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Specific MHC class I supertype associated with parasite infection and color morph in a wild lizard population
Get PDF© 2018 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a large gene family that plays a central role in the immune system of all jawed vertebrates. Nonavian reptiles are underrepresented within the MHC literature and little is understood regarding the mechanisms maintaining MHC diversity in this vertebrate group. Here, we examined the relative roles of parasite‐mediated selection and sexual selection in maintaining MHC class I diversity of a color polymorphic lizard. We discovered evidence for parasite‐mediated selection acting via rare‐allele advantage or fluctuating selection as ectoparasite load was significantly lower in the presence of a specific MHC supertype (functional clustering of alleles): supertype four. Based on comparisons between ectoparasite prevalence and load, and assessment of the impact of ectoparasite load on host fitness, we suggest that supertype four confers quantitative resistance to ticks or an intracellular tickborne parasite. We found no evidence for MHC‐associated mating in terms of pair genetic distance, number of alleles, or specific supertypes. An association was uncovered between supertype four and male throat color morph. However, it is unlikely that male throat coloration acts as a signal of MHC genotype to conspecifics because we found no evidence to suggest that male throat coloration predicts male mating status. Overall, our results suggest that parasite‐mediated selection plays a role in maintaining MHC diversity in this population via rare‐allele advantage and/or fluctuating selection. Further work is required to determine whether sexual selection also plays a role in maintaining MHC diversity in agamid lizards
Editorial: Current Perspectives on Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein (IGFBP) Research
Get PDFCopyright © 2018 Hoeflich, Pintar and Forbes. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY).The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.The insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs), as high affinity IGF binding partners, are the principal regulators of IGF-1 and IGF-2 action. Accordingly, effects of IGFBPs can be observed on the levels of growth and differentiation, development, metabolism, and lifespan. The diversity of IGFBP-actions arises due to time-, sex-, and tissue-specific expression of the six distinct IGFBPs (IGFBP-1 to−6), which have redundant functions as seen from the analysis of double-, triple-, or quadruple IGFBP-knockout mice. The complexity of IGFBP functions is related not only to their roles as IGF carriers within the circulation but also to actions within the extracellular space and in distinct subcellular compartments, such as the cell nucleus. IGFBP functions have been attributed to structural motifs in the three conserved IGFBP subdomains, with specific residues being posttranslationally modified by glycosylation or phosphorylation to regulate IGFBP action. In addition, multiple binding partners inside and outside the cell have been identified that regulate IGFBP functions, including their IGF-independent activities. Furthermore, an in-depth understanding is emerging of the role of IGFBP proteolysis in the regulation of both IGF-dependent and IGF-independent actions through generation of potentially bioactive IGFBP-fragments. Accordingly, proteolytic degradation of IGFBPs as a physiologically relevant mechanism in disease has been revealed both in a malignant context but also in other acute or chronic pathophysiological conditions. Finally, the IGFBPs e.g., as sensors of GH/IGF-status have tremendous biomarker potential. Measurement of IGFBP-3/IGFBP-2 ratios provides ultimate sensitivity for the GH-status of a given cellular system. Similarly, detection of intact and fragmented IGFBPs may provide an indication of disease status. Accordingly, for the future we may expect an evolution of IGFBP-related diagnostic approaches, which extend to the characterization of both structural and functional properties of IGFBPs and their fragments in preclinical and clinical research
Interventions targeting the prescribing and monitoring of vancomycin for hospitalized patients: a systematic review with meta-analysis
Get PDFCopyright © 2018 Phillips et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution - Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License. By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.Purpose: Vancomycin prescribing requires individualized dosing and monitoring to ensure efficacy, limit toxicity, and minimize resistance. Although there are nationally endorsed guidelines from several countries addressing the complexities of vancomycin dosing and monitoring, there is limited consideration of how to implement these recommendations effectively.
Methods: We conducted a systematic search of multiple databases to identify relevant comparative studies describing the impact of interventions of educational meetings, implementation of guidelines, and dissemination of educational material on vancomycin dosing, monitoring, and nephrotoxicity. Effect size was assessed using ORs and pooled data analyzed using forest plots to provide overall effect measures.
Results: Six studies were included. All studies included educational meetings. Two studies used implementation of guidance, educational meetings, and dissemination of educational materials, one used guidance and educational meetings, one educational meetings and dissemination of educational materials, and two used educational meetings solely. Effect sizes for individual studies were more likely to be significant for multifaceted interventions. In meta-analysis, the overall effect of interventions on outcome measures of vancomycin dosing was OR 2.50 (95% CI 1.29–4.84); P< 0.01. A higher proportion of sampling at steady-state concentration was seen following intervention (OR 1.95, 95% CI 1.26–3.02; P<0.01). Interventions had no effect on appropriate timing of trough sample (OR 2.02, 95% CI 0.72–5.72; P=0.18), attaining target concentration in patients (OR 1.50, 95% CI 0.49–4.63; P=0.48, or nephrotoxicity (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.42–1.34; P=0.33).
Conclusion: Multifaceted interventions are effective overall in improving the complex task of dosing vancomycin, as well as some vancomycin-monitoring outcome measures. However, the resulting impact of these interventions on efficacy and toxicity requires further investigation. These findings may be helpful to those charged with designing implementation strategies for vancomycin guidelines or complex prescribing processes in hospitals
Phytol: A review of biomedical activities
Get PDF© 2018 Elsevier Ltd. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
This author accepted manuscript is made available following 12 month embargo from date of publication (Auguist 2018) in accordance with the publisher’s archiving policyPhytol (PYT) is a diterpene member of the long-chain unsaturated acyclic alcohols. PYT and some of its derivatives, including phytanic acid (PA), exert a wide range of biological effects. PYT is a valuable essential oil (EO) used as a fragrance and a potential candidate for a broad range of applications in the pharmaceutical and biotechnological industry. There is ample evidence that PA may play a crucial role in the development of pathophysiological states. Focusing on PYT and some of its most relevant derivatives, here we present a systematic review of reported biological activities, along with their underlying mechanism of action. Recent investigations with PYT demonstrated anxiolytic, metabolism-modulating, cytotoxic, antioxidant, autophagy- and apoptosis-inducing, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, immune-modulating, and antimicrobial effects. PPARs- and NF-κB-mediated activities are also discussed as mechanisms responsible for some of the bioactivities of PYT. The overall goal of this review is to discuss recent findings pertaining to PYT biological activities and its possible applications
The Fourth Industrial Revolution: the implications of technological disruption for Australian VET
Get PDF© Commonwealth of Australia, 2018. With the exception of the Commonwealth Coat of Arms, the Department’s logo, any material protected by a trade mark and where otherwise noted all material presented in this document is provided under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia licence.Much discussion has occurred about the impact that technological disruption will have on the Australian workforce. A recent paper by the National Centre for Vocational Education Research (NCVER), Skilling for tomorrow (Payton 2017), examines the various ways by which the growth in technological advance is reshaping the labour market, workforce and jobs. Despite uncertainty about the scale and nature of the effect, there is a growing consensus that Australia’s tertiary education system needs to change to meet the requirements of a future labour force focused on innovation and creativity. This research examines the relationship between emerging ─ or disruptive ─ technologies and the skills required, with a focus on the anticipated necessary skills from the perspective of both the innovators (technology producers) and industry (technology users). In this research the term ‘disruptive technologies’ refers to large-scale technology/market changes occurring through technological advances such as automation, advanced robotics and virtualisation
Correction factor to account for dispersion in sharp-interface models of terrestrial freshwater lenses and active seawater intrusion
Get PDF© 2017 Elsevier. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
This author accepted manuscript is made available following 24 month embargo from date of publication (April 2017) in accordance with the publisher’s copyright polic
Video and computer-based interactive exercises are safe and improve task-specific balance in geriatric and neurological rehabilitation: a randomised trial
No full textThis is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).Question: Does adding video/computer-based interactive exercises to inpatient geriatric and neurological rehabilitation improve mobility outcomes? Is it feasible and safe? Design: Randomised trial. Participants: Fifty-eight rehabilitation inpatients. Intervention: Physiotherapist-prescribed, tailored, video/computer-based interactive exercises for 1 hour on weekdays, mainly involving stepping and weight-shifting exercises. Outcome measures: The primary outcome was the Short Physical Performance Battery (0 to 3) at 2 weeks. Secondary outcomes were: Maximal Balance Range (mm); Step Test (step count); Rivermead Mobility Index (0 to 15); activity levels; Activity Measure for Post Acute Care Basic Mobility (18 to 72) and Daily Activity (15 to 60); Falls Efficacy Scale (10 to 40), ED5D utility score (0 to 1); Reintegration to Normal Living Index (0 to 100); System Usability Scale (0 to 100) and Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (0 to 126). Safety was determined from adverse events during intervention. Results: At 2 weeks the between-group difference in the primary outcome (0.1, 95% CI –0.2 to 0.3) was not statistically significant. The intervention group performed significantly better than usual care for Maximal Balance Range (38 mm difference after baseline adjustment, 95% CI 6 to 69). Other secondary outcomes were not statistically significant. Fifty-eight (55%) of the eligible patients agreed to participate, 25/29 (86%) completed the intervention and 10 (39%) attended > 70% of sessions, with a mean of 5.6 sessions (SD 3.3) attended and overall average duration of 4.5 hours (SD 3.1). Average scores were 62 (SD 21) for the System Usability Scale and 62 (SD 8) for the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale. There were no adverse events. Conclusion: The addition of video/computer-based interactive exercises to usual rehabilitation is a safe and feasible way to increase exercise dose, but is not suitable for all. Adding the exercises to usual rehabilitation resulted in task-specific improvements in balance but not overall mobility
The potential impact of irrigated agriculture on groundwater quality in the Rocky Hill Region, Northern Territory
Get PDFThis publication is copyright. Other than for the purposes of and subject to the conditions prescribed under the Copyright Act RN 1968, no part of it may in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, microcopying, photocopying, recording or otherwise) be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted without prior written permission. Enquiries should be addressed to the National Centre for Groundwater Research and Training, at Flinders University.Alice Springs’ public water supply is currently largely sourced from the Roe Creek borefield, located approximately 15 km south‐southwest of the town, in the north‐eastern section of the Amadeus Basin. However, at current extraction rates, water levels at Roe Creek are expected to decline beyond economical pumping depths by approximately 2050. By this time, it is expected that much of Alice Springs’ public water supply will be derived from a borefield within the Rocky Hill region. NT Portion 4704 was acquired by the Power and Water Corporation (PWC) for this purpose in 1996.
Undoolya Rocky Hill Agricultural Block (NT Portion 1476) is located immediately northeast of NT Portion 4704, and the two blocks share a common boundary. Fodder crops have been grown intermittently on the agricultural block under centre pivot irrigation since the 1970s, with intensification of irrigation since 2002 when grapes were planted in the southeast of the block. Currently, there are about 60 ha of irrigated vineyards at this site. Proposals have been developed for expansion of onions onto areas of Undoolya Pastoral Lease, immediately south of the current vineyard development, and a water licence to facilitate this development has been granted
Review of Gularabulu: Stories from the West Kimberley by Paddy Roe
Get PDFReview of Gularabulu: Stories from the West Kimberley by Paddy Ro