Repository of Polytechnic Lavoslav Ružička Vukovar
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TRADE CONFLICTS AND NEGOTIATIONS AMONG COUNTRIES
No full textTrgovinski ratovi i pregovori između zemalja su kompleksni procesi koji se odvijaju radi ostvarivanja ekonomskih interesa. Trgovinski ratovi mogu proizaći iz neslaganja oko trgovinskih politika poput tarifa, carina i kvota, dok pregovori imaju za cilj postizanje kompromisa radi rješavanja trgovinskih sporova bez eskalacije u otvoreni sukob. Oni se mogu odvijati na bilateralnoj ili multilateralnoj razini te imaju globalne posljedice. Ključni sudionici u ovim procesima su velike ekonomije poput SAD-a, Kine i Europske unije. Trgovinski ratovi i pregovori se analiziraju radi razumijevanja uzroka, posljedica i mogućih rješenja, kako bi se promicala slobodna trgovina i osigurali fer uvjeti za sve sudionike.Trade wars and negotiations between countries are complex processes that take place to achieve economic interests. Trade wars can arise from disagreements over trade policies such as tariffs, tariffs and quotas, while negotiations aim to reach compromises to resolve trade disputes without escalating into open conflict. They can take place on a bilateral or multilateral level and have global consequences. Key participants in these processes are large economies such as the USA, China and the European Union. Trade wars and negotiations are analyzed to understand the causes, consequences and possible solutions, to promote free trade and ensure fair conditions for all participants
ORGANIZATION AND OPERATION OF THE CIVIL PROTECTION SERVICE VUKOVAR: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT AND CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE
No full textU ovome radu opisuje se povijesni razvoj civilne zaštite u Republici Hrvatskoj od demokratskih promjena 1990. godine do kraja 2018. godine, povijest civilne zaštite u Gradu Vukovaru te organizacija i djelovanje civilne zaštite u Domovinskom ratu naglašavajući ključne legislative i strukturne promjene u organizaciji civilne zaštite. Nakon povijesnog razvoja civilne zaštite koji se obrađuje u prvom dijelu rada, rad se usmjerava trenutnom stanju organizacije Ravnateljstva civilne zaštite u Republici Hrvatskoj koji je detaljno opisan te prikazan od većih prema manjim ustrojstvenim jedinicama, a posebni naglasak je na unutarnji ustroj i organizaciju Službe civilne zaštite Vukovar te opis radnih mjesta. Detaljno se razmatraju standardni operativni postupci (SOP-ovi) za različite vrste hitnih situacija, naglašavajući važnost koordinacije, komunikacije i brze reakcije. Kroz rad se provlači tema važnosti kontinuirane adaptacije i unapređenja sustava civilne zaštite kako bi se osigurala maksimalna efikasnost i sigurnost građana. Rad je temeljen na različitim zakonima, uredbama, pravilnicima i uputama te stručnoj literaturi.This paper describes the historical development of civil defence in the Republic of Croatia, starting from democratic changes in 1990 to the end of 2018, the history of civil protectionin the City of Vukovar and the organization and activities of civil protectionin the Homeland war, emphasizing key legislation and structural changes in the organization of civil protection. After the historical development of civil protection, which is processed in the first part of the paper, the paper is directed to the current state of the organization of the County of Civil Protection in the Republic of Croatia, which is described in detail and presented from larger to smaller organizational units, and special emphasis is placed on the internal organization and organization of the Civil Protection DepartmentVukovaras well as the description of working positions. Standard operating procedures (SOPs) for diverse types of emergencies are considered in detail, emphasizing the importance of coordination, communication, and rapid response. The work deals with the importance of continuous adaptation and improvement of the civil protectionsystem to ensure maximum efficiency and safety of citizens. The paper is based on various laws, regulations, regulations and instructions and professional literature
CRIMINAL ACTS AGAINST HUMANITY AND HUMAN DIGNITY
No full textSvaki čovjek ima svoja ljudska prava koja se odnose na pravnu, filozofsku i političku ideju. Prava stječe čovjek samim svojim rođenjem i to bez obzira gdje je rođen, kojeg je spola i koje je boje kože. Niti vjera niti nacija ne utječu na ostvarivanje ljudskih prava, odnosno svih prava koja pripadaju čovjeku kao pojedincu. Još u 18. stoljeću kod prosvjetiteljskih filozofa se rodila ideja te se tada i razvila ideja o ljudskim pravima a što je pokazatelj koliko daleko seže pojavnost te ideje ali ujedno i potrebe za postojanjem prava čovjeka. Čovječnost je ono čime opisujemo i obilježavamo ljudskost osobe. Karakteristike čovjeka koje uključujuće i dobre i loše osobine obuhvaćene su tim pojmom te sve vrijednosti koje čovjek posjeduje. Može se reći da je čovječnost temelj za ljudska prava. Ono što ide usko sa pojmom čovječnosti jest pojam dostojanstva koji se odnosi na sustav živih bića, ljudska djela i na samo živo biće. Ljudsko dostojanstvo je nepovredivo te traži da bude poštovano i zaštićeno bez obzira na čovjekova obilježja.Every man has his own human rights that relate to legal, philosophical and political ideas. Rights are acquired by a person by his very birth, regardless of where he was born, what his gender is and what his skin color is. Neither religion nor nation affects the realization of human rights, that is, all the rights that belong to man as an individual. Back in the 18th century, the idea of human rights was born among the Enlightenment philosophers, and that's when the idea of human rights was developed, which is an indicator of how far the appearance of that idea goes, but also the need for the existence of human rights. Humanity is what we use to describe and mark a person's humanity. The characteristics of man, including both good and bad qualities, are covered by this term, as well as all the values that man possesses. It can be said that humanity is the basis for human rights. What goes closely with the concept of humanity is the concept of dignity, which refers to the system of living beings, human actions and to the living being itself. Human dignity is inviolable and demands to be respected and protected regardless of a person's characteristics
LOCAL ELECTIONS - ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE CITY OF VUKOVAR
No full textLokalni izbori kao glavna tema ovoga rada bili su važni za građane od samih početaka izbora, pa sve do danas. Biračko pravo imalo je 3% stanovništva Hrvatske 1848. godine, a 1990. godine Ustav Republike Hrvatske ozakonio je puno demokratsko biračko pravo. Biračko pravo ograničava se zakonski samo formalnim državljanstvom, prebivalištem, dobnom granicom, duševnim zdravljem i građanskom čašću pojedinca te upisom u birački popis kao dokument koji je pravno-tehnička pretpostavka korištenja biračkog prava. Prema odredbama Zakona o lokalnim izborima, Vlada Republike Hrvatske raspisuje lokalne izbore za članove predstavničkog tijela i za općinske načelnike, gradonačelnike i župane i time nastaje kandidiranje kao postupak predlaganja kandidacijskih lista za članove predstavničkog tijela i kandidata za općinskog načelnika, gradonačelnika i župana od strane ovlaštenih predlagatelja. Birački odbor zaslužan je za biranje predstavnika te omogućava biračima tajno glasovanje za predstavnika ili za izvršno tijelo jedinice lokane i područne (regionalne) samouprave. U daljnjem tekstu pojavljuje se pojam nespojive dužnosti što znači da se ne može istovremeno biti općinski načelnik i gradonačelnik, odnosno njihov zamjenik te župan i njegov zamjenik. Ostale nespojive dužnosti jasnije su pojašnjene u daljnjem tekstu rada. U okviru ovog završnog rada biti će prikazan postupak provedbe lokalnih izbora na primjeru grada Vukovara i to za godine 2013., 2014., 2017. i 2021.Local elections, as the main topic of this paper, have been important for citizens from the very beginning of elections up to the present day. In 1848, only 3% of the population of Croatia had the right to vote, while in 1990, the Constitution of the Republic of Croatia legalized full democratic voting rights. Voting rights are legally restricted only by formal citizenship, residence, age limit, mental health, and civic honor of the individual, as well as registration in the voter list, which is a legal-technical prerequisite for exercising voting rights. According to the provisions of the Local Elections Act, the Government of the Republic of Croatia calls local elections for members of representative bodies and for municipal mayors, city mayors, and county prefects, thereby initiating the nomination process for proposing candidate lists for members of representative bodies and candidates for municipal mayor, city mayor, and county prefect by authorized proposers. The electoral committee is responsible for electing representatives and allows voters to vote secretly for a representative or for the executive body of the local and regional self-government unit. The term “incompatible duties” appears in the further text, meaning that one cannot simultaneously be a municipal mayor and a city mayor, or their deputy, as well as a county prefect and their deputy. Other incompatible duties are more clearly explained in the further text of the paper. This final paper will present the procedure for conducting local elections using the example of the city of Vukovar for the years 2013, 2014, 2017, and 2021
THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL CLASSEN ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOR
No full textPotrošač ili konzument je definiran kao fizička osoba, odnosno pojedinac koji od trgovca kupuje određen proizvod ili uslugu za svoje osobne svrhe. Kao pojedinac, potrošač ima mogućnost utjecati na druge pojedince, a samim time i skupinu ljudi s kojima dijeli iste ili slične životne vrijednosti i interese. Iz toga proizlazi znanstvena disciplina poznata kao ponašanje potrošača, koja proučava snagu utjecaja i procese za vrijeme stjecanja, korištenja i raspolaganja proizvodom, odnosno ponašanje nakon kupovine. Potrošači su konzumenti roba i usluga ovisno o svojim mogućnostima, odnosno priljevima koje ostvaruju. Uz prihode, ekonomsku situaciju pojedinca ili skupine pojedinaca, za određivanje mjesta u društvu ili društvenog staleža specifično je slično životno iskustvo i ponašanje. Društveni stalež se definira kao podjela društva na kategorije u kojima pojedinci, obitelji i skupine pojedinaca dijele slične vrijednosti, stil života, ponašanje i interese. Slični stilovi života i ponašanje pojedinca koji je pripadnik nekog od društvenih staleža imaju velik utjecaj na formiranje normi i vrijednosti u društvu. Iz toga proizlazi utjecaj pripadnika jednog staleža na ponašanje i potrošnju pripadnika drugih staleža, što se u praksi može objasniti kao utjecaj potrošača višeg staleža na potrošača nižeg društvenog staleža. Samim time, vidljiv je utjecaj društvenih staleža na ponašanje potrošača, što se manifestira kroz statusno ponašanje, dobivanje statusnih simbola, kompenzacijske potrošnje i samog značenja novca.Consumer is defind as a individual which buys a certain product or service from a trader for personal purposes. As an individual, the consumer, has the ability to influence other individuals and a group of people with whom he shares the same or similar life values and interests. From all of this arises the scientific discipline known as consumer behavior, which studies the power of influence and processes during the acquisition, use and disposal of a product, known as behavior after purchase. Consumers are users of goods and services depending on their capabilities and achived inflows. Along income, the economic situation of an individual or a group of individuals, silimar life experience and behavior are specific for determining a place in society or a social class. Social class is defined as devision of society into categoriey in which individuals, families and groups share similar values, lifestyles, behavior adn interests. Similar lifestyles and behavior of an individual who is a memvor of one of the social classes have a big influence on the formation of norms and values in society. All this results in the influence of members of one class on the behavior and consumption of members of other classes, which in practice can be explained as the influence of consumers of a higher class on consumers of a lower social class. Therefore, the influence of social classes on consumer behavior is visible, which is manifested through status behavior, obtaining status symbols, compensatory consumption and the very meaning of money
THE INFLUENCE OF SPORTS ON THE PERCEPTION OF PAIN
No full textBol u sportu predstavlja kompleksan fenomen koji može utjecati na izvedbu sportaša i njihovu sposobnost oporavka. Sportaši često osjećaju različite razine boli tijekom treninga i natjecanja, što može biti posljedica naprezanja mišića, ozljeda ili umora. Percepcija boli je kompleksan proces koji uključuje interpretaciju i reakciju na bolne podražaje. Ova percepcija nije samo fiziološki fenomen, već i subjektivan doživljaj koji je pod utjecajem psiholoških, socijalnih i kognitivnih faktora. U kontekstu sporta, percepcija boli ima poseban značaj zbog utjecaja na sportsku izvedbu i oporavak sportaša. Percepcija boli u sportu dublje se istražuje kako bi se bolje razumjeli mehanizmi koji utječu na doživljaj boli kod sportaša. Osim fizioloških aspekata, kao što su živčani impuls i aktivacija receptora za bol, važnu ulogu igraju i psihološki faktori poput percepcije kontrole nad situacijom, očekivanja o boli te emocionalni i kognitivni utjecaji. Sportaši često doživljavaju visoke razine tjelesne nelagode tijekom treninga i natjecanja, ali njihova percepcija boli može biti modificirana i utišana kroz različite mehanizme, te psihološke tehnike i adaptaciju na bolne podražaje. Treningom i iskustvom, sportaši mogu razviti veću toleranciju na bol i sposobnost ignoriranja manjih bolnih osjećaja kako bi postigli svoje sportske ciljeve.Pain in sports represents a complex phenomenon that can affect athletes performance and their ability to recover. Athletes often experience varying levels of pain during training and competition, which can result from muscle strain, injuries, or fatigue. The perception of pain is a complex process involving the interpretation and response to painful stimuli. This perception is not only a physiological phenomenon but also a subjective experience influenced by psychological, social, and cognitive factors. In the context of sports, the perception of pain is particularly significant due to its impact on athletes performance and recovery. Researchers delve deeper into pain perception in sports to better understand the mechanisms affecting athletes pain experiences. In addition to physiological aspects such as nerve impulses and activation of pain receptors, psychological factors such as perceived control over the situation, pain expectations, and emotional and cognitive influences play important roles. Athletes often endure high levels of physical discomfort during training and competition, but their perception of pain can be modified and subdued through various mechanisms, including psychological techniques and adaptation to painful stimuli. Through training and experience, athletes can develop greater pain tolerance and the ability to ignore minor painful sensations to achieve their sports-related goals
PHYSIOTHERAPY AFTER TOTAL HIP ENDOPROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION
No full textUgradnja totalne endoproteze kuka (TEP) jedna je od najisplativijih i dosljedno najuspješnijih operacija koje se izvode u ortopediji. Najčešća indikacija za ugradnju su promjene zglobne površine uslijed degenerativnih bolesti. Konkretno, rezultira u ublažavanju boli, funkcionalnoj obnovi i poboljšanoj kvaliteti života. Tijekom fizioterapijskog procesa koriste se različite fizioterapijske procedure koje u kombinaciji s fizioterapijskim vježbama daju odlične rezultate. Fizioterapija izrazito pozitivno utječe na ishode nakon ugradnje totalne endoproteze kuka u smislu poboljšanja hoda, mišićne snage, povećanja opsega pokreta, smanjenja boli, prevencije komplikacija itd.Implantation of total hip endoprosthesis is one of the most cost-effective and consistently successful surgeries performed in orthopedics. The most common indication for implantation is changes in the joint surface due to degenerative diseases. Specifically, it results in pain relief, functional restoration and improved quality of life. During the physiotherapy process, various physiotherapy procedures are used, which in combination with physiotherapy exercises give excellent results. Physiotherapy has an extremely positive effect on the outcomes after the implantation of a total hip endoprosthesis in terms of improvement of gait, muscle strength, increase in range of motion, reduction of pain, prevention of complications, etc
THE INFLUENCE OF CAFFEINE FROM COFFEE ON THE REACTION TIME
No full textKofein je danas široko rasprostranjena namirnica koja se može pronaći u raznim oblicima, od kave, čaja i kakaa kao prirodnih izvora pa do danas sve modernijih bezalkoholnih energetskih napitaka i suplemenata. Literatura pokazuje različite rezultate kada se postavlja pitanje ubrzava li kofein vrijeme reagiranja kod pojedinaca pa tako neka istraživanja tvrde kako ima značajan utjecaj dok su rezultati drugih istraživanja pokazala suprotno kako kofein ima malen ili nikakav utjecaj na brzinu reakcije. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi učinak kofeina u količini koja je prisutna u jednoj esspresso kavi na brzinu senzomotoričke reakcije na vizualni podražaj. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 76 studenata koji su testirani u tri situacije: bez konzumacije kave, nakon konzumacije kave s kofeinom i bezkofeinske kave. Mjerenje brzine reakcije provedeno je online verzijom Simple Reaction Time Testa bez i nakon konzumacije kave. Rezultati su pokazali da je došlo do blagog ubrzanja brzine reakcije nakon konzumiranja kave (60 mg kofeina), ali i kod konzumiranja bezkofeinske kave (5 mg kofeina), što sugerira placebo efekt. Iako konzumacija kave nije značajno utjecala na brzinu reakcije, ispitanici su je pozitivno percipirali u kontekstu energije i raspoloženja.Today, caffeine is a widespread food that can be found in various forms, from coffee, tea and cocoa as natural sources to all modern non-alcoholic energy drinks and supplements. The literature shows different results when the question arises whether caffeine speeds up reaction time in individuals, so some studies claim that it has a significant effect, while the results of other studies have shown the opposite, that caffeine has little or no effect on reaction speed. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of caffeine in the amount present in one espresso coffee on the speed of the sensorimotor reaction to a visual stimulus. 76 students participated in the research and were tested in three situations: without coffee consumption, after consumption of caffeinated coffee and decaffeinated coffee. Reaction speed was measured using the online version of the Simple Reaction Time Test without and after coffee consumption. The results showed that there was a slight acceleration of the reaction after the consumption of coffee (60 mg of caffeine), but also when consuming decaffeinated coffee (5 mg of caffeine), which enhances the placebo effect. Although the consumption of coffee did not significantly affect the speed of reactions, the subjects perceived themselves positively in the context of energy and mood
FRAQUENCY OF LUMBAR PAIN SYNDROME IN PEOPLE WHO TRAIN IN THE GYM
No full textLumbalni bolni sindrom definira se kao bol u području između 12. rebra i donjeg glutealnog nabora. Bol u leđima vrlo je rašireno mišićno-koštano stanje koje pogađa gotovo svakoga u određenom trenutku. Uzrokuje invaliditet, smanjuje kvalitetu života i narušava radnu sposobnost, predstavlja veliki socioekonomski teret za bolesnika i društvo Fizioterapijska procjena ima za cilj otkriti ozbiljna stanja kralježnice i identificirati oštećenja koja su mogla doprinijeti pojavi boli ili koja povećavaju vjerojatnost da će pojedinac razviti upornu bol. LBP je značajan problem među mladim sportašima. Dobro je poznato da bavljenje sportom općenito pozitivno utječe na zdravlje, ali postoji nedostatak znanja o optimalnom odnosu doza-učinak. Količina opterećenja na leđima ovisi o trajanju, intenzitetu i učestalosti treninga, sportskoj disciplini, razini natjecanja i razdobljima treninga tijekom godine. Kineziterapija, manualna terapija, elektroterapija, masaža, termoterapija i krioterapija, edukacija pacijenta, te terapija suhom iglom su fizioterapijske intervencije koje se koriste kod lumbalnog bolnog sindroma. Nefarmakološke terapije, uključujući tjelovježbu i psihosocijalno liječenje, preferiraju se za većinu pacijenata s boli u donjem dijelu leđa i mogu se nadopuniti dodatnim terapijama lijekovima. Transkutane elektroterapije naširoko su korištene za liječenje CLBP-a, ali, s djelomičnim izuzetkom transkutane električne stimulacije živaca (TENS), njihov učinak na bol, invaliditet, kvalitetu života i psihosocijalne ishode nije sustavno pregledan. Kirurgija i intervencijski zahvati opcije su kod manjine pacijenata koji ne reagiraju na standardne tretmane.Tjelesna aktivnost također igra ulogu u prevenciji boli, rehabilitaciji i prevenciji recidiva bolesti. Cilj rada je bio istražiti učestalost lumbalog bolnog sindroma kod osoba koje treniraju u teretani.Lumbar pain syndrome is defined as pain in the area between the 12th rib and the lower gluteal fold. Back pain is a very widespread musculoskeletal condition that affects almost everyone at some point. It causes disability, reduces the quality of life and impairs the ability to work, represents a large socioeconomic burden for the patient and society Physiotherapy assessment aims to detect serious conditions of the spine and identify damage that may have contributed to the occurrence of pain or that increase the likelihood that an individual will develop persistent pain. LBP is a significant problem among young athletes. It is well known that playing sports in general has a positive effect on health, but there is a lack of knowledge about the optimal dose-effect relationship. The amount of load on the back depends on the duration, intensity and frequency of training, sports discipline, level of competition and training periods during the year. Kinesitherapy, manual therapy, electrotherapy, massage, thermotherapy and cryotherapy, patient education, and dry needling therapy are physiotherapy interventions used in lumbar pain syndrome. Nonpharmacological therapies, including exercise and psychosocial treatment, are preferred for most patients with low back pain and can be supplemented with additional drug therapies. Transcutaneous electrotherapies have been widely used to treat CLBP, but, with the partial exception of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), their effects on pain, disability, quality of life, and psychosocial outcomes have not been systematically reviewed. Surgery and interventional procedures are options for the minority of patients who do not respond to standard treatments. Physical activity also plays a role in pain prevention, rehabilitation and prevention of disease recurrence. The aim of the work was to investigate the frequency of lumbar pain syndrome in people who train in the gym
PHYSIOTHERAPY ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS AND COMPRESSION N. MEDIANUS
No full textFizioterapijska procjena prema SOAP modelu podrazumijeva subjektivni pregled simptoma, objektivno kvantificiranje fizičkog stanja, analizu podataka i planiranje liječenja prilagođenog pacijentu. Liječenju pacijenta s reumatoidnim artritisom i kompresijom n. medianusa je moguće pristupiti konzervativno i kirurški. Optimalna kombinacija fizioterapije i kineziterapije ovisi o fazi reumatoidnog artiritsa i težini kompresije n. medianusa. Fizioterapija je najučinkovitija u subakutnoj fazi RA za održavanje i povećanje opsega pokreta, smanjenje bolova i jačanje mišića, te u kroničnoj fazi za održavanje funkcionalnosti zglobova. Kod liječenja sindroma karpalnog tunela je uvijek usmjerena smanjenju težine simptoma i poboljšanju funkcije ruke. Edukacija pacijenta o ergonomskim tehnikama i vježbama je ključna za smanjenje simptoma i poboljšanje kvalitete života. U teškim slučajevima kompresije n. medianusa ili neuspjeha konzervativnog liječenja, potrebna je kirurška intervencija. Sveobuhvatan pristup fizioterapeuta procjeni i liječenju ključan je za postizanje najboljih rezultata za pacijente.The physiotherapy assessment following the SOAP model involves a subjective review of symptoms, objective quantification of physical condition, data analysis, and personalized treatment planning. Treating a patient with rheumatoid arthritis and median nerve compression can be approached both conservatively and surgically. The optimal combination of physiotherapy and kinesitherapy depends on the stage of rheumatoid arthritis and the severity of median nerve compression. Physiotherapy is most effective in the subacute phase of RA for maintaining and increasing the range of motion, reducing pain, and strengthening muscles, and in the chronic phase for maintaining joint functionality. In treating carpal tunnel syndrome, the focus is always on reducing symptom severity and improving hand function. Patient education on ergonomic techniques and exercises is crucial for symptom reduction and improving quality of life. In severe cases of median nerve compression or failure of conservative treatment, surgical intervention is necessary. A comprehensive approach by the physiotherapist in assessment and treatment is key to achieving the best outcomes for patients