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Influence of methacrylate polymer additives synthesized in biofuel on the low-temperature properties of diesel fuel
No full textS obzirom na sve veće zahtjeve za poboljšanjem performansi dizelskog goriva, osobito u hladnim uvjetima rada, istraživanje i razvoj inovativnih aditiva za poboljšanje niskotemperaturnih svojstava ključan su aspekt razvoja moderne energetske industrije.
Ovaj rad istražuje utjecaj metakrilatnih polimernih aditiva sintetiziranih u biogorivu na niskotemperaturna svojstva dizelskog goriva. Metakrilatni polimeri, pokazali su se kao učinkovita rješenja zbog svojih kemijskih svojstava koja omogućuju stabilizaciju i poboljšanje fluidnosti goriva pri niskim temperaturama. Metakrilatni aditivi, sintetizirani u biogorivima, ne samo da poboljšavaju operativne karakteristike dizelskog goriva, već i pridonose održivosti smanjenjem potrebe za fosilnim resursima. Istraživanje uključuje sintezu ukupno šest metakrilatnih aditiva, na osnovi benzil metakrilata uz oktadecil, dodecil te 2-(tert-butilamino) etil metakrilata. Cilj rada bio je sintetizirani polimerne aditive u svrhu poboljšanja niskotemperaturnih svojstava. Polimerni aditivi su sintetizirani u biodizelu kao biootapalu, a rad istražuje i utjecaj različitih prosjeka molekulskih masa na niskotemperaturna svojstva. Upoređivana je i sinteza s komercijalnom reakcijom u toluenu. Polimeri su sintetizirani radikalskom polimerizacijom u otopini toluena uz Peroxan PO 70 kao inicijator te uz n-dodecil merkaptan kao prijenosnik lanca. Sintetiziranim polimerima potvrđena je struktura pomoću 1H nuklearne magnetske rezonancije. Kromatografijom na propusnom gelu određen je prosjek molekulskih masa polimernih aditiva. Nadalje, formulacijama dizelskog goriva s aditivima određena je i gustoća i viskoznost. Toplinska svojstva, odnosno temperatura kristalizacije i promjena entalpije kristalizacije aditiva te formulacija aditiva s dizelskim gorivom ispitana su metodom diferencijalne pretražne kalorimetrije. Provedeno je mjerenje temperatura tecišta smjesa aditiviranog dizelskog goriva, a praćen je i utjecaj aditiva na morfologiju i veličinu kristala n-parafina pomoću mikroskopa s polarizacijom dok se smjesa hladila postoljem s hlađenjem.In response to the increasing demands for enhancing the performance of diesel fuels, particularly under cold operating conditions, exploring innovative additives to improve low-temperature properties has become a crucial aspect of modern energy industry development. This study focuses on the impact of metacrylate-based polymer additives synthesized in biodiesel on the low-temperature properties of diesel fuel. Metacrylate polymers are effective solutions due to their chemical properties that facilitate the stabilization and improvement of fuel fluidity at low temperatures. Metacrylate additives, synthesized in biodiesel, not only enhance the operational characteristics of diesel fuel but also contribute to sustainability by reducing the reliance on fossil resources. The research involves the synthesis of a total of six methacrylate additives based on benzyl methacrylate, along with octadecyl, dodecyl, and 2-(tert-butylamino) ethyl methacrylate. The aim of the study was to synthesize polymer additives for the purpose of improving low-temperature properties. Polymeric additives were synthesized in biodiesel as a biosolvent, and the work also investigates the influence of different distribution of molecular masses on low-temperature properties. The synthesis was also compared with a commercial reaction in toluene. The polymers were synthesized by radical polymerization in a toluene solution using Peroxan PO 70 as the initiator and N-dodecyl mercaptan Š-18DTND719 as the chain transfer agent. The structure of the synthesized polymers was confirmed using 1H Nuclear magnetic resonance. Gel permeation chromatography was used to determine the molecular weight range of the polymer additives. Additionally, the density and viscosity of the diesel fuel formulations with additives were also measured. The thermal properties, specifically the crystallization temperature and the change in crystallization enthalpy of the additives and their formulations with diesel fuel, were examined using differential scanning calorimetry.
The pour point temperatures of the diesel fuel mixtures with additives were measured, and the effect of the additives on the morphology and size of n-paraffin crystals was monitored using a polarized light microscope while the mixture was cooled by a cooling stage
Late medieval rings from Slavonia and Syrmia in the collections of the Archaeological museum in Zagreb
No full textDoktorski rad bavi se tipološkom, stilskom i kronološkom analizom prstenja koje datira u razdoblje kasnog, a dijelom i razvijenog srednjeg vijeka (kraj 12. do 16. st.) koji su krajem 19. i početkom 20. stoljeća prikupljeni na prostoru (istočne) Slavonije i Srijema u cjelini i danas se čuvaju u fundusu Arheološkog muzeja u Zagrebu. Katalog popraćen crtežima i fotografijama predmeta čini polazišnu točku ovog rada. Razmatra se tipologija prstenja na temelju oblika i ukrasa te ih se komparativnim metodama, sa srodnom građom s područja srednje i jugoistočne Europe svrstava u kulturni i vremenski kontekst. U fokusu je i biografija predmeta koja uključuje njihovu proizvodnju, distribuciju, upotrebu, deponiranje. Količina i raznolikost prstena, ali i načini nabave, čine ovu zbirku vrijednom i znanstveno zanimljivom ne samo u kontekstu poznavanja srednjovjekovne materijalne kulture u svim njezinim aspektima, nego i povijesti Muzeja. Kao i u mnogim drugim muzejskim zbirkama, riječ je o slučajnim nalazima te nedostatak arheološkog konteksta otežava i ograničava donošenje određenih zaključaka. Ipak, njihova analiza znatno doprinosi općenito slabijoj zastupljenosti proučavanja srednjovjekovnog prstenja u domaćoj literaturi, ali i upotpunjavanju praznine koja se odnosi na trenutni nedostatak publiciranih nalaza s područja Srijema.A significant number of medieval rings originate from the geographical region of Syrmia and Slavonia, the present-day political borders of eastern Croatia and northwestern Serbia (southwestern Vojvodina region). The dissertation focuses on artifacts acquired for the National Museum (at the time) before World War I, now housed in the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb. Since then, they have never been evaluated in a museological and scientific framework and have remained unknown to the professional public until now. The primary goal of this study was to systematize and analyze a group of medieval rings, despite the lack of information about their original context. The analyzed material includes 178 examples of Late Medieval (13th-16th century) rings from eastern and western Syrmia, as well as eastern Slavonia. While some rings lacked information about their specific find locations, they were included because they are typologically and chronologically similar to others, suggesting they likely originated from the same region and time period. All published rings from the mentioned area were used for comparison. Ultimately, the aim was to understand how these rings fit into the broader context of similar jewelry types in neighboring regions. Prior to this analysis, Syrmia and Eastern Slavonia represented a gap in our archaeological understanding of ring types. Rings were the most popular form of jewelry in the Late Middle Ages, offering valuable insights into craft art, funeral customs, spiritual life, cultural currents, trade, and social status. However, limitations arose due to a lack of context and insufficient research and publication of findings. Despite these challenges, a large sample provided a diverse range of typological and stylistic variations. We gained a better understanding of fashion, production, trade, and other aspects related to medieval jewelry, laying a foundation for future research. The rings have been cataloged and accompanied by photos and drawings. Analysis included typological determination based on production method and shape, as well as classification according to decorative elements. A few examples were subjected to material composition analysis. Comparative methods allowed for their placement in a chronological framework, providing a general overview of the collection in relation to similar objects from the same region and its surroundings. Additional observations regarding function, use, distribution, and deposition contributed to a comprehensive understanding of the object's complexity and its role in Late Medieval society. According to the manufacturing process, the rings were made of one or two components. Cast rings are the most numerous, with the most variations appearing. The shape of the rings evolved based on the shape of the bezel and its relation to the shoulders and hoop, as well as the overall massiveness of the ring. Earlier forms were simpler, thinner, and lighter, often with circular, and sometimes oval-shaped bezels. Later, more massive forms appeared, with bezels commonly oval, but also rhomboid, hexagonal, and octagonal. This trend was also observed in surrounding countries and throughout Europe. Linear-geometric motifs are the most numerous group of bezel decorations, followed by vegetative motifs, primarily lily flowers. Zoomorphic motifs, such as birds, are also widely represented, and depictions of four-legged animals are common as well. Monograms are a distinctive ornament, with the letter "I" being particularly prevalent. An intriguing and numerous motif is the wing, which also appears as a component of composite ornaments. Other ornaments, including anthropomorphic figures, abstract designs, and unrecognizable shapes, are present in smaller quantities. In addition to the main decorative surface of the ring's bezel, many rings also feature at least partially decorated hoop. Some of the motifs in this group of rings can be associated with Christian symbolism (cross, fish, Agnus Dei, eagle, lily), while for some, it can only be assumed. Sometimes it is difficult to understand the symbolism because some motifs have been used for a long time and can be interpreted as a pure decoration, not necessarily bearing a symbolic message. The rings offer a glimpse into the material and spiritual culture of the period, aligning with the typological-stylistic framework of Central and Southeastern Europe. The collection does not feature luxurious rings of expensive manufacture or complex and skillfully shaped decorations. Instead, it consists primarily of rings made from cheaper and more available materials, with only a small number of silver rings demonstrating high-quality production. Most of the rings likely originated from rural cemeteries, where the population would have used more affordable products. The smaller number of higher-quality silver rings might be attributed to wealthier owners, such as lower nobility or merchants from city centers. Regarding materials, copper alloys are the most widely used. Silver is the second most common material and is usually of high purity. Less common examples are made of alloys containing zinc, copper, and tin, which often suggest the recycling of materials and the utilization of available raw materials. Brass is also well-represented, and its percentage is likely even higher, as a comprehensive analysis of the entire collection has not been conducted. Comparative analyses revealed interesting data related to production techniques and decorations. They indicate the position of Syrmia on the very periphery of the Hungarian Kingdom, with stronger southern influences, but also where some local design and decorative variants developed. The difference in the utilized materials is also evident compared to the present-day southern Hungarian counties. The amount of silver specimens there is the same as those of copper alloys in this sample. However, the two samples do not fully overlap in typology and chronology since cast rings, which are dominant here, are poorly represented in the Hungarian comparative sample. In general, stray finds significantly outnumber artifacts found in context (graves, hoards, settlements). Despite the scarcity of grave goods, rings were a common type of jewelry during the 14th and 15th centuries. Likewise, excavations of medieval towns and rural settlements resulted in very few rings and jewelry. The number of rings has recently been increasing due to the intensive use of metal detectors in eastern Croatia. This practice is also gaining popularity in Hungary. Unfortunately, apart from the awareness about the quantity and distribution of certain types of rings, this method results in the permanent loss of other valuable archaeological information. It seems that the forms at the end of the Middle Ages had more influences from the south, which is probably a reflection of political circumstances. Syrmia was an integral part of the Hungarian Kingdom until the Ottoman occupation but had a looser connection to the central parts of the Kingdom in that final period. Communication and trade with the southern neighborhood were more vivid, and the demographic picture also changed. Moreover, local production also had its role in fashion, which comparative analyses with other finds from Eastern Slavonia have shown. In addition to the specific motifs of walking birds and various combinations of the wing motif on both samples, one can also notice, for example, the smaller number of rings decorated with monograms in this collection compared to the Vinkovci collection. However, there are no rings connected to the Kosovo workshops in Vinkovci. The time period when these rings were in fashion partially overlaps, so these data are important for understanding the cultural and political circumstances. Although the collections partially cover the same area, the collection includes a greater number of artifacts from the eastern Syrima region compared to the Vinkovci collection. The analysis of stray finds of rings collected in Syrmia and Slavonia has yielded new insights and a comprehensive overview of the preferred shapes and decorations of this type of jewelry. These rings are now placed in context based on available comparative material
Zadovoljstvo učenika dvojezičnom nastavom na francuskom jeziku u hrvatskim školama
No full textCette recherche examine la satisfaction des élèves envers le programme bilingue en français dans les écoles croates, en se concentrant sur leurs progrès et compétences linguistiques. Une approche mixte, utilisant des questionnaires quantitatifs et qualitatifs, a été adoptée. Les résultats montrent que la principale motivation des élèves était d'améliorer leur niveau de français. À la fin du programme, la majorité des élèves étaient satisfaits de leurs compétences linguistiques. Bien que des critiques aient été émises, telles que le manque de communication orale et de matériel pédagogique en français, les élèves ont rapporté un enrichissement de leur vocabulaire et une meilleure compréhension de la culture française. Cependant, les notes finales n'ont pas montré une amélioration significative. En somme, la recherche a permis de mettre en lumière les réussites et les défis du programme.Ovo istraživanje ispituje zadovoljstvo učenika francuskim dvojezičnim programom u hrvatskim školama te njihov jezični napredak i vještine. Korišten je mješoviti pristup putem kvantitativnih i kvalitativnih upitnika. Rezultati pokazuju da je glavna motivacija učenika bila poboljšati razinu francuskog jezika te da su na kraju programa većinom bili zadovoljni svojim znanjem jezika. Iako je bilo kritika, poput nedostatka usmene komunikacije i nastavnih materijala na francuskom, učenici su istaknuli napredak u vokabularu i boljem razumijevanju francuske kulture. Međutim, konačne ocjene nisu pokazale značajno poboljšanje. Ukratko, istraživanje je uspješno prikazalo uspjehe i izazove programa
Plan for the production process automatisation by introducing the AMIR-D conveyor belt
No full textU ovom se diplomskom radu pristupilo analizi automatizacije proizvodnog procesa u poduzeću Haix obuća d.o.o. Kroz praktični dio rada, dan je pregled trenutnog stanja određenog dijela proizvodnje na kojem se planira uvođenje automatiziranog načina rada i onog budućeg sa implementiranom AMIR-D pokretnom trakom s integriranim robotima. Kroz široku analizu dana je procjena isplativosti investicije u takav sustav, prednosti uvođenja i utjecaj ovakve promjene na različite odjele u poduzeću, a u konačnici i na cjelokupnu sliku poduzeća.
Detaljnom analizom s tehničkog, financijskog, energetskog i strateškog gledišta došlo se do rezultata i izvedenih zaključaka koji uvelike mogu olakšati donošenje odluke o investiciji u automatizirani sustav. Sam pristup planu automatizacije daje realnu sliku trenutnog procesa i onog planiranog zbog brojnih uključenih utjecajnih faktora i današnjih trendova tržišta.
Praktični dio ovog rada praćen je teorijskim dijelom u kojem su uključeni aspekti industrije 4.0, njezinih tehnologija i ciljeva te aspekti automatizacije s njezinim prednostima, nedostacima, ulogama i strategijama uvođenja.In this master thesis, the analysis of automation of the production process in the company Haix obuća d.o.o. was approached. Through the practical part of this thesis, an overview of the current state of a part of production is given, where the introduction of an automated way of working is planned, as well as on overview of the future way of working that includes AMIR-D conveyor belt with integrated robots. Through a broad analysis, an assessment of the profitability of the investment in such system is given, as well as the advantages and the impact of such change on various department and ultimately on the overall image of the company.
A detailed analysis from a technical, financial, energy and strategic point of view led to results and conclusions that can greatly facilitate the decision on investment in an automated system. The approach to the automation plan itself, gives a realistic picture of the current process and the planned one due to the numerous factors and today’s market trends involved.
The practical part of the paper is followed by a theoretical part, which includes aspects of industry 4.0, its technologies and goals, as well as aspects of automation with its advantages, disadvantages, function and implementation strategies
Indirect cooling system of electric vehicle battery
No full textKako je kupnja električnih automobila posljednjih godina u porastu, sve više pažnje usmjerava
se na poboljšanje njihovih performansi. S obzirom da su performanse vozila kao što su energija,
snaga i velika brzina punjenja moguće samo ukoliko je hlađenje baterije dobro osmišljeno, u
ovom radu analiziran je rashladni sustav baterije. Kod vozila visokih performansi baterija se
hladi s kapljevinom u direktnom ili indirektnom kontaktu, a u ovom radu analiziran je sustav
indirektnog sustava hlađenja. Usmjerila se pažnja na kontaktni otpor između baterije i rashladne
ploče, odnosno ljepilo koje ih drži zajedno. U radu se ispitalo kako prekrivenost ljepila utječe
na prijenos topline – točnije koliko je aksijalni prijenos topline oslabljen ukoliko se ljepilo ne
nanese u dovoljnoj količini na površinu baterije. Ispitivanje je napravljeno za 4 vrste ljepila od
kojih su dva strukturna, a dva su termalna, te su njihovi rezultati međusobno uspoređeni.
Ispitivanje se provodilo na način da se između dviju aluminijskih pločica nanijelo ljepilo u
promjerima od 20 i 80 mm, u debljini od 0,5 mm koja se osigurala postavljanjem mjernih listića
između pločica. Svako ljepilo ispitano je kroz 2 ispitna modela (pokrivenost od 20 i 80 mm) za
koja su korištena po 3 ispitna uzorka. Prijenos topline mjeren je na način da su uzorci stavljeni
na grijač konstante temperature od 60°C mjereći vrijeme u kojem svaki od njih dostigne
ustaljenu temperaturu. Grijač je napravljen pomoću ARDUINO sustava i postavljena mu je PID
regulacija. Prije samog ispitivanja, napravljena je simulacija u Simulinku kako bi se dobili
okvirni rezultati te je opisan matematički model koji je korišten za modeliranje.
Za vrijeme ispitivanja mjerile su se temperatura grijača i gornje pločice te PWM signal u
razmacima od 300 ms, a vrijednosti su im automatski zapisane u Excel tablicu. Obradom tih
podataka dobili su se rezultati koji prikazuju da je prijenos topline svih ljepila značajno bolji
kod uzoraka od 80 mm. Gornja pločica se kod njih zagrijavala puno brže te na više temperature
nego kod uzoraka od 20 mm. Kod uzoraka od 20 mm gornja pločica strukturnih ljepila se
zagrijala na temperaturu od 52°C, dok se kod termalnih ljepila u istom vremenu postigla
temperatura od 55°C. Kod uzoraka od 80 mm strukturna ljepila postigla su temperaturu od
56°C, a termalna 58°C. Tromost ljepila opisana je vremenskom konstantom τ koja daje vrijeme
u kojem se temperatura termopara povisi za 68,3%. Za termalna ljepila prosječan τ kod uzoraka
od 80 mm iznosi 1.34 min, a kod strukturnih je njegova vrijednost 2.00 min. Kod uzoraka od
20 mm vrijednost τ strukturnih ljepila povećala se u prosjeku za 35%, a kod termalnih za 47.5%.As the purchase of electric cars has been on the rise in recent years, more and more attention is
focused on improving their performance. Given that the performance of the vehicle, such as
energy, power, and high charging speed, is possible only if the cooling of the battery is well
thought out, in this paper the cooling system of the battery is analyzed. In high-performance
vehicles, the battery is cooled with liquid in direct or indirect contact, and this paper analyzes
the system of the indirect cooling system. Attention was focused on the contact resistance
between the battery and the cooling plate, the glue that holds them together. The paper examined
how the coverage of the adhesive affects the heat transfer - more precisely, how much the axial
heat transfer is weakened if the adhesive is not applied in sufficient quantity to the surface of
the battery. The test was done for 4 types of glue, two structural and two
thermal, and their results were compared with each other. The test was carried out in such a way
that glue was applied between two aluminum tiles in diameters of 20 and 80 mm, with a thickness
of 0.5 mm, which was ensured by placing measuring sheets between the tiles. Each adhesive
was tested through 2 test models (coverage of 20 and 80 mm), for which 3 test samples were
used. Heat transfer was measured in such a way that the samples were placed on a heater with
a constant temperature of 60°C, measuring the time in which each of them reached the
established temperature. The heater is made using the ARDUINO system and has PID
control. Before the test, a simulation was made in Simulink to obtain preliminary
results, and the mathematical model used for modeling was described.
During the test, the temperature of the heater and the upper plate, and the PWM signal were
measured at intervals of 300 ms, and their values were automatically recorded in an Excel table.
By processing these data, results have shown that the heat transfer of all adhesives
is significantly better with 80 mm samples. In the case of 20 mm samples, the upper plate of
structural adhesives heated up to a temperature of 52°C, while in the case of thermal adhesives,
a temperature of 55°C was reached at the same time. In the case of 80 mm samples, structural
adhesives reached a temperature of 56°C, and thermal 58°C. The inertia of the glue is described
by the time constant τ which gives the time in which the temperature of the thermocouple rises
by 68.3%. For thermal adhesives, the average τ for 80 mm samples is 1.34 min, and for
structural adhesives, its value is 2.00 min. For 20 mm samples, the τ value of structural
adhesives increased by 35% on average, and for thermal adhesives 47.5%
Renal function and pharmacotherapy in cardiac surgery patients
No full textKardiokirurški pacijenti su pod povećanim rizikom od nastanka oštećenja bubrežne funkcije, stoga je ovaj rad imao za
cilj utvrditi rizične lijekove s obzirom na bubrežnu funkciju u kardiokirurških pacijenata i analizirati vrstu preporuka.
Određeni lijekovi smatraju se rizičnima s obzirom na bubrežnu funkciju ako su kontraindicirani, zahtijevaju optimizaciju
doziranja ili povećano praćenje pacijenta. Istraživanje je sveukupno uključilo 64 kardiokirurška pacijenta koji su
uglavnom bili starije životne dobi i na politerapiji zbog brojnih komorbiditeta.
Sveukupno je utvrđeno 102 lijeka, od kojih je rizičnih lijekova s obzirom na bubrežnu funkciju bilo 79, a prosječan broj
rizičnih lijekova po pacijentu je bio 5,48. Najčešće su rizični lijekovi bili iz ATK skupine C, a pojedinačno najčešći
rizičan lijek je bio bisoprolol. Sveukupno je utvrđeno 10 kategorija rizika s obzirom na bubrežnu funkciju. Sveukupno
je utvrđeno 16 lijekova koji su zahtijevali intervenciju sukladno sažecima opisa svojstava (15,69% od ukupnog broja
lijekova i 20,25% od ukupnog broja rizičnih lijekova), a upućeno je ukupno 28 intervencija. Najviše utvrđenih rizičnih
lijekova je prema sažetku opisa svojstava zahtijevalo intervenciju u vidu prilagodbe doze i/ili intervala doziranja, a
najčešća intervencija je upućena za eplerenon, u vidu prilagodbe doziranja. Ostali prijedlozi intervencija upućeni su
zbog kontraindikacije, potrebe za promjenom intervala doziranja ili neučinkovitosti lijeka s obzirom na pristigli nalaz
bubrežne funkcije.
Jedan od važnih farmakoterapijskih problema je primjena lijekova u oštećenoj bubrežnoj funkciji. Klinička farmacija
ima i za cilj redovitom analizom farmakoterapije pravovremeno utvrditi farmakoterapijske probleme i povećavati
sigurnost primjene lijekova u oštećenoj bubrežnoj funkciji.Cardiac surgery patients are at increased risk of developing renal impairment; therefore, the aim of this study was to
identify renal risk drugs (RRD) in cardiac surgery patients and to analyze the nature of the recommendations provided.
Certain medications are considered high-risk for renal function if they are contraindicated, require dose optimization, or
necessitate increased patient monitoring. The study included a total of 64 cardiac surgery patients, most of whom were
elderly and undergoing polypharmacy due to multiple comorbidities.
In total, 102 medications were identified, of which 79 were classified as RRDs. The average number of RRDs per patient
was 5,48. The most common RRDs belonged to ATC group C. Bisoprolol was the most frequently prescribed RRD.
Overall, ten categories of renal risk were identified, A total of 16 medications required intervention according to the
Summaries of product characteristics (15,69% of all medications and 20,25% of RRDs), interventions were initiated 28
times. The largest number of medications, according to the Summaries of product characteristics, required dose and/or
dosing interval adjustments as an intervention. The most frequently intervened drug was eplerenone, due to the need for
dosage adjustment. Other proposed interventions were due to contraindications, the need for changes in dosing intervals,
or drug ineffectiveness based on renal function test results.
The use of medications in patients with impaired renal function is a significant pharmacotherapeutic problem. Clinical
pharmacy aims to regularly assess pharmacotherapy in order to timely identify pharmacotherapeutic problems and
enhance patient safety
Synthesis, structural characterization and biological evaluation of novel benzazole hybrids
No full textU ovom doktorskom radu opisana je sinteza i strukturna karakterizacija novih derivata benzoksazola i benzimidazola supstituiranih u položaju 2 arilnim supstituentima te njihova antiproliferativna, antibakterijska i antivirusna aktivnost in vitro. U sintezi novih derivata i njihovih prekursora su pored konvencionalnih sintetskih metoda primijenjeni i pristupi temeljeni na principima zelene kemije poput sinteza potpomognutih mikrovalovima i ultrazvukom, mehanokemijske sinteze te sinteze u niskotemperaturnim eutektičkim otapalima (eng. Deep Eutectic Solvents, DESs). Derivati 2-arilbenzoksazola 49–84 priređeni su trostupanjskom sintezom uključujući u prvom stupnju sintezu O-alkiliranih benzaldehida 1–12 reakcijom alkiliranja 4-hidroksibenzaldehida, potom reakciju kondenzacije s 2-aminofenolom uz nanočestice cinkova oksida kojom su sintetizirane Schiffove baze 13–48, koje su u zadnjem stupnju reakcijom ciklokondenzacije prevedene u derivate 2-arilbenzoksazola 49–84. Schiffove baze i derivati 2-arilbenzoksazola sintetizirani održivim metodama priređeni su u visokim iskorištenjima usporedivima s konvencionalnom sintezom, no uz značajno smanjenje reakcijskog vremena iz čega je razvidno da se primijenjene održive sinteze mogu učinkovito koristiti i u pripravi sličnih klasa spojeva različito supstituiranih na benzoksazolnom prstenu. 1,2,3-triazolni derivati benzoksazola 116–151 pripravljeni su četverostupanjskom sintezom. U prvom stupnju sintetizirane su Schiffove baze 85–93 kondenzacijom benzaldehida s odgovarajućim 2-aminofenolima, potom su njihovom ciklokondenzacijom s natrijevim cijanidom pripravljeni 2-arilbenzoksazoli 94–102, koji su reakcijom propargiliranja prevedeni u O-propragilirane derivate 103–111. Bakrom(I) kataliziranom klik-reakcijom u zadnjem stupnju s prethodno pripravljenim azidima 112–115 sintetizirani su 1,2,3-triazolni derivati benzoksazola 116–151. Optimizacijom reakcijskih uvjeta za pripravu 1,2,3-triazolnih derivata benzoksazola i Schiffovih baza kao prekursora, uz reakcije potpomognute mikrovalovima i ultrazvukom te mehanokemijske reakcije, dodatno je ispitan utjecaj dvokomponentnog DES-a kolin-klorid/glicerol i trokomponentnog sustava D-sorbitol/urea/NH4Cl, pri čemu su se reakcije u dvokomponentnom DES-u pokazale najučinkovitijima od svih primijenjenih metoda. Paladijem kataliziranom Sonogashirinom reakcijom prethodno sintetiziranih 3-bromarilnih derivata benzoksazola 157–161 s alifatskim ili aromatskim terminalnim alkinima pripravljeni su 3-alkinilarilni derivati benzoksazola 162–173. Derivati 2,5-diarilbenzimidazola 183–191 sintetizirani su Suzuki-Miyaurinom reakcijom unakrsnog spajanja priređenih 5- klorbenzimidazolnih derivata 174–182 s fenilbornom kiselinom. 1,2,3-triazolni derivati hibrida benzimidazola i benzoksazola 199–208 sintetizirani su četverostupanjskom sintezom. U prvom stupnju su pripravljeni 2-merkaptobenzoksazoli 192 i 193 koji su s 2-klormetilbenzimidazolom prevedeni u hibride 194 i 195 te propargilirani na dušikovom atomu. 1,2,3-triazolni hibridi 199–208 pripravljeni su u zadnjem stupnju bakrom(I)-kataliziranom klik-reakcijom Npropargiliranih hibrida benzoksazola i benzimidazola 196 i 197 s odgovarajućim azidima 112– 115 i 198. Strukture novopripravljenih derivata potvrđene su 1H- i 13C-NMR spektroskopijom, a nekim spojevima dvodimenzijskim metodama HMBC, HSQC i NOESY te masenom spektrometrijom. Svim sintetiziranim derivatima 2-arilbenzazola ispitano je antiproliferativno djelovanje in vitro na niz tumorskih staničnih linija porijeklom iz čovjeka te antibakterijska aktivnost in vitro na Gram-pozitivne i Gram-negativne bakterije. Odabranim klasama benzoksazola i benzimidazola ispitana je i antivirusna aktivnost in vitro. Od svih ispitanih spojeva, najizraženiju antiproliferativnu aktivnost protiv stanica karcinoma pluća (NCI-H460, IC50 = 0.4 μM) pokazali su 5-brom-2-arilbenzoksazol supstituiran morfolinskim prstenom u položaju 4 fenilnog supstituenta 60 i 1,2,3-triazolni derivat 5-klorbenzoksazola 150, te protiv adenokarcinoma gušterače 3-alkinilfenilni derivat benzoksazola 170 (Capan-1, IC50 = 0.8 μM) i 2,5-diarilni derivat benzimidazola 188 (Capan-1, IC50 = 0.6 μM) supstituirani morfolinom u položaju 4 fenilnog supstituenta. Najsnažniju antibakterijsku aktivnost pokazali su 5- klorbenzoksazolni derivat supstituiran piperidinskim prstenom 68 (P. aeruginosa, MIC = 0.25 μg/mL; E. faecalis, MIC = 0.5 μg/mL) te 1,2,3-triazolni derivat 5-brombenzoksazola supstituiran pirolidinom 145 (E. faecalis, MIC = 1 μg/mL). Najizraženiju antivirusnu aktivnost pokazali su prema koronavirusu 3-heptinilfenilni derivat 5-klorbenzoksazola 162 (HCoV- 229E, EC50 = 3.8 μM), derivat 5-klorbenzimidazola supstituiran pirolidinskim prstenom 186 (HCoV-OC43, EC50 = 3.2 μM) i 1,2,3-triazolni hibrid 5-klorbenzimidazola i benzoksazola 204 (HCoV-OC43, EC50 = 3.2 μM; Zika virus, EC50 = 4.7 μM). Iz analize odnosa strukture i biološke aktivnosti razvidno je da na biološku aktivnost utječe prisustvo halogena na položaju 5 benzazolnog prstena te vrsta aminoalkilnog supstituenta u položaju 4 ili 3 fenila supstituiranog na položaj 2 benzazola.This doctoral dissertation describes the synthesis and structural characterization of novel benzoxazole and benzimidazole derivatives substituted at position 2 with aryl substituents, as well as their antiproliferative, antibacterial, and antiviral activities in vitro. In the synthesis of new derivatives and their precursors, in addition to conventional synthetic methods, approaches based on green chemistry principles were also employed, including microwave- and ultrasound-assisted syntheses, mechanochemical synthesis, and synthesis in deep eutectic solvents (DESs). The 2-arylbenzoxazole derivatives 49–84 were synthesized through a threestep process. The first step involved the synthesis of O-alkylated benzaldehydes 1–12 by alkylation of 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde. These were then condensed with 2-aminophenol in the presence of zinc oxide nanoparticles to form Schiff bases 13–48, which were cyclocondensed in the final step to yield the 2-arylbenzoxazole derivatives 49–84. The Schiff bases and 2- arylbenzoxazole derivatives synthesized by sustainable methods were obtained in high yields comparable to those of conventional synthesis, but with significantly reduced reaction times, demonstrating that the applied sustainable methods can be effectively used for the synthesis of similar classes of compounds with different substitutions on the benzoxazole ring. The 1,2,3- triazole derivatives of benzoxazole 116–151 were prepared through a four-step synthesis. In the first step, Schiff bases 85–93 were obtained by condensing benzaldehydes with appropriate 2-aminophenols. Their cyclocondensation with sodium cyanide yielded 2-arylbenzoxazoles 94–102, which were then propargylated to form O-propargyl derivatives 103–111. In the final step, copper(I)-catalyzed click reactions with previously prepared azides 112–115 afforded the 1,2,3-triazole derivatives of benzoxazole 116–151. Reaction condition optimization for the preparation of 1,2,3-triazole benzoxazole derivatives and their Schiff base precursors also involved microwave- and ultrasound-assisted reactions, as well as mechanochemical methods. The influence of a binary DES (choline chloride/glycerol) and a ternary system (Dsorbitol/ urea/NH₄Cl) was evaluated, with reactions in the binary DES proving to be the most effective among all tested methods. 3-Alkynylaryl benzoxazole derivatives 162–173 were synthesized via palladium-catalyzed Sonogashira coupling of previously prepared 3-bromoaryl benzoxazole derivatives 157–161 with aliphatic or aromatic terminal alkynes. 2,5- Diarylbenzimidazole derivatives 183–191 were synthesized through a Suzuki–Miyaura crosscoupling reaction of 5-chlorobenzimidazole derivatives 174–182 with phenylboronic acid. The 1,2,3-triazole derivatives of benzimidazole–benzoxazole hybrids 199–208 were synthesized via a four-step process. In the first step, 2-mercaptobenzoxazoles 192 and 193 were prepared and reacted with 2-chloromethylbenzimidazole to yield hybrids 194 and 195, which were then propargylated at the nitrogen atom. The 1,2,3-triazole hybrids 199–208 were obtained in the final step through copper(I)-catalyzed click reactions of N-propargylated benzoxazole– benzimidazole hybrids 196 and 197 with appropriate azides 112–115 and 198. The structures of the newly synthesized derivatives were confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, and for some compounds, by 2D techniques such as HMBC, HSQC, and NOESY, as well as mass spectrometry. All synthesized 2-arylbenzazoles were evaluated in vitro for antiproliferative activity against a panel of human cancer cell lines and for antibacterial activity against Grampositive and Gram-negative bacteria. Selected classes of benzoxazoles and benzimidazoles were also evaluated for in vitro antiviral activity. Among all tested compounds, the most pronounced antiproliferative activity against lung cancer cells (NCI-H460, IC50 = 0.4 μM) was observed for the 5-bromo-2-arylbenzoxazole derivative 60 substituted with a morpholine ring at position 4 of the phenyl substituent, and for the 1,2,3-triazole derivative of 5- chlorobenzoxazole 150. Against pancreatic adenocarcinoma (Capan-1), strong activity was observed for the 3-alkynylphenyl derivative of benzoxazole 170 (IC50 = 0.8 μM) and the 2,5- diaryl benzimidazole derivative 188 (IC50 = 0.6 μM) substituted with morpholine at position 4 of the phenyl ring. The strongest antibacterial activity was shown by the 5-chlorobenzoxazole derivative substituted with a piperidine ring 68 (P. aeruginosa, MIC = 0.25 μg/mL; E. faecalis, MIC = 0.5 μg/mL) and the 1,2,3-triazole derivative of 5-bromobenzoxazole substituted with pyrrolidine 145 (E. faecalis, MIC = 1 μg/mL). The most potent antiviral activity was observed for the 3-heptynylphenyl derivative of 5-chlorobenzoxazole 162 (HCoV-229E, EC50 = 3.8 μM), the 5-chlorobenzimidazole derivative substituted with a pyrrolidine ring 186 (HCoVOC43, EC50 = 3.2 μM), and the 1,2,3-triazole hybrid of 5-chlorobenzimidazole and benzoxazole 204 (HCoV-OC43, EC50 = 3.2 μM; Zika virus, EC50 = 4.7 μM). Structure–activity relationship analysis revealed that the biological activity is influenced by the presence of halogens at position 5 of the benzazole ring and the type of aminoalkyl substituent at position 4 or 3 of the phenyl ring attached at position 2 of the benzazole
Inerter-enhanced inertial actuator for active vibration control
No full textU automatskoj regulaciji vibracija često se koriste inercijski aktuatori. Ovaj rad bavi se teorijskim razmatranjem primjene inercijskog aktuatora kao izvršnog člana kod automatske regulacije vibracija pomoću povratne veze po brzini vibracija primarne konstrukcije. Sustav automatske regulacije vibracija sastoji se od inercijskog aktuatora i inertera pričvršćenog za primarnu konstrukciju. U prvom dijelu rada prikazan je kratki osvrt na načine suzbijanja vibracija te princip rada pasivnog dinamičkog prigušivača vibracija, inercijskog aktuatora i inertera. Najprije je izveden matematički model primarne konstrukcije na temelju kojega su izvedeni matematički modeli pasivnog i aktivnog sustava za suzbijanje vibracija. Na koncu model je proširen inerterom u nastojanju poboljšanja performansi. U drugom dijelu rada razmatrane su performanse i stabilnost povratne veze. Pokazano je postojanje optimalnih vrijednosti parametara prigušenja inercijskog aktuatora i pojačanja povratne veze pomoću kriterija minimizacije kinetičke energije. Također je razmatrana i opasnost od saturacije hoda inercijskog aktuatora.Inertial actuators are commonly employed in automatic vibration control. This paper theoretically examines the application of an inertial actuator as an actuating element in vibration control using velocity feedback from the primary structure's vibrations. The automatic vibration control system consists of an inertial actuator and an inerter attached to the primary structure. The first part of the paper provides a brief overview of vibration suppression methods, the working principles of tuned mass dampers, inertial actuators, and inerters. A mathematical model of the primary structure is derived, followed by models of passive and active vibration control systems. The model is later extended with an inerter to enhance performance. The second part of the paper analyzes feedback stability and performance. Optimal values for the inertial actuator's damping parameters and feedback gain are determined using kinetic energy minimization criteria. The risk of inertial actuator stroke saturation is also addressed
Quality management systems
No full textU ovom diplomskom radu je opisan povijesni razvoj kvalitete od kontrole kvalitete do Kvalitete 4.0. Ujedno su nabrojani i opisani temeljni tradicionalni i suvremeni alati na području kvalitete od kojih su neki i korišteni u primijenjenom dijelu rada.
U radu je dan primjer praktične implementacije tradicionalne Lean Six Sigma metodologije upravljanja kvalitetom na proizvodnoj liniji poduzeća Kraš d.d. Za sustav kvalitete odabrane proizvodne linije dana su preporučena poboljšanja bazirana na tradicionalnim alatima i metodama uz dodatne smjernice za bolju prilagodbu Kvaliteti 4.0, tj. Industriji 4.0.This master thesis describes the historical development of quality from quality control to Quality 4.0. At the same time, the traditional and modern tools in the field of quality are listed and described, some of which were used in the applied part of the paper.
The paper gives an example of practical implementation of the traditional Lean Six Sigma quality management methodology on the production line of Kraš d.d.. Improvements based on traditional tools and methods are recommended for the quality system of the selected product line, with additional guidelines for better adaptation to Quality 4.0, ie Industry 4.0
Magazines of Split Literary Circle
No full textIstraživanje časopisne produkcije Splita i njegove okolice vodi u dva smjera. Prvi ide prema uvidu u postojeće časopisne funduse, u prvome redu splitske Sveučilišne knjižnice i drugih srodnih knjižnica (NSK Zagreb, Gradska knjižnica Split, Gradska knjižnica Zagreb), a drugi prema postojećim bibliografijama, koje su nastale prema tim fundusima (tzv. primarni izvori). Ostali izvori (tzv. sekundarni) odnose se na svu referentnu literaturu koja u svome interesu ima Split i časopise, posebice one književne, što je i predmet ovog rada. I jedno i drugo dovodi do glavnoga rezultata, a to je usustavljivanje, tj. evidencija korpusa i deskripcija čak 25 publikacija: Annuario dalmatico (1859.), Nada (1883.), Novi viek (1897.), Jug (1911.), Jug-Zvono (1912.), Renesansa (1921.), Savremeni vidici (1928.), Jadranska vila (1928.), Korablja (1929.), Pregnuća (1940.), Mladi Hrvat (1940.), Proljeće (1940.), Poezija (1941.), Književni Jadran (1952.), Peristil (1952.), Stvarnost (1952.), Mogućnosti (1954.), Vidik (1954.), Kerub (1967.), Čakavska rič (1971.), Rast (1974.), Mosorska vila (1991.), Hrvatska obzorja (1993.), Torpedo (1997.) i The Split Mind (2005.). Većina ovih časopisa su općeg tipa, jedini žanrovski je Poezija (1941.), koja je ujedno prvi nacionalni časopis za liriku. Svi oni u kontinuitetu pokrivaju razdoblje od nacionalnoga preporoda do danas. Ovako generirana dijakronijska slika „splitskoga književnog kruga“ konstituira posebnu granu kulturne tradicije jednoga grada i regije u politički i gospodarski izrazito nestabilnim uvjetima. U isto vrijeme re/konstruira se po mnogo čemu i opća slika nacionalne književne tradicije sa svim elementima njezine integracije i homogenizacije, ali i pune otvorenosti kulturi dijaloga. U takvoj je slici grad Split sa svojom okolicom svaki put imao važnu, više ili manje naglašenu ulogu središta, što je bitno utjecalo na njegovu strukturu i identitet. Takva pozicija tražila je inicijatore i protagoniste, tj. više ili manje organizirane i relativno stabilne oblike kulturnog života i njima prikladne medije. U tome smislu može se reći da su upravo časopisi u tradicionalnome kulturnome modelu imali vodeću ulogu u nastajanju, oblikovanju i očuvanju Splita kao kulturnoga i književnog centra.The research of magazine production in Split and its surroundings led us in two directions. The first one went through an insight into the existing magazine holdings, primarily of the Split University Library and other related libraries (National and University Library in Zagreb, Split City Library, Zagreb City Library) and into the existing bibliographies created according to these funds. We can call these sources primary. Others are secondary, related to all reference literature that focuses its interest in Split and magazines, especially literary ones, which are the subject of this work. Both of these led us to the main result, which is the compilation, that is, the record of the corpus and descriptions of as many as 25 titles that in continuity from the sixties of the 19th century until today give a picture of Split literary magazines and establish a special branch of the cultural tradition of a city and region, which in many ways also expresses the general image of the national tradition. This relatively extensive corpus is primarily the result of two basic criteria: that the magazine was published in Split or in its immediate surroundings, which gravitated towards Split as its center, and that not only was it declaratively directed at literary production but factfully as well, or at least to certain extent participated in generating and shaping the literary life of Split and its image. Namely, after the first printed books, then the first calendars, almanacs, magazines and newspapers during the 17th century, calendars and almanacs played an important role in the 18th century, then magazines and newspapers began to come to the fore. The new media reacted equally to technological and social changes, so both are changing with regard to the rhythm of appearance, the character of the articles and the target audience. Both experienced their peaks at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, when they began to be threatened by new, electronic media, which became dominant with the advent of the Internet at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries (V. Brešić, Practice and Theory of Literary Magazines, 2017: 313). Both in Europe and in Croatia – with a small time delay typical of each periphery. While the beginning of the European tradition of magazines and newspapers is linked to the Paris Journal des sçavans (1665), the London Mercurius Librarius (1668) and the Daily Courant (1702), the beginning of the Croatian tradition is linked to the announcement of the Latin Calendarium Zagrabiense (1771) and the appearance of Agramer deutsche Zeitung (1786) and Kroatischer Korrespondent (1789), along with the messenger of the French administration in the area of Napoleon's Illyria Il Regio Dalmata – Kraglski Dalmatin (1806) and its successor Télégraphe officiel with (and allegedly) Croatian version (1810). The Italian Gazzetta di Zara was first published in Zadar in 1832, and on the wave of revival changes – after Gaj's Novine and the weekly Danicza Horvatzka, Slavonzka y Dalmatinzka (1835) – the most important magazine, Zora dalmatinska (1844) was also published. In the meantime, the first national cultural institution Matica hrvatska was founded in 1842, and Zagreb became a cultural center as well. The first Croatian newspaper in Istria Naša sloga was published in 1870, and Dubrovnik, as the center of older Croatian literature, had its own magazine Dubrovnik (1849- 52), then Slovinac (1878-84). Slavonija got its own magazine Slavonac in 1863, and with the help of Gaj and Matica hrvatska, the first Croatian magazine in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosanski prijatelj began to be published in 1850, etc. The politically and administratively fragmented space began to integrate into a unique national cultural space. Gaj and other revivalists thus created and shaped Croatian nation as a modern European cultural nation using a new medium (Ibid, 314). Of course, Split was also a part of that area; its periodicals began in a foreign language. Namely, the Annuario dalmatico was published in Italian, and most brochures of Dalmatian Croats during the revival were also written in Italian, including most of Narodni list - Il Nazionale (1862). The Annuario was not politically intoned, but in the second volume, a Slavic idea is visible, which went on the wave of the revival of national consciousness in Dalmatia as well, and which, after Gaj's impulse, was ignited in the circle around the aforementioned Zora dalmatinska from Zadar. Moreover, it was planned for the third volume to be issued separately in Italian and in Croatian, but in the meantime Il Nazionale – Narodni list was launched in Zadar in 1862, so the Split Annuario lost its raison d'être. On the trail of revival events and especially the triumph of right-wing politics, Nada (1883) appeared in Split, which already in its subtitle (Periodical for entertainment and instruction) reminds of Šenoa's Vienac, which August Šenoa had brought to its peak and made it the main national cultural tribune. Nada is not a competitor to anyone, but – as its editor writes – “only a response“ of the youth of Split. The extent to which Vienac served as a model can be seen from the song written by Jovan Sundečić honouring the exit of Nada – just as Ivan Trnski once did for Vienac. Young Kranjčević was among associates of Nada. Nada's Listak is rich and current, etc. The concept of cultural mobilization and national integration is noticeable at all levels. The experience that the national periodical gained by the end of the 19th century is best reflected in the place of its self-legitimization, so the third Split literary magazine Novi viek (1897) is no longer a paper for enlightenment (education and entertainment) but for literature, science and politics. It is edited by the distinguished writer, follower and supporter of Starčević Dr. Ante Tresić Pavičić, who did not manage well in the upcoming modernist turmoil – just like the circle around Zagreb's Matica hrvatska and “old Vienac“ – it would be shut down after 33 years. However, just like Nada, Novi viek succeeded in mobilizing Dalmatian writers and had the support of collaborators from Zagreb as well – among them are again S. S. Kranjčević and Jakša Čedomil, Mihovil Nikolić, Milan Begović, Vladimir Nazor, Ante Petravić and others. Besides poetry and prose, the editor Tresić Pavičić also published his historical drama Katarina Zrinska and a translation of a part of Dante's Divine Comedy. It seems that Novi viek has acquired the status of another center of the otherwise still very Zagreb-centric Croatian culture and literature – just as Kranjčević was successful with Sarajevo's Nada in those years. Milan Marjanović, the chief critic of Croatian literary modernism, showed that the gap between Zagreb and Split is getting smaller, and the national media network is getting denser. “In Spljet“ at the beginning of 1911, he starts and edits Jug, youth “the newsletter of Starčević's youth“ and immediately provokes the anger of Zagreb Savremenik, the newsletter of the young Society of Croatian writers, who seem to think that Jug is unnecessary in a period when there are too many literary magazines and too few subscribers. However, the Dalmatian public supports the paper, it needs less politics and “more sun“, it needs to connect the North and the South better, so that we are not strangers to each other. Although he gathered distinguished collaborators, Marjanović moved to Zagreb after the eighth issue to run the new magazine Val – “a magazine of Croatian and Serbian youth“ with young Čerina. At the beginning of 1912, tireless Marjanović merged his Split Jug with the Zagreb Zvono in a general independent review of the dual name Jug (Zvono) and the dual place of publication Spljet/Zagreb, so although more for declarative than real reasons, it was a strong cultural and political gesture that points to the idea of an integrated not only literary but also ideological-political scene. As many as eight magazines changed in the relatively short period between the two world wars. This fully corresponds, on the one hand, to the dynamics of public life, that is, to the turmoil and breakdowns at absolutely all levels of public life, and on the other hand, to the triumph of print media, which is experiencing its “golden age”. Renesansa was started in 1921 by the Split canon Ivan Delalle, a very active Christian intellectual and an engaged collaborator of Catholic newspapers, and his first and only collaborators are from that same circle. His idea is that “save the cultural unity of the homeland“ starts from Split, the city of “the first Croatian and Yugoslav book“, therefore it is also the “beginning of the first Yugoslav renaissance“ (sic!). Given that Giovanni Papini, a controversial and militant Italian writer, has the first say in the new paper, and that he openly advocates Serbian nationalism, the project was soon suspended. Savremeni vidici (1928), “an independent magazine for all contemporary cultural problems“ by Zvonko Krstić, was supposed to bring a weekly overview of all cultural issues through the prism of the youngest people of Split, those who did not participate in the war, but to continue the tradition of the oldest pre-war generation, which “in the city at the foot of Marjan” manifested ”the same aspirations with a lot of enthusiasm and a lot of perseverance, and to be the first harbinger of the return of old moral and spiritual values refreshed with new ideas of the 20th century“. The expression of these new ideas is definitely Vinka Bulić's article On feminism, which largely corresponds to what Marija Jurić Zagorka is doing in Zagreb. Such is the nature of the issue of a unified speech and language in Zagreb and Belgrade, which is debated on both sides, but is also produced on strange mixtures of Serbian and Croatian, Ekavian and Ijekavian – mainly on the Croatian side in the name of a political principle: one dialect, one script and one spelling. Not long after Savremeni vidici, “a family magazine for literature and culture“ appeared in mid-summer of the same year, 1928, under the name Jadranska vila of the Omiš bookseller and writer Jakov Tomasović. Even though it is “the only literary paper on our Adriatic today, the cradle and focal point of our culture“, Tomasović does not like the ignorant attitude of some Zagreb newspapers towards his “Vila“ – they will not even advertise it, because they consider it “some obscure provincial paper“. During the period of the most intense so-called 6 January Dictatorship, in May 1929, another literary review began to be published in Split – Korablja. Although, despite the unfavourable circumstances, it started out relatively ambitiously (to be published four times a year), only two issues were published. Its goal “to give Dalmatia literary and artistic reading and to serve spiritual gathering and culture“ will fail on the second step, leaving spiritual culture at the level of Cinderella (“there is not enough political, social, or economic material“) – in short: “The atmosphere is not favourable for us“. That the situation was truly serious is obvious from the fact that the next paper in Split would not appear until February 1940. It was “a youth art magazine“ by Duško Kečkemet and Ivo Miše under the title Pregnuća. It is actually a student paper, a project of the Student Literary Association “Luka Botić“ at the State Male High School in Split. Only two issues of the planned monthly periodical were published. However – at the same time, Pregnuća gained its followers, in March 1940 Proljeće, “the paper of high school female students“ and Mladi Hrvat were published. The magazine Proljeće is almost identical to the magazine Mladi Hrvat, however one was for male and the other for female students. This fact was probably considered by the members of the editorial board, so Proljeće stopped being published after the fourth issue; the news was announced in the 4th issue of Mladi Hrvat, stating material circumstances as the reason for the shutdown of Proljeće. However, at the end of this, tentatively speaking, central phase of Split literary periodicals, which we limited by the years of two world wars, a magazine dedicated only to poetry appeared quite unexpectedly. It was the first time in our country, so Poezija from Split (1941) was truly the first national genre magazine and the first magazine for poetry. It was started, published, edited and mostly completed by Split lawyer, poet, storyteller and translator Branko Storov. Storov was of broad culture, well versed in the world of literature, had refined taste and the type of poetry he preferred. However, Poezija remains, first and foremost, a private enthusiastic project launched in a delicate time and because of all that it was marginal and relatively quickly fell into oblivion. Almost thirty years will pass until new magazines dedicated exclusively to poetry begin to appear, but different in almost everything from their pioneering predecessor from Split. After an almost ten-year hiatus, a new wave of Split magazines followed after the Second World War and post-war period with all the tectonic disturbances that did not bypass culture, literature, and consequently its media. The new, first and foremost, ideological paradigm was deeply inscribed in a series of almost a dozen periodicals in Split and its surroundings, and all this is obviously accompanied by new discursive practices. The first monthly magazine of the Split-based Newspaper and Publishing Company “Slobodna Dalmacija“ was entitled Književni Jadran (1952), edited by the so-called “Editorial board“, and the signed “chief and responsible editor“ was Hranko Smodlaka. The editors of the new magazine assessed that “the cultural life of the coastal region today flows quite unevenly, in several separate centers, and some regions hardly even participate in it“, so now it is up to “our literary workers to come before the public with their magazine“. The first issue is welcomed by Vicko Krstulović, who hopes that the Književni Jadran will contribute to “the development of advanced ideas“ and the “struggle of people for a new world“ – “always keeping in mind the ideal of freedom of thought for which so many fighters have given their lives over the centuries and the construction of socialism – the life path of Tito's Yugoslavia“. In the same 1952, two more magazines appeared. The first is Peristil – “a review of literature and art“ named after the most famous square in Split in front of the cathedral of St. Dujam in the old center of Split. The chief editor was Davorin Rudolf, and the managing editor was Davor Šošić, who criticizes the condition of our literature and states that it has no resonance in the world: “Our literature needs works that will take it beyond our borders, works that will overflow with youth!“ and adds: “Young writers are a necessity for a literature that wants to exist and that wants to live!“. Šošić is also the author of the “inappropriate“ poem Tri pljuvanja (Three Spits). Although after the political drama of the Cominform, in 1952 the political scene at that time began to liberalize, and it was the young people who were the first to take advantage of this, and Peristil found itself a target of dogmatic critics, although prepared, the second number was not published. The second, that is, the third magazine from Split in the same 1952 was Stvarnost – “youth literary magazine“, that is, “magazine for literature and art“ edited by Mirko Prelas, and its publisher was the Central Literary Section of Youth for the city of Split. However, this magazine was also shut down after the third issue. Moreover, according to the records, this happened despite the claim of the editorial board that they “sorted out the financial situation“, so thanks to “the People's Government primarily“, the magazine “will be published regularly“. Perhaps more revealing is the statement of the same editorial board that “our magazine has no pretensions to 'lead' and become an organ of some 'rebellion' and 'revolutionism', but to publish the works of young people from our region (maybe from other regions as well), to show through their work how much young people can accomplish“! In the 23rd issue (November 1953) in Književni Jadran there was news about the establishment of the subcommittee of “Matica hrvatska“ in Split, and Književni Jadran certainly welcomes this act. One of the results of that act was the establishment of yet another literary magazine, which will bring to life not only Split cultural and literary scene, but also the entire practice of literary magazines, in which institutions – even when they themselves are unstable for any reason – will be the best guarantor of the durability and quality of any magazine (V. Brešić, Reading Magazines, 2005: 79). That new magazine was Mogućnosti – a magazine for literature, art and cultural issues, firstly edited by Matica hrvatska, then the Department of Literature and Culture of the Chakavian Assembly and finally the Split Literary Circle. It appeared in January 1954 and with a relatively stable rhythm and continuity it is published even today. The editorial policies of Jure Franičević Pločar and especially Živko Jeličić were crucial, and the temporary atmosphere of relaxation of dogmatic socialism and Yugoslav unitarism was in their favour. In such an atmosphere, Vidik was launched in 1954, which grew out of the Youth Literary Section and it soon grew into a provocative magazine of young writers in Split, often strongly opposing and rivalling Mogućnosti. Along with the important publishing activity of the editorial offices of both magazines, Split was turned into a strong and recognizable, not only regional, but also national literary center. The appearance of the first and only issue of Kerub (1967) – the magazine of the Split branch of the literary group Tin – can be explained in its own way by the thesis of the aforementioned liberalization of the cultural space in the sixties and seventies of the 20th century. Different from other magazines in many respects, Kerub openly calls this “atmosphere“ “the second Croatian revival“, as soon evidenced by the events from the Declaration on the Name and Status of the Croatian Literary Language (1967) to the Croatian Spring (1971). Although a philological magazine rather than an eminently literary one, Čakavska rič (1971) refers to the complex structure of national literature with its “study of the Croatian Chakavian word“, as it is realized in several Croatian “languages“, that is, in the standard and in three dialects. The relationship towards this fact is also complex, but it was precisely in this period of the 60s and 70s that the work on equal treatment of the linguistic media of Croatian literature was intensified, trying to turn one specificity into national cultural and artistic capital. What magazine Kaj (1968) does for Kajkavian, Čakavska rič does for Chakavian, whose first publisher was The Branch of Matica hrvatska, and when the branch was closed, Chakavian Assembly – Department of Literature and Culture, a newly founded publishing house in Split, and after its shutting down the Literary Circle. The reforms that started in the sixties, and which culminated in the Croatian Spring, proved to be too demanding for the ruling politics and dangerous for the regime at the time, so a counterattack followed, first of all, against any form of national exposure (the so-called “Croatian silence“). This can be seen in the Split magazines of the ti