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Numeričko modeliranje strujanja nenjutnovskog fluida tijekom punjenja baterijskog modula
No full textDuring operation, electric vehicle components experience shocks and vibrations that can potentially damage cells within the battery pack. Foam encapsulation enhances the structural integrity of battery pack by securing cells in place, shielding them from potential damage. Structural foams undergo several distinct stages, including the flow of non-Newtonian fluid, curing and foaming before reaching a final stable stage. The main aim of this thesis was to develop a method for numerically modeling the pouring of non-Newtonian fluid into the battery pack. The flow is laminar, transient and the Volume of Fluid (VoF) method is employed to model a multiphase flow and free surface between phases. Three models were analyzed: model with two dispensers, model with one dispenser, and model with different gap size between cells and other components. The detailed investigation of non-Newtonian fluid flow during the filling of the battery pack is performed to determine the fluid distribution within the domain, which is prerequisite for uniform foam encapsulation. All numerical calculations were conducted using the computational fluid dynamics software ANSYS Fluent.Prilikom vožnje, komponente električnih vozila izložene su udarcima i vibracijama koje mogu oštetiti ćelije unutar baterijskog paketa. Enkaspulacija pjenom povećava čvrstoću baterijskog paketa tako što osigurava ćelije na mjestu i štiti ih od mogućih oštećenja. Strukturne pjene prije formiranja stabilne faze moraju proći kroz nekoliko različith faza kao što su stvrdnjavanje i formiranje pjene uključujući i strujanje nenjutnovskog fluida. Glavni cilj ovog rada je razviti metodu za numeričko modeliranje ulijevanja nenjutnovskog fluida u baterijskom paketu. Strujanje je laminarno, nestacionarno i korištena je Volume of Fluid (VoF) metoda za modeliranje višefaznog strujanja i slobodne površine između različith faza. Analizirana su tri modela: model s dva dozatora, model s jednim dozatorom i model s različitim veličinama zazora između ćelija i ostalih komponenti. Detaljno istraživanje protoka nenjutnovkse tekućine tijekom punjenja baterijskog paketa provodi se kako bi se odredila distribucija tekućine unutar domene, što je preduvjet za jednoliku enkapsulaciju pjenom. Svi numerički proračuni provedeni su u programskom paketu za računalnu dinamiku fluida, ANSYS Fluent
Automation of the heat staking process
No full textCilj projekta kojim se bavi ovaj rad je izrada stroja za automatizirano toplo deformiranje. U sklopu ovog rada projektirat će se početna, eksperimentalna stanica za ispitivanje parametara toplog deformiranja te će se dati prijedlog za izgled konačnog stroja.
U prvih nekoliko poglavlja dat će se opći opis i značajke toplog deformiranja, te će se navesti neke od postojećih izvedbi koje pokazuju moguće smjerove projektiranja ovog stroja.
U glavnom dijelu rada opisat će se konstrukcija eksperimentalnog postava koji će služiti za dobivanje parametara koje će koristiti konačni stroj.
Zatim na red dolazi prijedlog okvirnog izgleda konačnog stroja sa opisanim trenutno poznatim zahtjevima .
U zaključku će se dati osvrt na projekt te njegove prednosti i nedostatke.The goal of the project that this paper deals with is the construction of a machine for automated hot staking. In this paper, an initial experimental station will be designed for testing hot staking parameters, and a proposal for the design of the final machine will be given.
In the first few chapters, a general description and features of hot staking will be given, and some of the existing designs will be listed that show possible directions in the design of this machine.
The main part of the paper will describe the construction of the experimental set-up that will serve to obtain the parameters that will be used by the final machine.
Then comes the proposal of the rough design of the final machine with the currently known requirements described.
In the conclusion, an overview of the project with advantages and disadvantages will be given
Application of self-assembled monolayers for corrosion protection of metallic implant materials
No full textU današnjoj medicini, sve se veća pažnja pridaje implantnim materijalima koji u ljudskom tijelu služe kao zamjena kostiju, zubi i drugih oštećenih bioloških struktura. Titanij i njegove legure jedni su od najčešće korištenih materijala za izradu implantata, upravo zbog svojih poželjnih svojstava uključujući veliku čvrstoću, malu gustoću, dobru korozijsku otpornost, biokompatibilnost i bioinertnost. Jedan od glavnih problema po postupku implantacije u ljudsko tijelo predstavlja degradacija implantata kao posljedica procesa korozije. Korozija, osim djelomičnog gubitka funkcije implantata ili preuranjenog kvara, štetno djeluje na čovjeka uslijed neželjenog otpuštanja metalnih iona koji se mogu nakupljati u okolna tkiva i organe što može dovesti do opasnih posljedica na ljudsko zdravlje. Kako do toga ne bi došlo, prije ugradnje u ljudsko tijelo, postoje različiti postupci korozijske zaštite implantata, uključujući nanošenje prevlaka samoorganizirajućih monoslojeva koji štite od razarajućeg djelovanja korozije, a u nekim slučajevima i poboljšavaju sama svojstva implantata. Samoorganizirajući monoslojevi (SAM) nastaju adsorpcijom organskih molekula iz homogene otopine i spontanim raspoređivanjem na krutu površinu u gusto pakirane uređene strukture. U ovom radu naglasak je na samoorganizirajućim monoslojevima fosfonskih kiselina koji u usporedbi s drugim SAM-ovima pokazuju bolju temperaturnu stabilnost te bolja hidrofobna svojstva i pokrivenost površine, zbog čega su vrlo atraktivni kandidati u području znanosti o materijalima i inženjerstvu površina. Njihova uloga na površini titanijevog implantata nije samo kao zaštitna barijera protiv korozije, već i za povećanje bioaktivnosti i poboljšanje oseointegracije titanijskog implantnog materijala zbog čega su ključan faktor pri dugoročnoj stabilnosti samog implantata.In today’s medicine, more attention is given to implant materials that serve as replacements for bones, teeth and other damaged biological structures in the human body. Titanium and its alloys are one of the most commonly used materials for making implants, due to their desirable properties including high strength, low density, good corrosion resistance, biocompatibility and bioinertness. One of the main problems in the process of implantation in the human body is the implant degradation as a result of the corrosion process. Corrosion, in addition to partial loss of implant function or premature failure, has a harmful effect on humans due to the unwanted release of metal ions that can accumulate in the surrounding tissues and organs what can lead to dangerous consequences for human health. In order to prevent corrosion, before implantation in human body, various corrosion protection modification methods can be applied, including the self-assembling monolayer coatings that provide corrosion protection to the underlying implant, and in some cases improve the properties of implant itself. Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are formed by the adsorption of organic molecules from a homogeneous solution and subsequent spontaneous arrangement on a solid surface into densely packed ordered structures. In this work, the emphasis is on self-organizing monolayers of phosphonic acids, which, compared to other SAMs, show better temperature stability and better hydrophobic properties and surface coverage, hence, serving as very attractive candidates in the field of materials science and surface engineering. Their role on the surface of the titanium implant is not only as a protective barrier against corrosion, but also to increase the bioactivity and improve the osseointegration of the titanium implant material, which is why they are a key factor in the long-term stability of the implant itself
Comparative analysis of aluminium and copper welded joints made with different types of lasers
No full textU ovom diplomskom radu provedena je komparativna analiza zavarenih spojeva bakra Cu-ETP i aluminijske legure serije 1050 izvedenih na disk laseru i fiber laseru.
U teorijskom dijelu rada opisan je baterijski sustav električnih vozila te primjena raznorodnih materijala u navedenom području. Detaljno je opisano lasersko zavarivanje s naglaskom na fiber i disk laser te mikrostrukturne promjene koje nastaju pri zavarivanja aluminija i bakra.
U eksperimentalnom dijelu rada provedena je analiza makrostrukture, mikrostrukture te mjerenje mikrotvrdoće HV0,01 na zavarenim spojevima bakra i aluminijske legure.
Navedenim postupcima, osobito mjerenjem mikrotvrdoće HV0,01, moguće je provesti kvalitetnu karakterizaciju zavarenih spojeva izvedenih na disk i fiber laseru te utvrditi sličnosti i razlike među njima.In this thesis, a comparative analysis of welded joints of Cu-ETP copper and aluminum alloy series 1050 performed using disk and fiber lasers, was carried out.
The theoretical part of the thesis describes the battery system of electric vehicles and the application of dissimilar materials in this field. Laser welding is explained in detail, with an emphasis on fiber and disk lasers, as well as the microstructural changes that occur during the welding of aluminum and copper.
In the experimental part, an analysis of macrostructure, microstructure, and HV0.01 microhardness measurements on welded joints of copper and aluminum alloy, were carried out.
With these methods, especially by measuring the microhardness HV0.01, it is possible to carry out characterization of welded joints performed on disc and fiber laser, and to determine similarities and differences between them
Coating technologies and biomedical application of calcium phosphate bioceramics
No full textKalcij-fosfati (CaP) su najčešće korištena skupina biokeramičkih spojeva zbog dobre biokompatibilnosti, oseointegracije i osteokonduktivnosti. Njihova primjena je široka, ali najpoznatiji su po primjeni u dentalnoj i ortopedskoj medicini gdje se zbog kemijske sličnosti s kostima sisavaca koriste kao prevlake na implantatima. Implantati predstavljaju zamjenu/nadomjestak oštećenog dijela kosti ili tkiva i dizajnirani su s ciljem vraćanja funkcije oštećenom dijelu tijela. Najčešće korišteni implantni materijali su metali i njihove legure poput titanija, nehrđajućih čelika i kobalt-krom legura. U tkivnom inženjerstvu za regeneraciju i oseointegraciju kostiju površina implantata modificira se kalcij-fosfatnim prevlakama
(CaP prevlake) koje poboljšavaju i ubrzavaju procese rasta i srastanja kostiju. CaP prevlake povećavaju bioaktivnost, biokompatibilnost, otpornost na koroziju i ostala biomehanička svojstva implantnih sustava. Postoje brojne metode pripreme CaP prevlaka od kojih su one najzastupljenije opisane u ovom radu. Jedna od najšire korištenih metoda je elektrokemijsko taloženje, niskotemperaturna metoda visoke dostupnosti i niske cijene opreme. Obzirom na visoki udio starog stanovništva, i sve češće bolesti kostiju i degenerativna i upalna stanja, uključujući nekrozu i osteoporozu, uporaba tkivnog inženjerstva, odnosno potreba za regeneracijom kostiju i tkiva, sve je veća tako da su razvoj i poboljšanje implantnih sustava sa CaP prevlakama predmet konstantnih istraživanja.Calcium phosphates (CaP) are the most commonly used group of bioceramic compounds due to their good biocompatibility, osseointegration and osteoconductivity. Their application is wide, but they are best known for use in dental and orthopedic medicine where, due to their chemical similarity to mammalian bones, they are used as coatings on implants. Implants represent a replacement/substitution of a damaged part of bone or tissue and are designed with the aim of restoring function to the damaged part of the body. The most commonly used implant materials are metals and their alloys such as titanium, stainless steel and cobaltchromium alloys. In tissue engineering for bone regeneration and osseointegration, the implant surface is modified by calcium-phosphate coatings
(CaP coatings), which improve and accelerate the processes of bone growth and fixation.
CaP coatings increase bioactivity, biocompatibility, corrosion resistance and other biomechanical properties of implant systems. There are numerous methods of preparing CaP coatings, the most common of which are described in this work. One of the most widely used method is electrochemical deposition, a low-temperature method with high availability and low cost of equipment. Due to high proportion of the elderly population, and increasingly frequent bone diseases and degenerative and inflammatory conditions (including necrosis and osteoporosis), the use of tissue engineering, i.e., the need for bone and tissue regeneration, is increasing so that the development and improvement of implant systems with CaP coatings are the subject of constant research
Simulation of collinear fatigue crack growth in thin plates
No full textU ovom su radu predstavljene neke od uobičajenih metoda analize napredovanja zamornih pukotina bazirane na principima mehanike loma prilikom cikličkog opterećenja. Također je i dan općeniti pregled mehanike loma, kao i njena primjena na propagaciju pukotina. Iz literature su dani eksperimentalni rezultati rasta zamornih pukotina za uzorak ploče sa središnjom pukotinom i tri pukotine u nizu. Primjenjujući postupak numeričke integracije Parisove jednadžbe, simuliran je životni vijek središnje te triju kolinearnih zamornih pukotina u nizu za promatrani uzorak tanke ploče, pri čemu je uzeta u obzir njihova međusobna interakcija. Procedura je provedena uz pomoć numeričkog programa MATLAB. Koeficijenti intenzivnosti naprezanja su izračunati primjenom metode konačnih elemenata, gdje se područje oko vrha pukotine modelira mrežom singularnim konačnim elementima. Dobivene rezultate naposljetku uspoređujemo s eksperimentalnim podacima rasta središnje i kolinearnih pukotina u pločama opterećenim cikličkim vlačnim naprezanjima preuzetim iz literature. Dodatno je prikazana ovisnost između vrijednosti koeficijenata naprezanja u odnosu na duljine pukotina.In this work some of the common methods that are used for fatigue crack propagation analysis based on fracture mechanics principles are introduced. Also, an overview of fracture mechanics, same as its application on crack propagation is given. For a plate specimen containing one central crack, and also an array of three cracks, experimental results of fatigue crack grow are given from the literature. By applying the procedure of numerical integration of Paris equation, fatigue life for a central crack and for three collinear cracks in a thin plate specimen simulated for thin-plate specimen, where the interaction of multiple propagating crack tips is taken into account. Procedure is implemented by means of MATLAB package. Stress intensity factors are calculated by usage of finite element method, where the crack tip region was meshed by using singular elements. Eventually, simulatin results are compared with experimental results taken from the literature. In addition, dependence between stress intensity factor values with respect to various crack lengths are also presented
Design of two-pole high-voltage connector
No full textOvaj rad se bavi konstruiranjem dvopolne pravokutne visoko naponske spojnice. Spojnice su bitne komponente u automobilskoj industriji pogotovo u današnje vrijeme s rastom električnih automobila. Jedna od bitnih komponenti koje će imati ova spojnica je zupčanik i zubna letva koje služe za smanjenje sile ukapčanja, te će biti dodatno razrađene u ovom radu. Rad se sastoji od opisa visoko naponskih spojnica, provjerom patenata te izradom koncepata. Koncepti se ocjenjuju i uspoređuju, najbolji koncept se dalje detaljnije razrađuje. Detaljna konstrukcijska razrada koncepta uključuje proračun zupčanika i zubnih letvi, te izrada 3D modela s odgovarajućom tehničkom dokumentacijom. 3D model spojnice se izrađuje u programskom paketu Solidworks, dok se proračun čvrstoće provodi analitički.This thesis deals with the construction of a two-pole rectangular high-voltage connector. Connectors are essential components in the automotive industry, especially nowadays with the growth of electric cars. One of the essential components that this connector will have is the gear and rack, which serve to reduce the clamping force, and will be further elaborated in this work.The work consists of a description of high-voltage connectors, checking patents and creating concepts. Concepts are evaluated and compared, the best concept is further developed in more detail. The detailed design development of the concept includes the calculation of gears and racks, and the creation of a 3D model with appropriate technical documentation. The 3D model of the connector is created in the Solidworks software package, while the strength calculation is performed analytically
Politics of education in Bosnia and Herzegovina on example of history teaching (1992-2018)
No full textPredmet istraživanja disertacije su politike obrazovanja u Bosni i Hercegovini te njihovo provođenje u oblasti nastave historije u osnovnim i srednjim školama u periodu od 1992. do 2018. godine. Cilj istraživanja bio je sagledati na koji način su one utjecale na kreiranje i održavanje tri nacionalna obrazovna sistema koja postoje u Bosni i Hercegovini. Obradom teme se želi ponuditi prikaz utjecaja nacionalnih politika na politike obrazovanja i njihovu refleksiju na nastavu historije, te ispitati na koji način i koliko su političke ideje i stereotipi našli svoje mjesto u nastavnim programima i udžbenicima historije i kakva im je uloga. Korištenje prošlosti za političke svrhe, manipulacije činjenicama iz prošlosti, selektivni pristupi zastupljeni kroz školske programe nastave historije su također u fokusu istraživanja jer kroz njih mogu vidjeti namjere onih koji ih kreiraju. Također želi se napraviti uvid u otpor koje su lokalne političke elite pružale pokušajima harmonizacije nastavnih programa i udžbenika koje je međunarodna zajednica u Bosni i Hercegovini nastojala provesti putem misije OSCE-a, Vijeća Evrope, UNESCO-a i sl. i kakvi su ciljevi takvog pristupa obrazovanju. U takvom odnosu sagledavaju se suprotnosti različitih ciljeva obrazovanja, odnosno njegove funkcije u društvu, održavanju nacije s jedne strane ili izgradnji vrijednosti čovjeka i globalnog društva, ekonomije i kulture s druge. Istraživanjem se definira linija osnovnih nacionalnih ideja i stereotipa koji se pojavljuju u nastavnim programima i udžbenicima koji ih prate u ovom periodu kao dio snažnih revizionističkih tendencija, te se uočava u kojoj se mjeri njihov intenzitet vremenom mijenja pod utjecajem djelovanja međunarodne zajednice u Bosni i Hercegovini i drugih organizacija koje su nastojale sprovesti politiku unaprijeđenja nastave historije u školama u Bosni i Hercegovini.U disertaciji se obrađuju obrazovne politike u Bosni i Hercegovini i njihova provedba u području nastave povijesti u osnovnim i srednjim školama od 1992. do 2018. godine. Cilj istraživanja bio je vidjeti kako su te obrazovne politike utjecale na stvaranje i očuvanje tri nacionalna obrazovna sustava koja postoje u Bosni i Hercegovini. Istraživanjem se željelo dati prikaz utjecaja nacionalnih politika na obrazovne politike i njihov odraz na nastavu povijesti te ispitati kako su i u kojoj mjeri političke ideje i stereotipi našli svoje mjesto u nastavnim programima i udžbenicima povijesti. Korištenje prošlosti u političke svrhe, manipulacija činjenicama iz prošlosti, selektivni pristupi zastupljeni kroz programe nastave povijesti u školama, također su u fokusu istraživanja, analizirajući namjere onih koji su ih kreirali. Također želio se napraviti uvid u otpor koje su lokalne političke elite pružale pokušajima harmonizacije nastavnih programa i udžbenika koje je međunarodna zajednica u Bosni i Hercegovini nastojala provesti putem misije OSCE-a, Vijeća Evrope, UNESCO-a i sl. i kakvi su ciljevi takvog pristupa obrazovanju. U takvom odnosu sagledavaju se suprotnosti različitih ciljeva obrazovanja, odnosno njegove funkcije u društvu, održavanju nacije s jedne strane ili izgradnji vrijednosti čovjeka i globalnog društva, ekonomije i kulture s druge.
Istraživanjem se utvrđuje linija temeljnih nacionalnih predodžbi i stereotipa koji se u nastavnim programima i udžbenicima koji ih prate kroz ovo razdoblje pojavljuju u sklopu snažnih revizionističkih tendencija te se promatra u kojoj se mjeri njihov intenzitet mijenjao tijekom vremena pod utjecajem međunarodne zajednice. i drugih organizacija u Bosni i Hercegovini koje su nastojale provoditi politiku unapređenja nastave povijesti u školama. Početna godina analize je 1992., kada je izbio rat na tlu Bosne i Hercegovine, čime je jedinstveni obrazovni sustav službeno transformiran u tri paralelna sustava organizirana po etnonacionalnim obilježjima, dok je završna godina istraživanja 2018., kada u nastavne planove i programe i udžbenike uvedeni su sadržaji o proteklom ratu koji se smatraju kontroverznim.
Tema je predstavljena sekvencijalno, pri čemu svako poglavlje predstavlja kronološku fazu u kojoj se obrazovne politike i njihove refleksije u društvu analiziraju kroz prizmu prethodno postavljenih koncepata. Kronološki pristup primijenjen je radi lakšeg praćenja dinamike promjena obrazovnih politika kroz sva tri obrazovna sustava – bosanski (bošnjački), hrvatski i srpski. Unutar svake od faza istražuju se i prikazuju oblici i manifestacije koncepata koji su u fokusu istraživanja: zakoni o obrazovanju, zakonske odluke, strategije, nastavni planovi i programi, udžbenici, priručnici i nastavna praksa u sva tri sustava te se uspoređuju jedni s drugima.
Poglavlje pod naslovom „Politički i društveni okvir obrazovanja u Bosni i Hercegovini“ bavi se najvažnijim događajima koji su utjecali na transformaciju obrazovanja sa zajedničkih temelja u tri odvojena obrazovna sustava te prikazuje administrativno uređenje Bosne i Hercegovine tijekom i nakon 1992. ratne 1995. godine. Ovo poglavlje obrađuje ključne pojmove vezane uz kompetencije u provedbi obrazovnih politika i kontekst u kojem se odvijalo obrazovanje u Bosni i Hercegovini u istraživanom razdoblju.
Cilj drugog poglavlja „Obrazovanje i nastava povijesti tijekom rata 1992.-1995.“ je objasniti korijene podjela u obrazovanju temeljenih na podjeli odgovornosti i uvođenju novih zakonskih propisa kao prijelaznih rješenja u ratnim okolnostima. U ovom se poglavlju opisuje i uspoređuje nastajanje i oblikovanje politika nacionalne povijesti, koje se manifestiraju kroz pojavu novih interpretacija nacionalne povijesti u nastavnim planovima i programima, ali i kroz korištenje novonastalih udžbenika i udžbenika uvezenih iz Hrvatske i Srbije. U novim pojmovima nacionalne povijesti istaknuti su primjereni narativi koji teže izgradnji i jačanju nacionalne svijesti i domoljubnih osjećaja kod učenika, te su posebno istaknuti i uspoređeni.
„Nastava povijesti nakon uspostave Daytonskog okvira (1996.-1998.)“ naziv je trećeg poglavlja koje opisuje stanje obrazovanja u prvim godinama nakon rata i uspostavu administrativnih okvira u Bosni i Hercegovini definiranih Zakonom o školstvu. U Daytonu potpisan Okvirni sporazum za mir u Bosni i Hercegovini. U ovom poglavlju fokus je na objašnjenju funkcioniranja decentraliziranog obrazovanja uspostavljenog daytonskim sustavom i izazovima koji su se u tom kontekstu pojavili u vezi s nastavom povijesti.
Poglavlje „Obrazovanje i nastava povijesti u reformskim procesima pod utjecajem međunarodnih organizacija 1998. – 2008.“ analizira pokušaje međunarodnih organizacija, prije svega OHR-a, OESS-a i Vijeća Europe, da kroz procese modernizacije i implementacije harmoniziraju nastavu povijesti. Europske strategije nastave povijesti u 21. stoljeću, usvajanjem prve Zajedničke jezgre, Okvirnog zakona o obrazovanju i smjernica za izradu udžbenika povijesti učinjen je značajan korak naprijed u harmonizaciji obrazovnih sustava u Bosni i Hercegovini. Prijelomna 2008. godina odabrana je kao godina kada je osnovano prvo zajedničko tijelo za obrazovanje u Bosni i Hercegovini na državnoj razini – Agencija za predškolsko, osnovno i srednje obrazovanje, koja je zajedno s Odjelom za obrazovanje Ministarstva civilnih poslova, preuzela ulogu koordinacije i harmonizacije obrazovnih politika u Bosni i Hercegovini.
U poglavlju „Obrazovanje i poučavanje povijesti 2008.-2018.“ prikazani su pokušaji implementacije različitih strategija i programa, prije svega Zajedničke jezgre kurikuluma za predmet Povijest, temeljeni na ishodima učenja, u nastavne planove i programe te se ocjenjuje njihova uspješnost. Ovo razdoblje karakterizira tehnička modernizacija udžbenika prema Smjernicama za izradu i vrednovanje udžbenika povijesti, ali ovoga puta bez međunarodnog monitoringa i snažne podrške međunarodnih organizacija u Bosni i Hercegovini. U ovom poglavlju govori se o ukidanju moratorija na poučavanje o ratovima 1990-ih koji je službeno nastupio 2018. godine. Ovaj događaj izdvojen je kao prekretnica u zasebnom poglavlju jer je poučavanje o 1990-ima doživjelo povratak ne samo u nastavne programe i udžbenike ali iu javnom prostoru, au nekim je slučajevima to izgledalo kao pravi povratak u devedesete.
Posljednje poglavlje posvećeno je komparativnoj analizi ključnih sadržaja iz udžbenika koji se tiču nacionalne povijesti, odnosno prikazu Bosne i Hercegovine kroz različita razdoblja, u skladu s temama koje se obrađuju u udžbenicima. Izdvojeno je pet tema: srednji vijek, osmansko razdoblje, doba narodnog preporoda u 19. stoljeću, Drugi svjetski rat i rat 1992.–1995. Teme su to kojima autori udžbenika posvećuju posebnu pozornost s obzirom na važnost njihove interpretacije za obrazovanje i odgoj novih generacija u duhu poželjnog narativa usklađenog s ciljevima nacionalne obrazovne politike.
Obilježja obrazovnih sustava u pogledu nastave povijesti za razdoblje 1998. – 2008. mogla bi se formulirati kao zadržavanje postojećih nacionaliziranih politika povijesti i njihova minimalna prilagodba zahtjevima koje međunarodna zajednica u Bosni i Hercegovini postavlja pred nositelje obrazovnih politika kako bi se osiguravati i provoditi mir. Politika kompromisa provodi se uopće ili minimalno u skladu s političkom voljom i zastupanjem vlastitih interesa ili u značajnijoj mjeri pod raznim pritiscima međunarodne zajednice u Bosni i Hercegovini, uvjetovanjem pristupa europskim integracijama, korištenjem fondova pomoći, političkih promjene ili nametanje zakonskih odluka.
Analizirani udžbenici pokazuju koliko je obrazac jednostranog tretiranja teme duboko ukorijenjen u praksi pisanja udžbenika i koliko su u tom činu zastupljeni nacionalni interesi i kolektivistički pristup s ciljem homogeniziranja vlastite nacije. Uostalom, udžbenici nastaju na temelju važećeg nastavnog programa, odnosno kurikuluma, u kojem su jasno definirani ciljevi i ishodi nastave, a koliko god politika i ideologija bila upletena u sam proces, rezultati će ostati na razini uspostavljene države.
Obrazovne politike u provedenom istraživanju prate se na temelju prakse i djelovanja, a manje kroz osmišljene i pažljivo planirane strategije. Samo na području Republike Srpske u analiziranom razdoblju donesena su dva strateška dokumenta u oblasti obrazovanja, što je jedino moguće s obzirom na njeno centralizirano uređenje. U Federaciji Bosne i Hercegovine, zbog administrativne i etnonacionalne decentralizacije, nije bilo mogućnosti za usvajanje slične strategije. Čak ni političke stranke koje su pozicionirane u svojim programima nemaju jasno definiranu obrazovnu politiku, pa se čini da se odluke donose spontano. Ipak, na temelju provedene prakse uočava se jasan kontinuitet u ciljevima obrazovnih politika, naime one, između ostalog, služe homogenizaciji nacionalnih skupina, a uz pomoć nastave povijesti posebice grade pozitivan odnos prema vlastitoj naciji i poticanje diferencijacije i neprijateljstva prema drugima.The dissertation treats the politics of education in Bosnia and Herzegovina and their implementation in the field of history teaching in primary and secondary schools from 1992 to 2018. The objective of this research was to see how these education policies influenced the creation and preservation of the three national education systems that exist in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The investigation aimed to offer a presentation of the influence of national politics on education policies and their reflection on history teaching and to examine how and to what extent have political ideas and stereotypes found their place in teaching programs and history textbooks. The use of the past for political purposes, manipulation of facts from the past, selective approaches represented through history teaching programs in schools, are also in the focus of the research, analysing the intentions of those who created them. We also want to gain an insight into the resistance of local political elites to attempts to harmonize curricula and textbooks, which the international community in Bosnia and Herzegovina tried to implement through the mission of the OSCE, the Council of Europe, UNESCO, etc. and what are the goals of such an approach to education. In such a relationship, one can see the opposites of the various goals of education, i.e. its function in society, maintaining the nation on the one hand or building the values of man and global society, economy and culture on the other.
The research defines the line of basic national ideas and stereotypes that appear in teaching programs and textbooks that accompany them throughout this period as part of strong revisionist tendencies, and it is observed to what extent their intensity changed over time under the influence of the international community and other organizations in Bosnia and Herzegovina that tried to implement the policy of improving the teaching of history in schools. The initial year of the analysis is 1992, when the war broke out on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina thereby officially transforming the unique education system into three parallel systems based on ethno-national characteristics, while the final year of the research is 2018, when contents about the last war were introduced into curricula and textbooks, which are considered controversial.
The topic is presented in a sequential manner, whereby each chapter represents a chronological phase in which education policies and their reflections in society are analysed through the prism of previously established concepts. The chronological approach was applied in order for the easier monitoring of the dynamics of changes in education policies through all three educational systems - Bosnian (Bosniak), Croatian and Serbian. Within each of the phases, the forms and manifestations of the concepts that are the focus of the research are explored and presented: laws on education, legal decisions, strategies, curricula, textbooks, manuals and teaching practices in all three systems and are compared with each other.
Chapter entitled "The political and social framework of education in Bosnia and Herzegovina" deals with the most important events that influenced the transformation of education from common foundations into three separate educational systems and presents the administrative organization of Bosnia and Herzegovina during and after the 1992-1995 war. This chapter treats the key concepts related to competences in the implementation of education policies and the context in which education was carried out in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the researched period.
The aim of the second chapter "Education and teaching of history during the war 1992-1995" is to explain the roots of divisions in education based on the division of responsibilities and the introduction of new legal regulations as transitional solutions in wartime circumstances. This chapter describes and compares the emergence and shaping of national history policies, which have been manifested through the emergence of new interpretations of national history in curricula, but also through the use of newly created textbooks and textbooks imported from Croatia and Serbia. In the new concepts of national history, appropriate narratives are highlighted that strive to build and strengthen national consciousness and patriotic feelings among students, and they have been particularly highlighted and compared.
"Teaching history after the establishment of the Dayton framework (1996-1998)" is the title of the third chapter which describes the state of education in the first years after the war and the establishment of administrative frameworks in Bosnia and Herzegovina as defined by the Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina signed in Dayton. In this chapter, the focus is on explaining the functioning of decentralized education established by the Dayton system and the challenges that arose in that context in connection with history teaching.
The chapter "Education and teaching of history in reform processes under the influence of international organizations 1998-2008" analyses the attempts of international organizations, primarily the OHR, the OSCE and the Council of Europe, to harmonize history teaching through the processes of modernization and implementation of European strategies on teaching history in the 21st century. The adoption of the first Common Core, the framework law on education and guidelines for writing history textbooks was a significant step forward in the harmonization of education systems in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The cut-off year 2008 was chosen as the year when the first joint body for education in Bosnia and Herzegovina was established at the state level - the Agency for Preschool, Primary and Secondary Education, which, together with the Education Department of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, had the role of coordinating and harmonizing education policies in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The chapter "Education and teaching of history 2008-2018" presents attempts to implement various strategies and programs, first of all Common Core curricula for the subject of History, based on learning outcomes, into curricula and evaluates their success. This period is characterized by the technical modernization of textbooks according to the Guidelines for writing and evaluating history textbooks, but this time without international monitoring and strong support from international organizations in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This chapter addresses the ending of the moratorium on teaching about the wars of the 1990s that officially took place in 2018. This event was singled out as a turning point in a separate chapter because teaching about the 1990s experienced its return not only in curricula and textbooks but also in the public space, and in some cases it looked like a return to the nineties in a real sense.
The last chapter is devoted to the comparative analysis of key contents from textbooks concerning national history, that is, the presentation of Bosnia and Herzegovina through different periods, in accordance with the topics covered in the textbooks. Five themes were singled out: the Middle Ages, the Ottoman period, the era of national revival in the 19th century, the Second World War and the 1992–1995 war. These are topics to which textbook authors pay special attention, considering the importance of their interpretations for the education and upbringing of new generations in the spirit of a desirable narrative aligned with the goals of the national education policy.
Characteristics of educational systems in terms of history teaching for the period 1998–2008 could be formulated as retaining the existing nationalized history policies and their minimal adaptation to the requirements that the international community in Bosnia and Herzegovina presents to the holders of education policies in order to ensure and enforce peace. The policy of compromise is carried out at all or minimally in accordance with political will and representation of own interests or to a more significant extent under various pressures of the international community in Bosnia and Herzegovina, conditioning access to European integration, using aid funds, political changes or imposing legal decisions.
The analysed textbooks show just how deeply rooted the pattern of one-sided treatment of a topic is in the practice of writing textbooks and how much national interests and a collectivist approach with the aim of homogenizing one's own nation are represented in that act. After all, textbooks are created on the basis of a valid teaching program, i.e. curriculum, in which the goals and outcomes of teaching are clearly defined, and no matter how much politics and ideology is involved in the process itself, the results will remain at the level of the established state.
Education policies in the conducted research are monitored on the basis of practices and actions, and less through designed and carefully planned strategies. Only in the territory of the Republika Srpska two strategic documents in the field of education were adopted during the analysed period, which is the only thing possible considering its centralized arrangement. In the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, due to administrative and ethno-national decentralization, there was no opportunity to adopt a similar strategy. Even the political parties that are in position in their programs do not have a clearly defined education policy, so it seems that decisions are made spontaneously. Nevertheless, on the basis of the practices implemented, a clear continuity can be seen in the goals of education policies, namely that, among other things, they serve to homogenize national groups, and with the help of history lessons in particular, they build a positive relationship towards their own nation and encourage differentiation and hostility towards others
Fotooksidativna razgradnja antivirusnih lijekova: Ribavirin i Emtricitabin
No full textOver the past few decades, advancements in pharmaceuticals have greatly enhanced human quality of life. However, the production and widespread use of these medications have led to their presence in the environment, posing risks to various organisms. Pharmaceuticals, along with their metabolites and degradation products, can be highly persistent, accumulating over time and reaching concentrations that may be toxic to ecosystems. Consequently, it is crucial to investigate their environmental stability and persistence, as well as the potential degradation products that form. The pandemic of COVID-19 has resulted in the wide application of antiviral drugs, including ribavirin and emtricitabine, hence their raised occurrence in the environment. This study describes the photo-oxidative degradation of two antiviral drugs ribavirin and emtricitabine using advanced oxidation processes (AOPs): UV/H2O2 and UV/S2O82– to reduce their impact on the environment. Advanced oxidation processes are advanced technologies for the degradation of persistent organic pollutants in water. This process generates highly reactive species that are capable of degrading complex organic molecules into less harmful compounds. Therefore, this research was aimed at studying the efficiency of UV/H2O2 and UV/S2O82– systems for the degradation of ribavirin and emtricitabine under a variety of selected conditions, including oxidant doses, pH conditions, and different times of irradiation.
The degradation kinetics was studied with a view to defining suitable operational parameters that could help achieve maximum removal efficiency. Thus, the results indicated that both
UV/H2O2 and UV/S2O82– were highly efficient in the degradation enhancement of targeted compounds, ribavirin and emtricitabine, with respect to UV irradiation alone. In the case of emtricitabine degradation, UV/S2O82– was much more efficient, while for the degradation of ribavirin, was seen a good progress performance which was obtained both by UV/H2O2 and UV/S2O82–. These results indicate that AOPs may have great potential to be applied for the treatment of pharmaceutical contaminants present in wastewater and minimize their impact on the environment.Tijekom posljednjih nekoliko desetljeća, napredak u farmaceutskim proizvodima uvelike je poboljšao kvalitetu ljudskog života. Međutim, proizvodnja i široka uporaba ovih lijekova doveli su do njihove prisutnosti u okolišu, što predstavlja rizik za razne organizme. Farmaceutski proizvodi, zajedno sa svojim metabolitima i produktima razgradnje, mogu biti vrlo postojani, akumulirajući se tijekom vremena i dostižući koncentracije koje mogu biti toksične za ekosustave. Stoga je ključno istražiti njihovu stabilnost i postojanost u okolišu, kao i moguće produkte razgradnje koji nastaju. Pandemija COVID-19 rezultirala je širokom primjenom antivirusnih lijekova, uključujući ribavirin i emtricitabin, pa stoga i njihova povećana pojava u okolišu. Ova studija opisuje fotooksidacijsku razgradnju dvaju antivirusnih lijekova ribavirina i emtricitabina korištenjem naprednih oksidacijskih procesa (AOP): UV/H2O2 i UV/S2O82– kako bi se smanjio njihov utjecaj na okoliš. Napredni oksidacijski procesi su napredne tehnologije za razgradnju postojanih organskih onečišćujućih tvari u vodi. Ovaj proces stvara visoko reaktivne vrste koje su sposobne razgraditi složene organske molekule u manje štetne spojeve. Stoga je ovo istraživanje bilo usmjereno na proučavanje učinkovitosti
UV/H2O2 i UV/S2O82– sustava za razgradnju ribavirina i emtricitabina pod različitim odabranim uvjetima, uključujući doze oksidansa, pH uvjete i različita vremena zračenja. Kinetika razgradnje proučavana je s ciljem definiranja odgovarajućih radnih parametara koji bi mogli pomoći u postizanju maksimalne učinkovitosti uklanjanja. Stoga su rezultati pokazali da su i UV/H2O2 i UV/S2O82– vrlo učinkoviti u poboljšanju razgradnje ciljanih spojeva, ribavirina i emtricitabina, s obzirom na samo UV zračenje. U slučaju razgradnje emtricitabina, UV/S2O82– bio je mnogo učinkovitiji, dok je za razgradnju ribavirina uočen dobar napredak koji je postignut i UV/H2O2 i UV/S2O82–. Ovi rezultati pokazuju da AOP mogu imati veliki potencijal za primjenu za obradu farmaceutskih kontaminanata prisutnih u otpadnim vodama i minimiziranje njihovog utjecaja na okoliš
Colour as an expository aspect of the narrative film
No full textDisertacija pod naslovom „Boja kao izlagački aspekt narativnoga filma“ istražuje ulogu boje u oblikovanju narativnih, estetskih i emocionalnih dimenzija filma. Kroz analizu povijesnih, tehničkih, kulturnih i umjetničkih aspekata, rad prati razvoj boje od ranih crno bijelih filmova do suvremene digitalne kinematografije naglašavajući utjecaj na filmsku naraciju i percepciju gledatelja.
Početno poglavlje bavi se filozofskim konceptom pojmova mimezisa i realizma, ističući kako su crno-bijeli filmovi koristili svjetlo i sjenu za stvaranje uvjerljivosti i atmosfere. Uvođenje boje označilo je novu fazu u filmskom jeziku, te je omogućilo dublje izražavanje i veću realističnost samog filmskog prikaza. Razmatra se i razvoj teorije boja od Newtona do suvremenih interdisciplinarnih pristupa koji uključuju psihologiju, umjetnost i tehnologiju, pokazujući kako su znanstvena otkrića utjecala na umjetnike i filmske autore. Analiza tehničkih i fizioloških aspekata boje uključuje pregled osobina ljudskog oka i percepcije boje kao svjetlosnog fenomena, što je prijeko potrebno za razumijevanje kako manipulacija bojama u filmu može proizvesti specifične emotivne i narativne učinke. Psihološke dimenzije percepcije boje istražuju na koji način različite boje izazivaju emocionalne reakcije i utječu na interpretaciju narativa, uzimajući u obzir kulturalne varijacije u simbolici boja. Disertacija isto tako svrstava boju u kontekst umjetnosti i kulture, analizirajući utjecaj velikih slikara i umjetničkih pokreta poput impresionizma i ekspresionizma na filmski jezik. Razmatra se kako su redatelji, primjerice Jean-Luc Godard i Ingmar Bergman, integrirali slikarska iskustva i vlastiti senzibilitet za boju u svoje filmove.
Povijest fotografije u boji prikazana je kao prekretnica koja je oblikovala percepciju stvarnosti i estetiku vizualnih umjetnosti. Fotografija u boji nije samo tehnološka inovacija već i estetski alat koji je otvorio nove mogućnosti narativnog i simboličkog autorskog rukopisa u mediju filmu. Nadalje, istražuje se i prijelaz s crno-bijelih filmova na filmove u boji, naglašavajući nove izazove i mogućnosti koje je boja unijela u vizualno pripovijedanju. U fokusu je posebno uloga boje u europskom filmu nakon 1960. godine, filmovi redatelja poput Krzysztofa Kieślowskog, koji se poigrava bojama francuske zastave, ili Pedra Almodóvara, koji koristi jarke i zasićene boje na simboličan i emocionalan način. Konkretni primjeri upotrebe boje u filmovima kao što su Crveni balon Alberta Lamorissea, Ludi Pierrot Jean Luca Godarda i u djelima Stanleya Kubricka ilustriraju kako boja može biti ključna za razumijevanje priče. Boja kod tih autora gotovo u svakom prizoru naglašava i odražava, ali i intenzivira narativnu strukturu te stvara napetost, čineći je integralnim dijelom filmske estetike.
Završno, disertacija analizira i kako digitalizacija kinematografije sustavno transformira upotrebu boje na filmu. Digitalni alati omogućuju veću kontrolu i eksperimentiranje s bojom, što ilustrira film Čudesna priča o Henryju Sugaru Wesa Andersona. Razmatraju se pitanja autentičnosti i percepcije stvarnosti u digitalnom dobu, kao i budućnost boje u svjetlu novih tehnologija poput proširene i virtualne stvarnosti. Disertacija na kraju zaključuje da boja nadilazi tehničku funkciju, te da je relevantan alat u oblikovanju narativa, izražavanju emocija i prenošenju simbolike. Kroz povijesne i suvremene analize rad pokazuje evoluciju boje u filmskom jeziku i ističe njezinu važnost u budućim istraživanjima i implementaciji inovativnih rješenja u filmskoj umjetnosti.The dissertation, titled Colour as an Expository Aspect of the Narrative Film, explores how color shapes the narrative, aesthetic, and emotional dimensions of film. Analyzing the historical, technical, cultural, and artistic aspects of color, the paper examines its role from the first black-and-white films to the digital era, considering how color influences the viewer's perception and contributes to the film's story. From its inception, film aimed to imitate reality, rooted in the philosophical concept of mimesis. Black-and-white films, although technically limited, developed sophisticated techniques for applying lighting and contrast to create persuasiveness and atmosphere. However, the pursuit of greater realism and visual diversity prompted the introduction of color as a significant artistic element, enabling a new acceptance and understanding of film language. The first chapter of the dissertation explores these beginnings, connecting the historical development of film with the philosophical concepts of realism and mimesis, while particularly emphasizing the introduction of color as a key element of the film image. This discussion serves as an introduction to a deeper consideration of the historical, theoretical, and technical aspects of color in film.
Furthermore, the history of color theory is covered, beginning with Isaac Newton, who was the first to scientifically explain the light spectrum, and continuing to modern theories that incorporate interdisciplinary research in psychology, art, and technology. Newton's discoveries provided the foundation for understanding color as a light phenomenon, while later theories expanded this understanding by adding subjective and cultural factors to color perception. Through a historical overview, the paper explores how scientific discoveries influenced visual artists, and later filmmakers, and how concepts of color evolved alongside the development of the medium. The paper also addresses the technical and physiological aspects of color as a light phenomenon, explaining the basic principles of physics related to color perception. It describes how the human eye is physiologically adapted to perceive certain wavelengths of light. This analysis provides the reader with a deeper understanding of how color transitions from a physical stimulus to a subjective experience in the human mind. This insight is important for understanding the technical and artistic aspects of filmmaking, where the manipulation of color can produce specific emotional and narrative effects.
The dissertation also explores the psychological dimensions of color perception. It examines how different colors evoke specific emotional responses, direct the viewer's attention, and influence the interpretation of narratives. The cultural symbolism of color is particularly significant in the language of film, as different cultures interpret colors differently. For instance, red is often associated with passion or danger in Western cultures, while in some Eastern cultures, it symbolizes happiness and prosperity. This complexity makes color a powerful yet delicate tool in narrative film. Color thus fits into the broader context of art and culture. The paper also explores how great masters of painting used color to express emotions and symbolism, and examines how directors such as Jean-Luc Godard and Ingmar Bergman drew inspiration from visual arts in shaping their films. Painting movements such as Impressionism and Expressionism had a profound influence on the development of film language, especially in the use of color to express the subjectivity and inner states of characters. The dissertation also focuses on photography as a new medium that shaped the perception of reality and the aesthetics of visual arts. The history of color photography follows technological developments from the first experiments to its mass application in the twentieth century. The aesthetics of color photography, particularly its ability to faithfully reproduce reality, laid the foundation for later innovations in film. The analysis shows that color photography is not only a technical innovation but also a dominant aesthetic tool, opening up new possibilities for narrative and symbolic expression.
Part of the work relates to visual storytelling with moving images, exploring the poetics of black-and-white film and the transition to color film. Despite the limitations of visual art, black-and-white films developed expressive techniques, such as contrast and light quality, which enriched the film narrative. With the standardization of color film, filmmakers faced new visual challenges and opportunities. Early experiments with color in film, although technically imperfect, laid the foundation for later masterpieces that use color as an indispensable narrative element. The focus of the dissertation is also on the role of color in European film after 1960, a period marked by innovation and creative exploration. Directors such as Krzysztof Kieślowski, who plays with the colors of the French flag, and Pedro Almodóvar, who uses color in highly symbolic and emotional ways, demonstrate how color becomes not only a means of visual persuasion but also a crucial tool for philosophical and social commentary. Through a detailed analysis of key films, the dissertation illustrates how European filmmakers expanded the functionality of color in the language of film.
Examples of specific uses of color in narrative film are discussed through films such as El Ballon Rouge (1956) by Albert Lamorisse and Pierrot le Fou (1965) by Jean-Luc Godard, as well as the works of Ingmar Bergman and Stanley Kubrick. In El Ballon Rouge, the red color of the balloon symbolizes freedom, innocence, and childhood imagination, while in Pierrot le Fou, color emphasizes the emotional intensity and chaotic nature of the narrative. Kubrick's precise and often symbolic use of color, for example in The Shining (1980), contributes to creating tension and deepening the meaning of specific scenes, making color an integral part of his film aesthetics.
The dissertation also analyzes the digitalization of cinema and how modern technologies transform the use of color in film. Digital tools allow for greater control over color, from shooting to post-production, expanding the scope for filmmakers to experiment. The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar (2023) illustrates how contemporary filmmakers use color to balance realism and artificiality. Digital technology opens new aesthetic horizons but also raises questions about authenticity and the perception of reality in film. Discussing the future of color in film, the dissertation considers rapid technological changes, such as augmented reality and virtual reality, confirming that new technologies will further expand the practicality and effectiveness of color in film.
Finally, the dissertation concludes that color in film transcends its technical function, becoming a critical tool in shaping narratives, expressing emotions, and conveying symbolism. Through historical, theoretical, and practical analyses, the paper demonstrates how color evolved from a technical addition to the film image to an integral element of film language. This evolution enables filmmakers to use color as a means of shaping meaning, atmosphere, and audience interaction. Ultimately, the dissertation highlights the importance of further research into the role of color in film, particularly in light of new technologies and cultural changes that are redefining how we experience visual media. In summary, color remains a dynamic and complex aspect of film that continues to inspire creativity and innovation in the art of filmmaking