University of Zagreb Faculty of Teacher Education - Digital repository

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    4576 research outputs found

    Methodical-organizational forms of work and physiological load of preschool children

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    Rad "Metodičko-organizacijski oblici rada i fiziološko opterećenje djece predškolske dobi" detaljno istražuje utjecaj različitih pedagoških pristupa na razvoj predškolske djece. Analiziraju se metode tjelesnog i zdravstvenog odgoja, s fokusom na individualizirane, grupne i kombinirane oblike rada. Rad ističe važnost balansiranja metodoloških pristupa s fiziološkim opterećenjem te prilagođavanje obrazovnih programa individualnim potrebama djece. Razmatraju se i fiziološke implikacije ovih metoda, te naglašava važnost kontinuiranog istraživanja i prilagođavanja pedagoških praksi. U konačnici, ovaj rad služi kao vodič za razumijevanje i primjenu metodičko-organizacijskih oblika rada i fiziološkog opterećenja. Njegova vrijednost nije samo u teorijskim saznanjima koja pruža, već i u praktičnim implikacijama za širok spektar sudionika, uključujući odgajatelje, učitelje, roditelje i političke odlučujuće faktore.The thesis "Methodical-Organizational Forms of Work and Physiological Load on Preschool Children" extensively investigates the impact of various pedagogical approaches on the development of preschool-aged children. It analyzes methods in physical and health education, focusing on individualized, group, and combined forms of work. The paper emphasizes the importance of balancing methodological approaches with physiological load and tailoring educational programs to the individual needs of children. It also considers the physiological implications of these methods, underscoring the need for continuous research and adaptation of pedagogical practices. In conclusion, this thesis serves as a guide for understanding and applying methodical-organizational forms of work and physiological load. It's value is not just in theoretical knowledge it provides, but also in it's practical implications for a wide range of participants, including preschool teachers, teachers, parents and political deciding factor

    The benefits of picture books for children's language development

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    Ovaj rad govori o važnosti govora, jezika i komunikacije za zdravo odrastanje i za suživot s drugima, o razvoju govora kod djece, o slikovnici kao mediju koji može biti vrlo poticajan za dječji jezični i ukupni razvoj te, naposljetku, o mogućnostima uporabe slikovnice u ranom i predškolskom odgoju djece, u dječjim vrtićima. Budući da djeca dolaze na svijet s urođenom željom za komunikacijom, odgojitelj kao i odrasli koji ih okružuju, trebaju stvoriti poticajno okružje kako bi se komunikacija mogla ostvariti. Dijete je spremno za usvajanje jezika i ono to i čini na razne načine, uz pomoć osoba koje ga okružuju. Jedan od načina poticanja govorno-jezičnog razvoja jest i čitanje slikovnica. Kako bi slikovnica imala poticajnu ulogu za dječji jezični razvoj, potrebno je birati kvalitetne slikovnice primjerene dobi, mogućnostima kao i interesima djeteta. Osim tekstu u slikovnicama veliku pozornost treba obratiti na ilustracije koje slikom pričaju priču i stvaraju ozračje priče. Zajedničkom čitanju slikovnice treba posvetiti posebnu važnost jer je učinkovito i kvalitetno čitanje oblik aktivnog poučavanja koje se odvija na određeni način i mijenja tijekom djetetova odrastanja. Poticajno dijaloško čitanje ima oblik opuštenog razgovora u kojem se čitanje i razgovor izmjenjuju u određenim fazama koje se odnose na slike koje dijete pokazuje, a tijekom vremena razgovor postaje bogatiji i kompleksniji. Uz slikovnice djeca razvijaju govor, bogate vokabular upoznavanjem novih riječi i obogaćuju spoznaju. Kroz problemske slikovnice mogu se upoznati s raznim događajima, emocijama ili postupcima osoba koje ih mogu potaknuti na razmišljanje ili zaključivanje. Pri čitanju svake slikovnice, a posebno kad je riječ o problemskoj slikovnici, potrebno je s djetetom razgovarati o pročitanom. Na temelju provedenih aktivnosti, može se reći da slikovnice sa sobom nose brojne dobrobiti te mogu biti izvrstan poticaj za razvoj jezika i govora kod djece.This paper discusses the importance of speech, language, and communication for healthy development and coexistence with others, the development of speech in children, the picture book as a medium that can be very stimulating for children's language and overall development, and finally, the possibilities of using picture books in early and preschool education in kindergartens. Since children come into the world with an innate desire for communication, educators and the adults who surround them need to create a stimulating environment for communication to occur. A child is ready to acquire language and does so in various ways with the help of the people around them. One way to encourage speech and language development is by reading picture books. For a picture book to play a stimulating role in a child's language development, it is necessary to choose quality picture books that are appropriate for the child's age, abilities, and interests. In addition to the text, special attention should be paid to the illustrations, which tell the story through images and create the atmosphere of the story. Joint reading of picture books should be given special importance because effective and quality reading is a form of active teaching that takes place in a certain way and changes as the child grows. Stimulating dialogic reading takes the form of a relaxed conversation in which reading and conversation alternate at certain stages related to the pictures the child shows, and over time, the conversation becomes richer and more complex. Through picture books, children develop speech, enrich their vocabulary by learning new words, and enhance their understanding. Through problem-based picture books, they can become familiar with various events, emotions, or actions of people that can encourage them to think or draw conclusions. When reading each picture book, especially when it comes to a problem-based picture book, it is necessary to talk with the child about what has been read. Based on the conducted activities, it can be said that picture books bring numerous benefits and can be an excellent stimulus for the development of language and speech in children

    Gender stereotypes in picturebooks

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    Rodna zastupljenost u dječjoj književnosti dugo je i opsežno istraživana još od ranih klasičnih studija drugog vala feminizma 1970-ih i 1980-ih godina (Ullah, Ali i Naz, 2014). Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju na veliku prisutnost rodnih stereotipa koja je dovela do dva zaključka, a to su dominacija muških likova i preuzimanje muških i ženskih tradicionalnih rodnih uloga. Budući da su slikovnice primaran izvor literature djeci mlađe dobi, one imaju funkciju poticanja ili smanjenja rodnih stereotipa. Sukladno tome, cilj ovog rada bio je ustanoviti zastupljenost rodnih stereotipa u odabranim tradicionalnim i suvremenim slikovnicama te prepoznati i analizirati pojedine obrasce i trendove. Tradicionalne slikovnice koje su odabrane zbog zasićenosti rodnim stereotipima su Gustav Krklec: Što se dobiva od mlijeka, Ana Đokić: Tri sestre, Stan i Jan Berenstain: Medvjedići i kućanski poslovi te Zdenko Mikša: Mali Miha na farmi automobila. Rodni stereotipi proučavali su se u tekstu i samim ilustracijama. Analizom tradicionalnih slikovnica potvrdila se prisutnost rodnih stereotipa u slikovnicama te su zamijećeni obrasci i trendovi utvrđeni prema raznim istraživanjima. U svakoj od slikovnica dominantan je pojedini obrazac, a uočeni su sljedeći obrasci: preuzimanje tradicionalnih muških i ženskih rodnih uloga s obzirom na zanimanja ljudi ruralnih područja, isticanje fizičkog izgleda žena, stereotipan način prikazivanja muških i ženskih uloga s obzirom na raspodjelu kućanskih poslova te pripisivanje dinamične i aktivne uloge muškom liku. Muški i ženski likovi najčešće su predstavljeni u skladu sa svojim tradicionalnim rodnim ulogama. S druge strane, analizirane slikovnice Horst Eckert-Janosch: Tata lav i njegova sretna djeca, Pika Vončina: Emilija u zemlji kotača, Petra Lončar: Čudesan cvijet i Andrea Beaty: Rosie Zakovica, izumiteljica smatraju se suvremenima budući da osporavaju analizirane dominantne obrasce u tradicionalnim slikovnicama, stavljajući naglasak na rodnu ravnopravnost. Međutim, detaljnijom analizom može se uočiti blaga prisutnost rodnih stereotipa koja skreće pozornost na duboku ukorijenjenost tradicionalnih vrijednosti i svjetonazor današnjeg društva.Gender representation in children's literature has been researched and discussed extensively since the early classic studies by second wave feminists in the 1970s and 1980s (Ullah, Ali and Naz, 2014). These early studies asserted that children literature is gender bias, which led to the two major conclusions that are referred to the dominance of male characters and the assumption of male and female traditional gender roles. Since picturebooks are primary source of literature for children, their function is to encourage or reduce gender stereotypes. Accordingly, the purpose of this paper was to establish the representations of gender stereotypes in traditional and contemporary picturebooks and to recognize and analyse certain patterns and trends. Traditional picturebooks that were chosen due to the saturation of gender stereotypes are Gustav Krklec: Što se dobiva od mlijeka, Ana Đokić: Tri sestre, Stan and Jan Berenstain: Medvjedići i kućanski poslovi and Zdenko Mikša: Mali Miha na farmi automobila. Gender stereotypes were studied in the text and the illustrations themselves. The analysis of traditional picturebooks confirmed the presence of gender stereotypes in the picturebooks and patterns established according to various authors were discovered. In each of the picturebooks, a particular pattern was dominant, and the following patterns were observed: the assumption of traditional male and female gender roles with regard to the occupations of people in rural areas, the emphasis on the physical appearance of women, the stereotypical way of portraying male and female roles with regard to the distribution of household chores and attributing dynamic and active roles to the male character. Male and female characters are most often presented in accordance with their traditional gender roles. On the other hand, analysed picturebooks like Horst Eckert-Janosch: Tata lav i njegova sretna djeca, Pika Vončina: Emilija u zemlji kotača, Petra Lončar: Čudesan cvijet and Andrea Beaty: Rosie Zakovica, izumiteljica are considered contemporary since they challenge the analysed dominant patterns in traditional picturebooks, emphasizing gender equality. However, considering a detailed analysis, a subtle presence of gender stereotypes is noticed, which draws attention to deep rooted traditional values and worldview of today's society

    The creative models of teaching historical content in primary education

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    Suvremeno školstvo zahtijeva prisutnost kreativnog poučavanja unutar nastavnog procesa, stoga je uloga škola kao odgojno-obrazovnih ustanova ponuditi učenicima modele poučavanja koji će ih pripremiti ne samo za daljnje obrazovanje, već i za život. U takvoj suvremenoj školi, uloga učenika više nije statična kao nekada, učenici gube ulogu pasivnih promatrača nastavnog procesa te postaju aktivni sudionici istoga. Sukladno tome, učiteljeva se uloga neizbježno mijenja. Učitelj više nije jedini dostupan izvor znanja, a reprodukcija informacija nije dovoljna. Učenici i učitelji međusobnom suradnjom postaju aktivni dionici stvaralačkog procesa. Kao i u brojnim područjima znanosti, napredak često dolazi pogledom u prošlost. Tako je i cilj ovoga rada, pomoću povijesnih sadržaja unutar nastavnog predmeta Prirode i društva u razrednoj nastavi, istražiti koje kreativne tehnike i metode potiču kreativnost i interes učenika u poučavanju povijesnih sadržaja. Cilj je detaljnije ispitati na koji način potaknuti interes učenika prema povijesnim sadržajima te u konačnici pobuditi interes učenika prema hrvatskoj povijesti i potaknuti učitelje na upotrebu kreativnih tehnika unutar nastavnih sadržaja, koji su nerijetko učenicima teško shvatljivi ili monotoni. U istraživanju su sudjelovala dva četvrta razreda jedne zagrebačke osnovne škole. U jednom četvrtom razredu održana su tri nastavna sata prirode i društva s povijesnom tematikom na tradicionalan način. U drugom četvrtom razredu održana su tri nastavna sata iste nastavne jedinice koristeći kreativne modele učenja i poučavanja povijesnih sadržaja poput igre uloga ili oluje ideja. Kroz oba nastavna sata pratila se motivacija, interes i znanje učenika. Pomoću anketnih upitnika i ispita znanja rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da odabir metoda poučavanja u određenoj mjeri ovisi o interesu i motivaciji učenika prema povijesnim sadržajima unutar predmeta prirode i društva.Modern schooling requires the presence of creative teaching within the teaching process, therefore the role of schools as educational institutions is to offer students teaching models which will prepare them not only for further education, but also for life. In such a modern school, the role of students is no longer as static as it used to be, students lose their role as passive observers of the teaching process and become active participants in it. Accordingly, the teacher's role is inevitably changing in this process. The teacher is no longer the only available source of knowledge, and reproduction of information is not enough. Through mutual cooperation, students and teachers become active participants in the creative process. As in many fields of science, progress often comes by looking back in the past. Thus, the aim of this work is to investigate the techniques and methods that can offer students creative teaching models using the historical content of the teaching subject Nature and Society in primary education. The goal is to minutely examine how to stimulate students' interest in historical content and to ultimately stimulate students' interest in Croatian history and encourage teachers to use creative techniques within teaching content, which are almost never difficult for students to understand or monotonous. Two fourth grades from the same Zagreb primary school participated in the research. In the first fourth grade, three Nature and Society classes with a historical theme were held the classic way. In the other fourth grade, three lessons of the same teaching unit were held using creative models of teaching historical content, such as roleplaying or brainstorming. Students' motivation, interest and knowledge were being monitored throughout both lessons. Using questionnaires and knowledge tests, the results of the research showed that the choice of teaching methods depends to a certain extent on the interest and motivation of the students towards the historical content within the subject of Nature and Society

    Benefits and Challenges of Introducing Therapy Dogs into English Language Classrooms: Experts' Opinions

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    In the contemporary educational system, where experimental programs such as Škola za život (eng. School for Life) and Cjelodnevna nastava (eng. Whole-Day School) emphasize lifelong learning and the development of student competencies, it is very challenging for the teachers choose strategies, methods and approaches to enable their students to learn as effectively as possible. In today’s digital age, it can be difficult for students to follow lessons and maintain focus, especially students with disabilities who are increasingly integrated into the educational process. Therefore, teachers must abandon traditional teaching and adapt lessons to the needs of their classes. One approach that has gained significant attention in recent years is the inclusion of therapy dogs in the educational process. This paper explores the process of implementing a therapy dog into the teaching process and suggests solutions for potential challenges that may arise. Furthermore, it describes the benefits of introducing such a dog into the educational process, with a special focus on foreign language classrooms (in this case, English). It also examines the opinions of experts across Croatia who have experience working with therapy dogs and children, as well as their experience in educational institutions and their views on the implementation of such dogs in the teaching process.U suvremenom obrazovnom sustavu, gdje eksperimentalni programi poput Škole za život (eng. School for Life) i Cjelodnevne nastava (eng. Whole-Day School) stavljaju naglasak na cjeloživotno učenje i razvoj učeničkih kompetencija, učiteljima je vrlo izazovno odabrati strategije, metode i pristupe kojima bi svojim učenicima omogućili što učinkovitije učenje. U današnje digitalno doba učenicima može biti teško pratiti nastavu i zadržati fokus, posebno učenicima s teškoćama u razvoju koji su sve više integrirani u obrazovni proces. Stoga učitelji moraju napustiti tradicionalnu nastavu i prilagoditi nastavu potrebama svojih razreda. Jedan pristup koji je privukao značajnu pažnju posljednjih godina je uključivanje terapijskih pasa u obrazovni proces. Ovaj rad istražuje proces uvođenja terapijskog psa u nastavni proces i predlaže rješenja za moguće izazove koji se mogu pojaviti. Nadalje, opisuje se dobrobit uvođenja takvog psa u obrazovni proces, s posebnim osvrtom na učionice stranih jezika (u ovom slučaju engleskog). Također uključuje mišljenja stručnjaka diljem Hrvatske koji imaju iskustva u radu s terapijskim psima i djecom, kao i njihova iskustva u odgojno-obrazovnim ustanovama te njihova viđenja implementacije takvih pasa u nastavni proces

    Đurđevac speech in classroom teaching (presentation of thematic activities)

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    Đurđevački mjesni govor karakterističan je po mnogočemu. Od fonoloških i leksičkih karakteristika do kulturnih aspekata korištenja. Kako bi se učenicima približila važnost korištenja mjesnog govora, osmišljene su i provedene tematske aktivnosti u trećem razredu osnovne škole. Cilj tematskih aktivnosti bio je učenicima osvijestiti razlike u hrvatskom standardnom i mjesnom govoru. Također, cilj ovih projektnih aktivnosti bio je uvidjeti koliko su današnja djeca upoznata s mjesnim govorom koji ih okružuje, koliko žele da se mjesni govor koristi u školi i u kojoj ga mjeri razumiju. Također, rad je nastao u želji poticanja učenika na korištenje mjesnoga govora, govora koji ih je okruživao tijekom čitavog odrastanja. Teorijski dio rada predstavlja govor u razrednoj nastavi, komunikaciju tijekom nastave, onu koja se odvija među učenicima, koja je usputna, neslužbena i odvija se spontano. Nadalje, rad predstavlja govor općenito, kako se govor može poticati te kako je govorno okružje utjecalo i još uvijek utječe na govorni razvoj djeteta. Uz to, u radu se spominje dječji jezični razvoj u kojem dolazi do susretanja zavičajnoga govora, govora kojim su okruženi svakodnevno sve do dolaska u prvi razred osnovne škole, kada učenici započinju sa sustavnim usvajanjem, učenjem i korištenjem hrvatskoga standardnog jezika. Kako je predmet ovoga rada kajkavsko narječje, ono se predstavlja – spominje se gdje je rasprostranjeno, koje su njegove osobitosti i koje su posebnosti leksika kajkavskog narječja. Naglasak je stavljen na đurđevački mjesni govor zato što su tematske aktivnosti provedene u đurđevačkoj osnovnoj školi. U radu se spominje kajkavska dječja pisana baština koja se na jednostavne i zabavne načine može uključiti u bilo koji sat kako bi se ostvarili zadani ishodi pojedinih predmeta. Tematske aktivnosti osvijestile su važnost korištenja mjesnoga govora kako ne bi došlo do izumiranja važnog dijela kulturnog identiteta prostora i pojedinaca koji se tim govorom koriste. Aktivnosti su zadovoljile zadane ishode i uspješno su provedene.The local dialect of Đurđevac is characterized by many unique features, ranging from phonological and lexical characteristics to cultural aspects of its use. To bring students closer to the importance of using the local dialect, thematic activities were designed and implemented in the third grade of primary school. The goal of these thematic activities was to raise students awareness of the differences between the Croatian standard language and the local dialect. Additionally, the goal of these project activities is to understand how familiar today's children are with the local dialect that surrounds them, how much they want the local dialect to be used in school, and to what extent they understand it. Furthermore, this thesis was created with the desire to encourage students to use the local dialect, a dialect that has surrounded them throughout their growing up. The theoretical part of the thesis presents speech in classroom teaching, communication during lessons, the informal and spontaneous communication that occurs among students. Furthermore, the work presents speech in general, how speech can be encouraged, and how the speaking environment has influenced and continues to influence the speech development of a child. In addition, the work mentions children's language development, in which they encounter the local dialect that surrounds them daily until they enter the first grade of primary school, when they begin the systematic acquisition, learning, and use of the Croatian standard language. Since the subject of this thesis is the Kajkavian dialect, it is presented—mentioning where it is widespread, its characteristics, and the peculiarities of the Kajkavian lexicon. Emphasis is placed on the local dialect of Đurđevac because the thematic activities were conducted in the Đurđevac primary school. The thesis mentions Kajkavian children's written heritage, which can be included in any lesson in simple and entertaining ways to achieve the set outcomes of individual subjects. The thematic activities raised awareness of the importance of using the local dialect to prevent the extinction of an important part of the cultural identity of the area and individuals who use this dialect. The activities met the set outcomes and were successfully implemented

    Claude Monet's painting as an artistic inspiration

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    Ovaj diplomski rad usmjerio se na slikarstvo Claudea Oscara Moneta, Francuza koji je bio najznačajniji predstavnik francuskog impresionističkog slikarstva, ali i slikarstva uopće. Rad je napisan u dva dijela, teorijskom i praktičnom, to jest vlastitom stvaralaštvu. U teorijskom se dijelu opisivao način na koji se impresionizam rađao te kako se mladi Monet uspješno borio sa svim životnim izazovima, počevši od izazova privatnog života pa sve do istupanja na javnu scenu. Teorijski dio rada, dakle, obuhvatio je razloge zbog kojih je impresionistički način slikanja bio neprijateljski dočekan na svojevremenim izložbama. Najveći razlog tome je taj što su kritičari ovakav način slikanja i stvaranja percipirali kao puke skice, impresije, a ne kao dovršene radove. Osim toga, do tada je bilo strano slikati na otvorenom, bilježiti promjene u krajoliku, a u ovome se radu opisao način na koji su, i u kolikoj mjeri, impresionisti, a tako i Claude Monet, uspjeli u promicanju takvog likovnog izraza. Rad je ponajviše opisao upravo stvaralaštvo i odjek Moneta, s obzirom da je njegovo slikarstvo bilo likovni poticaj u praktičnome dijelu ovoga rada. U praktičnom se dijelu rada opisivao stvaralački put koji je doveo do završnih slika, koje su također predstavljene u radu. Opisivao se i likovni jezik i likovne tehnike, čija je primjena bila neizostavna za uspješan ishod praktičnog dijela rada. Nadalje, objasnio se i razlog odabira motiva slika praktičnog rada, a cijeli praktični dio potkrijepljen je dokumentiranim fazama u vlastitome stvaralaštvu.This master's thesis described painting, which was characteristic for Claude Oscar Monet, the French who was one of the main representatives of French impressionist painting, but also one of the most famous painters in the world. The thesis consisted of a theoretical and a practical part. Also, the practical part consisted of the author's own painting. The theoretical part described the ways in which impressionism developed, but also Monet's struggles with private and business challenges. Therefore, theoretical part of thesis explained why impressionistic way of painting was reluctantly welcomed by the audience and the jury. The main reason was that the critics considered these paintings to be sketches and drafts rather than finished works. Moreover, outdoor painting was unknown and unusual, as well as recording changes in landscape. This master’s thesis described how successful the Impressionists, as well as Monet, were in promoting such artistic expression. The thesis mainly described Monet’s life and work, because his painting was an artistic inspiration in practical part of the thesis. In practical part of this master’s thesis, the creative path that was significant for the success of the final fine art was presented. Also, the art language and art techniques that were used was described. In addition, the reason why those motifs were chosen also was stated. Moreover, the entire practical part of the thesis was supported by documented stages in author’s work

    Increase in obesity in elementary school children after COVID

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    Pandemija COVID-19 donijela je mnoge promjene i izazove u životima odraslih, ali i djece. Utjecala je na povećanje pretilosti kod djece, a osim što neprestano raste postotak pretilosti, neprestano se smanjuje i postotak tjelesne aktivnosti i raste postotak sedentarnog načina života. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi stanje pretilosti i promijenjenih životnih navika kod učenika 4. razreda osnovne škole nakon pandemije COVID-19. Sudionici istraživanja bili su roditelji učenika četvrtih razreda jedne osnovne škole u Zagrebu, tj. 44 učenika oba spola u dobi od 10 do 11 godina. Od 44 roditelja sudjelovalo je 23 roditelja djevojčica i 21 roditelj dječaka gdje se istraživalo postoji li rizik pretilosti. Uzorak varijabli činilo je 3 varijable antropometrijskih karakteristika: tjelesna visina i tjelesna težina te indeks tjelesne mase.The COVID-19 pandemic has brought many changes and challenges in the lives of adults and children. It has influenced the increase of obesity in children, and besides the percentage of obesity constantly increasing, the percentage of physical activity is constantly decreasing and the percentage of sedentary lifestyle is increasing. The aim of this research was to determine the state of obesity and changed lifestyle habits of 4th grade elementary school students after the COVID-19 pandemic. The research participants were parents of fourth-grade students at an elementary school in Zagreb, i.e. 44 students of both sexes aged 10 to 11 years. Out of 44 parents, 23 parents of girls and 21 parents of boys participated, where it was investigated whether there is a risk of obesity. The sample of variables consisted of 3 variables of anthropometric characteristics: body height and body weight and body mass index

    Preschool childrens addiction to new medias

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    Mediji su postali neizostavan dio ljudske svakodnevnice i današnje se društvo teško može zamisliti bez njih. Svaki je novi dan prisutnije sve više medija, svakog trena dolaze novi koji ulaze u živote ljudi i postaju njihov sastavni dio. U današnje su vrijeme djeca sve više izložena medijima i bez njihove je prisutnosti nemoguće zamisliti djetetovo odrastanje, što uvelike utječe na njihov rast i razvoj. Ovisnost predškolske djece o novim medijima tema je ovoga diplomskog rada. U radu će biti objašnjeni novi mediji, kao i njihov utjecaj na djecu predškolske dobi. Cilj je ovoga rada ukazati na pretjeranu ovisnost djece o medijima, kao i na važnost uloge roditelja i odgojitelja u procesu djetetova odrastanja i sprečavanja loših utjecaja koje digitalni svijet može donijeti i vrlo lako prenijeti na dijete. U ovome je diplomskom radu provedeno istraživanje koje je utemeljeno hipotezama: roditelji nisu dovoljno upućeni o mogućim negativnim utjecajima medija na djecu predškolske dobi, mediji imaju više negativan nego pozitivan utjecaj na djecu te roditelji smatraju kako njihova djeca provode previše vremena na medijima. Ispitani su roditelji djece predškolske dobi dječjih vrtića u Petrinji putem on-line ankete. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju kako roditelji većim dijelom smatraju da mediji imaju negativan utjecaj na njihovu djecu te se iz toga može zaključiti da su hipoteze dobro postavljene.The media have become an indispensable part of human everyday life, and today's society can hardly be imagined without them. Every new day, more and more media are present, new ones are coming every moment, they enter people's lives and become an integral part of them. Nowadays, children are increasingly exposed to the media and it is impossible to imagine a child growing up without their presence, which greatly affects their growth and development. Preschool children's addiction to new media is the topic of this thesis. The paper will explain new media, as well as their influence on preschool children. The aim of this paper is to point out the excessive dependence of children on the media, as well as to point out the importance of the role of parents and educators in the process of the child growing up and preventing bad influences that the digital world can bring and very easily transfer to the child. In this thesis, research was conducted based on the hypotheses: parents are not sufficiently informed about the possible negative effects of the media on preschool children, the media has more negative than positive influence on children, and parents believe that their children spend too much time on the media. Parents of preschool children from kindergartens in Petrinja were surveyed through an online survey. The results of the research show that parents mostly believe that the media has a negative influence on their children, and from this it can be concluded that the hypotheses set are well established

    Teaching English Figurative Expressions to Young Learners

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    The aim of this paper is to explore how to teach English figurative expressions to young learners. Based on contemporary vocabulary teaching methods and the Cognitive Linguistic approach to figurative language, a lesson plan was created which provides research-based activities that serve as an introduction to figurative language for fourth-graders. Six idioms are included in the lesson plan, which describe people’s personalities and behaviour through animals. The paper gives an overview of vocabulary teaching in L2 and teaching methods that could be used with young learners. Figurative language has not yet been explicitly included in the young learner classroom as it is believed to be too difficult for children. EFL textbooks for young learners include a small number of figurative expressions, all of which are taught implicitly. Only advanced learners get to learn figurative language explicitly. However, research has shown that children can understand figurative expressions in L2 from an early age. The Cognitive Linguistic approach to figurative language has been proved to be efficient for teaching figurative expressions to foreign language learners. It was concluded that, in figurative language teaching, teachers should raise young learners’ metaphor awareness. The connection between literal and figurative meanings should be made explicit. The expressions taught should be transparent and based on young learners’ age and conceptual knowledge. Figurative expressions should have simple vocabulary and structure, and high frequency of use. It is important to select appropriate teaching methods to aid comprehension, such as contextual clues, verbal explanations, TPR, elicitation, translation, and peer-teaching.Cilj je ovog rada istražiti kako poučavati figurativne izraze učenicima mlađe školske dobi. Na temelju suvremenih metoda poučavanja vokabulara i kognitivnolingvističkog pristupa figurativnom jeziku izrađena je priprema za sat koja nudi aktivnosti temeljene na istraživanjima i koje služe kao uvod u figurativni jezik za učenike četvrtog razreda. Šest frazema uključeno je u pripremu za sat. Oni opisuju ljudske osobine i ponašanja koristeći životinje. U radu se daje pregled poučavanja vokabulara u stranome jeziku i metoda poučavanja koje se mogu koristiti s učenicima mlađe školske dobi. Figurativni jezik još nije izravno uključen u nastavu za učenike mlađe školske dobi jer se smatra da je prezahtjevan za djecu. Udžbenici engleskoga kao stranog jezika za niže razrede sadrže mali broj figurativnih izraza koji se poučavaju implicitno. Figurativni jezik eksplicitno se poučava samo naprednim učenicima. Međutim, istraživanja pokazuju da djeca mogu razumjeti figurativne izraze u stranom jeziku od rane dobi. Kognitivnolingvistički pristup figurativnom jeziku dokazano je učinkovit za poučavanje figurativnih izraza učenicima stranog jezika mlađe školske dobi. Zaključeno je da, pri poučavanju figurativnog jezika, učitelji trebaju osvijestiti učenike mlađe školske dobi o postojanju metafore. Doslovna i figurativna značenja trebaju se izravno povezivati. Izrazi koji se poučavaju trebali bi biti transparentni i prilagođeni dobi i konceptualnom znanju učenika mlađe školske dobi. Figurativni izrazi trebaju imati jednostavan vokabular i strukturu te visoku čestotu upotrebe. Bitno je odabrati odgovarajuće metode poučavanja za bolje razumijevanje, kao što su kontekstualne naznake, usmena objašnjenja, metoda poučavanja pokretom, ilustracije koje traže usmeni odgovor od učenika, prevođenje i vršnjačko poučavanje

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