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Javnozdravstvene osobitosti žena oboljelih od karcinoma dojke na području Vrbovca
No full textRak dojke ozbiljan je javnozdravstveni problem u cijelom svijetu, a osobito u razvijenim zemljama. U Republici Hrvatskoj najčešći obolijevanje od raka među ženama je upravo od raka dojke. Godišnje se dijagnosticira oko 2 500 novih slučajeva raka dojke, a oko 800 žena umre od te bolesti. To je broj koji svrstava Hrvatsku među zemlje s visokom incidencijom (oko 100/100 000 žena). Podaci su alarmanti jer ukazuju da će svaka deseta žena dobiti rak dojke tijekom svojeg života. S obzirom da su faktori rizika za rak dojke vezani uz suvremeni način života, diljem svijeta bilježi se porast incidencije. Unatoč tome, u većem broju razvijenih zemalja od druge polovice 1980-ih godina sve je manji mortalitet od raka dojke što se pripisuje napretku u ranoj dijagnostici i boljoj terapiji. Rak dojke redovito se dijagnosticira u kasnijem stadiju te se stoga aktivnosti suvremene medicine usmjeravaju na rano otkrivanje raka dojke, od individualne do nacionalne razine . Strategija Nacionalnog programa ranog otkrivanja raka dojke za Republiku Hrvatsku usvojena je 2006. godine, a sukladna je odrednicama Nacionalne strategije prevencije i ranog otkrivanja raka, koja je dio strategije razvoja zdravstva Republike Hrvatske. Potrebni su dodatni napori u boljoj provedbi ovog programa u cilju većeg odaziva žena pod rizikom, kao i preventivnih programa za sprječavanje pojave bolesti.Breast cancer is a serious public health problem all over the world, especially in developed countries. In the Republic of Croatia, the most common cancer treatment is breast cancer. About 2500 new cases are diagnosed annually, and about 800 women die from breast cancer each year. This is the number that classifies Croatia among countries with high incidence (about 100/100 000 women). Data are alarming because they indicate that every tenth women will have breast cancer during her lifetime. Given that risk factors for breast cancer are related to a modern lifestyle, an incidence increase is reported worldwide. Nonetheless, in most developed countries since the second half of the 1980s, there is still a lower mortality rate for breast cancer attributed to progress in therapy. Breast cancer is regularly diagnosed at a later stage and hence the activity of modern medicine is directed at the early detection of breast cancer, from an individual to a national basis. The National Breast Cancer Research Program for the Republic of Croatia was adopted in 2006. and is in line with the National Strategy for Prevention and Early Detection of Cancer, part of the Croatian Health Care Development Strategy. Additional efforts are needed to better implement this program in order to better respond to women at risk, as well as preventive programs to prevent the onset of the disease
Epidemiološke karakteristike i procjena metodološke kvalitete sustavnih pregleda u palijativnoj medicini
No full textPalijativna medicina nova je grana medicine koja liječi bolesnika s aktivnom i uznapredovalom bolešću ograničenog životnog vijeka, poboljšava kvalitetu života pacijenta i njihovih obitelji, a daje veliku pozornost liječenju boli i drugih simptoma što zahtijeva preciznu procjenu svakog pojedinca. Kao zasebna medicinska specijalizacija priznata je 1897. u Velikoj Britaniji. Od velike važnosti u donošenju najbolje odluke za pojedinca je medicina utemeljena na dokazima (eng. Evidence-based medicine, EBM), sa sustavnim pregledima literature kao jednim od važnih alata koji pružaju visoku razinu dokaza o učinkovitosti intervencija. Značaj EBM-a ujednačavanje je kliničke prakse i poboljšanje kvalitete skrbi za svakog pacijenta.
U ovaj rad uključili smo sve sustavne preglede koje su autori identificirali kao sustavne preglede u naslovu ili sažetku. Sljedeći kriterij uključenja odnosi se na populaciju palijativnih pacijenata neovisno o tome radi li se o terapiji, dijagnostici ili prognozi i neovisno o mjestu provođenja palijativne skrbi (bolnica, hospicij ili bolesnikov dom).
U diplomskom radu procijenili smo 50 sustavnih pregleda unutar palijativne medicine pomoću AMSTAR alata za procjenu kvalitete sustavnih pregleda i prikupili njihove epidemiološke karakteristike. Pojedine čestice AMSTAR-a granulirali smo na podčestice kako bismo dobili precizniju ocjenu. Pretražili smo MEDLINE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Review i Database of Abstract of Review of Effects koristeći se sljedećim ključnim riječima: palliative care, terminal care, end of life care i systematic review.
Na osnovu prikupljenih podataka, usporedili smo metodološku kvalitetu Cochraneovih sustavnih pregleda s onima izvan Cochrane kolaboracije, metodološku kvalitetu pregleda prije i poslije osnivanja AMSTAR-a, metodološku kvalitetu pregleda kroz dva načina ocjenjivanja (AMSTAR i AMSTAR granulirani) te kvalitetu pregleda američkih i europskih autora.
Obradom podataka zaključili smo da su Cochraneovi sustavni pregledi metodološki kvalitetniji (M=8,93, sd=2,40), za razliku od onih koji to nisu (M=6,26, sd=2,12). Sustavni pregledi objavljeni nakon osnivanja AMSTAR-a ostvarili su veći broj bodova (M=7,14, sd=2,58) u odnosu na preglede objavljene prije (M=6,50, sd=2,07). Prosječan broj bodova prilikom uobičajenog ocjenjivanja pomoću AMSTAR-a bio je veći (M=7,06, sd=2,51) u odnosu na granulirano ocjenjivanje (M=6,04, sd=6,04). Sustavni pregledi provedeni od strane europskih autora ostvarili su u prosjeku veći broj bodova (M=7,21, sd=2,40) od američkih autora (M=5,40, sd=2,88).Palliative medicine is a new medical branch that provides care for patients with active and advanced diseases of limited life expectancy, improves the life quality of patients and their family, and places special emphasis on treating pain and other symptoms, which requires an accurate estimation of each individual. Palliative care was first recognized as a separate medical specialization in Great Britain in 1897. What is of utmost importance for making the best decision for an individual is a medicine based upon evidence, i.e. evidence-based medicine (EBM) with a systematic review of research, which is one of the most important tools that provide strong evidence relating to the efficiency of interventions. The significance of EBM lies in standardising clinical practice and improving the quality of care for each patient.
This paper includes all those reviews that the authors have identified as systematic reviews in the title or the summary. The following inclusion criterion is related to the population of palliative patients, regardless of whether it concerns therapy, diagnostics or prognosis, and independent of the place of the provision of palliative care (hospital, hospice, or patient’s home).
In this Master’s thesis, fifty systematic reviews within the palliative medicine were estimated using AMSTAR measurement tool for assessing the quality of systematic reviews, and their epidemiological characteristics were obtained. Certain particles of AMSTAR were granulated into subparticles to make a more accurate assessment. We searched in the MEDLINE, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Review, and the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects using the following key words: palliative care, terminal care, end of life care, and systematic review.
Based on the obtained data, we compared the methodological quality of Cochrane systematic reviews with the ones beyond Cochrane collaboration, the methodological quality before and after the launch of AMSTAR, the methodological quality of reviews through two means of assessing (AMSTAR and AMSTAR granulated), as well as the quality of reviews by American and European authors.
After data processing we concluded that Cochrane systematic reviews are of higher methodological quality (M=8,93, sd=2,40) compared to the rest (M=6,26, sd=2,12). The systematic reviews published after the launch of AMSTAR scored more points (M=7,14, sd=2,58) compared to the reviews published prior to it (M=6,50, sd=2,07). The average score when assessing using AMSTAR was higher (M=7,06, sd=2,51) compared to the granulated assessment (M=6,04, sd=6,04). The reviews conducted by European authors scored more points on average (M=7,21, sd=2,40) compared to the reviews by American authors
STATUS OF WOMAN IN RURAL AREAS OF WESTERN HERZEGOVINA AFTER SECOND WORLD WAR
No full textTerenskim istraživanjem u selima zapadne Hercegovine nastojala sam istražiti i prikazati svakodnevni život žene sredinom 20. stoljeća. To vrlo turbulentno poslijeratno razdoblje obilježilo je sva područja života, a posebno je zanimljivo pratiti ga iz perspektive žene u patrijarhalnom društvu. Iako dobivaju pravo glasa Ustavom iz 1946., žene na selu zapadne Hercegovine nisu bile svjesne da se nešto promijenilo u odnosu na prije. Tadašnja medijska propaganda nametnula je prvih godina nakon Drugog svjetskog rata sliku žene kao ratnice - partizanke u borbi za Jugoslaviju, a već 50-ih godina slika žene je drugačija, ona je prije svega domaćica, supruga i majka. Žena je obavljala jednake poslove kao i muškarac, a osim toga morala se brinuti za kućanstvo i djecu. Do promjena u položaju žene u obitelji dolazi 60-ih godina kada se ''otvaraju'' granice te veliki broj muškaraca odlazi raditi izvan teritorija FNR/SFR Jugoslavije, a žene preuzimaju ulogu ''glave kuće''. Položaj žene u promatranom razdoblju kompleksan je problem i postoji nekoliko vanjskih utjecaja, anajbitnija je i najjača, naravno, politika tadašnjeg režima.On the base of the field research in the villages of western Herzegovina this paper strives to research and present the daily life of woman in the mid 20's. That turbulent postwar period was marked by all areas of life, particularly is interested the view from a female perspective in a patriarchal society. Even they got the right to vote by Constitution in 1946, woman in rural parts were not aware of the change. Propaganda in the Media imposed the picture of the woman as worker – warrior in the first few years after the Second World War but by the 50's that changed. She became primarily a housewife, mother and wife. The situation changed in the 1960's when a large amount of the male population left Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia when the borders opened, and in that situation woman took the role of the ''Head of the family''. The position of woman in the observed period is a complex problem with few external factors. The main one was actual political regime
SSP FROM 1908.-1918. AND EVOLUTION OF ITS IDEOLOGY
No full textOd postanka hrvatskih političkih stranaka i pripadajući im idejnih i ideoloških obrazaca,
razdoblju prvih 18 godina 20. stoljeća pripada osobito mjesto. Posebnost je prepoznatljiva u
događajima i odlukama s kraja 1918. godine. Kako bi razumjeli ukupnost i značenje
navedenih događaja potrebno je upoznati se s cjelovitim procesom, od događaja do onodobne
društvene i političke zbilje. U historiografskom smislu dobro je analizirati i djelovanje
pojedinih političkih i društvenih grupacija te sukladno tome analizirati njihov značaj i utjecaj
na konačni ishod. Pravaške stranke predstavljale su značajan politički subjekt, a razlike među
njima utjecale su i na onodobnu hrvatsku stvarnost kao i državnopravnu budućnost. Jedna od
najznačajnijih promjena dogodila se u političko-ideološkom diskursu Starčevićeve stranke
prava, koja je u konačnici pristala uz ujedinjenje s Kraljevinom Srbijom. Upravo radi toga,
temeljna zadaća ovog rada je prikazati posebnosti u Starčevićevoj stranci prava.Since the foundation of the Croatian political parties and their respective conceptual and
ideological forms, the period of the first 18 years of the 20th century has a special place. It's
specialness is recognized in the events and decisions of the end of 1918. In order to
understand the totality of the meaning of those events it is necessary to become familiar with
the whole process, from the events to the social and political reality of that time. In
historiographical sense it is good to analyze the effect of certain political and social groups,
and accordingly analyze their importance and impact on the final outcome. The Rights Parties
represented a significant political entity, and the differences between them have influenced
the Croatian reality and future statehood. One of the most significant changes occurred in the
political-ideological discourse of the SSP, which ultimately agreed with the unification of the
Kingdom of Serbia. Precisely because of this, the fundamental task of this paper is to show
the special features in SSP
CITIZENRY, LOCAL AUTHORITIES AND BORDELLOS IN ZAGREB ON THE TURN OF THE 19TH TO 20TH CENTURY: REGULATIONISM AND PUBLIC MORAL
No full textIndustrijalizacijom, urbanizacijom te modernizacijom prostitucija postaje sve masovnija pojava u gradovima. Zbog toga je vlasti nastoje na određeni način kontrolirati da bi zaštitili javni moral i spriječili širenje spolnih bolesti. Karakterističan je oblik pravne regulacije prostitucije u 19. stoljeću bila reglementacija, što je značilo da prostituciju nadzire mjesno redarstvo (policija), a pravno se uređuje zakonima i pravilnicima. Ovakav sustav postojao je i u Zagrebu koji je tada bio u sklopu Austro-Ugarske Monarhije. Na izmaku 19. stoljeća u Zagrebu izbija zanimljiv sukob građana, Gradskog poglavarstva i vlasnika javnih kuća. Gradsko poglavarstvo donosi Bludilišni pravilnik (1899.) te odlučuje sve javne kuće u gradu smjestiti na jednu lokaciju zbog učinkovitijeg nadzora. Međutim, to će dovesti do prosvjeda građana okolnih ulica. Iz tog događaja mogu se iščitati mnogi aspekti odnosa između građanstva i gradskih vlasti prema javnim kućama te samo djelovanje javnih kuća. Iako se reglementiranim sustavom nastojalo nadzirati prostituciju, problemi poput trgovine ljudima, tajne prostitucije, spolnih bolesti, teškog položaja prostitutki, nisu nestali. Rad se temelji na arhivskom gradivu Državnog arhiva iz Zagreba, Narodnim novinama te dostupnoj literaturi.Prostitution is becoming a mass phenomenon in cities as a result of industrialisation, urbanisation and modernisation. That is why the authorities are trying to control it in certain ways in order to protect public moral and prevent expansion of sexually transmitted diseases. Regulationism was a characteristic form of judicial regulation of prostitution in the 19th century. It implied that prostitution was controlled by local peelers (police), and regulated by laws and regulations. A system like this also existed in Zagreb which was a part of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire. A rather interesting conflict occurred among the citizens, municipality and the owners of bordellos on the verge of the 19th century. Municipality passed the so-called Brothel Rules (1899) and decides to locate all the bordellos in the city in one location to have more efficient control over them. However, this led to civic protests living in the streets nearby. That event depicts many aspects of the relationship between the citizenry and municipality towards bordellos and their activities. Although the aim of this system was to control prostitution, many other issues did not disappear, such as human trafficking, secret prostitution, sexually transmitted diseases, and bad situation of the prostitutes. This thesis is based on the archival sources stored in the State Archives of City of Zagreb, The Official Gazette, and available literature
TOPOGRAPHY OF REPORT WRITTEN BY IVAN LENKOVIĆ DATING FROM 1563.—DEFENSE SYSTEM FROM MOUNTAIN VELIKA KAPELA TO RIVER SAVA IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 16TH CENTURY
No full textU drugoj polovici 16. stoljeća, hrvatski povijesni prostor doživio je najintenzivnije osmanlijske provale. Time je bio ugrožen i prostor austrijskih nasljednih zemalja: Koruške, Štajerske i Kranjske. Zbog toga, habsburške vlasti morale su se posvetiti boljoj organizaciji obrambenog sustava Habsburške Monarhije. Provedbu novih obrambenih zamisli izvršavali su vrhovni krajiški zapovjednici. Kako bi vladar bio obaviješten o razvoju obrane na nekom prostoru, vrhovni kapetani podnosili su brojna izvješća. Ovaj rad analizira jedno od takvih izvješća vrhovnog kapetana Ivana Lenkovića. Izvješće iz 1563. godine o stanju utvrda i obrane u ovom će se radu sagledati kroz ulogu komunikacijskih pravaca u organizaciji protuosmanlijske obrane na prostoru od Save do Velike Kapele. Time će se ovoj historiografskoj temi pristupiti u novom kontekstu te pridonijeti već prisutnim historiografskim spoznajama o razvoju protuosmanlijske obrambene strategije.In the second half of the 16th century, Croatian historical territory experienced the most intense Ottoman invasions. Consequently, the territory of Austrian hereditary countries – Carinthia, Styria and Carniola – was also threatened, forcing the Habsburg monarchs to devote their attention to a better organization of the defense system of the Habsburg Monarchy. The implementation of the new defense ideas was carried out by the supreme commanders of the Military Frontier. In order to inform the ruler of the defense developments in a certain area, the supreme commanders submitted numerous reports. This paper analyzes one of these reports written by the supreme commander Ivan Lenković. The report on the state of fortifications and defense, dating from 1563, will be examined in this paper by focusing on the role of the communication routes in the organization of the anti-Ottoman defense in the area between the river Sava and the mountain Velika Kapela. This historiographical topic will be approach in a new context, which will contribute to the present historiographical knowledge on the development of the anti-Ottoman defense strategy
JEWISH FORTS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE FIRST JEWISH REVOLT
No full textU drugoj polovici 1. stoljeća, u provinciji Judeji izbio je ustanak kao rezultat nezadovoljstva rimskom vladavinom. Taj ustanak, poznat pod nazivom Prvi židovski ustanak, dokumentirao je Josip Flavije u svom djelu „Židovski rat“, no kako je ono nastalo u vrijeme kada je Josip Flavije bio pod zaštitom rimskih careva, točnije Vespazijana, Domicijana i Tita, postavlja se pitanje koliko takvi izvještaji, nastali u takvim okolnostima, mogu biti precizni i točni. U tom će smislu od neprocjenjive važnosti bili arheološki nalazi pronađeni na mjestima utvrda Jotapate, Gamle, Giskale, Herodiona, Maheronta i Masade, koji će potvrditi ili opovrgnuti Josipove izvještaje.In the second half of the first century, there was an uprising in the province of Judaea which was a result of dissatisfaction with the Roman rule. The uprising, known as the First Jewish Revolt, was documented by Flavius Josephus in his work „War of the Jews“. However, due to the fact that Flavius Josephus was at the time under protection of the Roman emperors, namely Vespasian, Domitian and Titus, the question of how can reports produced in such circumstances be precise and accurate arises. In the respect, archaeologial foundings from the sites of the forts Jotapata, Gamla, Giscala, Herodium, Machaerus and Masada are of great value, considering the fact they will confirm or refute Josephus' reports
NATIONAL IDENTITY IN LITERARY AND HISTORIOGRAPHIC WORK OF IVAN KUKULJEVIĆ SAKCINSKI
No full textIvan Kukuljević Sakcinski bio je jedan od najznačajnijih hrvatskih političara, historiografa i književnika XIX. stoljeća. Kukuljević se u svojem historiografskom i književnom stvaralaštvu često bavio (nad)nacionalnim identitetima. Ovim radom analiziram način na koji je Kukuljević razlikovao dvije navedene razine identiteta te na koji je način određivao nacionalni identitet nekog stanovništva. Pri tome posebno analiziram nacionalni identitet u Kukuljevićevoj filozofiji povijesti i ulogu koju je nacionalni identitet imao u njegovom historiografskom mitu. Povezanost Kukuljevićeva stvaralaštva i nacionalnog identiteta analizirao sam na primjerima iz dvaju njegovih putopisa – Putovanje po Bosni i Putne uspomene iz Hrvatske, Dalmacije, Arbanije, Krfa i Italije. Tome prethodi kraći pregled dijela dosadašnjih teorija o naciji i nacionalizmu u kojem su predstavljene neke važnije nesuglasice vezane za pojavu nacije.Ivan Kukuljević Sakcinski was one of the most prominent Croatian politician, historian and writer of the 19th century. Kukuljević often dealt with (over) national identities in his historiographical and literary work. This paper analyzes how Kukuljević distinguished these two levels of identity and the way in which he determined the national identity of a population. In particular, I analyze national identity in Kukuljević’s philosophy of history and the role that national identity has in his historiographical myth. The connection between Kukuljević’s creativity and national identity I analyzed in the cases of two of his travelogues - Travelling in Bosnia and Travel memories of Croatian, Dalmatia, of Albania, Corfu and Italy. This is preceded by a brief survey of part of the existing theories of nation and nationalism in which some important differences related to the emergence of the nation are presented
Jewish diaspora communities: sites of the expansion of Christianity in the Roman Empire
No full textNa primjeru triju gradova, Aleksandrije, sirijske Antiohije i Rima, rad se bavi ulogom zajednica židovske dijaspore u procesu širenja kršćanstva Rimskim Carstvom. Istražuju se obilježja židovskih zajednica u tim gradovima, s osobitim naglaskom na njihov način uklopljenosti u grčko-rimski svijet, komunikaciju s većinskim stanovništvom i odnos s rimskim vlastima. Zatim se, na temelju saznanja o samim počecima kršćanstva u ovim trima gradovima, i podacima o tim kršćanskim zajednicama koji potječu iz kasnijeg vremena, analizira način dolaska nove religije u te sredine te proces razdvajanja i osamostaljivanja kršćanske od židovske zajednice. Povezujući ta saznanja s onima o židovskoj zajednici do tad, te uspoređujući ta središta međusobno, pokušava se dati cjelovitija slika o značenju židovskih zajednica za prve kršćanske. U svim trima središtima uočena je velika povezanost nove kršćanske zajednice sa židovskom. Ona se ogleda u znatnoj prisutnosti judeokršćana, te u preuzimanju elemenata organizacije židovske zajednice, kao i književne i duhovne ostavštine Židova dijaspore. Također se zaključuje da se u tim središtima odvajanje kršćanske zajednice od židovske odvijalo bez jasno poznatih velikih sukoba.This work explores the role of the Jewish Diaspora communities during the expansion of Christianity in the Roman Empire on the example of three cities: Alexandria, Antioch of Syria and Rome. Topics examined are characteristics of the Jewish communities in said cities, with special emphasis placed on their integration into the Greco-Roman world, communication with the majority population, and their relationship with the Roman authorities. This is followed by an analysis of the arrival of the new religion in said areas and the process of separation and independence of the Christian community from the Jewish community. The analysis is based on the information on the very beginnings of Christianity in the three cities, as well as on the information on the same Christian communities dating from a later period. By connecting said information with findings on the Jewish community up to that point of time, as well as through a mutual comparison of the centers, the attempt is to provide a more comprehensive image of the significance of the Jewish community for the first Christian communities. All three centers showed a strong relationship between the new Christian community and the Jewish community. It was visible in the substantial presence of Jewish Christians, and in the appropriation of Jewish community organization elements, as well as the literary and spiritual legacy of the Jewish diaspora. Additional conclusion is that the separation process between the Christian and Jewish communities at those centers proceeded without any clearly known great conflict