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Recent Insights into the Pathogenesis, Diagnostics, and Treatment of BK Virus Infections in Children After Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
No full textBK polyomavirus (BKPyV) is a pathogen responsible for infectious complications in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. This review aims to give an insight into recent data about the structure and genomic organization, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and current treatment options of BKPyV infections in children after HSCT. News regarding viral replication and pathogenesis include the generation of miRNA, new mechanisms of viral shedding by releasing infectious particles via extracellular vesicles, and human bladder microvascular endothelial cells probably acting as viral reservoirs enabling low-level viral replication and persistence. In studies conducted over the past five years, BKPyV hemorrhagic cystitis (BKPyV-HC) has a prevalence rate of 4 to 27% in children undergoing HSCT. Diagnostics still has unsolved dilemmas like whole blood or plasma samples as well as the standardization of molecular methods to allow for reporting in international units. In terms of treatment, new approaches have been used in the past five years, including the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), virus-specific T cells (VSTs), and recombinant human keratinocyte growth factor (rH-KGF), although the efficacy of some of these treatments has only been documented in isolated studies. This complication continues to pose a substantial clinical challenge, characterized by an absence of effective preventive and therapeutic measures
Attitudes of Primary School Teachers in Croatia Towards Violence in Croatia and English-Speaking Countries
No full textThe aim of this thesis is to investigate how Croatian primary school teachers view school violence while conducting a comparative analysis of English-speaking nations. The research focuses on violence that happens specifically within educational facilities. The thesis contains both research findings and theoretical background, which explains school violence through psychological and sociological perspectives, and describes teacher roles, school safety measures and prevention strategies. The research data were collected through questionnaires distributed to primary school teachers across Croatia. The comparison between Croatia and English-speaking countries holds great importance because school violence has persisted as a frequent issue in foreign nations for a longer period than it has in Croatia, where it received recent widespread attention. The research provides valuable insights about creating effective solutions by studying how other nations handle this problem. The study also aims to assess the level of awareness among teachers, their attitudes toward school violence, and their suggested solutions. The research outcomes will benefit teacher education and increase school violence awareness while potentially creating prevention strategies for Croatian educational institutions. School violence continues to be a widely discussed issue without any established definitive solution.Cilj ovog diplomskog rada je istražiti kako učitelji u hrvatskim osnovnim školama doživljavaju nasilje u školama, uz provedbu usporedne analize s zemaljama engleskog govornog područja. Istraživanje je usmjereno na nasilje koje se događa upravo unutar obrazovnih ustanova. Rad uključuje rezultate istraživanja i teorijski pregled koji objašnjava nasilje u školama iz psihološke i sociološke perspektive te opisuje uloge učitelja, mjere sigurnosti u školama i strategije prevencije. Podaci za istraživanje prikupljeni su putem upitnika distribuiranih učiteljima osnovnih škola diljem Hrvatske. Usporedba Hrvatske i zemalja engleskog govornog područja posebno je značajna jer je nasilje u školama prisutno u tim zemljama dulje vrijeme nego u Hrvatskoj, gdje je tek nedavno privuklo veću pažnju javnosti. Ovo istraživanje pruža vrijedne uvide u stvaranje učinkovitih rješenja proučavanjem načina na koji se s tim problemom nose druge zemlje. Istraživanje također ima za cilj ispitati razinu osviještenosti učitelja, njihove stavove o nasilju u školama te prijedloge mogućih rješenja. Rezultati istraživanja doprinijet će obrazovanju učitelja i podizanju svijesti o nasilju u školama, a mogu poslužiti i za oblikovanje strategija prevencije u hrvatskim obrazovnim ustanovama. Nasilje u školama i dalje je tema o kojoj se mnogo raspravlja, a konačno rješenje još uvijek nije pronađeno
Stress In Preschool Teachers
No full textStres predstavlja kompleksnu psihofizičku reakciju na različite unutarnje i vanjske podražaje te je u suvremenom društvu postao značajan javnozdravstveni problem. Kod odgojitelja, stres je česta pojava, uzrokovana brojnim čimbenicima poput zahtjevnog rada s djecom, složenih odnosa s roditeljima i kolegama te sve većih profesionalnih očekivanja. U radu se istražuju izvori i posljedice stresa kod odgojitelja, s posebnim naglaskom na strategije suočavanja. Istaknuta je važnost podrške i očuvanja mentalnog zdravlja odgojitelja, s obzirom na njihov ključan utjecaj na razvoj i dobrobit djece. Profesionalno sagorijevanje, kao rezultat kroničnog stresa, sve je češći razlog napuštanja odgojiteljske profesije.Stress represents a complex psychophysiological reaction to various internal and external stimuli and has become a significant public health issue in modern society. Among preschool educators, stress is a common occurrence, caused by numerous factors such as demanding work with children, complex relationships with parents and colleagues, and increasing professional expectations. The paper explores the sources and consequences of stress among preschool educators, with a particular emphasis on coping strategies. The importance of support and the preservation of preschool educators’ mental health is highlighted, given their crucial influence on the development and well-being of children. Professional burnout, as a result of chronic stress, is an increasingly common reason for leaving the early childhood education profession
Education in the era of chatbots
No full textU završnom radu govori se o promjeni obrazovnog sustava u doba chatbotova. Glavna tema je najrašireniji alat generativne umjetne inteligencije – ChatGPT. Razgovor čovjeka sa umjetnom inteligencijom se mnogim ljudima do prije nekoliko godina činio kao gotovo nezamisliva situacija. Kako u posljednjih nekoliko godina vidimo do sada zasigurno najbrži razvoj u svim područjima tehnologije, tako vidimo isti razvoj i u umjetnoj inteligenciji. Fokus ovog rada je na pozitivnim i negativnim stranama chatbotova u obrazovanju učenika i studenata. U prvom djelu rada se govori opsežno o povijesti umjetne inteligencije, od samih početaka sredinom 20. stoljeća pa sve do danas. Dok neki učitelji i profesori se drže svojih tradicionalnih metoda poučavanja i održavanja nastave, drugi su počeli postepeno implementirati alate generativne umjetne inteligencije u svoju nastavu. U radu se također govori o korištenju umjetne inteligencije u online i cjeloživotnom učenju. U drugom djelu rada se prikazuje spajanje generativne umjetne inteligencije i obrazovanja gdje je krajnji cilj poticanje učitelja i profesora na sigurnu i ispravnu implementaciju generativne umjetne inteligencije u svoj nastavni proces.The final paper discusses changes in the educational system during the era of chatbots. The main focus is on the most widely used generative artificial intelligence tool – ChatGPT. Just a few years ago, human conversation with artificial intelligence seemed almost unimaginable to many people. As we have witnessed undoubtedly the fastest technological advancements across all fields in recent years, we have seen parallel development in artificial intelligence. This paper focuses on both the positive and negative aspects of chatbots in education for students. The first part of the paper provides a comprehensive overview of artificial intelligence history, from its beginnings in the mi-20th century to the present day. While some teachers and professors adhere to their traditional teaching methods, others have gradually begun implementing generative artificial intelligence tools in their classrooms. The paper also examines the use of artificial intelligence in online and lifelong learning. The second part demonstrates the integration of generative artificial intelligence and education, with the ultimate goal of encouraging teachers and professors to safely and correctly implement generative artificial intelligence in their teaching processes
Targeted therapy in metastatic melanoma
No full textMelanom je prema učestalosti među rjeđim, a po malignosti jedan od najagresivnijih tumora
kože. Iako je uzrok nastanka melanoma kože multifaktorijalan, najvažnijim etiološkim
čimbenikom u razvoju bolesti smatra se izloženost UV zračenju. U razvijenim državama došlo
je do velikog porasta u incidenciji melanoma, zbog čega su pokrenute mnoge
javnozdravstvene kampanje prevencije i ranog otkrivanja, obzirom da je ključni čimbenik za
smanjenje mortaliteta upravo rano otkrivanje. Melanom se klinički prezentira kao pigmentirana
lezija koja se vremenom mijenja te se dijagnosticira kliničkim pregledom ili dermatoskopijom.
Svaku sumnjivu leziju potrebno je kirurški odstraniti te poslati na patohistološku analizu. Nakon
što se potvrdi dijagnoza melanoma, potrebno je odrediti stadij bolesti koristeći TNM
klasifikaciju koja kategorizira obilježja primarnog tumora (T), zahvaćenost limfnih čvorova (N)
i prisutnost udaljenih metastaza (M). Prema TNM klasifikaciji tumore dijelimo u stadije pri čemu
je stadij 0 tumor in situ, stadij I i II podrazumijevaju lokaliziranu bolest, stadij III bolest koja
zahvaća regionalne limfne čvorove, a stadij IV postojanje udaljenih metastaza. Ovisno o
samom stadiju, određuje se liječenje. Prognoza bolesti je lošija što je viši stadij. Napretkom
medicine došlo je do razvitka novih terapijskih opcija, imunoterapije (inhibitora kontrolnih
točaka imunološkog sustava) i ciljane terapije (BRAF i MEK inhibitora). Nove terapijske opcije
rezultirale su boljim preživljenjem pacijenata, posebice u kasnijim stadijima bolesti.Melanoma is one of the rarest skin tumors in terms of frequency and one of the most
aggressive in terms of malignancy. Although the cause of skin melanoma is multifactorial,
exposure to UV radiation is considered to be the most important etiological factor in the
development of the disease. In developed countries, there has been a significant increase in
the incidence of melanoma, which is why many public health campaigns for prevention and
early detection have been launched, since early detection is the key factor in reducing
mortality. Melanoma is clinically presented as a pigmented lesion that changes over time and
is diagnosed by clinical examination or dermatoscopy. Any suspicious lesion should be
surgically removed and sent for pathohistological analysis. Once the diagnosis of melanoma
is confirmed, it is necessary to determine the stage of the disease using the TNM classification,
which categorizes the characteristics of the primary tumor (T), lymph node involvement (N)
and the presence of distant metastases (M). According to the TNM classification, tumors are
divided into stages, with stage 0 being a tumor in situ, stages I and II implying localized disease,
stage III disease affecting regional lymph nodes, and stage IV the presence of distant
metastases. Treatment is determined depending on the stage itself. The prognosis of the
disease is worse the higher the stage. Advances in medicine have led to the development of
new therapeutic options, immunotherapy (immune system checkpoint inhibitors) and targeted
therapy (BRAF and MEK inhibitors). New therapeutic options have resulted in better patient
survival, especially in the later stages of the disease
Lung transplantation program in the Republic of Croatia
No full textTransplantacija pluća terapijska je metoda za liječenje nemalignih plućnih bolesti za koje su iscrpljene sve druge mogućnosti konzervativnog liječenja. Najčešće indikacije za transplantaciju pluća su KOPB i bolesti plućnog intersticija. Predtransplantacijskom obradom isključuju se kontraindikacije poput malignih bolesti, aterosklerotskih promjena, latentnih infekcija, loših socioekonomskih uvjeta i suradljivosti, a odabir donora vrši se prema AB0 podudarnosti, tipizaciji tkiva te adekvatnoj veličini donorskog organa. Komplikacije nakon transplantacije pluća uključuju akutno i kronično odbacivanje organa, razvoj malignih bolesti te oportunističke infekcije. Prva transplantacija pluća u RH izvedena je 2003. godine u Klinici za torakalnu kirurgiju Jordanovac u Zagrebu. Transplantacije pluća provođene su u suradnji s AKH-om u Beču od 2000. godine, s pravim zamahom programa tek od 2010. godine, sve do 2021. godine, kada KBC Zagreb kao jedina ustanova u RH započinje samostalni program transplantacije pluća. Tijekom skoro 25 godina, 110 pacijenata iz KBC-a Zagreb prošlo je postupak transplantacije pluća, od čega ih je 34 samostalno obrađeno i transplantirano u KBC-u Zagreb. Rezultati cjelokupnog transplantacijskog programa pluća za pacijente iz KBC-a Zagreb slični su rezultatima u drugim dijelovima svijeta, uz bolje srednje preživljenje. Samostalni transplantacijski program u RH zasad pokazuje bolje rezultate od zajedničkog programa s AKH-om te od ISHLT registra, što je vidljivo po jednogodišnjem i trogodišnjem preživljenju pacijenata nakon transplantacije.Lung transplantation is a method of treatment for non-malignant lung diseases for which all other options are unsuccessful. It is most frequently indicated in patients with COPD and interstitial lung diseases. Pretransplantation evaluation detects contraindications such as malignant tumors, extensive atherosclerosis, latent infections, poor socioeconomic status and compliance, and donors are selected after considering AB0 compatibility, tissue compatibility and appropriate organ volume. Acute and chronic graft dysfunction, malignant diseases and opportunistic infections can complicate lung transplantation. The first lung transplantation in Croatia was performed in 2003. in the Clinic for thoracic surgery Jordanovac in Zagreb. Lung transplantation was performed in collaboration with the AKH in Vienna from 2000, beginning fully in 2010, until 2021, when UHC Zagreb established the first croatian lung transplantation program. Over nearly 25 years, 110 patients from UHC Zagreb received a lung transplant, 34 of which were processed and transplanted solely in UHC Zagreb. The results of the entire program for patients from UHC Zagreb are similar to results from around the world, with higher median survival. The autonomous lung transplantation program in Croatia is so far exhibiting better results than the collaborating program with AKH and the ISHLT registry, as is visible in 1-year and 3-year patient survival
Possibilities of production systems improvement
No full textOvaj diplomski rad bavi se analizom i unaprjeđenjem proizvodnog procesa u poduzeću koje se bavi proizvodnjom zupčanika, spojki, reduktora i sličnih proizvoda. Cilj rada bio je identificirati gubitke i neučinkovitosti u postojećem proizvodnom sustavu te predložiti mjere za unaprjeđenje. Kroz teorijski pregled metoda za unaprjeđenje proizvodnje, kao i kroz praktičnu primjenu u poduzeću, analizirani su kapaciteti strojeva, tijek materijala, zastoji i organizacija radnog prostora. Glavni fokus bio je na grupi proizvoda s najvećim postotkom narudžbi. Korištenjem matrice proizvoda i operacija i Pareto analize, predložena su poboljšanja, prvenstveno reorganizacija rasporeda strojeva grupama proizvoda i prema zauzeću strojeva, čime se znatno smanjuje prijeđena udaljenost materijala i vrijeme obrade.This thesis deals with the analysis and improvement of the production process in a company that manufactures gears, couplings, reducers and similar products. The aim of the work was to identify losses and inefficiencies in the existing production system and to propose measures for improvement. Through a theoretical review of methods for improving production, as well as through practical application in the company, machine capacities, material flow, downtime and work space organization were analyzed. The main focus was on the product group with the highest percentage of orders. Using the product and operation matrix and Pareto analysis, improvements were proposed, primarily reorganization of the machine layout of product groups and according to machine occupancy, which significantly reduces the distance traveled by material and processing time
DEVELOPMENT OF BASKETBALL SHOOTING ACROSS DIFFERENT AGE CATEGORIES
No full textU ovom završnom radu obrađuje se razvoj šuta u košarci kroz različite dobne kategorije, s posebnim naglaskom na biomehaničke, motoričke i psihološke čimbenike koji utječu na učinkovitost šuterske izvedbe. Kroz analizu osnovnih tehnika – šuta s mjesta, skok-šuta i slobodnih bacanja – prikazan je njihov značaj u različitim fazama sportskog razvoja. Posebna pažnja posvećena je metodičkom pristupu poučavanju šuta, uzimajući u obzir senzitivne faze razvoja djece, morfološke i motoričke osobitosti te primjerenost tehničkih zahtjeva uzrastu. Prikazane su i najčešće pogreške pri učenju šuterskih tehnika te praktični primjeri vježbi za rad u različitim dobnim skupinama. Rad naglašava važnost individualiziranog i postupnog pristupa u učenju šuta kako bi se osigurao kvalitetan tehnički temelj za kasniji sportski napredak
Analysis of patient's depth of field after Presbyopia correcting intraocular lenses implantation
No full textProspektivna, randomizirana studija, provedena je na 198 očiju pacijenata podijeljenih u četiri skupine ugrađenih leća (AT LISA tri 839MP IOL, Tecnis 1-piece Low Add ZKB00 IOL, Tecnis Symfony ZXR00 IOL te Tecnis Synergy ZFR00 IOL) nakon operacije katarakte ili refrakcijske izmjene leće (RLE). Dubinska oštrina vida (DOV) predstavlja dioptrijski raspon jasnog vida pri defokusiranju slike. Ispitivan je subjektivnom metodom mjerenja. Rezultati su pokazali da pacijenti u skupini Tecnis Synergy ZFR00 IOL imaju statistički značajno veći DOV od ostalih skupina. Nadalje, preoperativni i postoperativni parametri veličine zjenice, dubine prednje očne sobice (ACD), zakrivljenosti rožnice (K) i aberacije višeg reda (HOA) nisu korelirali s DOV-om ni kod jedne skupine leća. Na osnovu tih rezultata možemo zaključiti da su izmjerene razlike u DOV-u između leća rezultat isključivo dizajna leća te da se predikcijski empirijski model na temelju tih parametara ne može učiniti. Postojala je pozitivna korelacija s DOV-om nekorigirane vidne oštrine na srednju udaljenost (UIVA) kod Tecnis Symfony ZXR00 leća te nekorigirane vidne oštrine na blizinu (UNVA) i daljinu (UDVA) kod Tecnis 1-piece Low Add ZKB00 leća. Za Synergy IOL i AT LISA tri IOL skupine nije potvrđena ispitivana korelacija. U usporedbi vidnih oštrina među lećama Tecnis Synergy ZFR00 i AT LISA tri 839MP pokazale su se superiornim za vid na blizinu dok je Tecnis 1-piece Low Add ZKB0, bifokalna leća bila inferiorna u odnosu na druge leće u intermedijarnoj udaljenosti. Dobiveni rezultati potvrđuju da su optički dizajni leće dominantni prediktori optičke izvedbe i utjecaja na postoperativni DOV te ih kirurg mora dobro poznavati da bi odabir leće uskladio sa životnim aktivnostima pacijenta i dobio optimalan rezultat.A prospective, randomized study was conducted on 198 eyes of patients, who were divided into four groups based on implanted lenses: AT LISA tri, Tecnis Low Add bifocal, Tecnis Symfony, and Tecnis Synergy. Depth of field (DOF) was assessed through subjective measurement methods. Results revealed a statistically significant higher DOF in the Tecnis Synergy IOL group. Preoperative and postoperative parameters such as pupil size, anterior chamber depth (ACD), keratometry (K), and higher-order aberrations (HOA) did not correlate with DOF in any lens group. These findings suggest that the differences in DOF between lenses are solely attributed to lens design, rendering a predictive empirical model based on these parameters unattainable. Symfony lenses exhibited a positive correlation with DOF for uncorrected distance visual acuity, while Tecnis Low Add lenses showed such a correlation for uncorrected near and distance visual acuity. Synergy IOL and AT LISA lenses did not confirm the investigated correlation. In comparing optimal visual acuity among lenses, Synergy and AT LISA emerged as superior for near vision, while Low Add lenses were least effective in intermediate distance.
These results demonstrate that optical lens designs predict optical performance and impact postoperative DOF. Surgeons must understand these designs thus achieving optimal results