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The Impact of Local Anesthetic Application on Pain in Children During Venipuncture: A Cross-Sectional Study
No full textUvod: Bol tijekom medicinskih zahvata čest je izazov u pedijatrijskoj praksi, osobito kod invazivnih postupaka poput venepunkcije. Iako je riječ o rutinskom zahvatu, ako se bol ne prepozna i pravovremeno ne ublaži, može izazvati intenzivnu bolnu reakciju. Dostupne su farmakološke i nefarmakološke metode ublažavanja boli, no njihova primjena nije uvijek sustavna. U današnje vrijeme, kad se sve više naglašava važnost humanog pristupa djeci u zdravstvu, pravilno zbrinjavanje boli postaje važan pokazatelj kvalitete pedijatrijske skrbi.
Cilj: Ispitati utjecaj lokalnog anestetika na djetetovu percepciju boli i razinu straha tijekom venepunkcije.
Metode: Istraživanje je provedeno na 104 djece u dobi 7–10 godina u Dječjoj bolnici Srebrnjak. Djeca su nasumično raspoređena u dvije skupine: eksperimentalnu (s EMLA kremom) i kontrolnu (bez anestetika), po 52 sudionika. U obje skupine primijenjene su nefarmakološke mjere (razgovor i prisutnost roditelja). Bol se procjenjivala vizualno analognom skalom (VAS), a strah upitnikom. Analiza je provedena Mann-Whitney U testom i Spearmanovom korelacijom.
Rezultati: Primjena lokalnog anestetika značajno je smanjila doživljaj boli. Djeca iz eksperimentalne skupine imala su niže ocjene boli u usporedbi s kontrolnom. Utvrđena je pozitivna korelacija između straha i boli, što potvrđuje važnost emocionalne komponente. Spolne razlike nisu bile statistički značajne, iako su djevojčice pokazivale veću varijabilnost izražavanja boli. Druga hipoteza, o utjecaju broja pokušaja venepunkcije na bol, nije potvrđena zbog malog uzorka (n=5).
Zaključak: Primjena lokalnog anestetika učinkovito smanjuje percepciju boli kod djece tijekom venepunkcije. Rezultati potvrđuju potrebu za standardizacijom analgetske skrbi u pedijatriji i upućuju na važnost emocionalne pripreme djeteta za invazivne medicinske postupke.Background: Pain during medical procedures is a common challenge in pediatric practice, especially in invasive interventions such as venepuncture. Although considered a routine procedure, if pain is not recognized and managed promptly, it can lead to an intense pain response. Both pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods for pain relief are available, but their application is not always systematic. Nowadays, with increasing emphasis on a humane approach to children in healthcare, proper pain management is becoming a key indicator of quality pediatric care.
Aim: To examine the effect of local anesthetic use on children’s perception of pain and fear levels during venepuncture
Methods: The study was conducted at the Children’s Hospital Srebrnjak and included 104 children aged 7–10 years. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups: the experimental group (received EMLA cream) and the control group (no anesthetic), with 52 children in each. In both groups, non-pharmacological measures were applied (conversation and parental presence). Pain intensity was assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and fear was evaluated using a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman’s correlation.
Results: The application of a local anesthetic significantly reduced the perception of pain. Children in the experimental group reported lower pain scores compared to the control group. A positive correlation was found between pre-procedural fear and pain intensity, highlighting the importance of emotional factors. No statistically significant differences were found between sexes, although girls showed greater variability in pain expression. The secondary hypothesis—that a higher number of venepuncture attempts would result in increased pain—could not be confirmed due to a small number of such cases (n=5).
Conclusion: The use of a local anesthetic effectively reduces pain perception in children during venipuncture. The findings underscore the need to standardize analgesic care in pediatrics and highlight the importance of emotionally preparing children for invasive medical procedures
Health education in interwar Velika Kopanica
No full textNa osnovu relevantnih izvora i literature u radu su prikazane socijalne i zdravstvene prilike tijekom 19. stoljeća u ruralnoj Slavoniji, čime su ustanovljene životne prilike stanovništva prije zdravstvenog prosvjećivanja. Analizom primarnih izvora kronološki se rekonstruira pojava i tijek zdravstvenog prosvjećivanja u Osnovnoj pučkoj školi u Velikoj Kopanici u razdoblju između dva svjetska rata. U radu je prikazan presjek suradnje Osnovne pučke škole s organizacijom Pomlatka Crvenog krsta i Školom narodnog zdravlja u Zagrebu u zdravstveno-prosvjetnom radu. Ujedno su opisani putevi zdravstvenog prosvjećivanja izvan organizacije Osnovne pučke škole koje su provodili mjesni liječnik i školovane primalje. Nadalje, analiziran je utjecaj međunarodnih, političkih, ekonomskih i kulturoloških čimbenika na proces podučavanja i usvajanja zdravstvene propagande u Velikoj Kopanici. Na kraju rada nastoji se odgovoriti koliki je bio utjecaj i doseg znanstvenog prosvjećivanja na svakodnevni život stanovnika Velike Kopanice i stanovništva ruralne Slavonije u međuratnom razdoblju.Social and health conditions in rural 19th century Slavonia are presented in this thesis based on relevant sources and literature with which living conditions of population before the health education were established. By analysing the primary sources, the appearance and the course of health education in the primary public school during the interwar period in Velika Kopanica are reconstructed. The cooperation in health and educational work between the public school, Red Cross Youth Movement organization and School of Public Health in Zagreb are presented. Furthermore, other ways of health education, which were not organised by public school, but rather carried out by local doctors and educated midwifes are described. The influence of international, political, economic and cultural factors on carrying out and adopting health propaganda in Velika Kopanica are analysed. At the end of the thesis an attempt was made to answer what the influence and reach of health education was on everyday life of inhabitants of Velika Kopanica and rural Slavonia in interwar period
Artificial Inteligence and Digital Literacy of Generation Z in Croatia
No full textUmjetna inteligencija postepeno postaje nezaobilazni dio svakodnevnog života modernog čovjeka. Digitalno doba je obilježeno brzim razvojem tehnologije te zahtijeva nove načine prilagodbe i razvoja novih kompetencija. Predstavlja izazov u načinu na koji pojedinci razumiju, prihvaćaju i koriste tehnologije.
Digitalna pismenost postaje temeljna pretpostavka u razumijevanju i učinkovitom korištenju novih tehnologija. U literaturi se učestalo naglašava kako digitalna pismenost obuhvaća i kompetencije vezane uz razumijevanje i upotrebu umjetne inteligencije. Stoga su sve češća istraživanja koja povezuju digitalnu pismenost s upotrebom umjetne inteligencije.
Svrha istraživanja je ispitati razinu digitalne pismenosti generacije Z s obzirom na korištenje ChatGPT-ja kako bi se ispitao odnos generacije Z prema alatima umjetne inteligencije što može ukazati na moguću potrebu za daljnjim digitalnim opismenjavanjem društva. Dakle, ispituje se kako je alat umjetne inteligencije ChatGPT prihvaćen u toj populaciji i kako se percipira njezin utjecaj. Za potrebe istraživanja provedena je online anketa među pripadnicima generacije Z; jedne od generacija digitalnih urođenika, koja poznaje samo digitalno doba. Zato je važno kako ta generacija pristupa tehnologiji ChatGPT-ja.
S obzirom na to da je ChatGPT relativno nova tehnologija, generacija Z svjesna je potrebe zadrške u odnosu na informacije koje nudi odnosno njihove nepouzdanosti. Vidljivo je da postoji percipirani utjecaj umjetne inteligencije na svakodnevni život i način razmišljanja.
Dosadašnja istraživanja ukazuju na visoku razinu digitalne pismenosti generacije Z u Hrvatskoj, unatoč tome potrebno je kontinuirano prilagođavati i usklađivati obrazovanje usporedo s napretkom tehnologije.Artificial intelligence is gradually becoming an inevitable part of everyday life for the modern human. The digital age is marked by the fast development of technology, and it demands new ways of adapting and developing new skills. It brings a challenge in how individuals understand, accept and use technologies.
Digital literacy is becoming a basic requirement for understanding and effectively using new technologies. In literature, it is often emphasized that digital literacy also includes competences related to understanding and applying artificial intelligence. Therefore, more researches are linking digital literacy with the use of artificial intelligence.
The purpose of this research is to explore the level of digital literacy among Generation Z in relation to the use of ChatGPT, to better understand their attitude towards AI tools, which might show the need for further digital education in society. The research examines how the AI tool ChatGPT is accepted among this population and how its impact is perceived. For the purpose of the study, an online survey was conducted among members of Generation Z; one of the generations of digital natives who know only the digital age. That’s why it’s important how this generation approaches the use of ChatGPT.
Since ChatGPT is still relatively new technology, Generation Z is aware of the need to hold some caution regarding the information it offers, especially because of its possible unreliability. There is a visible perceived influence of artificial intelligence on everyday life and thinking.
Previous research indicates a high level of digital literacy among Generation Z in Croatia, but despite this, it is necessary to continuously adapt and align education with technological advances
Attitudes and Knowledge of Final Year High School Students from Šibenik-Knin County about HPV Virus Vaccination: Cross-sectional Study
No full textUvod: Cijepljenje protiv HPV virusa siguran je i pouzdan način zaštite mladih ljudi od niza karcinoma i bolesti povezanih s HPV virusom. Kod većine ljudi virus ne uzrokuje simptome i nestaje sam od sebe, no ponekad se može duže vrijeme zadržati na genitalnoj sluznici žena i uzrokovati malignu promjenu i karcinom. Cijepljenje uključuje primanje dvije doze u razmaku od šest mjeseci, kako bi se pružila najbolja moguća zaštita od HPV virusa. U Hrvatskoj se cjepivo protiv HPV virusa primjenjuje od 2007. godine, a do sada nisu zabilježene nikakve teže nuspojave. Procijepljenost adolescentne populacije protiv HPV virusa i dalje nije značajno velika.
Cilj: Ispitati stavove učenika završnih godina srednjih škola na području Šibensko-kninske županije o cijepljenju protiv HPV virusa, utvrditi postotak procijepljenosti protiv HPV virusa, ispitati opće znanje o HPV virusu te posljedicama infekcije HPV virusom.
Metode: Provedeno je presječno istraživanje na učenicima završnih godina srednje škole, a anonimni anketni upitnik sastojao se od sociodemografskih pitanja, pitanja o spolnosti te pitanja koja ispituju stavove, znanje i procijepljenost protiv HPV virusa na području Šibensko-kninske županije. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo Medicinsku školu Šibenik, Gimnaziju Antuna Vrančića te Srednju školu Ivana Meštrovića Drniš. U istraživanju su Gimnazija Antuna Vrančića u Šibeniku te Srednja škola Ivana Meštrovića Drniš grupirane pod nazivom „Opća Gimnazija“ zbog manjeg broja učenika u tim školama te istog usmjerenja. Istraživanje se provodilo tijekom prosinca 2023. godine, te siječnja i veljače 2024. godine putem online anketnog upitnika Google forms. Prigodni uzorak obuhvatio je ukupno 109 učenika. Učenici su pristupili anketi putem linka, kojeg su razrednici prosljeđivali u zajedničke grupe učenika.
Rezultati: U provedenom istraživanju dokazano je kako postoji statistički značajna razlika u znanju učenika Medicinske škole Šibenik u odnosu na učenike Gimnazije Antuna Vrančića i učenike Srednje škole Ivana Meštrovića u Drnišu. Nadalje, nije dokazano kako postoji statistički značajna razlika u postotku procijepljenosti protiv HPV-a između sve tri škole.
Zaključak: Ovo istraživanje, kao prvo provedeno istraživanje o HPV-u te postotku procijepljenosti na području Šibensko-kninske županije, donosi jasniji uvid u znanje i informiranost učenika srednjih škola o ovom javnozdravstvenom problemu.Introduction: HPV vaccination is safe and reliable way to protect young people from a number of cancers and diseases related to the HPV virus. In most people, the virus does not cause symptoms and dissapears on its own and sometimes it can remain on the women genital mucosa for a long time and cause malignant changes and cancer. Vaccination includes receiving two doses six months apart in order to provide the best protection against the HPV virus. In Croatia, HPV vaccine is used since 2007, and so far no serious side effects have been recorded. HPV vaccination of the adolescent population is still not significantly high.
Aim: To asses the views of final-year high school students in the Šibenik-Knin County regarding HPV vaccination, the HPV virus vaccination rate, general knowledge about the HPV virus and the consequences of HPV infection.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on final-year high school students in the, Šibenik-Knin County area, and the anonymous survey questionnaire consisted ofsociodemographic questions, questions about sexuality, and questions examining views, knowledge, and HPV virus vaccination rates. The study included the Medical School Šibenik, Antun Vrančić Gymnasium, and Ivan Meštrović High School Drniš. In the research, Antun Vrančić Gymnasium in Šibenik and Ivan Meštrović Secondary School in Drniš were grouped under the name „General Gymnasium“ due to the smaller number of students in those schools and the same educational focus. The research was conducted during December 2023, January and February 2024 via an online survey questionnaire using Google Forms. The convenient sample consisted of a total of 109 students. Students accessed the survey through a link, which was forwarded by class teachers to the class of students.
Results: In the conducted research, it was proven that there is a statistically significant difference in the knowledge of students from the Medical school Šibenik compared to the students from Antun Vrančić Gymnasium and the students from Ivan Meštrović Secondary School in Drniš. Furthermore, it was not proven that there is a statistically significant difference in the HPV vaccination rates among the three schools.
Conclusion: This research, as the first conducted study on HPV virus and HPV vaccination rates in the Šibenik-Knin County, provides a clearer insight into the knowledge and awareness of high school students regarding this public health issue
Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Growth among Women with Cancer: The Contribution of Perceived Cancer-related Stress and Life Meaning
No full textRak je jedan od vodećih javnozdravstvenih problema u Hrvatskoj i svijetu, no napredak u dijagnostici i liječenju doveo je do veće stope izlječivosti i produljenja životnog vijeka oboljelih. Unatoč tome, život s dijagnozom raka i proces liječenja mogu imati snažan utjecaj na psihološko funkcioniranje osobe. Kod oboljelih to iskustvo može dovesti do razvoja simptoma posttraumatskog stresnog poremećaja (PTSP), ali i potaknuti pozitivne promjene poznate kao posttraumatski rast. Pregled dosadašnje literature ističe niz čimbenika koji pridonose razvoju navedenih psiholoških ishoda, no spoznaje o ulozi subjektivne percepcije bolesti i egzistencijalnih čimbenika, poput smisla života, pokazuju nedosljednosti, što upućuje na potrebu za daljnjim istraživanjima. Stoga, cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati zastupljenost simptoma posttraumatskog stresnog poremećaja i posttraumatskog rasta kod žena oboljelih od raka te prediktivni doprinos percipirane stresnosti raka i smisla života u objašnjenju navedenih varijabli. U istraživanju su sudjelovale 153 žene, članice Udruge „Sve za nju“, koje su pristupile anonimnom ispunjavanju online upitnika. Korišteni su standardizirani mjerni instrumenti, a podaci su analizirani deskriptivnim, korelacijskim i regresijskim metodama. Rezultati su pokazali da 35,9% sudionica iskazuje klinički značajne simptome PTSP-a, dok 98% navodi barem jednu pozitivnu psihološku promjenu povezanu s iskustvom bolesti. Nije utvrđena značajna povezanost između simptoma PTSP-a i posttraumatskog rasta, što ukazuje na to da se mogu javljati neovisno. Utvrđeno je i da percipirana stresnost raka značajno pozitivno predviđa simptome PTSP-a i posttraumatski rast, dok smisao života pokazuje negativan prediktivni doprinos simptomima PTSP-a te pozitivan doprinos posttraumatskom rastu. Ovi nalazi ističu važnost subjektivne procjene bolesti i egzistencijalnog doživljaja smisla u procesu psihološke prilagodbe te naglašavaju potrebu za razvojem intervencija koje istodobno smanjuju distres i potiču osobni rast kod osoba suočenih s malignom dijagnozom.Cancer remains one of the leading public health challenges in both Croatia and the world. Although advances in diagnostics and treatment have led to higher cure rates and increased life expectancy among patients, living with a cancer diagnosis and undergoing treatment can still have a profound impact on an individual’s psychological functioning. In affected individuals, the experience may lead to the development of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but it may also trigger positive changes known as posttraumatic growth. A review of existing literature highlights various factors contributing to these psychological outcomes, however, findings regarding the role of subjective illness perception and existential factors, such as life meaning, remain inconsistent, indicating a need for further research. The aim of this research was to examine the prevalence of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth among women diagnosed with cancer, as well as the predictive contribution of perceived cancer-related stress and sense of life meaning in explaining these outcomes. The study included 153 women, members of the “Sve za nju” Association, who participated by anonymously completing an online questionnaire. Standardized measurement instruments were used, and the data were analyzed using descriptive, correlational, and multiple regression methods. The results showed that 35.9% of participants reported clinically significant levels of PTSD symptoms, while 98% indicated at least one positive psychological change related to their illness experience. No significant correlation was found between PTSD symptoms and posttraumatic growth, suggesting that they may occur independently. Furthermore, perceived cancer-related stress was found to positively predict both PTSD symptoms and posttraumatic growth, whereas sense of life meaning negatively predicted PTSD symptoms and positively predicted posttraumatic growth. These findings emphasize the importance of subjective illness perception and existential meaning in psychological adjustment to cancer and point to the need for interventions aimed at reducing distress while simultaneously promoting personal growth in individuals facing a malignant diagnosis
Social Identity and the Lived Experience of the Croatian National Minority in the Bay of Kotor
No full textSocijalni identitet obuhvaća onaj dio samopoimanja koji proizlazi iz pripadnosti društvenim skupinama, uz emocionalnu vrijednost koju pojedinac pridaje toj pripadnosti. Etnički je identitet jedan od oblika socijalnog identiteta, koji se odnosi na osjećaj pripadnosti etničkoj zajednici porijekla, tj. narodu s kojim osoba dijeli jezik, kulturu, običaje i kolektivni osjećaj zajedništva. U kontekstu nacionalnih manjina, on poprima posebno značenje, budući da se etnička i nacionalna pripadnost ne moraju nužno podudarati. Nalazi pokazuju da je percipirana diskriminacija nerijetka pojava među pripadnicima etničkih manjina, što može umanjiti njihovu psihološku dobrobit. Iako u hrvatskoj literaturi postoje istraživanja o etničkom identitetu Hrvata izvan domovine, ne postoje istraživanja o hrvatskoj nacionalnoj manjini u Boki kotorskoj. Položaj Hrvata u Boki kotorskoj zahtijeva osobitu pažnju jer njihov broj kontinuirano opada, a njihova je vidljivost u društvenom i institucionalnom prostoru regije sve manja. Stoga je cilj ovog istraživanja bio ispitati izraženost etničkog identiteta, njegovih aspekata i percipirane diskriminacije među Hrvatima u Boki kotorskoj, kao i odnos između etničkog identiteta, diskriminacije i psihološke dobrobiti. Također, cilj je bio steći uvid u njihova iskustva življenja i očuvanja etničkog identiteta u kontekstu multietničkog društva Boke. Istraživanje je provedeno kombinacijom kvantitativne i kvalitativne metodologije. U kvantitativnom je dijelu sudjelovalo 133 odraslih sudionika (50,4 % žena), prosječne dobi od 41,53 godine (SD = 15,40). Rezultati deskriptivne analize su pokazali izražen etnički identitet, visoku razinu kritičkog domoljublja, pozitivnog socijalnog samopoštovanja, uz umjerenu razinu percipirane etničke diskriminacije. Medijacijske analize pokazale su izravan negativan učinak diskriminacije na samopoštovanje, kao i na psihološki procvat. Dodatno, etnički identitet je djelomično posredovao odnos između diskriminacije i samopoštovanja, odnosno psihološkog procvata. U kvalitativnom dijelu, putem fokus grupe, sudionici su istaknuli svakodnevne izazove s kojima se suočavaju – poput institucionalne marginalizacije i iseljavanja mladih – ali i važnost očuvanja jezika, kulture i zajedničkih vrijednosti. Ovakvi nalazi osim znanstvenog doprinosa, mogu potaknuti konkretne oblike podrške i djelovanja usmjerenih na očuvanje identiteta i opstojnost hrvatskih manjinskih zajednica.Social identity encompasses the part of self-concept that derives from membership in social groups, along with the emotional value an individual attaches to that membership. Ethnic identity is a form of social identity, referring to a sense of belonging to an ethnic community of origin—that is, a people with whom one shares language, culture, customs, and a collective sense of unity. In the context of national minorities, this identity takes on particular significance, as ethnic and national affiliations do not necessarily align. Findings show that perceived discrimination is a common experience among members of ethnic minorities, which can negatively impact their psychological well-being. Although there is existing research in Croatian literature on the ethnic identity of Croats living abroad, no studies have focused on the Croatian national minority in the Bay of Kotor. The position of Croats in the Bay requires special attention due to their continuously declining numbers and decreasing visibility in the region’s social and institutional space. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the salience and dimensions of ethnic identity, as well as perceived discrimination among Croats in the Bay of Kotor, and to explore the relationship between ethnic identity, discrimination, and psychological well-being. Additionally, the study sought to gain insight into their lived experiences and efforts to preserve ethnic identity within the context of a multiethnic society. The research employed a mixed-method approach. The quantitative part included 133 adult participants (50.4% women), with a mean age of 41.53 years (SD = 15.40). Descriptive results indicated a strong ethnic identity, high levels of critical patriotism and positive collective self-esteem, and moderate levels of perceived ethnic discrimination. Mediation analyses revealed a direct negative effect of discrimination on self-esteem and psychological flourishing. Furthermore, ethnic identity partially mediated the relationship between discrimination and both self-esteem and flourishing. In the qualitative part, conducted via a focus group, participants emphasized everyday challenges—such as institutional marginalization and youth emigration—as well as the importance of preserving language, culture, and shared values. These findings, beyond their scientific contribution, may encourage targeted forms of support and action aimed at preserving identity and the sustainability of Croatian minority communities
Differences in Attitudes of Z Generation about Advertising Content in Traditional Media Versus Those on Social Network
No full textU digitalnom dobu, gdje su društvene mreže i pametne tehnologije sastavni dio
svakodnevnice, oglašavanje prolazi kroz temeljite promjene. Generacija Z, kao digitalno
najpovezanija generacija, pokazuje specifične obrasce ponašanja i percepcije kada je riječ o
reklamnim sadržajima. Ovaj diplomski rad analizira razlike u stavovima pripadnika generacije
Z prema oglašavanju u tradicionalnim medijima (televizija, radio, tisak) naspram oglašavanja
putem društvenih mreža (Instagram, TikTok, YouTube).
U teorijskom dijelu rada obrađuju se suvremeni koncepti marketinške komunikacije, s
naglaskom na digitalni marketing i značajke generacije Z kao ciljne skupine. Kroz kvantitativno
istraživanje provedeno online anketom, ispitani su stavovi mladih potrošača (18 – 28 godina) o
percepciji, učinkovitosti, relevantnosti i povjerenju u reklamne sadržaje u oba medijska
okruženja.
Rezultati pokazuju da generacija Z znatno više primjećuje i konzumira reklamne sadržaje
na društvenim mrežama, dok tradicionalnim medijima pridaje veću vjerodostojnost, unatoč
rjeđem korištenju. Digitalni oglasi se doživljavaju kao invazivni i često irelevantni, ali influencer
marketing i kratki videoformati pokazuju visoku učinkovitost. Ključni čimbenici koji utječu na
pozitivnu percepciju reklama među mladima su autentičnost, personalizacija i angažman.
Rad nudi smjernice za brendove koji žele komunicirati s ovom generacijom, naglašavajući
važnost transparentnosti, usklađenosti s vrijednostima i korištenja digitalnih kanala na način koji
odgovara navikama Z generacije.In today’s digital age, where social media and smart technologies are deeply integrated
into everyday life, advertising is undergoing significant transformation. Generation Z, the most
digitally connected generation, exhibits unique patterns of behavior and perception when it
comes to advertising content. This thesis explores the differences in attitudes among Generation
Z individuals toward advertisements in traditional media (television, radio, print) compared to
those on social media platforms (Instagram, TikTok, YouTube).
The theoretical framework outlines key concepts of contemporary marketing
communication, with a focus on digital marketing and Generation Z as a target audience.
Through a quantitative online survey targeting respondents aged 18 to 28, this study examines
their views on the perception, effectiveness, relevance, and trust in advertising across both media
environments.
Findings reveal that Generation Z is significantly more exposed to and engaged with
advertising on social media, while traditional media—though less frequently used—is perceived
as more trustworthy. Digital ads are often seen as invasive and irrelevant; however, influencer
marketing and short-form videos stand out as highly effective. Key factors influencing positive
reception include authenticity, personalization, and interactivity.
This thesis provides strategic insights for brands aiming to connect with Generation Z,
emphasizing the importance of transparency, value alignment, and the effective use of digital
platforms tailored to the habits and expectations of younger consumers
Incidence and Risk Factors of Third and Fourth Degree Perineal Tears in Department of Gynecology and Opstetrics, Clinical Hospital Sveti Duh in The Period 2005-2024: a Retrospective Study
No full textUvod: Razdor međice trećeg i četvrtog stupnja ozbiljna su opstetrička komplikacija s mogućim dugoročnim posljedicama na kvalitetu života rodilje. Pravovremena identifikacija čimbenika rizika važna je za njihovu prevenciju i unapređenje porođajne skrbi.
Cilj: Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi učestalost i čimbenike rizika za nastanak razdora međice trećeg i četvrtog stupnja u razdoblju od 1. siječnja 2005. do 31. prosinca 2024. godine na Klinici za ginekologiju i porodništvo Kliničke bolnice Sveti Duh.
Ispitanici i metode: Retrospektivno su analizirani podatci koji su prikupljeni iz arhive Klinike za ginekologiju i porodništvo (rađaonski protokol). Ukupan uzorak je činio 61.110 poroda. Uključene su rodilje s dijagnosticiranim rupturama međice III. i IV. stupnja, uz analizu pariteta, primjene epiziotomije, vrste dovršenja poroda (vakuum), mase novorođenčeta i iskustva primalje. Podatci su obrađeni deskriptivnom i inferencijalnom statistikom.
Rezultati: U razdoblju od 20 godina zabilježeno je ukupno 196 ruptura III. stupnja (0,32 %) i 4 ruptura IV. stupnja (0,01 %). Rupture su bile značajno češće kod prvorotki, te u skupini rodilja s epiziotomijom. Statistički značajna povezanost potvrđena je između rupture i epiziotomije (P < 0,001), kao i između rupture i pariteta (P < 0,001). Nije utvrđena značajna povezanost između učestalosti ruptura i porođajne mase, vakuum ekstrakcije ni iskustva primalje.
Zaključak: Najvažniji čimbenici rizika za nastanak težih oblika razdora međice su epiziotomija i prvorotkinje. Rezultati potvrđuju potrebu za restriktivnijom primjenom epiziotomije, posebice kod prvorotki, te važnost edukacije i primjene manualnih tehnika zaštite međice.Background: Third- and fourth-degree perineal tears are serious obstetric complications that can have long-term consequences on a woman's quality of life. Timely identification of risk factors is crucial for prevention and improving obstetric care.
Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and risk factors for third- and fourth-degree perineal tears in the period from January 1, 2005, to December 31, 2024, at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Hospital Center Sveti Duh.
Subjects and methods: A retrospective analysis of birth records from the hospital information system was conducted for the defined period. The total sample consisted of 61,110 births. Included were women diagnosed with third- and fourth-degree perineal tears. The analyzed variables included parity, use of episiotomy, mode of delivery (vacuum extraction), birth weight of the newborn, and midwife experience. Data were processed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods.
Results: During the 20-year period, a total of 196 third-degree (0.32%) and 4 fourth degree (0.01%) perineal tears were recorded. Tears occurred significantly more frequently in primiparous women and those who underwent episiotomy. A statistically significant association was found between perineal tears and episiotomy (P < 0.001), as well as between tears and parity (P < 0.001). No statistically significant association was found between tears and newborn weight, vacuum extraction, or midwife experience.
Conclusion: The most important risk factors for severe perineal tears are episiotomy and primiparity. The results support the need for a more restrictive approach to episiotomy, especially in primiparous women, and emphasize the importance of professional education and manual perineal protection techniques
Women in the stands: Research on the roles and influence of women in fan groups - the example of Torcida
No full textIstraživanja subkultura navijačkih skupina sve su brojnija – što zbog sve većeg broja pripadnika istih, što zbog sve češćih objavljivanja aktualnosti svih vrsta medija o njima samima. Kada je riječ o nekoj navijačkog grupi, prema tradicionalnoj slici, podrazumijeva se da se radi o muškim članovima koji bodre svoj omiljeni nogometni klub, kao što je primjer Hajduka i Torcide. No je li još uvijek tome tako i u suvremenom hrvatskom društvu s obzirom na sve veću pojavu žena na tribinama? Odgovor na ovo pitanje pokušat će se dobiti kroz istraživanje čiji je glavni cilj istražiti percepciju žena kao članica navijačke grupe Torcide. Istraživanje se temelji na dvije kvalitativne metode od kojih je prva metoda individualnog, polustrukturiranog intervjua unutar kojeg će biti uzorak od 10 do 15 sugovornika koji će činiti i žene i muškarci. Kod muškog dijela sugovornika teži se analizi stavova i percepcije o ženama članicama Torcide, utječu li iste na atmosferu navijanja i ostalih segmenata i rituala navijača. Kroz intervju sa ženama članicama, prikupit će se podaci o njihovoj autorefleksiji njih samih kao članica navijačke grupe, ispitati procese integracije, odnosno marginalizacije s obzirom na spol te koliko zapravo sudjeluju u djelovanjima navijačke zajednice. Druga metoda ovog istraživanja jest metoda proučavanja bez sudjelovanja, gdje će se promatrati sudjelovanje žena članica na nekim od utakmica Hajduka, što domaćih, što gostujućih.Research on subcultures of fan groups is becoming more and more numerous –. both due to the growing number of their members and the more frequent media coverage of current events related to these groups. When it comes to a fan group, , the traditional image usually implies male members who support their favorite football club, such as Hajduk and Torcida. But is this still the case in contemporary Croatian society, given the increasing appearance of women in the stands? The answer to this question will be attempted through research whose main objective is to explore the perception of women as members of the Torcida fan group. The research is based on two qualitative methods. The first method is the method of individual, semi-structured interviews within which there will be a sample of 10 to 15 respondents, including both women and men. Among the male respondents, the focus will be on analyzing attitudes and perceptions regarding female members of Torcida, and whether their presence influences the atmosphere of cheering and other fan rituals and activities. Through interviews with female members, data will be collected about their self-reflection as members of the fan group, examining processes of integration, or marginalization based on gender, and the extent of their participation in fan community activities. The second method of this research is the non-participatory study method, where the participation of female members will be observed at some of Hajduk’s matches, both home and away games
Awareness and knowledge of nurses and technicians in gynecological departments about ovarian cancer: a cross-sectional study
No full textUvod: Rak jajnika predstavlja jednu od najsmrtonosnijih zloćudnih bolesti ženskog reproduktivnog sustava. Usprkos napretku u dijagnostičkim i terapijskim metodama, većina slučajeva i dalje se otkriva u uznapredovalim stadijima. Medicinske sestre i tehničari imaju ključnu ulogu u ranom prepoznavanju simptoma i edukaciji bolesnica.
Cilj: Cilj istraživanja bio je procijeniti razinu znanja medicinskih sestara i tehničara zaposlenih na ginekološkim odjelima o simptomima i rizičnim čimbenicima raka jajnika te utvrditi postoji li povezanost između njihove stručne spreme, radnog staža i radnog mjesta s razinom znanja.
Metode: Istraživanje je provedeno u obliku presječnog istraživanja u tri zagrebačke bolnice od listopada 2024. do ožujka 2025. godine. Ukupno je analizirano 103 ispunjena upitnika. Podaci su prikupljeni uz pomoć strukturiranog anketnog upitnika, a statistička analiza provedena je uz pomoć neparametrijskih testova (Kruskal-Wallis, Mann–Whitney, Hi-kvadrat).
Rezultati: Rezultati pokazuju da većina ispitanika točno prepoznaje ključne simptome raka jajnika poput bolova u zdjelici i porasta trbuha te razumije ulogu tumorskih markera (CA-125, CA-15-3, CA-19-9). Utvrđena je statistički značajna povezanost između više razine obrazovanja i boljeg znanja. Radni staž i bolnica u kojoj ispitanici rade nisu pokazali statistički značajnu povezanost s razinom znanja.
Zaključak: Stručna sprema ima važan utjecaj na razinu znanja o raku jajnika. Iako su opće razine znanja zadovoljavajuće, rezultati pokazuju potrebu za dodatnim edukacijama usmjerenim na prepoznavanje manje poznatih simptoma i rizičnih čimbenika raka jajnika, čime bi se mogla poboljšati rana detekcija i ishod liječenja.Introduction: Ovarian cancer is one of the most deadly malignant diseases of the female reproductive system. Despite advances in diagnostic and therapeutic methods, most cases are still detected in advanced stages of the disease. Nurses play a key role in early recognition of symptoms and patient education.
Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the level of knowledge of nurses and technicians working in gynecological departments about the symptoms of ovarian cancer and risk factors for ovarian cancer and to determine whether there is a connection between their professional qualifications, years of work experience and job position with the level of knowledge.
Methods: The study was conducted as a cross-sectional study in three hospitals located in Zagreb from October 2024 to March 2025. A total of 97 correctly completed questionnaires were analyzed. Data were collected using a structured survey questionnaire, and statistical analysis was performed using non-parametric tests (Kruskal-Wallis, Mann–Whitney, Chi-square).
Results: Results show that the majority of respondents correctly recognize key symptoms of ovarian cancer, such as pelvic pain and abdominal enlargement, and understand the role of tumor markers (CA-125, CA-15-3, CA-19-9). A statistically significant association was found between higher levels of education and better knowledge. Length of service and their working surrounding could not be associated with level o knowledge.
Conclusion: Professional education improves knowledge about ovarian cancer. Although, according to the results, the general level of knowledge is satisfactory, the results show the need for additional education focused on recognizing lesser-known symptoms and risk factors of ovarian cancer, which could improve early detection and treatment outcomes