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Bayesian Estimation of Small Effects in Exercise and Sports Science
Get PDFThis is an open
access article distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any
medium, provided the original author and source are
credited.The aim of this paper is to provide a Bayesian formulation of the so-called magnitudebased
inference approach to quantifying and interpreting effects, and in a case study
example provide accurate probabilistic statements that correspond to the intended magnitude-
based inferences. The model is described in the context of a published small-scale
athlete study which employed a magnitude-based inference approach to compare the
effect of two altitude training regimens (live high-train low (LHTL), and intermittent hypoxic
exposure (IHE)) on running performance and blood measurements of elite triathletes. The
posterior distributions, and corresponding point and interval estimates, for the parameters
and associated effects and comparisons of interest, were estimated using Markov chain
Monte Carlo simulations. The Bayesian analysis was shown to provide more direct probabilistic
comparisons of treatments and able to identify small effects of interest. The
approach avoided asymptotic assumptions and overcame issues such as multiple testing.
Bayesian analysis of unscaled effects showed a probability of 0.96 that LHTL yields a substantially
greater increase in hemoglobin mass than IHE, a 0.93 probability of a substantially
greater improvement in running economy and a greater than 0.96 probability that
both IHE and LHTL yield a substantially greater improvement in maximum blood lactate
concentration compared to a Placebo. The conclusions are consistent with those obtained
using a ‘magnitude-based inference’ approach that has been promoted in the field. The
paper demonstrates that a fully Bayesian analysis is a simple and effective way of analysing
small effects, providing a rich set of results that are straightforward to interpret in terms
of probabilistic statements
How Do Allied Health Professionals Construe the Role of the Remote Workforce? New Insight into Their Recruitment and Retention
Get PDFThis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.Purpose
Allied health workforce recruitment and retention in remote areas is a global problem. Using case studies from the Australian allied health workforce, this paper adds new information by combining personality trait information with a detailed understanding of how the cases construe the demands of remote work, which may be useful in addressing this problem.
Methods
Four cases (two urban, two remote) are presented from a mixed methods study (n = 562), which used (1) the Temperament and Character Inventory to investigate personality traits of allied health professionals; and (2) repertory grid interviews to reveal quantitatively and qualitatively how the cases construed their Ideal work role compared with their Current and a Remote role. Cases also self-assessed their fit (‘suited’ or ‘not suited’) with remote.
Findings
Differences in the way cases construed their fit with remote work was related to prior experience. However all were satisfied with their work, perceiving their Current role as similar to their Ideal. All saw remote work as requiring generalist expertise and a reliance on relationships. Personality traits, especially Novelty Seeking and Harm Avoidance, fit with how allied health professionals perceived their role.
Conclusions
The combination of two distinct lines of investigation, illustrates what more can be revealed about allied health professional’s career choices by taking into account the fit or lack of fit between their personality tendencies, their construing of remote work and their life circumstances. Understanding the combined influence of perceptions and traits on an individual toward or away from remote work may enhance recruitment and retention internationally
Smart Casual: Feedback
No full textPlease download and read ‘Instructions_zipped_file_download’ PDF prior to accessing the ‘Smart Casual’ module.This resource is part of the Smart Casual suite of professional development modules, which have been developed for and by Australian law teachers. Providing effective feedback on students’ work is essential to student learning both within and outside assessment processes. This module covers: providing legitimate, timely and appropriate feedback on a range of assessments; ensuring that feedback aligns with the assessment task and associated learning outcomes; providing feedback that is coordinated, equitable, transparent, and supports improved student learning.Dept of Education and Trainin
Developing clinical teaching capacities of midwifery students
Get PDF© 2015 Australian College of Midwives. Published by Elsevier Ltd.Background
Competency Standards in Australia articulate that the midwife must be able to contribute to the professional development of themselves and others. Few undergraduate health professional curricula currently incorporate content for the development of specific knowledge and skills required for clinical teaching. This project aimed to understand and enhance midwifery students’ preparedness to assume their future clinical teaching responsibilities.
Methods
Design-based research was used to implement an educational intervention aimed at developing clinical teaching skills through a peer education session between 1st and 3rd year students. The perspectives of 30 undergraduate midwifery students about their preparedness for their teaching role and the intervention were obtained through 3 focus groups. A thematic analysis of the data was undertaken.
Findings
Three themes were identified encompassing the research aims and objectives; ‘Co-creating a culture for learning’, ‘reciprocal teaching and learning’ and ‘developing clinical teaching capacities’. The findings indicate that the midwifery students had a holistic understanding of their responsibilities in clinical teaching in the workplace. They were able to identify ways in which their teaching capacities were being developed through their clinical experiences and the curriculum, both intended and hidden.
Conclusions
Despite limited educational activities for clinical teaching, the midwifery students made explicit connections of the relational interdependence of workplace-based experiences and their learning. Students were clearly able to identify ways in which their own learning experiences and the culture in which this learning is embedded, assists them to develop clinical teaching skills, ready to support the next generation of midwifery students
Serendipity: A Conversation with Adrian Mitchell
No full textSouth Australians might still like to claim Adrian Mitchell as one of their own, despite the fact that he now lives in Sydney. An associate professor of English and now Honorary Associate of the University of Sydney, he has published many articles and co-edited several books on Australian literature and historiography. More recently, he has made an impressive contribution to Australian historical non-fiction, beginning with Drawing the Crow (2006), a memoir about Adelaide in the 1950s, and continuing with Dampier’s Monkey: the South Sea Voyages of William Dampier (2010), Plein Airs and Graces: the Life and Times of George Collingridge (2012) and From Corner to Corner: the Line of Henry Colless (2015). Also published in 2015 was a novel, The Profilist: the Notebooks of Ethan Dibble, based on the life of English-born colonial artist Samuel Thomas Gill (1818-1880). Gill came to Adelaide in 1839, three years after its foundation. He worked as an artist in South Australia for more than a decade before heading east to the Victorian goldfields. I hadn’t met Adrian before September 2015 when this conversation took place. But I had read and enjoyed Drawing the Crow when it first appeared, and had been captivated by The Profilist’s wry and poignant depiction of the precarious life of the colonial artist. So I contacted him through his publishers, South Australia’s Wakefield Press, and he agreed to meet me when next we were in the same city at the same time. We recorded this conversation, appropriately, in the State Library of South Australia, where he has spent many hours researching the lives of his subjects
Species Cross-Reactivity of Antibodies Used to Treat Ophthalmic Conditions
No full textThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/PURPOSE:
The species cross-reactivity of the monoclonal antibodies infliximab, bevacizumab, and an anti-VEGF-B antibody, 2H10, in humans and rodents was determined.
METHODS:
The binding of infliximab to human, mouse, and rat TNF-α, of bevacizumab to human, mouse, and rat VEGF-A, and of the 2H10 antibody to human, mouse, and rat VEGF-B was evaluated by ELISA. The sequence of human, mouse, and rat TNF-α and VEGF-A at the binding sites for infliximab and bevacizumab were compared.
RESULTS:
Infliximab bound to human TNF-α, but no binding to mouse or rat TNF-α was detected between 10 pg/mL and 10 μg/ml. Sequence comparison of the binding site revealed four changes in mouse and five in rat TNF-α compared with human. Bevacizumab bound strongly to human VEGF-A, but showed 5-log weaker binding to both mouse and rat VEGF-A. There was a single amino acid substitution in mouse and rat VEGF-A at the bevacizumab binding site. The 2H10 antibody displayed a similar binding profile to human, mouse, and rat VEGF-B.
CONCLUSIONS:
The species cross-reactivity of monoclonal antibodies should be determined prior to their use in preclinical animal models. The 2H10 antibody binds to human, mouse, and rat VEGF-B making it suitable for testing in rodent models of human diseas
