Repository of Polytechnic Lavoslav Ružička Vukovar
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ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE CONDITIONS OF COVID- 19 PANDEMIC
No full textPoduzetništvo potpomaže otvaranje novih radnih mjesta te pridonosi gospodarskom rastu i nacionalnom prosperitetu. Današnje tržište je globalno, poslovanje digitaliziranije što je rezultiralo stvaranjem kompleksnih i dinamičnih uvjeta poslovanja koji su često razlozi nastanka kriza u poduzećima. Ni velika poduzeća nije zaobišla svjetska kriza uzrokovana pandemijom COVID-19. Upravo je ova kriza apostrofirala na potrebu kriznih modela inovacija vođenih problemima koji su još uvijek nerazvijeni. Cilj rada je predstaviti reakciju globalnog branda Zara na promjenjive, turbulentne uvjete poslovanja uzrokovane pandemijom COVID-19 te analizom istih pokazati koliko je model uspješan i koliko je promjenjiv za druge slične brandove.Entrepreneurship supports job creation and contributes to economic growth and national prosperity. Today's market is global, business is digitalized, which has resulted in the creation of complex and dynamic business conditions, which are often the reasons for the crisis in companies. Not even a large company has bypassed the global crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. It is this crisis that has emphasized the need for crisis models of innovation-driven problems that are still undeveloped. The aim of this paper is to present the reaction of the global brand Zara to changes, turbulent business conditions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, and the analysis shows how successful the model is and how changeable it is for other similar brands
INJURIES AND PHYSIOTHERAPY OF THE QUADRICEPS FEMORIS MUSCLE
No full textM. quadriceps femoris je veliki mišić koji pokriva prednji dio bedra. Ozljede m. quadriceps femorisa česte su u sportu. Najčešće ozljede m. quadriceps femorisa su istegnuća, kontuzije i rupture. Kontuzije su često povezane s udarcem u kontaktnim sportovima pri čemu nastane hematom. Ruptura tetive m. quadriceps femorisa događa se kod skakačkih i kontaktnih sportova kao što su košarka, nogomet, američki nogomet i sl. Tetiva m. quadriceps femorisa surađuje s mišićima na prednjoj strani bedra kako bi osnažili nogu. Ruptura m. quadriceps femorisa može biti parcijalna ili kompletna. Ruptura se često događa prilikom velike sile na nogu pri laganoj fleksiji koljena i fiksnom stopalu. Kad tetiva m. quadriceps femorisa pukne, često se osjeti osjećaj pucanja, prateća bol i oteklina uz nemogućnost ekstenzije koljena. Veliki broj manjih parcijalnih ruptura uspješno se liječi konzervativno. Fizikalnom terapijom počinje se s ciljem smanjenja otoka i bolnosti primjenom krioterapije i drugih fizioterapijskih procedura uz provedbu specifičnih vježbi za vraćanje snage i opsega pokreta. Vježbe se postepeno implementiraju u program liječenja. Operativnim zahvatom spaja se tetiva te je poželjno obaviti zahvat što prije kako ne bi došlo do stvaranja ožiljka na tetivi i zatezanja tetive u patološkom položaju. Cilj ovog rada je istražiti koje su najčešće ozljede m. quadriceps femorisa te koje su najadekvatnije mjere fizioterapijskog liječenja ovisno o vrsti i jačini ozljede.Quadriceps femoris muscle is a large muscle covering the front side of the thigh. Injuries of quadriceps femoris muscle are common in sports. The most common injuries of a quadriceps femoris muscle are strains, contusions and ruptures. Contusions are often connected with a hit in the contact sports with a hematoma in the beginning. Rupture of the quadriceps femoris muscle tendon happens in contact and jumping sports, such as: basketball, football, American football etc. Tendon of a quadriceps femoris muscle works with the muscles on the front side of a thigh with a purpose of strengthening the leg. Tendon of a quadriceps femoris muscle can be partial and complete. Rupture is often happening while dealing with too much force on the leg, while the knee is in slight flexion and with fixed foot on the ground. When the quadriceps femoris muscle tendon breaks, you can hear a breaking sound, pain, and a bruise with not being able to extent your knee. Great number smaller partial ruptures can be cured conservatively. Physical therapy starts with a cause of reduction of hematoma and pain using cryotherapy and other physical therapy treatments with using specific exercises for gaining strength and optimal round of motion in the knee. Exercises are gradually implementing in rehabilitation program. Operation is used for connecting tendon for each other and is recommended to do as quickly as possible, so that we can prevent scar tissue on tendon and tightening of a tendon in pathological position. The purpose of this thesis is to find out most common injuries of a quadriceps femoris muscle and their most adequate treatment measures involving physical therapy that depends on type and severity of the injury
APPLICATION OF EDUCATION AND PHYSIOTHERAPY AGENTS IN PRE AND POST SURGICAL REHABILITATION OF PERSON WITH KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS
No full textOsteoartritis (OA) najčešća je zglobna bolest te predstavlja glavni uzrok kronične mišićno-koštane boli i fizičke onesposobljenosti u starijoj populaciji. Od svih zglobova, najčešće se pojavljuje na koljenu. Karakterizira ga progresivni gubitak zglobne hrskavice, a postoji niz čimbenika koji utječu na razvoj OA. Glavne osobine kliničke slike su bol u koljenu, osjećaj zakočenosti te funkcionalna ograničenja u svakodnevnom životu. Za liječenje OA koljena mogu se koristiti razni fizioterapijski čimbenici, a to su najčešće terapijski ultrazvuk, TENS, kriomasaža, interferentne struje, hidroterapija i kineziterapija. Operativno liječenje OA koljena primjenjuje se kada su iskorištene sve konzervativne metode liječenja, ali nije došlo do značajnog poboljšanja postojećih smetnji. Fizioterapeuti sudjeluju u rehabilitaciji prije i poslije operativnih zahvata kako bi osigurali dobru pripremljenost pacijenata za operaciju i povratak funkcija nakon operacije što je ranije moguće. Svi pacijenti s OA koljena trebali bi biti educirani o važnosti ciljeva liječenja i promjenama štetnih životnih navika, redovitim terapijskim vježbama i drugim oblicima tjelesne aktivnosti te važnosti prilagođavanja svakodnevnog života svom zdravlju.Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease and is a major cause of chronic musculoskeletal pain and physical disability in the elderly population. Of all the joints, it appears most often on the knee. It is characterized by progressive loss of articular cartilage, and there are a number of factors that influence the development of OA. The main features of the clinical picture are knee pain, a feeling of stiffness and functional limitations in everyday life. Various physiotherapeutic factors can be used to treat knee OA, most commonly are therapeutic ultrasound, TENS, cryomassage, interference currents, hydrotherapy, and kinesitherapy. Surgical treatment of OA of the knee is applied when all conservative methods of treatment have been used, but there has been no significant improvement in the existing disorders. Physiotherapists participate in pre- and post-operative rehabilitation to ensure that patients are well prepared for surgery and return to function after surgery as early as possible. All patients with OA of the knee should be educated about the importance of treatment goals and changes in harmful lifestyle habits, regular therapeutic exercises and other forms of physical activity, and the importance of adjusting daily life to their health
ACHILLES TENDON INJURIES IN SPORTS
No full textAhilova tetiva je iznimno podložna ozljedama koje dijelimo u dvije skupine, tendinopatije i rupture te se obje najčešće javljaju kod sportaša i rekreativaca. Ozljede Ahilove tetive najviše se javljaju kod trkača u svim disciplinama te kod gimnastičara, nogometaša, košarkaša i igrača Američkog nogometa. Tendinopatija Ahilove tetive karakterizirana je osjetom boli u i oko tetive uz smanjenje funkcionalnih sposobnosti. Kod ruptura Ahilove tetive dolazi do parcijalnog ili totalnog pucanja tetivnih vlakana uz osjet boli i smanjenje funkcije. Tendinopatije i rupture Ahilove tetive dijagnosticiraju se kliničkim pregledom, a po potrebi se može uraditi i ultrazvučni pregled te magnetska rezonanca. Liječenje ozljeda Ahilove tetive kompleksan je proces koji može biti konzervativan i operativan.The Achilles tendon is extremely susceptible to injuries, which are divided into two groups, tendinopathies, and ruptures, both most commonly occur in professional and recreational athletes. Achilles’ tendon injuries are most common in runners in all disciplines, gymnasts, soccer players, basketball players and American football players. Achilles’ tendon tendinopathy is characterized by a sensation of pain in and/or around the tendon with a decrease functional ability. Achilles’ tendon ruptures cause partial or total tendon fiber rupture with pain and decreased function. Tendinopathies and ruptures of the Achilles tendon are diagnosed by clinical examination, and if necessary, ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging can be performed. Treating Achilles tendon injuries is a complex process that can be conservative and operative
PHYSIOTHERAPY PROCEDURES FOR FROZEN SHOULDER
No full textRameni zglob je najpokretljiviji zglob u ljudskom tijelu, a upravo ta pokretljivost se postiže na račun njegove anatomske nestabilnosti. Smrznuto rame (engl. „frozen shoulder“) sindrom je kojem najbolje odgovara naziv „bolno rame“. Jedan od najčešćih, ali istovremeno i najmanje razumljivih poremećaja mobilnosti ramena Radi se o sindromu nepoznate etiologije koji je karakteriziran boli i ograničenim aktivnim i pasivnim pokretima u ramenu u svim smjerovima. Susreće se u bolesnika u dobi od 40 do 60 godina. Češće se susreće kod dijabetičara, pacijenata koji imaju bolesti štitnjače i srca. Uobičajeno je da se smrznuto rame smatra samo ograničavajućim patološkim stanjem, koje traje 18 do 30 mjeseci koje se ne karakterizira rezidualnim tegobama. Međutim, rezultati analize 7 godina kliničkog praćenja smrznutog ramena ukazuju da čak 50% bolesnika i dalje osjeća bol ili ima kontrakturu ramena, s tim da se samo 11% žali na funkcionalnu ograničenost.The shoulder joint is the most movable joint in the human body, and it is precisely this mobility that is achieved at the expense of its anatomical instability. Frozen shoulder (Frozen Sh oulder) is a syndrome best suited to the name “painful shoulder”. One of the most common but at the same time least understandable shoulder mobility disorders is a syndrome of unknown eti ology characterised by pain and limited active and passive movements in the shoulder in all dire ctions. It meets in patients aged 40 to 60 years. It is more common in diabetics, patients with thy roid and heart diseases. Frozen shoulders are normally considered to be only a limiting patholog ical condition, lasting 18 to 30 months and not characterised by residual problems. However, the results of analysis of 7 years of clinical followup of frozen shoulders indicate that as many as 50% of patients continue to feel pain or have a shoulder contracture, with only 11% complaining of functional limitations
PHYSIOTHERAPEUTIC PROCEDURES IN THE TREATMENT OF SUDECK'S DYSTROPHY
No full textSudeckova distrofija, poznata i pod nazivom kompleksni regionalni bolni sindrom, stanje je kronične žareće boli često povezane s autonomnom disfunkcijom. Relativno je čest poremećaj mišićno-koštanog sustava. Uzrok Sudeckove distrofije nije jasno poznat. Simptomi kompleksnog regionalnog bolnog sindroma variraju od bolesnika do bolesnika. Dijagnoza se uglavnom temelji na procjeni simptoma i kliničkih znakova. U cilju smanjenja boli i drugih simptoma bolesti koriste se brojni načini liječenja uključujući farmakološko i nefarmakološko liječenje, fizikalna terapija i invazivni pristup. Od posebnog je značaja fizikalna terapija u liječenju, koja pomaže u smanjenju posljedica bolesti i omogućuje povratak funkcije zahvaćenog ekstremiteta. U upotrebi su različiti fizioterapijski postupci, koji se primjenjuju ovisno o stadiju u kojem se nalazi Sudeckova distrofija te se prilagođavaju svakom pojedinom bolesniku. Rana dijagnoza i pravilno liječenje povećavaju mogućnost izlječenja, dok liječenje u zadnjem stadiju bolesti obično završi neuspješno.Sudeck’s dystrophy, also known as complex regional pain syndrome, is a condition of chronic burning pain often associated with autonomic dysfunction. It is a relatively common disorder of the musculoskeletal system. The cause of Sudeck’s dystrophy is not clearly known. Symptoms of complex regional pain syndrome vary from patient to patient. Diagnosis is mainly based on the assessment of symptoms and clinical signs. A number of treatments are used to reduce pain and other symptoms of the disease, including pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatment, physical therapy and an invasive approach. Physical therapy has a great significance in treatment. It helps reduce the consequences of the disease and allows the return of function of the affected limb. Different physiotherapeutic procedures are used, which are applied depending on the stage of Sudeck’s dystrophy and are adapted to each individual patient. Early diagnosis and proper treatment increase the possibility of cure, while treatment in the last stage disease usually ends with failure
PHYSIOTHERAPY INTERVENTIONS FOR LATERAL EPICONDYLITIS
No full textSindromi prenaprezanja značajan su javnozdravstveni problem, a najčešće se javljaju na mjestu prelaska mišića u tetivu i hvatišta tetive za kost. Lateralni epikondilitis najčešći je sindrom prenaprezanja, podjednako zahvaća osobe oba spola, a najčešće se javlja u dobi od 35. do 50. godine života. Rizični čimbenici za nastanak su rad s alatom težim od 1kg, podizanje težeg tereta više puta dnevno, nepravilne tehnike izvođenja udaraca, nepravilno držanje reketa i alata i sl. Klinička slika započinje sa osjećajem zatezanja nakon čega se pojavljuju bol i oteklina mioentenzijskog aparata prilikom pokreta. Svim bolesnicima zajednički je faktor zahvaćeno polazište m. extensor carpi radialis brevisa. Liječenje može biti konzervativno i operativno, a fizioterapeut ima važnu ulogu u terapijskom procesu. Fizioterapeut provodi fizioterapijsku procjenu i pravi plan intervencija. U liječenju lateralnog epikondiltisa, fizioterapeut provodi manualne tehnike, primjenjuje fizikalne agense, provodi terapijske vježbe, koristi kinesiotaping i pomoćna sredstva i pomagala te educira bolesnika. Važno je bolesnika što prije uključiti u proces liječenja kako bi se postigao što brži i što efikasniji učinak.Overuse syndromes are a significant public health problem which most commonly occur at the junction of muscles in the tendon and the insertion of the tendon to the bone. Lateral epicondylitis is the most common overuse syndrome which affects people of both sexes equally, and it most commonly occurs between the ages of 35 and 50 years. Risk factors for this are: working with tools heavier than 1 kg, lifting heavier loads several times a day, incorrect punching techniques, incorrect holding of rackets and tools, etc. The clinical picture begins with a feeling of tightness, after which there is pain and swelling of the myoentensive apparatus during movement. A common factor in all patients is the affected origin of the m. extensor carpi radialis brevis. Treatment can be conservative and operative, and the physiotherapist plays an important role in the therapeutic process. The physiotherapist conducts a physiotherapy assessment and makes an intervention plan. In the treatment of lateral epicondylitis, the physiotherapist performs manual techniques, applies physical agents, conducts therapeutic exercises, uses kinesiotaping and aids, and educates the patient. It is important to involve the patient in the treatment process as soon as possible in order to achieve the fastest and most effective results
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
No full textReumatoidni artritis je sistemska, kronična i upalna bolest progresivne prirode. Bolest je karakterizirana pojavom sinovitisa. Karakteriziraju je nespecifični i specifični simptomi. Nespecifični simptomi su zamor, osjećaj slabosti i depresija, a specifični simptomi su zakočenost, te oteklina zglobova koja je prvi objektivni znak bolesti. Pojavljuje se simetrično, te najčešće zahvaća šake. Bolest se češće manifestira kod ženske populacije, za razliku od muške populacije. Dijagnoza se postavlja pomoću anamneze, pregleda, laboratorijske i radiološke dijagnostike. Važan dio liječenja čini fizikalna terapija, koja uključuje fizioterapijsku procjenu, fizioterapijsku intervenciju, te edukaciju pacijenta. Provođenje fizikalne terapije treba biti prema mogućnostima i sposobnostima pacijenta. Cilj rada je opisati reumatoidni artritis kao bolest, njegovo liječenje, provođenje fizioterapije i ulogu fizioterapeuta u samom procesu liječenja reumatoidnog artritisa.Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic, chronic, and inflammatory disease of a progressive nature. The disease is characterized by the appearance of synovitis. It is characterized by nonspecific and specific symptoms. The non-specific symptoms of the disease are fatigue, a feeling of weakness, and depression, while the specific symptoms include stiffness and swelling of the joints, which is the first objective sign of the disease. The disease appears symmetrically, and most often affects the hands. It is more commonly manifested in the female population than it is in the male population. The diagnosis of the disease is established based on clinical history, physical examination, laboratory and imaging testing. An important part of the treatment is physical therapy, which includes assessment, intervention, and patient education. Physical therapy should be conducted in accordance with the capabilities and abilities of the patient. The aim of this paper is to describe rheumatoid arthritis as a disease, its treatment, the implementation of physiotherapy, and the role of the physiotherapist in the process of treating rheumatoid arthritis
CONSUMER PROTECTION IN THE EU
No full textOvaj završni rad bavi se zaštitom potrošača u Europskoj uniji. U radu se najprije definira pojam potrošača te se donose pojmovi koji su u uskoj vezi s pojmom potrošača, govori se o njihovoj zaštiti te pravima s jedne općenite razine, ali i kratki povijesni pregled zaštite potrošača. Nakon toga rad se fokusira na samu zaštitu potrošača u Europskoj uniji. Europska unija donosi propise za zaštitu sigurnosti i prava potrošača, uključujući područja koja se brzo razvijaju, poput internetske trgovine, opskrbe energijom i financijskih usluga. Podržava i europske centre za zaštitu potrošača, koji pružaju pomoć u prekograničnim sporovima. Bit će riječ o propisima koji propisuju prava potrošača i o politici zaštite potrošača čiji je cilj jamčiti prava potrošača u odnosu na trgovce te osjetljivim skupinama potrošača pružiti bolju zaštitu. Donosi se pregled prava potrošača u raznim segmentima – od kupnje u drugim državama članicama EU preko telekomunikacijskih i financijskih usluga do rješavanja potrošačkih sporova te primjeri zaštite potrošača u navedenim područjima.This final paper deals with consumer protection in the European Union. The paper first defines the concept of consumers and introduces concepts that are closely related to the concept of consumers, talks about their protection and rights from a general level, but also a brief historical overview of consumer protection. After that, the work focuses on consumer protection in the European Union. The European Union is enacting regulations to protect safety and consumer rights, including rapidly developing areas such as e-commerce, energy supply and financial services. It also supports European consumer protection centers, which provide assistance in cross-border disputes. These will be regulations governing consumer rights and consumer protection policies aimed at guaranteeing consumer rights vis-à-vis traders and providing better protection for vulnerable consumer groups. It provides an overview of consumer rights in various segments - from shopping in other EU Member States through telecommunications and financial services to resolving consumer disputes and examples of consumer protection in these areas
FATIGUE AND OVERTRAINING SYNDROME
No full textSkeletni mišići glavna su pokretačka snaga ljudskog tijela. Njihova raspodjela po tijelu omogućuje različite vrste pokreta i kontrakcija potrebne za interakciju s okolinom. Stoga je razumijevanje rada skeletnih mišića, njihovih kontrakcija, te proizvodnje sile vrlo važno kako bi se optimizirala njihova učinkovitost. Cilj ovog rada je opisati aktivaciju i rad skeletnih mišića, te uzroke i znakove umora i pretreniranosti, kao i moguće tretmane u prevenciji i liječenju istih. Umor je stanje u kojem mišić ne može održati maksimalnu kontrakciju, te se smanjuje njegova učinkovitost. Postoje različiti uzroci umora, a oni mogu biti posljedica promjena u motoričkom neuronu, prijenosu signala u mišić ili iz mišićne stanice, koji su opisani u ovom radu. Glavni lijek za umor je odmor. Stanje produženog umora praćeno brojnim znakovima narušenog zdravlja naziva se sindrom pretreniranosti. U ovom radu opisani su uzroci, manifestacije, te mogućnosti preveniranja i tretiranja ovog stanja. Glavni zaključak ovog rada je velika važnost odmora za zdravlje i maksimalnu učinkovitost skeletnih mišića.Skeletal muscles are the main motional force of the human body. Their distribution throughout the body allows different types of movements and contractions needed to interact with the environment. Therefore, understanding skeletal muscle function, their contractions, and force production are very important to optimize their efficiency. This paper aims to describe the activation and work of skeletal muscles, and the causes and signs of fatigue and overtraining, as well as possible treatments in their prevention and healing. Fatigue is a condition in which a muscle can not maintain maximum contraction, and its effectiveness decreases. There are various causes of fatigue, and they can be a consequence of the changes in the motor neuron, signal transmission to the muscle, or from the muscle cell, which is described in this paper. The main cure for fatigue is rest. A condition of prolonged fatigue accompanied by numerous signs of impaired health is called an overtraining syndrome. This paper describes the causes, manifestations, and possibilities of prevention and treatment of this condition. The main conclusion of this paper is the great importance of the rest for health and maximum skeletal muscle efficiency