University of Zagreb Faculty of Teacher Education - Digital repository

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    Safety of Children on the Internet and Social Networks

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    U diplomskom radu pod nazivom „Sigurnost djece na internetu i društvenim mrežama“ govori se o društvenim mrežama i aplikacijama za razmjenu poruka, sigurnosti na društvenim mrežama, elektroničkom nasilju, ovisnosti o internetu i vrstama rizika kojima su djeca izložena na internetu. Ovaj rad uključuje istraživanje kojim se ispitivala sigurnost djece na internetu i društvenim mrežama. Cilj istraživanja bio je ispitati navike i iskustva učenika u korištenju interneta i društvenih mreža, te identificirati najčešće opasnosti kojima su djeca izložena tijekom pretraživanja interneta. Za potrebe istraživanja konstruiran je anketni upitnik koji sadrži 24 pitanja. Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku (N = 161) od čega je 75 (46,6%) djevojčica i 86 (53,4%) dječaka. Sudionici istraživanja bili su učenici trećih, četvrtih, petih i šestih razreda osnovne škole u Krapinsko – zagorskoj županiji. Cjelokupni uzorak činilo je 35 (21,7%) učenika trećih razreda, 45 (28%) učenika četvrtih razreda, 42 (26,1%) učenika petih razreda i 39 (24,2%) učenika šestih razreda, od čega 95 (59%) učenika živi na selu, a 66 (41%) u gradu. Provedenim istraživanjem utvrđeno je da ne postoji statistički značajna razlika u duljini dnevnog korištenja interneta i društvenih mreža ispitanika s obzirom na spol i tip naselja u kojem žive, ali postoji statistički značajna razlika u duljini dnevnog korištenja interneta i društvenih mreža ispitanika s obzirom na dob. Nadalje, dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da postoji stupanj povezanosti između roditeljske brige za aktivnost djece na internetu i izloženosti djece internetskom nasilju. Također, postoji stupanj povezanosti između roditeljske brige za aktivnost djece na internetu i vjerojatnosti ovisnosti o internetu. Na temelju dobivenih rezultata može se zaključiti da roditelji više brinu o sigurnosti na internetu i društvenim mrežama djevojčica nego dječaka.The thesis entitled "Children's safety on the Internet and social networks" discusses social networks and messaging applications, safety on social networks, electronic violence, Internet addiction and the types of risks that children are exposed to on the Internet. This work includes research which examined the safety of children on the Internet and social networks. The goal of the research was to examine the habits and experiences of students in using the Internet and social networks, and to identify the most common dangers that children are exposed to while browsing the Internet. For the purposes of the research, a survey questionnaire containing 24 questions was constructed. The research was conducted on a sample (N = 161), of which 75 (46.6%) were girls and 86 (53.4%) were boys. The research participants were students of the third, fourth, fifth and sixth grades of primary school in Krapina - Zagorje County. The entire sample consisted of 35 (21.7%) third-grade students, 45 (28%) fourth-grade students, 42 (26.1%) fifth-grade students, and 39 (24.2%) sixth-grade students, of which 95 ( 59%) students live in the countryside, and 66 (41%) in the town.The conducted research found that there is no statistically significant difference in the amounts of time of daily use of the Internet and social networks of respondents with regard to gender and the type of settlement in which they live, but there is a statistically significant difference in the amounts of time of daily use of the Internet and social networks of respondents with regard to age. Furthermore, the obtained results show that there is a degree of connection between parental concern for children's activity on the Internet and children's exposure to Internet violence. Also, there is a degree of connection between parental concern for children's activity on the Internet and the probability of Internet addiction. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that parents are more concerned about safety on the Internet and social networks of girls than of boys

    The importance of arts in early childhood development

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    Cilj ovog rada je istražiti kako umjetnost doprinosi razvoju djece predškolske dobi. Uvodni dio rada pruža općeniti pregled teme i uvodi čitatelja u svijet umjetnosti. Detaljno se opisuju različite vrste umjetnosti, poput arhitekture, skulpture, slikarstva, glazbe, poezije, izvedbenih umjetnosti i kinematografije. Nadalje, raspravlja se o počecima umjetnosti te o tome kako umjetnost igra važnu ulogu u društvu i može imati terapijski učinak, posebno u kontekstu izražavanja kod djece predškolske dobi. Središnji dio rada fokusira se na razvojne faze djeteta predškolske dobi, koje su podijeljene na faze novorođenčeta, dojenčadi, malog djeteta i predškolskog djeteta. Nakon toga, istražuje se uloga umjetnosti u svakoj od tih faza, naglašavajući njezin utjecaj na motoričke, kognitivne i emocionalne vještine djeteta. Drugi dio rada analizira ulogu umjetnosti u razvoju kreativnosti, imaginacije i samopouzdanja kod djece predškolske dobi. Naglasak je stavljen na razvoj tih vještina i kako umjetnost može potaknuti njihov napredak. Na kraju, istražuje se primjena umjetničkih aktivnosti u predškolskom obrazovanju. Posebno se ističe utjecaj likovnih aktivnosti poput crtanja, slikanja, modeliranja i kolaža na razvoj likovnog izražaja. Također se istražuje utjecaj glazbenih aktivnosti kao što su slušanje glazbe, sviranje na instrumentima, pjevanje, ritmičke igre te plesne i dramske aktivnosti. Ovaj rad pruža cjelovit pregled uloge umjetnosti u razvoju djece predškolske dobi te ističe važnost umjetničkih aktivnosti u predškolskom obrazovanju.The aim of this paper is to investigate how art contributes to the development of preschool children. The introductory part of the paper provides a general overview of the topic and the reader's introduction to the world of art. Different types of art are described in detail, such as architecture, sculpture, painting, music, poetry, performing arts and cinematography. Furthermore, the beginnings of art are discussed and how art plays an important role in society and can have a therapeutic effect, especially in the context of expression in preschool children. The central part of the work is focused on the developmental stages of the preschool child, which are divided into the stages of new-borns, infants, toddlers and pre-schoolers. After that, the role of art in each of these stages is explored, emphasizing its influence on the child's motor, cognitive and emotional skills. The second part of the paper analyses the role of art in the development of creativity, imagination and self-confidence in preschool children. Emphasis is placed on the development of these skills and how art can encourage their development. Finally, the application of artistic activities in preschool education is investigated. The influence of artistic activities such as drawing, painting, modelling and collage on the development of artistic expression is particularly emphasized. The impact of musical activities such as listening to music, playing instruments, singing, rhythmic games, and dance and drama activities are also explored. This paper provides a complete overview of the role of art in the development of preschool children and highlights the importance of artistic activities in preschool education

    The impact of extracurricular acrivities on develipment od preschool children

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    U suvemenom načinu života, gdje prevladava tehnologija i sjedilački način života, kvalitetno provođenje slobodnog vremena je od iznimne važnosti za cjelokupni razvoj i zdravlje djece. Ovim diplomskim radom je, kroz dosadašnja istraživanja i odabrane literature, pobliže objašnjena važnost slobodnog vremena i kvalitetno provođenje istog u životu djeteta. Ističu se pozitivne strane tjelesne aktivnosti djece i negativne strane tjelesne ne aktivnosti. Naglašava se važnost roditelja i društva kao uzora djeci pri odabiru kvalitetne aktivnosti za slobodno vrijeme. za potrebe ovog rada provedeno je istraživanje „Uključenost djece predškolske dobi u izvanvrtićke aktivnosti na području grada Duge Rese“. Cilj istraživanja u radu je utvrditi koliko djece predškolske dobi je uključeno u izvanvrtićke aktivnosti na području grada Duge Rese te kakvi su stavovi roditelja o važnosti bavljenja izvanvrtićkim aktivnostima. Istraživanje je provedeno putem anketnog upitnika, a ispitanici su bili roditelji djece predškolske dobi s područja grada Duge Rese. Rezultati su ukazali da je veći dio djece uključen u izvanvrtićke aktivnosti koje su uglavnom sportske aktivnosti te su interes za te aktivnosti iskazala sama djeca. Roditelji su svjesni važnosti izvanvrtićkih aktivnosti te da one pozitivno utječu na djetetov cjelokupni razvoj i zdravlje.In the modern way of life, where technology and a sedentary lifestyle prevail, spending quality free time is of great importance for the overall development and health of children. This paper, through previous research and selected literature, has further explained the importance of free time and the quality of spending it in a child's life. The paper points out the positive aspects of children's physical activity and the negative aspects of physical inactivity. Furthermore, it explains the importance of parents and the society as role models for children when choosing quality leisure activities. For this paper's purposes, the research "Preschool children involvement in extracurricular activities in the area of the city of Duga Resa" was conducted. The aim of the research was to determine how much preschool children are involved in extra-kindergarten activities in Duga Resa. Additionally, it explored what the views of parents are about the importance of engaging in extra-kindergarten activities. The research was conducted through a questionnaire and the respondents were parents of preschool children from Duga Resa. The results indicated that the majority of children are involved in extracurricular activities, mostly sports activities, and the children themselves expressed interest in these activities. Also, parents are aware of the importance of extracurricular activities and they understand their positive effect on the overall development and health of children

    Montessori pedagogy

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    Maria Montessori je jedna od najznačajnijih osoba u povijesti pedagogije. Svoj život je posvetila poboljšanju i poticanju dječjeg razvoja. Bila je prva liječnica u Italiji. Začetnica je Montessori pedagogije koja u središte stavlja dijete. Maria Montessori gleda dijete kao aktivnog sudionika u odgojno – obrazovnom procesu. Dijete se rađa s potencijalom, a odrasli trebaju otkriti taj potencijal i dalje ga razvijati. Njena metoda se i danas primjenjuje u vrtićima i školama širom svijeta, a nastala je promatranjem djece tijekom igre. Promatrala je spontanost u dječjim postupcima i otkrila potrebu djece za ponavljanjem, jer ponavljanje postupaka djeci pruža osjećaj sigurnosti. Polazila je od toga da dijete treba steći sve sadržaje i iskustva svim osjetilima te da djeca svoje znanje grade na greškama i eksperimentima. Cilj ovog rada je približiti Montessori pedagogiju, objasniti temelje Montessori pedagogije i njezin pozitivan utjecaj na rast i razvoj djeteta.Maria Montessori is one of the most significant figures in the history of education. She dedicated her life to improving and promoting child development. She was the first female physician in Italy and the founder of the Montessori pedagogy, which places the child at the center. Maria Montessori views the child as an active participant in the educational process. A child is born with potential, and adults should discover and further develop that potential. Her method is still applied in preschools and schools worldwide, and it originated from observing children during play. She observed spontaneity in children's actions and discovered their need for repetition because repeating actions provides children with a sense of security. She believed that children should acquire knowledge and experiences through all their senses and that they build their knowledge through mistakes and experiments. The aim of this paper is to present Montessori pedagogy, explain its foundations, and its positive impact on a child's growth and development

    Dvojezičnost u ranom djetinjstvu: zamjena kodova unutar obitelji

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    Bilingualism is the center of attention in much research, and bilinguals provide insights into understanding how the human brain works in different situations. When they are unable to express themselves in the appropriate or preferred manner, bilinguals often, consciously or not, use certain strategies that help them stay in the flow of a conversation. One of the most frequently used strategies for that purpose is code-switching. Despite lacking a universal definition, code-switching can be understood from many points of view. The main objective of this thesis is to present various forms of bilingualism, with a special focus on early childhood and family. The first part discusses the advantages and disadvantages of bilingualism, including some of the negative myths people have about the ability to use two languages. Next, types of code-switching are introduced and discussed, describing typical situations within families. The following part of this paper brings some insights into parents’ attitudes and practices in raising bilingual children. The concluding part of this thesis brings a discussion based on the described concepts and examples, followed by the conclusion.Dvojezičnost je često u središtu pozornosti mnogih istraživanja, a dvojezične osobe daju uvid u razumijevanje načina na koji ljudski mozak funkcionira u različitim situacijama. Kada se ne mogu izraziti na prikladan ili željeni način, dvojezične osobe često, svjesno ili ne, primjenjuju određene strategije koje im pomažu da ostanu u tijeku razgovora. Jedna od najučestalijih strategija primjenjivanih u tu svrhu je prebacivanje kodova. Unatoč nedostatku univerzalne definicije, prebacivanje kodova može se promatrati iz više perspektiva. Glavni cilj ovog rada je prikaz različitih oblika dvojezičnosti, s posebnim naglaskom na rano djetinjstvo i obitelj. Prvi dio govori o prednostima i nedostacima dvojezičnosti, uključujući neke od negativnih mitova koje ljudi imaju o sposobnosti korištenja dvaju jezika. Zatim se govori o vrstama prebacivanja kodova, opisujući tipične situacije unutar obitelji. Sljedeći dio ovog rada govori o stavovima i praksama roditelja koji odgajaju dvojezičnu djecu. Zaključni dio diplomskoga rada donosi raspravu na temelju opisanih pojmova i primjera, nakon čega slijedi zaključak

    Problem solving picture book by Rania Zaghir

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    Rad je pisan kao cjelokupna analiza problemske slikovnice Ranie Zaghir, „Dječakov problem UHUH“. Analizi slikovnice pristupit će se holistički, odnosno analizirat će se svaki njen dio od samog oblika slikovnice i njezinih korica do njenog književnog i likovnog sadržaja. Na samom početku, pobliže će se objasniti definicija slikovnice te pogledi različitih teoretičara o odnosu njenih dvaju diskursa, jezičnom i slikovnom. Zatim će se konkretizirati što je to problemska slikovnica i kako se može primjenjivati prilikom rada s djecom. Središnji dio rada započet će s predstavljanjem autorice slikovnice „Dječakov problem UHUH“ Ranie Zaghir. Kroz opis njezinog odrastanja, školovanja i aktivnog književnog rada, dobit će se kratki uvid u Zaghirino djelovanje na polju libanonske književnosti te njen opus. U nastavku slijedi konkretna analiza njezine problemske slikovnice „Dječakov problem UHUH“. Proučavajući na koje se sve oblike i funkcije mogu podijeliti slikovnice, Zaghirina slikovnica svrstat će se u te kategorije. U razmatranje će se uzeti podjela slikovnica po količini teksta prema Čudini-Obradović, s obzirom na uzrast čitatelja kojem je namijenjena, podjela po tipu funkcije slikovnice po Peteru Čačku te uzimajući u obzir njenu tematiku. Zatim slijedi obrada teme slikovnice, odnosno njene problematike - odvikavanje djece od obavljanja nužde u gaće i privikavanje odlaska na zahodsku školjku. U radu će se dotaknuti i pedagoški aspekt slikovnice, točnije analizirat će se Zaghirin pristup obradi ove pomalo tabu teme i kako je djeci na duhovit način prikazala ono što ih muči. U nastavku slijedi analiza slikovnice s obzirom na suodnos teksta i ilustracije, poput rasporeda ilustracija na stranici, količini i položaju teksta i sl. Također, detaljnije će se analizirati verbalni diskurs slikovnice što uključuje analizu pripovjedača, ton i jezik kojim je tekst pisan i dr. Zatim slijedi detaljna analiza slikovnog diskursa slikovnice, odnosno analiza svakog aspekta ilustracija od njenih likovnih vrijednosti do boja, linija i oblika korištenih u izradi ilustracija. Opisani likovni elementi povezat će se s njihovim utjecajem na emocionalni doživljaj djeteta. U radu će se analizirati i fizičke karakteristike slikovnice po Sipeu i Šišnoviću. Između ostalog, promatrat će se naslovnica slikovnice, njezine korice, oblik te format. Uzimajući u obzir kako fizičke tako i književne vrijednosti slikovnice, dotaknut će se tema kriterija procjene odgojno-obrazovne vrijednosti slikovnice. Dolazi se do zaključka da je važnost problemskih slikovnica u dječjem odrastanju neprocjenjiva bez obzira čita li ih netko djetetu ili ih ono samo čita. Slikovnica Ranie Zaghir nije izuzetak. Šaljivim ilustracijama i zanimljivim tekstom djeca se lako mogu povezati s glavnim likom slikovnice i poistovjetiti s njegovim problemom. Dobrobit problemske slikovnice je višestruka, u njoj dijete može spoznati da se poput druge djece bori s mnogim sličnim problemima, također može saznati rješenje za svoj problem ili kome se obratiti u slučaju da ga nešto muči.The paper was written as an overall analysis of Rania Zaghir's problematic picture book, "The Boy's Problem UHUH". The analysis of the picture book will be approached holistically; every part of it will be analyzed, from the shape of the picture book itself and its covers to its literary and artistic content. At the very beginning, the definition of a picture book and the views of different theorists on the relationship between its two discourses, linguistic and pictorial, will be explained in more detail. Then it will be specified what a problem picture book is and how it can be used in working with children. The central part of the work will begin with the presentation of the author of the picture book "The Boy's Problem UHUH" Rania Zaghir. Through the description of her upbringing, education and active literary work, a brief insight into Zaghira's activity in the field of Lebanese literature and her oeuvre will be given. The following is a concrete analysis of her problematic picture book "The Boy's Problem UHUH". By studying what forms and functions picture books can be divided into, Zaghir's picture book will fall into those categories. The division of picture books according to the amount of text by Čudina-Obradović, according to the age of the reader for whom it is intended, the division according to the type of function of the picture book by Peter Čačak, and according to its subject matter will be taken into consideration. Then follows the treatment of the theme of the picture book, i.e. its problem - weaning children from defecating in their underpants and getting them used to going to the toilet. The paper will also touch on the pedagogical aspect of the picture book, more specifically, it will analyze Zaghir's approach to the treatment of this slightly taboo topic and how she presented to children in a humorous way what troubles them. Below is an analysis of the picture book with regard to the relationship between the text and the illustrations, such as the layout of the illustrations on the page, the amount and position of the text, etc. Also, the verbal discourse of the picture book will be analyzed in more detail, which includes the analysis of the narrator, the tone and language in which the text is written, etc. This is followed by a detailed analysis of the pictorial discourse of the picture book, that includes an analysis of every aspect of the illustrations, from their artistic values to the colors, lines and shapes used in the creation of the illustrations. The described artistic elements will be connected with their influence on the emotional experience of the child. The paper will also analyze the physical characteristics of the picture book according to Sipe and Šišnović. Among other things, the cover of the picture book, its cover, shape and format will be observed. Taking into account both the physical and literary values of the picture book, the topic of criteria for assessing the educational value of the picture book will be touched upon. The conclusion is reached that the importance of problem picture books in children's development is invaluable, regardless of whether someone reads them to the child or he reads them himself. Ranie Zaghir's picture book is no exception. With humorous illustrations and interesting text, children can easily relate to the main character of the picture book and identify with his problem. The benefit of the problem picture book is multifaceted, in it the child can learn that other children struggle with the same or similar problems, they can also find out the solution to their problem or who to turn to in case something bothers them

    Cultivating native language heritage in primary school education

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    Hrvatska jezična raznolikost temelj je jezičnog i kulturnog bogatstva i bitna je sastavnica hrvatskoga jezičnog identiteta. Jezična raznolikost vrijednost je koju treba njegovati, razvijati i prenositi na mlađe naraštaje. Prvi jezik s kojim se dijete susreće jedan je od zavičajnih idioma čijim temeljima ono ovlada već u ranom djetinjstvu. Škola kao odgojno-obrazovna ustanova dužna je prepoznati i iskoristiti organski idiom u nastavi kako bi učenici lakše ovladali hrvatskim standardnim jezikom. Rad će prikazati i objasniti jezične okolnosti u kojima djeca uče standardni jezik, prikazat će značajke triju narječja, objasnit će važnost zavičajnih idioma i njihov doprinos nematerijalnoj jezičnoj baštini, kao i njegovanje zavičajnih idioma u školi. Prikazat će vrijednosti i odgojno-obrazovna područja određena Nacionalnim kurikulumom za osnovnoškolski odgoj i obrazovanje (MZO, 2017) i njihov utjecaj na izgradnju jezičnog identiteta. Analizirat će prisutnost dijalektnih sadržaja u razrednoj nastavi u okviru Kurikuluma za nastavni predmet Hrvatski jezik (MZO, 2019). Cilj rada bio je ispitati stavove učitelja1 o njegovanju zavičajne jezične baštine u razrednoj nastavi. Rezultati su pokazali da ih većina smatra važnim njegovanje zavičajne jezične baštine, kao i prisutnost dijalektnih sadržaja u Kurikulumu za nastavni predmet Hrvatski jezik. Nadalje, rezultatima je potvrđeno kako učitelji razredne nastave koji su izvorni govornici kajkavskoga i čakavskoga imaju pozitivnije stavove za uvođenje više dijalektnih sadržaja u nastavi nego izvorni govornici štokavskoga narječja. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su kako veća prisutnost dijalektnih aktivnosti u nastavi ne ovisi o narječju kojim ispitanici govore kao ni o njihovom radnom iskustvu.Croatian linguistic diversity is the foundation of linguistic and cultural richness, and an essential component of Croatian linguistic identity. Linguistic diversity is a value that should be nurtured, developed, and passed on to younger generations. The first language a child encounters is one of the native idioms, the basics of which they grasp early in childhood. The school, as an educational institution, is obliged to recognize and utilize the native idiom in teaching, enabling students to more easily master the Croatian standard language. This thesis will illustrate and explain the linguistic circumstances in which children learn the standard language, display the characteristics of three dialects, elucidate the importance of native idioms and their contribution to intangible linguistic heritage, as well as the nurturing of native idioms in school. It will exhibit the values and educational areas determined by the National Curriculum for primary education (MZO, 2017) and their influence on the formation of linguistic identity. It will analyze the presence of dialect content in classroom instruction within the Croatian Language Curriculum (MZO, 2019). The aim of the study was to investigate teachers' attitudes towards nurturing native linguistic heritage in classroom teaching. The results showed that the majority of them consider it important to nurture the native linguistic heritage, as well as the presence of dialectal content in the Croatian Language Curriculum. Furthermore, the results confirmed that classroom teachers who are native speakers of the Kajkavian and Chakavian dialects hold more positive attitudes towards introducing more dialect content in lessons than native speakers of the Shtokavian dialect. The research results showed that a greater presence of dialect activities in teaching does not depend on the dialect spoken by the respondents nor on their teaching experience

    Comparison of primary education and English language teaching in Croatia and Norway

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    English is one of the most important languages. We communicate through language more than any other media, which makes language our primary source of communication, with English earning a title of a global language through becoming a prioritized foreign language in schools (Crystal, 2003, p. 4). English language became the most common second language among the countries, as well as one of the most widely spoken official languages. According to Crystal (2003, pp. 11-13), there are many advantages to learning the English language, as it is not only the language of academia and the lingua franca of the world, but also opens many doors to different media and cultures and facilitates communication between different cultures on the international level. In Croatia and Norway, English as a second (foreign) language is an official subject in primary schools. The subjects are held according to the national curriculum that is specific to each country. The focus of this thesis is to first compare primary education in Croatia and Norway according to ISCED 11. According to the Eurostat website, “International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) is the reference international classification for organising education programmes and related qualifications by levels and fields.” After the comparison of the primary education itself, the focus will be put on national curricula and the English subject curricula. The Croatian and Norwegian Ministries of Education have each established their own curriculum. The next step is to examine the assessment methods used in primary schools and compare the differences between Croatia and Norway. The Glossary of Education reform (2015) defines assessment in education as a “wide variety of methods or tools that educators use to evaluate, measure, and document the academic readiness, learning progress, skill acquisition or educational needs of students.” The goal of this thesis is to notice the differences and similarities in the primary education, focusing on the school system itself and the curriculum structure, and English subject curricula that these two distinct countries have.Engleski je jedan od najvažnijih jezika na svijetu. Komuniciramo putem jezika više nego bilo kojeg drugog medija, što čini jezik našim primarnim izvorom komunikacije, a engleski je dobio titulu globalnog jezika postavši prioritetni strani jezik u školama (Crystal, 2003, str. 4). Engleski jezik postao je najveći drugi jezik na svijetu, kao i jedan od najgovorenijih službenih jezika. Prema Crystalu (2003, str. 11-13), postoje mnoge prednosti u učenju engleskog jezika, budući da je to ne samo jezik akademije i lingua franke, već također otvara mnoga vrata prema različitim medijima i kulturama, te se koristi za osiguravanje komunikacije između različitih kultura na međunarodnoj razini. U Hrvatskoj i Norveškoj, engleski jezik je službeni predmet kao strani jezik u osnovnim školama. Predmeti se održavaju prema nacionalnom kurikulumu koji je specifičan za svaku zemlju. Ovim će se radom najprije usporediti osnovno obrazovanje u Hrvatskoj i Norveškoj prema ISCED-u 11. Prema web stranici Eurostata, „Međunarodna standardna klasifikacija obrazovanja (ISCED) je referentna međunarodna klasifikacija za organiziranje obrazovnih programa i srodnim kvalifikacijama.“ Nakon usporedbe osnovnoškolskog obrazovanja, ovaj rad će se usredotočiti na nacionalne kurikulume i predmetne kurikulume nastave engleskog jezika. Hrvatska i Norveška imaju vlastite kurikulume koja su izdana od strane hrvatskog i norveškog ministarstva obrazovanja. Sljedeći korak je usmjeravanje pozornosti na vrednovanje u osnovnim školama prema službenoj dokumentaciji, kao i usporedba vrednovanja u Hrvatskoj i Norveškoj. Pojmovnik reforme obrazovanja (2015) definira vrednovanje u obrazovanju kao „širok izbor metoda ili alata koje nastavnici koriste za evaluaciju, mjerenje i dokumentiranje akademske spremnosti, napretka u učenju, stjecanja vještina ili obrazovnih potreba učenika.“ Krajnji cilj ovog diplomskog rada je uočiti razlike i sličnosti u osnovnom obrazovanju, s naglaskom na sam školski sustav i strukturu kurikuluma te predmetne kurikulume engleskog jezika koje imaju ove izrazito različite zemlje

    Artistic Expression of a Child - Analysis of a Child´ s Drawing

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    Ovaj rad prikazuje detaljniji prikaz faza razvoja dječjeg crteža. Već u svojoj najranijoj dobi dijete dolazi u dodir s crtanjem. Započinje sa šaranjem, što mu stvara osjećaj ugode povlačenjem različitih linija. U fazi šaranje djeca razvija svoju motoričku i vizualnu koordinaciju. U sljedećoj fazi, fazi izražavanja složenim simbolima vidi se znatni napredak. Dijete počinje detaljnije crtati, koristi se složenijim simbolima te se posebice vidi napredak u crtanju čovjeka. Čovjek se ne prikazuje kao glava-noge već se pojavljuje i tijelo. U ovoj fazi dijete uključuje misaone operacije koje vode ruku u izražavanju ideje. Sljedeća faza razvoja dječjeg crteža je faza intelektualnog realizma. U ovoj fazi dijete postaje hrabrije u svojemu naumu što ga dovodi do zanimljivih likovnih ostvaraja. Obilježja ove faze su transparentnost, prikaz akcije u fazama kretanja, emotivna proporcija, poliperspektiva, prevaljivanje i rasklapanje oblika, obrnuta te vertikalna perspektiva. Posljednja faza je faza vizualnog realizma. Tijekom ove faze likovni izraz djeteta počinje sličiti izrazu odraslih. Neka od obilježja ove faze su koloristička, atmosferska i geometrijska perspektiva. Ovaj rad osim što donosi detaljni prikaz faza dječjeg crteža, pruža i analizu dječjih radova. Tijekom analize radova nastojalo se uočiti kojoj fazi dječjeg crteža učenici pripadaju te koja su obilježja ostvarenih crteža. Postavljeni zadatak učenicima odnosio se na crtanje svoje obitelji za objedom/stolom olovkom prema sjećanju. Cilj istraživanja bio je uočiti razlike u likovnom izražavanju učenika prvog i trećeg razreda crtajući olovkom isti motiv (obitelj za stolom). Zadaci istraživanja bili su uočiti s obzirom na fazu dječjeg likovnog izražavanja kakav je likovni izraz djece u prvom razredu, uočiti s obzirom na fazu dječjeg likovnog izražavanja kakav je likovni izraz djece u trećem razredu, usporediti likovne radove djece prvog i trećeg razreda i uočiti razlike u likovnom izražavanju s obzirom na dob djece.This paper presents a more detailed account of the stages of development of children's drawing. Already at an early age, children come into contact with drawing. They start with doodling, which give they a sense of comfort by drawing different lines. In the drawing phase, children develop their motor and visual coordination. In the next phase, the phase of expression with complex symbols, considerable progress can be seen. The child begins to draw in more detail, uses more complex symbols, and particularly shows progress in drawing a person. Man is not shown as a head-legs, but also a body. At this stage, the child includes thought operations that guide the hand in expressing an idea. The next stage of development of children's drawing is the stage of intellectual realism. In this phase, the child becomes bolder in his ideas, which leads him to interesting art creations. The characteristics of this phase are transparency, representation of action in phases of movement, emotional proportion, polyperspective, folding and unfolding of forms, inverted and vertical perspective. The last stage is the stage of visual realism. During this stage, the artistic expression of the child begins to resemble the expression of adults. Some of the characteristics of this phase are coloristic, atmospheric and geometric perspective. In addition to providing a detailed description of the stages of children's drawing, this work also provides an analysis of children's works. During the analysis of the works, we tried to see which phase of children's drawing the students belong to and what are the characteristics of the completed drawings. The task set for the students was to draw their family at the meal/table with a pencil from memory. The goal of the research was to observe the differences in the artistic expression of first and third grade students by drawing the same motif with a pencil (family at the table). The tasks of the research were to observe with regard to the stage of children's artistic expression, what is the artistic expression of children in the first grade, to observe with regard to the stage of children's artistic expression of artistic expression, what is the artistic expression of children in the third grade, to compare the artistic works of children in the first and third grade and to notice the differences in artistic expression with regard to the age of the children

    Advantages and disadvantages of introducing programming into the computer science in primary education

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    Informatika i njezini sadržaji učenja prilagođavaju se neprestanim promjenama koje se događaju u tehnološkom svijetu. Sastavljanjem kurikuluma 2018. godine, Ministarstvo znanosti i obrazovanja je napokon utkalo pravi put informatici, a važnije – programiranju, u primarno obrazovanje. Kurikulum je optimalno podijeljen na četiri domene, od kojih svaka zaokružuje po jedno područje informatike u obrazovanju. Veliko značenje dano je programiranju u nastavi. Programiranje je u današnje vrijeme neophodna vještina koju treba usvojiti, ali i cijeli život njegovati, a upravo je primarno obrazovanje odličan početak upoznavanja s tim. Uvođenjem programskog jezika Scratch, učitelji i učenici zapravo kroz igru nižu linije kodova i programiraju. U Europi i svijetu zadnjih se godina javljaju projekti o programiranju koja svaka škola može prijaviti i okušati se te na kraju svoje rezultate podijeliti s ostalim školama iz drugih država. Neki od takvih projekata su Hour of Code i Code Week. U hrvatskim školama se programira u Scratchu nakon kojeg se prelazi na Python koji je viši programski jezik, kompliciraniji, ali s razumljivom sintaksom. Uvođenje programiranja je s dosta poteškoća pronašlo put u hrvatsko primarno obrazovanje, ali je kvalitetno i metodički ispravno opisano. Provedba sadržaja iz programiranja uvelike ovisi o učitelju informatike, njegovoj sposobnosti i edukaciji. Usporedivši uvođenje programiranja u RH s uvođenjem programiranja u stranim zemljama, uočava se kako Hrvatska ne zaostaje toliko za drugim, razvijenijim zemljama. Štoviše, programiranje opisano u hrvatskom kurikulumu kvalitetnije je provedeno nego u drugim zemljama. Iako Amerikanci slove kao možda najmoćniji i najrazvijeniji narod svijeta, nastava programiranja je vrlo siromašna u njihovim osnovnim školama. Uz Estoniju, Engleska se može pohvaliti da je među prvim zemljama koja je već od prvog razreda OŠ uvela programiranje u redovnu nastavu. Druga europska zemlja – Španjolska, zadnjih godina uvodi programiranje kao izvannastavnu aktivnost, iako postoje naznake uvođenja u redovan plan i program. Veliki problem u svim državama predstavlja učiteljski kadar koji prema svim znakovima nije dovoljno obrazovan da bi znanje i sposobnosti o programiranju prenijelo na svoje učenike. Iz godine u godinu većina država ozbiljnije gleda prema programiranju kao neizostavnoj vještini koja se zbog svoje kompleksnosti, ali i važnosti, mora uvesti već od samih početaka školovanja, a to je primarno obrazovanje.Computer Science as a school subject change from year to year, that is, its learning contents adapt to the constant changes happening in the technological world. By formulating the curriculum in 2018, the Ministry of Science and Education has finally paved the right path for Computer Science, and more importantly, programming, in primary education. The curriculum is optimally divided into four domains, each encompassing a specific area of computer science in education. Programming has been given significant importance in teaching. Programming is a necessary skill to acquire in today's world, one that should be nurtured throughout life, and primary education serves as an excellent starting point for introduction to it. Through the introduction of the Scratch programming language, teachers and students actually write together lines of code and program through play. In recent years, programming projects have emerged in Europe and the world, which every school can participate in, test their skills, and share their results with other schools from different countries. Some of these projects include Hour of Code and Code Week. In Croatian schools, programming is initially taught using Scratch, followed by Python, which is a higher-level programming language, more complex, but with a comprehensible syntax. The introduction of programming has encountered several challenges in Croatian primary education, but it has been described in a quality and methodically correct manner. The implementation of programming content largely depends on the computer science teacher, their abilities and education. When comparing the introduction of programming in Croatia to other countries, it is observed that Croatia is not lagging behind as much as other more developed countries. Furthermore, programming described in the Croatian curriculum is implemented with higher quality than in other countries. Although Americans are considered perhaps the most powerful and developed nation in the world, programming education in their elementary schools is very poor. Alongside Estonia, England can boast of being among the first countries to introduce programming into regular curriculum starting from the first grade of primary school. Another European country, Spain, has been introducing programming as an extracurricular activity in recent years, although there are indications of its potential inclusion in the regular curriculum. A significant problem in all countries is the teaching staff, who, according to all signs, are not sufficiently educated to pass on their knowledge and programming skills to their students. Year after year, most countries are taking programming more seriously as an essential skill that needs to be introduced from the very beginning of education, namely primary education, due to its complexity and importance

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