50, 100, 200, 400 mM). Utjecaj solnog stresa praćen je nakon 3, 6, 12 i 24 sata. Fiziološka i
biokemijska mjerenja izvršena su na prvim potpuno razvijenim listovima i korijenju klijanaca ječma. Porastom
razine stresa povećao se sadržaj prolina i relativni sadržaj vode (RWC), ukazujući na važnost osmotske
prilagodbe klijanaca te njihove otpornosti na moguću dehidraciju uslijed osmotskog stresa. Smanjenje razine
malondialdehida ukazalo je na smanjenje oksidacijskog oštećenja staničnih lipida što je odlika stres tolerantnih
biljaka, no osjetljivost na oštećenje u uvjetima solnog stresa ipak se povećava na što je ukazalo smanjenje
koncentracije fotosintetskih pigmenata: klorofila a, klorofila b i karotenoida. Parametri fluorescencije klorofila
a (L- i K-stupanj; indeks vitalnosti - PIABS) potvrdili su izrazito dobru funkcionalnost fotosintetskog aparata u
klijanacima ječma u uvjetima kratkotrajnog solnog stresa. Rezultati istraživanja mogu pridonijeti
razumijevanju mehanizama osmotske komponente solnog stresa i razvoju alata za poboljšanje tolerancije
komercijalno značajnih žitarica u svrhu održanja stabilnog prinosa.Soil salinization is an abiotic stress factor seriously limiting agricultural production. This study aimed to
investigate the impact of salt stress on barley seedlings (Hordeum vulgare L.) and to determine which salt
stress indicators are primarily activated as tolerance mechanisms in the early stages of seedling development.
Seven-day-old plants, grown under controlled conditions of the growth chamber, were exposed to different
sodium chloride concentrations (50, 100, 200, 400 mM). The effect of salt stress was monitored after 3, 6, 12,
and 24 hours. Physiological and biochemical measurements were performed on the first fully developed leaves
and roots of barley seedlings. As stress levels increased, proline content and relative water content (RWC) also
increased, indicating the importance of osmotic adaptation of seedlings and their resistance to possible
dehydration due to osmotic stress. Decreased malondialdehyde levels showed a decrease in oxidative damage
of cellular lipids, which is a feature of stress-tolerant plants. Sensitivity to damage in salt stress conditions still
exists as indicated by decreased levels of photosynthetic pigments: chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and
carotenoids. Chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters (L- and K-band; vitality index - PIABS) confirmed very
good functionality of the photosynthetic apparatus of barley seedlings after short-term salt stress induction.
This research could contribute to understanding the mechanisms of the osmotic component of salt stress. The
results could also be useful for developing tools to improve the tolerance of commercially important cereals to
maintain yield stability under increased salinity
The Quality of Bread Produced with a Mixture of Wheat Flour and Quercus rotundifolia Oak Acorn Flour
No full textZadatak ovog rada bio je ispitati utjecaj dodatka različitih omjera pšeničnog brašna i brašna žira hrasta Quercus rotundifolia (100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60) na kvalitetu kruha. Provedena su probna laboratorijska pečenja i ispitivanje kvalitativnih svojstava kruha. Određen je specifični volumen i omjer visine i širine kruha, ispitan je teksturalni profil kruha te određena boja u CIELab. Provedena je i senzorska ocjena proizvedenih uzoraka kruha. Rezultati su pokazali da povećanjem udjela brašna žira raste čvrstoća kruha, dok specifični volumen, elastičnost i kohezivnost opadaju. Kruh sa 60 % brašna žira pokazao je najveću čvrstoću te najmanju elastičnost i specifični volumen. Dodavanje brašna žira uzrokovalo je tamniju boju sredine kruha, s povećanjem crvenih i žutih tonova. Senzorska prihvatljivost kruha s većim udjelom brašna žira (60 %) bila je značajno smanjena te se na temelju dobivenih rezultata može preporučiti njegova upotreba u količinama do 40 % kako bi se unaprijedila nutritivna vrijednost i funkcionalna svojstva kruha.The aim of this study was to examine the impact of adding different ratios of wheat flour and acorn flour from Quercus rotundifolia (100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60) on bread quality. Laboratory test baking and evaluation of bread quality properties were conducted. The specific volume and height-to-width ratio of the bread were determined, the textural profile of the bread was examined, and the color in CIELab was measured. A sensory evaluation of the produced bread samples was also carried out. The results showed that increasing the proportion of acorn flour increased the firmness of the bread, while the specific volume, elasticity, and cohesiveness decreased. Bread with 60% acorn flour exhibited the highest firmness and the lowest elasticity and specific volume. Adding acorn flour caused a darker color in the bread crumb, with increased red and yellow tones. The sensory acceptability of bread with a higher proportion of acorn flour (60%) was significantly reduced. Based on the obtained results, it is recommended to use acorn flour in amounts up to 40% to enhance the nutritional value and functional properties of the bread
Implementation of a parser with the aim of improving IP reuse
No full textCilj ovog diplomskog rada je nadogradnja Infineonovog alata IP repozitorij.
Nadogradnja omogućuje prikaz IP blokova trećih strana koji su ponuđeni Infineonu i koji još nisu
kupljeni. Kroz diplomski rad prikazana je implementacija nadogradnje u backendu i frontendu aplikacije.
Nadogradnja backenda napravljena je korištenjem programskog jezika Python i okvira FastAPI, dok je
nadogradnja frontenda napravljena korištenjem programskog jezika Javascript i okvira Vue.js. Za
spremanje i dohvaćanje podataka korištena je MySQL baza podataka. Također, korišteni su objektnorelacijski
označivač i Alembic. Objektno-relacijski označivač omogućuje definicije i modifikacije tablica u
bazi podataka. Alembic omogućuje stvaranje, upravljanje i pozivanje skripti za upravljanje promjenama u
bazi podataka. Osim implementacije, kroz diplomski rad istaknuta je važnost pisanja detaljnih zahtjeva
za nadogradnju sustava i temeljitog planiranja testiranja. Kao jedan od posljednjih koraka, provedeno je
temeljito testiranje nadogradnje sustava uz prateću testnu dokumentaciju. Naposlijetku, nadogradnja
sustava implementirana je na staging i produkcijskim okruženjima na Infineon Cloud platformi.The goal of this master thesis is to develop an upgrade of Infineon's tool IP repository. The
upgrade provides displaying third-party IP blocks that are offered to Infineon and that are not yet
bought. Implementation of the upgrade in backend and frontend of application is displayed through the
master thesis. The upgrade of backend is developed using programming language Python and
framework FastAPI, while the upgrade of frontend is developed using programming language Javascript
and framework Vue.js. MySQL database is used for saving and fetching the data. Also, object-relational
mapper and Alembic are used. Object-relational mapper provides definition and modification of the
tables in the database. Alembic provides creation, management and usage of the scripts for change
management in the database. Except from the implementation, through the master thesis is highlighted
the importance of writing detailed requirements on the system upgrade and thorough test planning. As
one of the last steps, thorough testing is conducted along with the corresponding test documentation.
Lastly, the system upgrade is implemented on staging and production environments on Infineon Cloud
platform
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL RESPONSES OF COMMON DUCKWEED (LEMNA MINOR L.) EXPOSED TO SODIUM CHLORIDE AND 6-BENZYLAMINOPURINE
No full textOsmotski stres izazvan povišenim salinitetom predstavlja ozbiljan problem u svim prirodnim ekosustavima.
Zbog osjetljivosti na toksične supstance, brzog rasta i lakog uzgoja, Lemna minor L., mala plutajuća
makrofitska vrsta, prikladan je model za proučavanje utjecaja različitih stresnih čimbenika. Cilj ovog rada bio
je ispitati fiziološki i biokemijski odgovor male vodene leće tijekom desetodnevnog izlaganja natrijevom
kloridu (50, 100 i 150 mM NaCl) i 6-benzilaminopurinu (10-3 mM 6-BAP). Povišeni salinitet inhibira prirast
broja biljaka i prirast mase biljaka, dok 6-BAP djeluje stimulativno na veličinu frondova i prirast mase.
Nepromijenjeni sadržaj malondialdehida i prolina ukazuje na izostanak stresnog efekta ispitivanih tretmana.
Unatoč smanjenju koncentracije klorofila a i b i karotenoida pri višim koncentracijama soli, omjeri Chl a/b i
Chl a+b/Car ukazuju na izostanak oksidacijskog oštećenja. Fluorescencija klorofila a je pokazala da u
uvjetima solnog stresa L. minor zadržava i poboljšava aktivnost i funkcionalnost fotosintetskog aparata
povećavajući stabilnost OEC i elektronskog transporta sa PSII na PSI. Egzogeno dodani sintetski citokinin,
6-BAP, uzrokovao je smanjenje energetske povezanosti i stabilnosti OEC što dugoročno može uzrokovati
disfunkcionalnost fotosustava II. Povećanjem koncentracije soli u kombinacijama s hormonom umanjen je
negativan utjecaj hormona na fotosintetski aparat. Rezultati ovog istraživanja pokazali su da mala vodena
leća ima razvijeni mehanizam tolerancije povišenog saliniteta, što ju čini dobrom potencijalnom sirovinom za
proizvodnju biogoriva u umjereno zaslanjenim ekosustavima.Osmotic stress caused by increased salinity is a severe problem in natural ecosystems. Due to its sensitivity
to toxic substances, rapid growth, and easy cultivation, Lemna minor L., a small floating macrophyte, is a
model species for researching the influence of various stressors. This study aimed to investigate the common
duckweed's physiological and biochemical response during ten-day-long exposure to sodium chloride (50,
100, 150 mM NaCl) and 6-benzylaminopurine (10-3 mM 6-BAP). Increased salinity inhibited plant growth
rate and size, while 6-BAP had a stimulating effect on growth rate and frond size. Unchanged
malondialdehyde and proline content indicated the absence of the stress effect. Despite the decrease in
chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids at higher salt concentrations, Chl a/b and Chl a+b/Car ratios indicated
the lack of oxidative damage. The chlorophyll a fluorescence has shown that under salt stress conditions, L.
minor retains and improves the photosynthetic apparatus's activity and functionality by increasing the
stability of OEC and electronic transport from PSII to PSI. Added synthetic cytokinin, 6-BAP, caused a
decrease in the energy connectivity and stability of the OEC, which may, in the long run, cause dysfunction
of PS II. Increasing the salt concentration in combination with the hormone reduces the hormone's negative
impact on the photosynthetic apparatus. This study indicated that L. minor has an efficient salt-stress
tolerance mechanism, making it an excellent plant for biofuel production in moderately saline ecosystems
Photosynthesis in carnivorous plants
No full textFotosinteza kod mesojednih biljaka tema je koja se još uvijek istražuje.
Maksimalna stopa fotosinteze kod mesojednih biljaka je dvostruko niža u odnosu na stopu fotosinteze
kod nemesojedne biljke što može biti posljedica visoke specijalizacije tkiva zamki. Hvatanje plijena
ima utjecaj na neto stopu fotosinteze, meĎutim samo u onim dijelovima biljaka koje su i bez hranjenja
učinkovitije u procesu fotosinteze. Osim toga, hvatanje plijena ima značajan utjecaj na rast i
reprodukciju mesojednih biljaka, a taj utjecaj se ostvaruje indirektno preko povećanja intenziteta
fotosinteze.Photosynthesis in carnivorous plants is a topic that is still being explored. The highest net
photosynthetic rate in carnivorous plants is twice lower than photosynthetic rate in non-carnivorous plants which
may be due to a high specialization of trap tissues in carnivorous plants. Feeding increases net photosynthetic rate
but only of those tissues that are already photosynthetically very efficient. Additionally, feeding has significant
effect on growth and reproduction, and that effect is accomplished indirectly through increased rate of
photosynthesis
THE EFFECT OF SELENIUM ON THE GLYOXALASE SYSTEM IN WHEAT (Triticum aestivum)
No full textSelen (Se) je nutrijent s dvojakom prirodom djelovanja na biljke: pri niskim koncentracijama ponaša se
kao antioksidans, pospješuje njihovu prilagodbu i otpornost na abiotički stres, dok pri prekomjernim
kocentracijama djeluje kao prooksidans. Glioksalazni sustav jedan je od mehanizama zaduženih za
detoksifikaciju reaktivnih kisikovih vrsta i karbonilnih spojeva čiji je nastanak induciran između ostalog
i visokim koncentracijama Se. S ciljem istraživanja aktivnosti glioksalaze I (GLO1) u odgovoru na
oksidativni stres, sjeme pšenice (Triticum aestivum) tretirano je s pet različitih koncentracija dvaju
oblika Se (otopine selenita i selenata). U izdancima pšenice došlo je do porasta aktivnosti enzima GLO1
samo pri najvišim koncentracijama selenita i selenata (50 µM), dok je u korijenu jedino najviša
koncentracija selenita izazvala povišenu aktivnost GLO1 enzima. Utjecaj Se na aktivnost GLO1 ovisi o
primijenjenoj koncentraciji, kemijskom obliku Se te vrsti biljnog organa koji je tretiran.Selenium (Se) is a nutrient with dual effect on plants: at low concentrations it acts as an antioxidant,
enhances their acclimation i resistance to abiotic stress, while at excessive concetrantions it acts as
prooxidant. Glyoxalase system is one of the available mechanisms responsible for detoxification of
reactive oxygen species and carbonyl compounds whose production canbe induced with high Se
concentrations. In order to investigate glyoxalase 1 (GLO1) activity in response to oxidative stress, seeds
of wheat (Triticum aestivum) were treated with five different concentrations of two different forms of
Se (selenite and selenate). In wheat shoots, the activity of GLO1 enzyme increased only at the highest
concentrations of selenite and selenate (50 µM), while in the roots only the highest concentration of
selenite caused increased activity of GLO1 enzyme. The effect of Se on GLO1 activity depends on the
concentration applied, the chemical form of Se and the type of plant organ being treated
Valorization of the newly founded European snake-eyed skink population (Ablepharus kitaibelii) on Stinice
No full textIvanjski rovaš (Ablepharus kitaibelii) je najmanji gušter u Hrvatskoj te jedan od najmanjih
guštera Europe. Njegova ukupna dužina tijela doseže najviše 13 cm dok im je težina između
0,7 i 1,5 grama. U Hrvatskoj je ivanjski rovaš ograničen na vrlo malo područje u Parku prirode
Papuk te na nekoliko lokaliteta u gradu Iloku i bližoj okolici. Na Papuku je vrsta ograničena na
područje toplih južnih padina vrhova Turjak-Mališćak-Pliš, iznad Velike. U 2019. godini vrsta
je zabilježena na novom lokalitetu, na Stinicama. Cilj ovog rada je dokazati prisutnost ivanjskog
rovaša na Stinicama te utvrditi opstojnost i relativnu gustoću ove populacije. Jednostavnom
metodom lova rukom, vaganjem i mjerenjem prikupljene su morfometrijske mjere, a
pretraživanjem linearnih transekata prikupljeni su podaci pomoću kojih je određena relativna
gustoća populacije. Podaci su uspoređeni s prethodnim istraživanjima ivanjskog rovaša na
Turjaku, do sada najistraženijem nalazištu ivanjskog rovaša na Papuku. Populacija na Stinicama
je manje gustoće od populacije na Turjaku te jedinke imaju veće dimenzije glave i udaljenost
između vrha njuške i prednjih udova.European snake-eyed skink (Ablepharus kitaibelii) is the smallest lizard in Croatia, and one of
the smallest lizards in Europe. Its total body length reaches a maximum of 13 cm while their
weight is between 0.7 and 1.5 grams. In Croatia, snake-eyed skink is limited to a very small
area in the Papuk Nature Park, and several localities in the town of Ilok and the surrounding
area. On Papuk, the species is limited to an area of the warm southern slopes of the TurjakMališćak-Pliš peaks, above Velika. In the year 2019, the species was documented on a new
location, on Stinice. The aim of this study is to confirm the presence of European snake-eyed
skink on Stinice, and to determine sustainability and relative density of this population. All
individuals were caught by hand, and their weight and morphometric measures were taken.
Relative population density was estimated based on linear transects data. Obtained data was
compared with the previous research of European snake-eyed skink on Turjak, the most
researched site of European snake-eyed skink on Papuk so far. The population on Stinice has
lower density than the population on Turjak and individuals have larger head dimensions, and
distance between the tip of the snout and the front limbs
Alternative toxicology tests on chicken embryos
No full textPostoje brojna toksikološka istraživanja koja se provode na životinjama in vivo. Zbog etičkih i drugih
problema razvijaju se alternativni toksikološki testovai kao npr. in ovo na ptičjim jajima koji bi uklonili ove
dileme. Razvojem kulture pilećih embrija izvan ljuske moguće je osuvremenjivanje in ovo istraživanja
zahvaljujući direktnom promatranju promjena koje se događaju tijekom embrionalnog razvoja ptica.
U ovom radu se istraživala metoda simulacije ljuske jajeta kao osnove za provođenje toksikoloških testova na
embrijima jajeta. Pri tome su se istraživale promjene uvjeta pri provođenju eksperimenta na duljinu
preživljavanja embrija, kao što je npr. postotak vlage u zraku.There are numerous toxicological studies performed on animals in vivo. Due to ethical and other problems
alternative toxicological tests are being developed, such as in ovo on bird eggs which would eliminate these
dilemmas. With the development of a chick embryo culture outside the shell, it is possible to modernize in
ovo research by direct observation of the changes that occur during the embryonic development of birds.
In this thesis, the method of egg shell simulation as a basis for conducting toxicological tests on egg embryos
was investigated. In doing so, changes in conditions during the experiment on the length of embryo survival,
such as the percentage of humidity in the air were researched
THE EFFECT OF CADMIUM ON PHOTOSYNTHETIC EFFICIENCY OF GREAT DUCKWEED (Spirodela polyrhiza L. SCHLEIDEN)
No full textUčinak kadmija na proces fotosinteze istraživan je utvrđivanjem vremenskog tijeka djelovanja različitih
koncentracija kadmija na generacijski različito stare i razvijene biljke velike barske leće (S. polyrhiza L.
Schleiden). Kadmij je uzrokovao narušavanje strukture tilakoida i senescenciju starijih frondova te povećanje
i nepravilan oblik škrobnih zrnaca kod mlađih frondova, već pri najmanjim koncentracijama. Hormetički
učinak nižih koncentracija Cd na respiraciju i fotosintezu posljedica je raspodjele raspoložive energije
aktiviranjem mehanizama koji sudjeluju u ublažavanju negativnih učinaka Cd, a zajedno s preusmjeravanjem
supstrata prema skladištenju rezultira smanjenim rastom. Kao najinformativniji parametar učinkovitosti
fotosustava pokazao se indeks ukupne fotosintetske učinkovitosti (PITOT) ukazujući da Cd utječe na gubitak
sposobnosti očuvanja energije kod starijih i mlađih biljaka. Detaljniji uvid u utjecaj Cd na prijenos elektrona
pružile su vrijednosti parametara JIP-testa povezanih s ukupnom funkcijom PSII (VK i ΦP0), akceptorskom
stranom PSII (VJ, ΨE0 i ΦE0) i ukupnim funkcijama PSI (VI, ΨR0 i ΦR0) pri čemu je utvrđeno da je akceptorska
strana PSI pod većim utjecajem kadmija u usporedbi s PSII. Potencijal mlađih frondova da održe fotokemijske
događaje pri višim koncentracijama kadmija za razliku od starijih majčinskih frondova, uključujući aktivnost
kisik razvijajućeg kompleksa i procesa transporta elektrona, omogućava mladim biljkama učinkovitije
suočavanje sa stresom izazvanim kadmijem. Rezultati ovog istraživanja mogu doprinijeti preciznijem i
reprezentativnijem određivanju toksikološkog profila kadmija i karakteriziranju odgovora biljaka na stresne
uvjete.An insight into cadmium's effect on the process of photosynthesis was obtained by determining the time course
of cadmium effect on different generations of the great duckweed (S. polyrhiza L. Schleiden). Cadmium has
caused disturbances of the thylakoid structure and senescence of older fronds. It caused structural irregularity
and an increase in starch grain size in younger fronds, even at the lowest concentrations. The hormetic effect
of lower Cd concentrations on respiration and photosynthesis rate was due to the distribution of available
energy by activating mechanisms involved in mitigating Cd's adverse effects. The diversion of substrates to
storage and an increase in respiration rate resulted in a reduced growth rate. The index of total photosynthetic
efficiency (PITOT) proved to be the most informative photosynthetic efficiency parameter, indicating that Cd
affects effective energy conservation in older and younger plants. A more detailed insight into the influence of
Cd on electron transfer was provided by the values of JIP test parameters related to the overall PSII function
(VK and ΦP0), the PSII acceptor side (VJ, ΨE0 and ΦE0), and the overall operation of PSI (VI, ΨR0 and ΦR0),
with PSI, showed to be more influenced by Cd. Younger frond's potential to sustain photochemical events,
including the activity of oxygen-evolving complex and electron transport processes, at higher cadmium
concentrations than at older maternal fronds enabled young plants to cope more effectively with cadmiuminduced stress. This study's results may contribute to a more precise and representative determination of
cadmium's toxicological profile and the characterization of plant responses to stress conditions
The Optimization of Gluten-Free Bread Production from a Mixture of Rice Flour and Quercus rotundifolia Oak Acorn Flour
No full textZadatak ovog diplomskog rada bio je ispitati utjecaj različitih omjera rižinog brašna i brašna žira hrasta Quercus rotundifolia (100:0, 50:50, 0:100), kao i utjecaja dodatka različitih količina vode (90, 100 i 110 %) pri zamjesu tijesta na kvalitetu kruha bez glutena. Izvršena su eksperimentalna pečenja i analiza kvalitativnih karakteristika kruha. Mjeren je specifični volumen i omjer visine i širine kruha, analiziran je teksturalni profil te je određena boja prema CIELab sustavu. Također, provedena je senzorska ocjena proizvedenih uzoraka kruha. Rezultati su pokazali da se povećanjem udjela brašna žira smanjuju specifični volumen i kohezivnost kruha, dok se čvrstoća povećava. Veće količine brašna žira u recepturi zahtijevale su i veću količinu dodane vode u zamjes. Također, brašno žira je značajno utjecala na tamnjenje kore i sredine kruha. Unatoč promjenama u teksturi i volumenu kruh s brašnom žira nije imao značajno lošije senzorske ocjene od kruha bez glutena s rižinim brašnom. Na temelju dobivenih rezultata može se zaključiti da se brašno žira hrasta Quercus rotundifolia može uspješno koristiti u visokim udjelima za proizvodnju kruha bez glutena, ali su potrebna daljnja istraživanja za optimizaciju recepture i procesa.The objective of this thesis was to examine the impact of different ratios of rice flour and acorn flour from Quercus rotundifolia (100:0, 50:50, 0:100), as well as the effect of adding varying amounts of water (90, 100, and 110%) during dough mixing on the quality of gluten-free bread. Test baking and analysis of the qualitative characteristics of the bread were conducted. Specific volume and height-to-width ratio of the bread were measured, the textural profile was analyzed, and color was determined according to the CIELab system. Additionally, a sensory evaluation of the produced bread samples was carried out. The results showed that increasing the proportion of acorn flour reduced the specific volume and cohesiveness of the bread, while the firmness increased. Larger amounts of acorn flour in the recipe required a greater amount of added water in the dough. Acorn flour also significantly affected the darkening of the crust and crumb of the bread. Despite changes in texture and volume, bread with acorn flour did not receive significantly lower sensory scores compared to gluten-free bread with rice flour. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that acorn flour from Quercus rotundifolia can be successfully used in high proportions for the production of gluten-free bread, but further research is needed to optimize the recipe and process