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Dietary intake of minerals among the student population
No full textU okviru ovog istraživanja procijenjen je nutritivni unos mineralnih elemenata (natrija, kalija, cinka, magnezija, željeza, fosfora, bakra, kalcija) među studentima 3. godine Farmaceutsko-biokemijskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu te su dobivene vrijednosti uspoređene s preporučenim unosom. Ispitivanjem je obuhvaćeno ukupno 382 ispitanika (98 muških i 284 ženskih) prosječne dobi 21,5 godina tijekom tri akademske godine 2020./2021., 2021./2022. i 2022./2023. Unos mikronutrijenata procijenjen je na temelju četverodnevnih dnevnika prehrane pri čemu su prikupljeni podaci analizirani uz pomoć računalnog programa Prehrana i statistički obrađeni. Rezultati su pokazali da su medijani dnevnog unosa natrija, fosfora i bakra za oba spola veći od preporučenog dok su medijani dnevnog unosa kalija, kalcija, magnezija i cinka manji od preporučenih vrijednosti za oba spola. Unos željeza je bio zadovoljavajući kod studenata, dok je nedostatan unos željeza zabilježen kod studentica. Studenti farmacije su unosili manje kalija, kalcija, magnezija, fosfora, željeza i cinka u usporedbi s podacima iz dostupne literature, dok je unos bakra bio veći. Unos natrija studenata približno je odgovarao podacima istraživanja drugih autora. Nezadovoljavajući rezultati ukazuju da je nužna dodatna edukacija studenata kako bi uveli promjene u vlastitoj prehrani s ciljem prevencije zdravstvenih problema u kasnijoj životnoj dobi. Također, kao zdravstveni radnici biti će dužni savjetovati pacijente o važnosti pravilne prehrane u svrhu održavanja zdravlja i pomoći kod bolesti.In this study, the dietary intake of minerals (sodium, potassium, zinc, magnesium, iron, phosphorus, copper, calcium) was assessed among 3rd-year students of the Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, and results were compared with the recommended values. The survey included a total of 382 students (98 male and 284 female) with an average age of 21.5 years in the three academic years 2020/2021, 2021/2022 and 2022/2023. The students kept a food diary for four days, and the collected diaries were analyzed using the Prehrana program. The obtained results were statistically analyzed. The results showed that median daily intake of sodium, phosphorus and copper was above the recommended values in both sexes, while the median daily intake of potassium, calcium, magnesium and zinc was below the recommended values, also in both sexes. Iron intake was adequate in male students, while female students were found to have inadequate iron intake. Pharmacy students consumed less potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron and zinc compared to data from the available literature, while copper intake was higher. The students sodium intake was similar to research data from other authors. The results indicate that additional education of students about proper nutrition is necessary in order to avoid health problems later in life. Furthermore, as healthcare professionals, they will be required to counsel their patients on the importance of healthy lifestyle with the purpose of maintaining health and helping with illness
Relationship between leader-member exchange and employee emotional masking
No full textU ovom diplomskom radu prikazana je uloga uzajamnosti odnosa između nadređenog i
podređenog u prikrivanju emocija zaposlenika. Uzajamnost odnosa između nadređenog i
podređenog proizlazi iz teorija vodstva te je razumijevanje i kvalitetna primjena takvog
odnosa nužna za uspješno ostvarenje organizacijskih ciljeva. S druge strane, emocije
zaposlenika svakodnevno su prisutne na radnom mjestu te ih zaposlenici ili prikrivaju ili
izražavaju. Iz emocija proizlaze različite vrste ponašanja i grade se odnosi na radnom mjestu.
U svrhu provedbe istraživanja autor je izradio anketni upitnik koji je obuhvaćao pitanja o
kognitivnom preispitivanju emocija, prikrivanju emocija, odnosu s vođom i zadovoljstvom
poslom. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 96 ispitanika. Nad odgovorima ispitanika provedene su
deskriptivna statistička i korelacijska analiza kako bi se utvrdila povezanost između
uzajamnosti odnosa nadređenog i podređenog te prikrivanja emocija zaposlenika. Utvrđeno
je da prikrivanje emocija zaposlenika nema značajan utjecaj na uzajamnost odnosa
nadređenog i podređenog, ali da uzajamnost odnosa nadređenog i podređenog ima jaku
pozitivnu povezanost sa zadovoljstvom poslom. Kvaliteta uzajamnosti odnosa nadređenog i
podređenog određuje zadovoljstvo poslom, i obrnuto.In this thesis, the role of Leader-Member Exchange in Emotional Masking is presented. The
Leader-Member Exchange derives from leadership theories, and the understanding and
quality application of such a relationship is necessary for the successful achievement of
organizational goals. On the other hand, employees' emotions are present in the workplace
every day, and employees either conceal or express them. Emotions result in different types
of behavior and build relationships in the workplace. In order to carry out the research, the
author created a questionnaire that included questions about cognitive examination of
Emotional Masking, Leader-Member Exchange and Job Satisfaction. In this research
participated 96 respondents. A descriptive statistical and correlational analysis was carried
out on the answers of the respondents in order to determine the connection between the
Leader-Member Exchange and Emotional Masking. It was found that the Emotional Masking
does not have a significant impact on Leader-Member Exchange, but has a strong positive
connection with Job Satisfaction. The quality of Leader-Member Exchange determines Job
Satisfaction, and vice versa
Characteristics of wall microstructure of 6063 aluminium alloy made by wire arc additive manufacturing
No full textAditivna proizvodnja električnim lukom i žicom (WAAM) je postupak proizvodnje koji se koristi za proizvodnju ili popravljanje metalnih dijelova taloženjem materijala sloj po sloj. Za izvođenje WAAM postupka se koristi oprema za zavarivanje. U WAAM postupku je moguće primjenjivati veliki broj metalnih materijala, npr. ugljični čelik, titanijeve legure, aluminijske legure itd. Kod WAAM postupka s primjenom aluminijskih legura kao dodatnog materijala mogu nastati određene nepravilnosti, npr. pore i neodgovarajuća mikrostruktura dobivenog proizvoda.
U teorijskom dijelu je opisana aditivna proizvodnja i specifični postupak aditivne proizvodnje električnim lukom i žicom. Navedene su varijante WAAM postupka s naglaskom na WAAM MIG postupku i inačicama tog postupka s posebnim naglaskom na WAAM AC MIG postupku. Opisana je primjena aluminija u WAAM MIG postupku, navedene su nepravilnosti i neodgovarajuća mikrostruktura kod primjene aluminija u WAAM postupku te je dana usporedba aluminijskih legura serije 5000 i 6000.
U eksperimentalnom dijelu je proizvedeno šest uzoraka postupkom aditivne proizvodnje električnim lukom i žicom koristeći dodatni materijal, žicu izrađenu iz aluminijske legure 6063. Pri izradi tri uzorka je korišten argon kao zaštitni plin, a pri izradi ostalih uzoraka je korištena kombinacija argona i 15% helija. Pet uzoraka je izrađeno s WAAM AC MIG postupkom s različitim balansom polariteta, a jedan uzorak je izrađen s WAAM MIG postupkom s istosmjernom strujom. Provedena je kemijska analiza XRF uređajem čime je dobiven kemijski sastav različitih dijelova uzoraka. Provedenom usporedbom uzoraka po kemijskom sastavu se ustanovila sličnost u kemijskom sastavu uzoraka izrađenih AC MIG postupkom te znatna razlika u kemijskom sastavu uzorka izrađenog MIG postupkom s istosmjernom strujom, također najviše je varirao udio magnezija kod različitih uzoraka. Analizirana je mikrostruktura na svjetlosnom mikroskopu za tri uzorka izrađenih s WAAM AC MIG postupkom s različitim balansima polariteta. Također, prikazana je i promjena mikrostrukture s porastom visine zida uzoraka te su analizirane uočene nepravilnosti.Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) is a production process used to manufacture or repair metal parts by depositing materials layer by layer. WAAM process utilizes welding equipment. A wide range of metallic materials can be used in the WAAM process, such as carbon steel, titanium alloys, aluminium alloys, etc. The use of aluminum alloys as a filler material in the WAAM process can result in certain defects, such as porosity and an inadequate microstructure in the final product.
The theoretical section describes additive manufacturing and the Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) process. Variants of the WAAM process are outlined, with a focus on the WAAM MIG process and its variations, especially the WAAM AC MIG process. The use of aluminum in the WAAM MIG process was also discussed, including defects and unsuitable microstructures associated with aluminum use in WAAM and a comparison of 5000 and 6000 series aluminum alloys was provided.
In the experimental section, six samples were produced using the WAAM process with metal inert gas welding, with aluminum alloy 6063 as the filler material. Three samples were produced using argon as the shielding gas, while the other samples were welded using a combination of argon and 15% helium. Five samples were produced using the WAAM AC GMAW process with different polarity balances, and one sample was made using the WAAM GMAW process with direct current. Chemical analysis was conducted using an XRF device, determining the chemical composition of different parts of the samples. Comparison of the chemical compositions of samples revealed similarities among the samples produced using the AC GMAW process and a significant difference in the chemical composition of the sample produced using the GMAW process with direct current, with the most notable variation being in the magnesium content across samples. The microstructure of three samples produced using the WAAM AC GMAW process with argon as the shielding gas and with different polarity balances was analyzed with a light microscope, changes in the microstructure with increasing wall height of the samples and identified defects were observed
Traditional use of medicinal herbs in the Jastrebarsko area
No full textOvo je etnobotaničko istraživanje provedeno na području grada Jastrebarskog s naglaskom na prigradska
naselja Cvetković, Donji Desinec, Gornji Desinec, Prhoć i Prodin Dol, a u njemu je sudjelovalo 15 ispitanika
starije životne dobi (između 67 i 83 godine). Kriterij uključivanja u istraživanje bio je stjecanje znanja o
ljekovitom bilju putem usmene predaje. Ispitanici su sveukupno naveli 46 biljnih vrsta korištenih u liječenju,
a zabilježene su i njihove druge primjene. Najviše spomenutih biljnih vrsta pripadalo je porodicama
Asteraceae i Rosaceae, a prava kamilica, crna bazga, planinska čuvarkuća, malolisna lipa, obična kopriva i
vinova loza bile su ljekovite biljke od najvećeg značaja. Čajevi pripremljeni u obliku infuza bili su
najzastupljeniji ljekoviti pripravci, oralni put primjene bio je najučestaliji te su se listovi najčešće koristili u
njihovoj pripremi. Najveći broj biljnih vrsta primjenjivao se kod smetnji probavnog i dišnog sustava te kože.
Tradicionalna primjena biljaka u ljekovite svrhe zabilježena na području Jastrebarskog opravdana je i
potkrijepljena literaturnim podacima za većinu biljnih vrsta. Potrebno je provesti opsežnije i detaljnije
istraživanje u svrhu zapisivanja još raznolikije primjene biljaka navedenog područja s ciljem oplemenjivanja
i vrednovanja tradicije.This is an ethnobotanical study conducted in the area of the city of Jastrebarsko, with a focus on the suburban
settlements of Cvetković, Donji Desinec, Gornji Desinec, Prhoć, and Prodin Dol. The study involved 15
elderly participants (aged between 67 and 83). The inclusion criterion for the study was the acquisition of
knowledge about medicinal plants through oral tradition. The participants mentioned a total of 46 plant
species used in treatment, and their other uses were also recorded. Most of the mentioned plant species
belonged to the Asteraceae and Rosaceae families, with true chamomile, black elderberry, houseleek, smallleaved
linden, common nettle, and grapevine being the most significant medicinal plants. Teas prepared in
the form of infusions were the most common medicinal preparations, the oral route of administration was the
most frequent, and leaves were most often used in their preparation. The largest number of plant species was
used for digestive, respiratory, and skin disorders. The traditional use of plants for medicinal purposes
recorded in the Jastrebarsko area is justified and supported by literature data for most plant species. More
extensive and detailed research is needed to document even more diverse uses of plants from this area, with
the aim of enriching and valuing the tradition
TAPHONOMIC AND PALAEOECOLOGICAL ALALYSIS OF THE LARG AVIFAUNAL REMAINS FROM THE ŠANDALJA II AND VLAKNO CAVES
No full textŠpilje Šandalja II u Istri i Vlakno na Dugom otoku važna su paleontološka nalazišta na kojima su pronađeni mnogobrojni fosilni, ali i arheološki ostaci iz gornjeg pleistocena i holocena. Rad je temeljen na anatomsko-taksonomskoj i tafonomskoj analizi uzoraka skeletnih ostataka velikih ptica prikupljenih za vrijeme iskopavanja samih lokaliteta. Na temelju rezultata dobivenih analizom ptičjih kostiju, utvrđeni su načini akumulacije u špiljama te paleoekološka i paleoklimatska situacija na prostoru Velike Jadranske ravnice u razdoblju gornjeg pleistocena (MIS2). U okolici špilje Vlakno u tom su razdoblju zastupljena dominantno vodena staništa, zatim otvorena staništa, stjenovita, mješovita te šumskih stepa. Dominantni čimbenici akumulacije u obje špilje su ljudi.Caves Šandalja II in Istria and Vlakno on Dugi Otok are important paleontological sites where numerous fossil and archaeological remains from the Upper Pleistocene and Holocene have been found. The study is based on anatomical-taxonomic and taphonomic analysis of samples of skeletal remains of large birds collected during excavations at the sites. Based on the results obtained from the analysis of bird bones, the modes of accumulation in the caves and the paleoecological and paleoclimatic conditions in the area of the Great Adriatic Plain during the Upper Pleistocene (MIS2) period have been determined. In the vicinity of Vlakno Cave during that period, predominantly aquatic habitats, followed by open habitats, rocky areas, mixed habitats, and forested steppes were represented. The dominant factors of accumulation in both caves are humans
Synthesis of metal nanoparticles from metallosurfactants
No full textCilj ovog rada bio je istražiti sintezu metalnih nanočestica Co, Ni i Cu kemijskom redukcijom pomoću dimernih PAT koje u svojoj strukturi sadrže metale, (12–2–12)[MBr4], M = Co, Ni, Cu, u dva različita medija, u vodi i emulziji heksan/voda. Jedno od važnih svojstava PAT koje u svojoj strukturi sadrže metale je sposobnost asocijacije u različite molekulske asocijate kao što su npr. micele, koje mogu poslužiti i kao izvor metalnih iona i kao predložak za sintezu metalnih nanočestica. Sinteza metalnih nanočestica je već duže vrijeme u centru pažnje znanstvenika jer zahvaljujući svojim specifičnim fizikalno-kemijskim svojstvima pružaju široku mogućnost primjene u različitim granama industrije, medicine i farmacije. Jedna od najjednostavnijih metoda sinteze metalnih nanočestica je kemijska redukcija, no ona često zahtijeva upotrebu toksičnih kemikalija. Korištenjem PAT kao izvora nanočestica te istovremeno kao stabilizatora, smanjuje se potreba za dodatnim kemikalijama.
Za određivanje veličine i morfologije sintetiziranih metalnih nanočestica korištene su mikroskopske tehnike, pretražna elektronska mikroskopija (SEM) i transmisijska elektronska mikroskopija (TEM), a za utvrđivanje prisutnih kemijskih elemenata, energijski razlučujući spektrometar (EDS). Za određivanje veličine i ζ potencijala dobivenih nanočestica korišteno je dinamičko raspršenje svjetlosti (DLS) i elektroforetsko raspršenje svjetlosti (ELS). Utvrđeno je da sinteza iz vode, iako ekološki prihvatljivija, lošiji sintetski put u odnosu na emulzije heksan/voda. U svim pokušajima sinteze izolirane su nanočestice metalnih oksida što je vidljivo iz snimljenih EDS spektara. Pomoću TEM i DLS analiza pokazano je da su pojedinačne nanočestice jako male i odgovaraju otprilike veličini micela dimernih PAT, ali su sklone agregiranju usprkos relativno velikim ζ potencijalima.The aim of this study was to investigate the synthesis of Co, Ni, and Cu nanoparticles from dimeric surfactants (12–2–12)[MBr4], M = Co, Ni, Cu using chemical reduction method, in two different media: water and a hexane/water emulsion. An important property of dimeric surfactants containing metals is their ability to form metallomicelles, which can act both as a source of metal ions and as a template for the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles.
The synthesis of metallic nanoparticles has attracted considerable attention because of their distinctive physicochemical properties, which enable a broad spectrum of applications across diverse industries, particularly in medicine and pharmaceuticals. Chemical reduction is one of the simplest methods for synthesizing metallic nanoparticles, although it often requires toxic chemicals. By using dimeric surfactants as both a source of nanoparticles and as stabilizers, the need for additional chemicals is reduced. Microscopic techniques, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to determine the size and morphology of the synthesized metallic nanoparticles, while energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) was employed to identify the chemical elements present. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and electrophoretic light scattering (ELS) were used to measure particle size and zeta potential. The findings indicate that while synthesis in water is more environmentally friendly, it is a less effective synthetic route compared to the hexane/water emulsion. In all synthesis attempts, metallic oxide nanoparticles were isolated, as shown by the recorded EDS spectra. TEM and DLS analyses revealed that individual nanoparticles were very small, approximately the size of the dimeric surfactant micelles, but they tended to aggregate despite relatively high zeta potentials
Screening of N-acetylneuraminic acid synthase analogues on different sugars
No full textEnzimi su biokatalizatori koji pokazuju brojne prednosti nad kemijskim katalizatorima. Unatoč tome, enzimi nailaze na ograničenja u industrijskoj primjeni zbog čega se nastoje modificirati i poboljšati tehnikama enzimskog inženjerstva. Jedna od ključnih reakcija za koje se nastoje modificirati enzimi jest sinteza ugljik-ugljik veze. Aldolna kondenzacija najčešća je metoda za sintezu navedene veze, a tu reakciju kataliziraju enzimi zvani aldolaze. Sintaza
N-acetilneuraminske kiseline (NeuS) je aldolaza ovisna o fosfoenolpiruvatu koja katalizira sintezu N-acetilneuraminske kiseline (Neu5Ac). Neu5Ac pripada obitelji sijalinskih kiselina koje imaju raznovrsne funkcije u fiziološkim procesima. U ovom radu ispitivala se aktivnost analoga sintaza N-acetilneuraminske kiseline na šećere L-arabinozu, D-galaktozu, D-laktozu, D-liksozu, D-(+)-manozu i D-(+)-ksilozu kao supstrate. Kao analozi sintaza
N-acetilneuraminske kiseline korišteni su umjetno dobiveni PNH3, PNH6, PNH11 i PNH17 enzimi te NmNeuS enzim iz bakterije Neisseria meningitidis (Nm). Aktivnost tih enzima ispitivana je pomoću početnih reakcijskih brzina praćenjem koncentracija reaktanata i produkata reakcije u vremenu pomoću tekućinske kromatografije visoke djelotvornosti (HPLC), a iz prikupljenih eksperimentalnih podataka izračunate su konverzije supstrata i iskorištenja reakcije. Na temelju prikupljenih rezultata, zaključeno je da PNH3 i PNH6 enzimi imaju veću aktivnost prema heksozama (D-galaktoza, D-(+)-manoza) kao supstratima nego pentozama (L-arabinoza, D-liksoza). U slučaju staničnog ekstrakta NmNeuS je obrnuto. NmNeuS je pokazao najveće vrijednosti konverzije i iskorištenja za sve supstrate. Usporedbom iskorištenja reakcija kataliziranim sa staničnim ekstraktom NmNeuS enzima i s njegovim pročišćenim oblikom, zaključeno je da je pročišćeni enzim specifičniji prema supstratima nego stanični ekstrakt NmNeuS enzima.Enzymes are biocatalysts that exhibit numerous advantages over chemical catalysts. Despite this, enzymes face limitations in industrial applications, which is why efforts are made to modify and improve them using enzyme engineering techniques. One of the key reactions for which enzymes are being modified is the synthesis of carbon-carbon bonds. Aldol condensation is the most common method for the synthesis of these bonds, and this reaction is catalyzed by enzymes called aldolases. N-acetylneuraminic acid synthase (NeuS) is a phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent aldolase that catalyzes the synthesis of N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac). Neu5Ac belongs to the family of sialic acids, which have various functions in physiological processes. In this study, the activity of analogs of N-acetylneuraminic acid synthase was tested on sugars L-arabinose, D-galactose, D-lactose, D-lyxose,
D-(+)-mannose, and D-(+)-xylose as substrates. The analogs of N-acetylneuraminic acid synthase used were the artificially obtained PNH3, PNH6, PNH11 and PNH17 enzymes, as well as the NmNeuS enzyme from the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis (Nm). The activity of these enzymes was tested using initial reaction rates by monitoring the concentrations of reactants and reaction products over time using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the substrate conversions and reaction yields were calculated from the collected experimental data. Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that the PNH3 and PNH6 enzymes have greater activity towards hexoses (D-galactose, D-(+)-mannose) as substrates than towards pentoses (L-arabinose, D-lyxose). In the case of the NmNeuS cell extract, the reverse was true. NmNeuS showed the highest values of conversion and yield for all substrates. By comparing the yields of reactions catalyzed by the NmNeuS cell extract enzyme with its purified form, it was concluded that the purified enzyme is more specific towards substrates than the NmNeuS cell extract enzyme
Life cycle assessment of a poly(ethylene terephtalate) bottle
No full textU ovome radu provedena je komparativna analiza procjene životnog ciklusa PET boca proizvedenih od primarnih i recikliranih materijala korištenjem Brightway2 paketa. Analiza usvaja pristup od kolijevke do vrata, s naglaskom na procjenu okolišnih utjecaja povezanih s fazama proizvodnje do trenutka kada su boce spremne za punjenje. Ključne kategorije utjecaja, uključujući cjelokupno zdravlje ljudi te klimatske promjene, procijenjene su korištenjem metoda dostupnih u Brightway2. Baza podataka korištena u radu formirana je prikupljanjem podataka iz različitih dostupnih izvora te su podaci pažljivo odabrani, organizirani i uneseni u bazu kako bi se osigurala točnost i korisnost za specifične potrebe analize. Rezultati pokazuju mogućnost smanjenja utjecaja na okoliš i ljudsko zdravlje proizvodnjom poli(etilen-tereftalata) iz recikliranog materijala. Zaključno, ova studija pruža važne rezultate o okolišnim prednostima uporabe recikliranog poli(etilen-tereftalata) te nudi vrijedne smjernice za daljnje provedbe procjena cjeloživotnih ciklusa. Rezultati dobiveni u okviru ove studije dodatno podržavaju inicijative za povećanje recikliranja i smanjenje upotrebe primarnih resursa u industriji ambalaže.In this study, a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) analysis of PET bottles produced from both virgin and recycled materials was conducted using the Brightway2 software package. The analysis utilized a cradle-to-gate approach, with a focus on evaluating the environmental impacts associated with the production stages up to the point where the bottles are ready for filling. Key impact categories, including overall human health and climate change, were assessed using methods available within Brightway2. The database used in this study was compiled by collecting data from various available sources, and the data were carefully selected, organized, and entered into the database to ensure accuracy and relevance to the specific needs of the analysis. The results demonstrate the potential to reduce environmental and human health impacts through the production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) from recycled materials. In conclusion, this study provides important insights into the environmental benefits of using recycled PET and offers valuable guidance for further life cycle assessments. The results obtained in this study further support initiatives to increase recycling and reduce the use of virgin resources in the packaging industry
Comparison of the Concentration of anti-Müllerina Hormone in the Serum of Intact and Cryptorchid Dogs
No full textAnti-Müllerov hormon je multifunkcionalni glikoprotein kojega luče Sertolijeve stanice
sjemenika u mužjaka, odnosno jajnici u ženki. Kriptorhizam je patološki poremećaj u kojemu
izostaje spuštanje jednog ili oba sjemenika u mošnju što uzrokuje izostanak termoregulacije
sjemenika te posljedičnu degeneraciju sjemenika. Cilj istraživanja je bio utvrditi razlike u
koncentraciji AMH između intaktnih i kriptorhidnih pasa te omogućiti detaljniji uvid
vlasnicima naših pacijenta u patologiju kriptorhizma. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo ukupno
dvanaest pasa različitih pasmina u dobi od 1 do 8 godina starosti, od kojih je šest bilo intaktnih
i šest kriptorhidnih pasa. Za analizu su bili korišteni zamrznuti ostani uzorci seruma pasa
podvrgnutih orhidektomiji. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da je postoji značajna razlika
između serumske koncentracije AMH kriptorhidnih pasa i intaktnih pasa. Serumska
koncentracija AMH u kriptorhidnih pasa kretala se od 32,2 do 150,0 ng/ml sa srednjom
vrijednosti od 147,9 ng/ml što je i do 6,82 puta viša koncentracija nego u intaktnih pasa. Valja
navesti kao i tumorski promijenjeni sjemenici također uzrokuju višu serumsku koncentraciju
AMH te je nemoguće razlučiti kod tumorskih promijenjenih kriptorhidnih pasa točan uzrok
više koncentracije AMH. Svakako bi trebalo napraviti istraživanje koje bi obuhvatilo veći broj
kriptorhidnih pasa za dobivanje preciznijih rezultata serumske vrijednosti AMH.Anti-Müllerian hormone is a multifunctional glycoprotein secreted by the Sertoli cells
in the testes in males and the ovaries in females. Cryptorchidism is a pathological disorder in
which one or both testicles fail to descend into the scrotum, leading to a lack of testicular
thermoregulation and subsequent testicular degeneration. The aim of the study was to
determine the differences in AMH levels between intact and cryptorchid dogs and to provide
the owners of our patients with a detailed insight into the pathology of cryptorchidism. The
study included a total of twelve dogs of different breeds, aged 1 to 8 years, of which six were
intact and six were cryptorchid. Frozen serum samples from dogs that had undergone
orchiectomy were used for the analysis. The results of the study showed that there was a
significant difference between the serum AMH concentration of cryptorchid dogs and intact
dogs. The serum AMH concentration in cryptorchid dogs ranged from 32.2 to 150.0 ng/ml with
a mean value of 147.9 ng/ml, which is up to 6.82 times higher than in intact dogs. It should be
noted that malignantly altered testes also cause a higher serum AMH concentration, so it is
impossible to determine the exact cause of the higher AMH concentration in malignantly
altered cryptorchid dogs. Further studies including a larger number of cryptorchid dogs should
be conducted to obtain more accurate results for serum AMH levels
The economic impact of demographic aging on the labor market
No full textCilj ovog završnog rada je analizirati ekonomske posljedice demografskog starenja stanovništva na tržište rada te ponuditi smjernice za ublažavanje negativnih učinaka. Razumijevanje demografskih promjena i njihova utjecaja na tržište rada ključno je za oblikovanje učinkovitih politika koje će podržati održivi gospodarski rast i socijalnu sigurnost. Starenje stanovništva predstavlja rastući globalni izazov s ekonomskim posljedicama, osobito za tržište rada. Kako se udio starijeg stanovništva povećava, radna se snaga smanjuje, što dovodi do manjka radnika i smanjenja ukupne produktivnosti. Takva situacija stvara pritisak na sustave socijalne skrbi i mirovinske fondove jer sve manji broj radno aktivnih osoba mora uzdržavati sve veći broj umirovljenika. Kako bi se ublažile posljedice, države često uvode mjere poput podizanja dobi za odlazak u mirovinu, promicanja veće participacije žena i starijih osoba na tržištu rada te poticanja imigracije. Demografsko starenje predstavlja izazov koji zahtijeva sveobuhvatan pristup i koordinirane napore cijelog društva, osobito vlade i poslodavaca.The goal of this final paper is to analyze the economic consequences of the demographic aging of the population on the labor market and to offer guidelines for mitigating the negative impacts. Understanding demographic changes and their impact on the labor market is key to designing effective policies that will support sustainable economic growth and social security. Population aging represents a growing global challenge with economic consequences, especially on the labor market. As the proportion of the elderly population increases, the labor force shrinks, leading to a shortage of workers and a decrease in overall productivity. This situation puts pressure on social welfare systems and pension funds, as the decreasing number of working people has to support the growing number of retirees. To mitigate the consequences, states often introduce policies such as raising the retirement age, promoting greater participation of women and older workers in the labor market, and encouraging immigration. Demographic aging is a challenge that requires a comprehensive approach and coordinated efforts of the entire society, especially the government and employers