University of Zagreb Faculty of Teacher Education - Digital repository

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    Optimal nutrition as support for proper child development

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    Djetinjstvo je razdoblje najintenzivnijeg rasta i razvoja u kojem se postavljaju temelji za izgradnju zdravih navika prehrane i dobro zdravlje u budućnosti. Ono što je ključno za pravilan rast i razvoj je pravilna, balansirana i umjerena prehrana. Osim osjećaja sitosti i zadovoljstva, pravilna prehrana zaslužna je i za emocionalni, kognitivni (spoznajni) i socijalni razvoj djeteta. Važno je hraniti se zdravo cijeli život, no to je posebno važno u razdoblju djetinjstva jer se na taj način mozgu, kostima, mišićima i drugim organima omogućava da ostvare svoj puni potencijal. Da bi organizam funkcionirao i ostvario puni potencijal, potrebno je da se unosi šest osnovnih nutrijenata, a to su: ugljikohidrati, bjelančevine (proteini), masti, vitamini, minerali te voda. Prehrana djece također utječe i na količinu energije, djetetovo raspoloženje i koncentraciju, otpornost na razne bolesti, ali i na uspjeh u učenju. Unosom kvalitetne hrane, mozak i tijelo dobivaju energiju nužnu za pravilan rad organa i optimalan razvoj, a ako dijete ne unese dovoljno hrane, njegov razvoj može itekako zaostajati. U ovom radu govoriti će se o osnovnim nutrijentima, koji su to i zašto je važno da ih dijete unosi, koje su njihove dobrobiti i dobrobiti nutritivno bogate prehrane, ali i kako utje e prehrana majke koja je u drugom stanju na dijete koje e se roditi. Također, biti će opisana važnost svih obroka kroz dan i njihove specifičnosti, kako izgledaju obroci u dječjim vrtićima te kako se mogu potaknuti zdrave prehrambene navike i navike tjelesne aktivnosti koje na kraju zajednički pridonose pravilnom rastu i razvoju djeteta.Childhood is a period of most intense growth and development in which the foundation for building healthy eating habits and good health in the future are built. Proper, balanced and moderate diet is key for proper growth and development. Besides the feeling of satiety andsatisfaction, proper nutrition is also required for emotional, cognitive and social development of a child. It is important to eat healthy foods throughout our entire lives, but it is especially important to do so in childhood, as it allows the brain, bones, muscles and other organs to achieve their full potential. For the organism to function and achieve its full potential, we need to ingest six basic nutrients, which are: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals and water. Child’s diet also influences their energy levels, the child’s mood and concentration, resistance to various diseases, but also influences their success in learning. By ingesting high quality food, the brain and the body get the energy required for proper organ function and optimal development, so in the case of the child not getting proper nutrition, it could very much lag in development. In this thesis the basic nutrients will be discussed, what are they and why it is crucial for children to ingest them, what are their advantages, advantages of nutrient-rich foods, as well as how the diet of a pregnant woman impacts her child that will be born. Moreover, the importance of all meals throughout the day will be discussed as well as their specifics, what meals in nursery schools look like and how healthy eating habits could be encouraged, along with physical activity which together with a healthy diet contributes to proper growth and development of a child

    Communication with parents in challenging situations

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    U ovom završnom radu razmatraju se različiti aspekti komunikacije unutar odgojno-obrazovnog rada, s naglaskom na komunikaciju s roditeljima u zahtjevnim situacijama. Analiziran je proces komunikacije, razlika između verbalne i neverbalne komunikacije te komunikacijske kompetencije odgojitelja. Posebna pažnja stavljena je na komunikacijske oblike između roditelja i odgojitelja te komunikaciju između roditelja i odgojitelja u zahtjevnim situacijama poput razvoda braka, gubitka bliske osobe ili komunikacije s roditeljima djece s posebnim potrebama. Proučeni su oblici komunikacije poput individualnog razgovora, roditeljskog sastanka, zajedničkih druženja, servisa za komunikaciju i društvenih mreža. Zaključeno kako je u zahtjevnim situacijama najprimjerenije koristiti individualni razgovor, u brzini prijenosa neke hitne informacije mogu pomoći servisi za komunikaciju i društvene mreže, a za građenje povjerenja te jačanje partnerstva idealni su roditeljski sastanci i zajednička druženja. Cilj rada pružiti je adekvatne smjernice za odgojitelje kako bi kvalitetno komunicirali s roditeljima u zahtjevnim i nesvakidašnjim situacijama.In this paper, various aspects of communication within educational work are considered, with a focus on communication with parents in challenging situations. The communication process, difference between verbal and non-verbal communication, and communication competencies of educators are analyzed. Special attention is given to forms of communication between parents and educators and communication between parents and educators in demanding situations such as divorce, loss of a close person, or communication with parents of children with special needs. Forms of communication such as individual conversations, parent meetings, joint gatherings, communication services, and social networks are studied. It is concluded that in challenging situations, the most appropriate form of communication is individual conversations; for quickly conveying urgent information, communication services and social networks can be helpful, and for building trust and strengthening partnerships, parent meetings and joint gatherings are ideal. The aim of this paper is to provide adequate guidelines for educators to communicate effectively with parents in challenging and unusual situations

    One story-many lessons. Possibilities of interpretation of the picture book "Ear"

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    Ovaj diplomski rad rezultat je istraživanja i analiziranja slikovnice „Uho“ autorice Piret Raud. Prilikom istraživanja slikovnice, fokus je stavljen na interpretaciju slikovnice. Odnosno, može li, i na koji način, jedna priča prenijeti više poruka. To je ujedno i cilj ovoga rada. Kako bi cilj bio ostvaren, bilo je važno najprije pristupiti teorijskom osvrtu slikovnice kao književne vrste. Knjiga „Jedna priča – dva pripovjedača“ autorice Smiljane Narančić Kovač bila je vodilja ka tome. Definiranje slikovnice kao jedinstvo likovnog i narativnog otvara pitanje o prisutnosti dvaju različita pripovjedača, a to su slika i jezik. Jezi ni i slikovni diskurs bilo je važno analizirati pojedina no, no isto tako, istražiti njihov odnos međusobno. Tako je u radu zaključeno da suradnja i razumijevanje autora teksta i ilustracije doprinosi stvaranju kvalitetne slikovnice. Kvalitetna analiza odnosa jezičnog i slikovnog diskursa dovodi do konačnog cilja, a to je mogućnosti interpretacije. U slikovnici „Uho“ kroz tekst saznajemo razne probleme likova, njihove osjećaje i misli, a ilustracijama autorica uspješno obogaćuje sadržaj te pridonosi višestrukoj interpretaciji. Važnost slušanja, pomaganje drugima, prihvaćanje različitosti samo su neke od važnih poruka koje donosi autorica Piret Raud slikovnicom „Uho“. Na samom kraju, zaključak je da slikovnica „Uho“ donosi jednu pri u koja tekstom i ilustracijama omogućava niz poruka svojim čitateljima.This thesis is the result of research and analysis of the picture book „Ear“ by Piret Raud. During the research of the picture book, the focus was on the interpretation. Is it possible and in what way, can one story convey multiple messages. This is also the goal of this work. In order to achieve the goal, it was important to first approach the theoretical review of the picture book as a literary genre. The book „One story – two storytellers“ by Smiljana Naran i Kova was a guide to this. The definition of a picture book as a unity of visual and narrative opens up the guestion of the presence of two different narrators, namely image and language. It was important to analyze linguistic and pictorial discourse individually, but also to investigate their relationship with each other. The thesis concluded that the cooperation and understanding of the autors of the text and illustrations contributes to the creation of a quality picture book. A quality analysis of the relationship between language and visual discourse leads to the final goal, which is the possibility of interpretation. In the picture book „Ear“ we learn about various problems of the characters, their feelings and thoughts through the text, and with illustrations the author successfully enriches the content and contributes to multiple interpretations. The importance of listening, helping others, accepting diversity are just some of the important messages brought by the author Piret Raud with the picture book „Ear“. At the end, the conclusion is that the picture book „Ear“ brings a story that provides a series of messages to its readers through text and illustrations

    Development of cognitive abilities through play and kinesiological activities in preschool enviroment

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    Ovaj diplomski rad istražuje utjecaj igre i tjelesnih aktivnosti na razvoj kognitivnih sposobnosti djece predškolskog uzrasta u vrtićkom okruženju. Igra i fizička aktivnost imaju ključnu ulogu u ranoj edukaciji, potičući kognitivni razvoj, uključujući pažnju, memoriju, rješavanje problema i kreativnost. Kroz strukturirane i nestrukturirane igre, djeca razvijaju logičko razmišljanje, socijalne vještine i emocionalnu inteligenciju. Cilj ovog diplomskog rada je istražiti kako različiti oblici igre i tjelesnih aktivnosti u vrtićkom okruženju doprinose razvoju kognitivnih sposobnosti djece predškolskog uzrasta. Posebna pažnja bit će posvećena analizi utjecaja strukturiranih i nestrukturiranih igara te uloga tjelesne aktivnosti u svakodnevnom vrtićkom životu. Razumijevanje ovih aspekata ključno je za kreiranje optimalnih uvjeta za učenje i razvoj djece u najranijoj dobi, što ima dugoročne implikacije na njihovo buduće obrazovanje i osobni razvoj.This thesis explores the impact of play and physical activities on the cognitive development of preschool children in a kindergarten environment. Play and physical activity play a crucial role in early education, stimulating cognitive development, including attention, memory, problem-solving, and creativity. Through structured and unstructured games, children develop logical thinking, social skills, and emotional intelligence. This thesis aims to investigate how different forms of play and physical activities in a kindergarten environment contribute to the cognitive development of preschool children. Special attention will be given to analyzing the impact of structured and unstructured games and the role of physical activity in everyday kindergarten life. Understanding these aspects is essential for creating optimal conditions for learning and development in early childhood, which has long-term implications for their future education and personal growth

    The Connection Between Parental Physical Activity And Their Attitudes Towards The Importance Of Physical Activity In Preschool Children

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    Cilj rada bio je istražiti postoji li povezanost tjelesne aktivnosti roditelja s njihovim stavovima o važnosti tjelesne aktivnosti predškolske djece. Kretanje i bavljenje tjelesnom aktivnošću od velike je važnosti kako bi tijelo normalno funkcioniralo i obavljalo dnevne obveze. Ako se dijete ne bavi tjelesnom aktivnošću, povećava se mogućnost različitih oboljenja, ozljeda i pojave prekomjerne težine i pretilosti. Kako bi djeca od najranije dobi bila uključena u igru, tjelesno kretanje i sport, bitno je da roditelji budu dobar uzor i model jer ako se roditelji bave tjelesnom aktivnošću ili nekim sportom, velika je vjerojatnost da će i njihova djeca biti uključena u iste aktivnosti, a također vrijedi i obrnuto, manjak tjelesne aktivnosti roditelja dovodi do smanjene aktivnosti njihove djece. Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku od 128 roditelja koji su ispunjavali upitnik s tvrdnjama na Likertovoj skali o svojoj tjelesnoj aktivnosti i njezinoj važnosti za djecu predškolske dobi. Na temelju dobivenih rezultata utvrđeno je kako roditelji shvaćaju važnost bavljenja tjelesnom aktivnošću za dobrobit razvoja djece. Također, većina roditelja potiče djecu na tjelesne aktivnosti na otvorenome, na igralištu i potiče ih na šetnje. Iako tjelesnu aktivnost i njezinu važnost roditelji ozbiljno shvaćaju, sami svakodnevno ne provode potrebnu tjelesnu aktivnost te je samo 14,1 % roditelja izjavilo da se bavi organiziranim tjelesnim aktivnostima.The aim of the study was to investigate whether there is a connection between parental physical activity and their attitudes towards the importance of physical activity for preschool children. Movement and engaging in physical activity are of great importance for the normal functioning of the body and the completion of daily tasks. Lack of physical activity increases the risk of various illnesses, injuries, and the development of overweight and obesity. In order for children to be engaged in play, physical movement, and sports from an early age, it is crucial that parents serve as good role models. If parents engage in physical activity or sports, it is highly likely that their children will participate in the same activities. The reverse is also true: a lack of physical activity in parents leads to reduced physical activity in their children. The study was conducted on a sample of 128 parents who completed a questionnaire with statements about parental physical activity and its significance for their children's physical activity. They responded to the statements using a Likert scale. The results showed that parents recognize the importance of physical activity and its benefits for children. Furthermore, the majority of parents encourage their children to engage in outdoor physical activities, play on playgrounds, and go for walks. However, despite taking physical activity seriously, parents do not fully meet the daily requirements for physical activity themselves. Only 14.1% of parents reported participating in organized physical activities

    The influence of digital technology on preschool children's free time

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    U današnje vrijeme tehnologije i ubrzanog načina života svi pokušavaju pronaći nekakav balans između vremena koji provedemo uz digitalne medije i vremena koji provedemo zajedno u društvu bez njih. To je postao veliki izazov za roditelje jer uz svakodnevne obaveze trebaju osigurati i djetetu adekvatno slobodno vrijeme, tj. vrijeme kada nije u predškolskoj ustanovi. Mnogi roditelji zbog toga odlučuju upisati djecu na aktivnosti na kojima djeca mogu sudjelovati u slobodno vrijeme. Cilj istraživanja je prikupiti podatke o tjelesnoj aktivnosti djece rane i predškolske dobi u njihovom slobodnom vremenu te kako digitalna tehnologija utječe na njihovo slobodno vrijeme, odnosno na njihovu tjelesnu aktivnost. Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku od 101 roditelja u dobi djece od 1 do 7 godine starosti koja pohađaju predškolsku ustanovu. Iz provedenog istraživanja može se vidjeti kako su roditelji svjesni utjecaja digitalne tehnologije na njihovu djecu te važnosti tjelesne aktivnosti u slobodno vrijeme. Mnoga djeca pohađaju neku aktivnost izvan predškolske ustanove i to su uglavnom sportske aktivnosti. To je vrlo bitno jer je tjelesna aktivnost temeljni uvjet za rast I razvoj djece te pridonosi očuvanju i unapređenju njihova zdravlja. Roditelji su vrlo osviješteni i svjesni današnjeg na ina života te isti u kako njihova djeca više vole provoditi vrijeme vani u parku i na otvorenom nego uz digitalnu tehnologiju. Manji broj roditelja istaknuo je kako djeca više vole digitalnu tehnologiju je im je to zabavnije, dok je veći broj ipak rekao kako njihova djeca vole više slobodno vrijeme provesti izvan kuće. Ističu kako je razlog tome igra s vršnjacima I aktivnosti koje se mogu odvijati samo na otvorenom.In today's age of technology and fast-paced lifestyle, everyone is trying to find some kind of balance between the time we spend with digital media and the time we spend together in society. This is a big challenge for parents because in addition to their daily responsibilities, they also need to provide their child with adequate free time, i.e. the time when he is not in preschool. Because of this, many parents decide to enroll their children in some kind of activities in which their children can participate in their free time. The goal of the research is to collect data on the physical activity of early and preschool children in their free time, how digital technology affects their free time and their physical activity. The research was conducted on a sample of 101 parents of children aged 1 to 7 who attend a preschool. From the conducted research, parents are aware of the impact of digital technology on their children and the importance of physical activity in their free time. Many children attend some activity outside the pre-school institution, mostly sports. This is very important because physical activity is a fundamental condition for children's growth and development and contributes to preserving and improving their health. Parents are very conscious and aware of today's lifestyle and point out that their children prefer to spend more time outside in the park and outdoors, rather than with digital technology. A smaller number of parents pointed out that children prefer digital technology because it is more fun for them, while a larger number still said that their children prefer to spend their free time outside the home. They point out that the reason for this is playing with peers and activities that can only take place outdoors

    Musical content as a motivating factor in kinesiology activities of preschoolers

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    Ovaj diplomski rad istražuje ulogu glazbenog sadržaja kao motivirajućeg čimbenika u kineziološkim aktivnostima predškolaca. Kroz pregled literature i sekundarno istraživanje, analizira se utjecaj glazbe na motivaciju djece u predškolskoj dobi te njezinu povezanost s tjelesnim aktivnostima. Teorijski okvir motivacije u predškolskom uzrastu pruža osnovu za razumijevanje mehanizama motivacije djece u kontekstu kinezioloških aktivnosti potaknutih glazbom. Sekundarno istraživanje temelji se na analizi stavova i motivacije odgojitelja te ocjeni dostupne infrastrukture za provedbu kinezioloških aktivnosti u predškolskim ustanovama. Na temelju tih rezultata, u zaključku se donose preporuke za praksu u odgojno-obrazovnim institucijama, smjernice za roditelje i skrbnike te implikacije za buduća istraživanja. Ovaj rad pruža dublje razumijevanje važnosti glazbe u poticanju motivacije i aktivnosti djece. Cilj ovog rada je istražiti ulogu glazbenog sadržaja kao motivacijskog čimbenika u kineziološkim aktivnostima predškolaca. Rad će dati uvid u važnost i utjecaj glazbe na motivaciju djece u predškolskoj dobi te pružiti smjernice za poboljšanje provedbe kinezioloških aktivnosti u predškolskim ustanovama.This master's thesis explores the role of musical content as a motivating factor in preschoolers' kinesiological activities. Through a review of literature and secondary research, it analyzes the influence of music on the motivation of preschool children and its connection to physical activities. The theoretical framework of motivation in the preschool age provides a basis for understanding the mechanisms of children's motivation in the context of kinesiological activities stimulated by music. The secondary research is based on the analysis of educators' attitudes and motivation, as well as the assessment of available infrastructure for implementing kinesiological activities in preschool institutions. Based on these results, recommendations for practice in educational institutions, guidelines for parents and caregivers, and implications for future research are drawn in the conclusion. This work provides a deeper understanding of the importance of music in fostering motivation and children's activities. The aim of this thesis is to explore the role of musical content as a motivating factor in preschoolers' kinesiological activities. The thesis will provide insight into the importance and influence of music on children's motivation in the preschool age and offer guidelines for improving the implementation of kinesiological activities in preschool institutions

    Kinesiological activities and leisure time as gender dimorphism of young school-age children in Zagreb

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    Mlađa školska dob predstavlja bitno razdoblje u razvoju djece, koje je obilježeno intenzivnim tjelesnim, kognitivnim i socijalnim promjenama. U tom periodu, djeca formiraju svoje životne navike, uključujući one vezane uz tjelesnu aktivnost i provođenje slobodnog vremena. Kineziološke aktivnosti, koje uključuju organizirane oblike tjelesne aktivnosti poput sporta i rekreacije, imaju važnu ulogu vezanu uz zdravlje djece, razvoju njihovih motoričkih sposobnosti te poticanju zdravog načina života. Spolne razlike između dječaka i djevojčica često utječu na odabir aktivnosti u kojima sudjeluju. Dječaci su obično skloniji sportovima koji zahtijevaju više fizičke snage i natjecateljskog duha, dok djevojčice preferiraju aktivnosti koje naglašavaju suradnju i umjetničko izražavanje. Razumijevanje ovih razlika može pomoći u osmišljavanju obrazovnih i sportskih programa koji će biti prilagođeni interesima i potrebama oba spola, čime se potiče ravnopravno sudjelovanje u tjelesnim aktivnostima. U ovom radu ističe se važnost izvannastavnih i izvanškolskih aktivnosti za cjelokupni razvoj djece, uključujući tjelesni, emocionalni i socijalni aspekt. Kineziološke aktivnosti pomažu u prevenciji kroničnih bolesti, regulaciji tjelesne težine, te poboljšanju mentalnog zdravlja, a također imaju važnu ulogu u socijalizaciji i razvoju pozitivnih osobina kod djece. U teorijskom dijelu rada analizira se važnost tjelesne aktivnosti za cjelokupni razvoj djeteta, uključujući fizičko zdravlje, razvoj motoričkih sposobnosti, socijalizaciju i mentalno zdravlje. Također se istražuje utjecaj medija na učenike i njihov odabir provođenja slobodnog vremena. Cilj ovog rada bio je istražiti razlike između dječaka i djevojčica mlađe školske dobi u Zagrebu s obzirom na sudjelovanje u kineziološkim aktivnostima i načinu provođenja slobodnog vremena. Također, otkriti čime se učenici najviše bave u slobodno vrijeme, koliko slobodnog vremena imaju te koje su kineziološke aktivnosti zastupljene u slobodnom vremenu učenika.Early school age represents a crucial period in children's development, marked by intense physical, cognitive, and social changes. During this time, children form their life habits, including those related to physical activity and the use of leisure time. Kinesiological activities, which encompass organized forms of physical activity such as sports and recreation, play a vital role in maintaining and improving children's health, developing their motor skills, and promoting a healthy lifestyle. Gender differences between boys and girls often influence the choice of activities they participate in. Boys are generally more inclined towards sports that require more physical strength and a competitive spirit, while girls prefer activities that emphasize cooperation and artistic expression. Understanding these differences can aid in designing educational and sports programs that cater to the interests and needs of both genders, encouraging equal participation in physical activities. This paper highlights the importance of extracurricular and out-of-school activities for the overall development of children, including the physical, emotional, and social aspects. Kinesiological activities help prevent chronic diseases, regulate body weight, improve mental health, and play a significant role in socialization and the development of positive traits in children. The theoretical part of the paper discusses the importance of physical activity for the overall development of a child, including physical health, motor skill development, socialization, and mental health. It also explores the impact of media on students and their choices in spending leisure time. The aim of this paper was to explore the differences between boys and girls of early school age in Zagreb regarding their participation in kinesiological activities and how they spend their leisure time. Additionally, the aim was to discover what activities students engage in the most during their leisure time, how much leisure time they have, and which kinesiological activities are present in their leisure time

    The most common respiratory diseases of the nursery child

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    Doba najranijeg djetinjstva obilježeno je povećanom osjetljivošću organizma na različite patogene i uzročnike bolesti, stoga su respiratorne infekcije u dojenačkoj dobi česte. Infekcije dišnih putova uzrokuju uzročnici poput virusa, bakterija i ostalih mokroplazama, no najčešći uzročnici su virusi poput respiratornog sincicijskog virusa, adenovirusa i rinovirusa. Od bakterijskih uzročnika u radu će se spomenuti Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes i Moraxella catarrhalis. Djeca koja pohađaju dječje kolektive mogu preboljeti ove infekcije oko 10 puta godišnje. Akutne respiratorne infekcije dijelimo na infekcije gornjeg i donjeg respiratornog sustava. U bolesti gornjih dišnih putova zahvaćaju grlo, nos, krajnike, dušnik, paranazalne sinuse i srednje uho te u njih ubrajamo hunjavicu, akutni adenoiditis, paranazalni sinusitis, tonzilofaringitis, akutnu upalu srednjeg uha i sindrom krupa. Infekcije donjeg dišnog sustava zahvaćaju bronhe, bronhiole i alveole, a bolesti ovih organa su traheobronhitis, bronhitis, bronhiolitis i upala pluća. Bolestima donjih dišnih putova često prethode infekcije gornjih dišnih putova pa se simptomi bolesti postupno pogoršavaju. Najčešće simptomi respiratornih bolesti započinju suhim kašljem, začepljenim nosom i slabijim apetitom te, ukoliko se bolest probiri na donji dio respiratornog sustava, može doći do tahipneje, dispneje i cijanoze. Bolesti respiratornog sustava češće su zimi zbog boravka u malim zagušljivim prostorima u kojima se bolesti lakše šire kapljičnim putem i izravnim dodirom. U ovome radu objašnjene su bolesti respiratornog sustava u djece jasličke dobi, njihovi uzročnici, kao i njihovo liječenje i prevencija s naglaskom na ulogu jaslica.Early childhood is marked by increased body sensitivity to various pathogens and diseasecausing agents, making respiratory infections very common in infancy. Respiratory tract infections are caused by many agents such as viruses, bacteria, and mycoplasmas, but we most often encounter viral agents such as respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, and rhinovirus. Among bacterial agents, this paper will mention Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Moraxella catarrhalis. Children attending daycare can suffer from these types of infections up to 10 times a year. Acute respiratory infections are divided into infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract. Diseases of the upper respiratory tract include the common cold, acute adenoiditis, paranasal sinusitis, tonsillopharyngitis, acute otitis media, and croup syndrome, affecting the throat, nose, tonsils, trachea, sinuses, and middle ear. Lower respiratory tract infections affect the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli, and diseases of these organs include tracheobronchitis, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. Lower respiratory tract diseases are often preceded by upper respiratory tract infections, so the symptoms of the disease gradually worsen. Symptoms usually start with a dry cough, nasal congestion, and reduced appetite, and if the disease spreads to the lower respiratory tract, it can lead to tachypnea, dyspnea, and cyanosis. Respiratory diseases are more common in winter due to staying in small, stuffy spaces, where the diseases spread through droplets and direct contact. This paper explains respiratory diseases in daycare-aged children, their causes, as well as their treatment and prevention, with an emphasis on the role of daycare centers

    Comparative observation and analysis of artistic works in primary education

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    Cilj rada jest pobuditi kod učenika primarnog obrazovanja želju i naviku da shvate i dožive umjetničko djelo. Također, naučiti ih kako promatrati i analizirati umjetničko djelo te kako se izražavati likovnim jezikom i likovnim elementima. Rad se dijeli u dva dijela: teorijski i praktični. U teorijskom dijelu objašnjava se pojam likovne umjetnosti te na koja se područja ona dijeli, nabraja se podjela likovnih elemenata i kompozicijskih načela te se razjašnjava podjela likovnih tehnika u četiri kategorije. S druge strane, praktični dio sastoji se od pet nastavnih jedinica provedenih u pet razredna odjela primarnog obrazovanja. Prve dvije nastavne jedinice uključuju promatranje i analizu umjetničkih djela te njihovu međusobnu usporedbu te likovnog izražavanja. Preostale tri nastavne jedinice isključuju likovno izražavanje, odnosno učeničke radove. U prvoj nastavnoj jedinici učenici najprije promatraju i analiziraju reprodukcije, a nakon toga prema promatranju i zamišljanju tehnikom tuba crtaju pročelje katedrale. Druga nastavna jedinica isto se temelji na promatranju i analiziranju umjetničkih djela nakon čega su slikarskom tehnikom gvaš prema promatranju i zamišljanju naslikali mrtvu prirodu. U tre oj nastavnoj jedinici cilj je bio u uvodnome dijelu zainteresirati učenike s pomoću virtualne izložbe za daljnje promatranje i analizu umjetničkih djela te njihovu međusobnu usporedbu. Učenicima su podijeljene ulaznice za virtualnu izložbu koje su ih trebale potaknuti na promišljanje te ih zainteresirati za nastavni sat kako bi aktivno mogli sudjelovati u istome budu i da sat nije uključivao likovno izražavanje. Četvrti nastavni sat temeljio se na istom principu kao i prethodni, dok su tijekom petog nastavnog sata, u uvodnome dijelu, učenici promatrali i pronalazili sličnosti i razlike između dvije pernice, dvije bilježnice i dvije učenice. Za izvedbu prve i druge nastavne jedinice bila su potrebna dva školska sata u trajanju od 90 minuta, dok je za ostale tri nastavne jedinice bio potreban jedan školski sat u trajanju od 45 minuta. Tijekom prve dvije nastavne jedinice učenici su promatrali, analizirali i uspoređivali dva umjetni ka djela nakon ega su po promatranju i zamišljanju nacrtali i naslikali vlastite radove. U radu je izdvojeno 10 učeničkih radova na kojima se primijenila tematska, likovno-jezična, likovno-tehnička i stilska analiza. Također, u radu su izdvojeni odgovori učenika tijekom promatranja i analize umjetničkih djela. Učenički radovi rezultirali su uspješnim likovnim izražavanjem, njihovim interesom i aktivnim sudjelovanjem tijekom analiza.The aim of this thesis is to stimulate primary school students' desire and habit to understand and experience artistic works. It also aims to teach them how to observe and analyze art pieces, and how to express themselves using artistic language and elements. The thesis is divided into two parts: theoretical and practical. The theoretical part explains the concept of visual arts and its different fields, lists the division of visual elements and compositional principles, and clarifies the categorization of artistic techniques into four categories. On the other hand, the practical part consists of five lessons conducted in five different primary school classes. The first two lessons involve observing and analyzing artworks, comparing them, and expressing oneself artistically. The remaining three lessons focus solely on artistic expression, specifically the students' work. In the first lesson, students first observe and analyze reproductions, and then draw the facade of a cathedral using the ink technique based on their observations and imaginations. The second lesson similarly involves observing and analyzing artworks, after which the students paint a still life using the gouache technique based on their observations and imaginations. In the third lesson, the goal was to engage students through a virtual exhibition, encouraging further observation and analysis of artworks and their comparisons. Students received tickets to the virtual exhibition to prompt their thinking and interest in the lesson, which did not include artistic expression. The fourth lesson was based on the same principle as the previous one, while during the fifth lesson, in the introductory part, students observed and identified similarities and differences between two pencil cases, two notebooks, and two students. The first and second lessons required two school periods of 90 minutes each, while the remaining three lessons required one school period of 45 minutes each. During the first two lessons, students observed, analyzed, and compared two artworks, after which they drew and painted their own works based on their observations and imaginations. The thesis highlights 10 student artworks that underwent thematic, artistic-linguistic, artistictechnical, and stylistic analysis. Additionally, the students' responses during the observation and analysis of the artworks are included. The student works demonstrated successful artistic expression, interest, and active participation during the analyses

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