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Nuclear forces and elementary particles
No full textU završnom radu opisat će se elementarne čestice i nuklearne sile. Porastom broja elementarnih čestica nametnula se potreba za njihovom podjelom koja se s godinama istraživanja i izvođenjem pokusa, mijenjala i nadopunjavala. Elementarne čestice dijele se u skupine koje su opisane u standardnom modelu čestica. Trenutno postoji 12 elementarnih čestica koje čine materiju, a zajedničkim imenom zovu se fermioni i 6 čestica bozona. Sila koje djeluju između nukleona (proton i neutron) u jezgri atoma naziva se nuklearna sila. Dijeli se na jaku i slabu nuklearnu silu. Jaka nuklearna sila predstavlja međudjelovanje između kvarkova i gluona, a slaba nuklearna sila između kvarkova i leptona.In this BSc thesis elementary particles and nuclear forces will be described. As the number of elementary particles increased, so did the need for their division arose, which changed and supplemented with years of research and the performance of experiments. Elementary particles are divided into groups described in the Standard model of particles. Currently, there are 12 elementary particles that make up matter, and by common name they are called fermions and 6 particles of bosons. The force acting between the nucleons (proton and neutron) in the nucleus of an atom is called the nuclear force. It is divided into strong and weak nuclear force. A strong nuclear force represents the interaction between quarks and gluons, and a weak nuclear force between quarks and leptons
Administrative (inspection) affairs of navigation safety in the Republic of Croatia
No full textOrganizacija službe sigurnosti plovidbe sve poslove dijeli u dvije glavne skupine: upravne (inspekcijske) i tehničko-stručne poslove. Tehničko-stručni poslovi vezani su uz poslove uređenja i održavanja plovnih putova. Upravni odnosno inspekcijski poslovi tiču se međunarodnopravnog aspekta sigurnosti plovidbe kojeg provode za to nadležne i specijalizirane organizacije u skladu s međunarodnim konvencijama i propisima države. U Republici Hrvatskoj, Ministarstvo mora, prometa i infrastrukture nadležno je za provođenje upravnih (inspekcijskih) poslova sigurnosti plovidbe i to prvenstveno putem lučkih kapetanija i njihovih ispostava. U radu se daje prikaz važnosti provođenja inspekcijskog nadzora nad brodovima i drugim pomorskim objektima radi sigurnosti plovidbe morem, sigurnosti ljudskih života na moru kao i sprječavanja onečišćenja mora.The organization of the navigation safety services divides all tasks into two main groups: administrative (inspection) and technical-professional tasks. The technical-professional tasks are focused on the arrangement and maintenance of waterways. The administrative or the inspection activities concern the international legal aspect of safety of navigation carried out by competent and specialized organizations in accordance with international conventions and regulations of the state. In the Republic of Croatia, the Ministry of the Sea, Transport and Infrastructure is responsible for conducting administrative (inspection) affairs of navigational safety primarily through harbour master offices and their branches. The paper presents the importance of conducting inspections of ships and other maritime facilities for the safety of navigation at sea, the safety of human lives at sea as well as the prevention of marine pollution
Atomic nucleus and scientific review
No full textAtomska jezgra predstavlja samo središnje područje atoma. Atomska se jezgra sastoji od dva tipa subatomskih čestica, i to: protona i neutrona. Atomi predstavljaju gradivne blokove bilo koje materije. Sve što se može vidjeti ljudskim okom, osjetiti i dodirnuti, sastavljeno je od atoma. Analogno tome postoje i neke gradivne tvari koje čovjek ne može opaziti, osjetiti, ili dodirnuti, a koje su također sastavljene od atoma. U suštini, sve je sastavljeno od atoma. Ernest Rutherford je 1909. godine provodio je eksperimente koji su ostali poznati kao eksperimenti sa zlatnom folijom. Tijekom eksperimenta čestice bi prolazile kroz izuzetno tanke listove zlatne folije. Zahvaljujući tome eksperimentu Rutherford je 1911. došao do zaključka da atom posjeduje gustu jezgru s obzirom da većina čestica nije odstupala od očekivanog smjera, a tek malobrojne čestice (jedna čestica na svakih 8000) bi se odbile pod kutom od oko 90º. Ova teorija je uklonila pretpostavku da je atom više strukturiran poput pudinga od šljive (Thomsonov model atomske strukture). Model pudinga od šljive predstavljao je ključni model atomske strukture do Rutherfordovih nalaza. U ovome radu je na koncizan način iskazan znanstveni prikaz atomske jezgre.The atomic nucleus represents only the central region of the atom. The atomic nucleus consists of two types of subatomic particles, namely: protons and neutrons. Atoms are the building blocks that are matter. Everything that can be seen by the human eye, sensitive and touching, is made up of atoms. However, there are also some things that human being cannot perceive, feel, or touch, and which are also composed of atoms. Basically, everything is made up of atoms. In 1909, Ernest Rutherford performed experiments known as experiments with gold foil. During the experiment, the particles went through extremely thin sheets of gold foil. In 1911, Rutherford came to the conclusion that the atom possessed a dense nucleus since most particles went through equally, but some particles bounced off at an angle of 90º. This theory removed the assumption that the atom was more structured like plum pudding. The plum pudding model was a key model of the atomic structure to Rutherford's findings. In this thesis, the scientific presentation of the atomic nucleus is presented in a concise way
Influence of Covid-19 on Cruise Companies
No full textPandemija Covid – 19 jedna je od najvećih zdravstvenih, ekonomskih i socijalno-društvenih katastrofa koje čovječanstvo pamti. U ovom radu primarni cilj biti će pojasniti kako Covid – 19 kriza utječe na poslovanje kruzing kompanija, kao i na njihove zaposlenike te putnike. No kako bi se lakše razumjelo taj utjecaj, biti će pojašnjeno što je to Covid – 19 te kako on djeluje na fizičko i mentalno zdravlje ljudi. Uz informacije o samoj bolesti, biti će opisano i kako ona utječe na gospodarske grane i zaposlenost po njima, što međuostalim ima utjecaj na korisnike kruzerskih usluga i što će uz ostale faktore kreirati budućnost kruzing industrije.The Covid - 19 pandemic is one of the greatest health, economic and social disasters that humanity can remember. In this paper, the primary goal will be to clarify how the Covid - 19 crisis affects the business of cruise companies, as well as their employees and passengers. However, in order to better understand this impact, it will be clarified what Covid-19 is and how it affects people's physical and mental health. In addition to information about the disease itself, it will be described how it affects industries and employment by them, which, among other things, has an impact on users of cruise services and which, among other factors, will create the future of the cruise industry
Analysis of legal framework of maritime English usage
No full textPorastom pomorske industrije raste i raznovrsnost posade koja dolazi sa svih
krajeva svijeta. Sukladno tome dolazi do potrebe za ujednačavanjem razmjene informacija
na istom jeziku među posadom na brodu, posadom jednog broda s posadom drugog te
razmjene informacija između broda i kopna. Engleski jezik se nametnuo kao takav i
postaje glavnim jezikom pomorske industrije. Kroz bogatu i iscrpno opisanu Englesku
pomorsku povijest koja uključuje i brojne kolonije Velike Britanije, nastali su žargoni
pomorskog engleskog jezika koji se i dalje koriste u svakodnevnici pomoraca diljem
svijeta. Tijekom vremena javlja se potreba postavljanja regulativa u korištenju engleskog
jezika u pomorstvu, pa su tako svakodnevne radnje na brodu popraćene sa standardnim
pomorsko – komunikacijskim izrazima (engl. Standard Maritime Communication Phrases
– SMCP) kako bi se izbjegli mogući nesporazumi. Daljnjim razvojem specijalnih
aktivnosti u pomorstvu, pomorski engleski jezik se koristi kao jezik za posebne svrhe
(engl. English for Specific Purposes - ESP) gdje je stvorena nova grana u lingvistici koja
zahtijeva i novi način edukacije pomorskog engleskog jezika. Štoviše, pomorski engleski
jezik se dijeli i prema ograncima struke u samoj pomorskoj industriji, gdje je pomorski
engleski jezik za nautičara sastavljen na temelju aktivnosti koji se obavljaju na mostu te
specifičnostima komunikacije. Pomorski engleski jezik kojeg koriste brodostrojari se
temelji na konstrukciji i elementima glavnog stroja te načinu rada pomoćnih postrojenja.
Postoji i ogranak pomorskog engleskog jezika kojeg koristi osoblje na putničkim
brodovima te se uglavnom odnosi na komunikaciju između osoblja i gostiju.As the maritime industry grows, grows the diversity of crews coming from all over
the world. Accordingly, there is a need to standardize the exchange of information in the
same language between the ship's crew, between the crew of one ship and the crew of
another and the exchange of information between ship and shore. English has imposed
itself as such and has become the main language of the maritime industry. Through the rich
and exhaustively described Anglo - maritime history and with the extensive colonization of
Great Britain, the jargons of the maritime English language are still used in everyday life
of seafarers around the world. During the ordinary course of events, regulations are set
regarding the use of English in maritime affairs, in such a way that daily actions on board
are accompanied by standard maritime communication phrases (SMCP) so that the
possibility of misunderstanding is avoided as much as possible. With the further
development of special activities in maritime affairs, maritime English is used as a
language for special purposes (English for Specific Purposes - ESP). A new branch in
linguistics has been created that requires a new way of educating maritime English.
Moreover, maritime English is divided according to different branches of the profession in
the maritime industry, where maritime English for navigators is composed according to
activities performed on the bridge and the phrases used in that type of communication. The
maritime English used by ship engineers is in accordance with the construction and
elements of the main engine and how the auxiliary machinery works. There is also a
branch of maritime English used by staff on passenger ships and mainly related to
communication between staff and guests
International Safety Management Code (ISM)
No full textBrojne pomorske nesreće, sa kobnim posljedicama kako na ljudske živote, tako i na okoliš,
dogodile su se uslijed ljudskih pogrešaka. To je potaklo Međunarodnu pomorsku organizaciju
na poboljšanje i nadopunu postojeće regulative, kako bi povećali razinu sigurnosti na moru,
sačuvali ljudske živote, imovinu i brodove te spriječili onečišćenje okoliša. U skladu s tim, kao
nadopuna SOLAS Konvencije, uveden je ISM Kodeks, tj. Međunarodni pravilnik o sigurnom
upravljanju. Cilj Kodeksa je osiguravanje sigurnosti na moru, sprečavanje ljudskih ozljeda i
gubitaka života te izbjegavanje štete za okoliš, a budući da je pisan jasno i jednostavno,
primjenjiv je na sve brodove. Razvoj tehnologije i napredak u pomorskoj industriji, doveo je i
do podizanja razine svijesti o mogućem sprečavanju nesreća te su sustavi upravljanja
sigurnošću postali veoma bitan čimbenik pomorskog prometa.Numerous maritime accidents, with the fatal consequences of both human lives, and on the
environment, have occurred due to human mistakes. This prompted an International Maritime
Organization to improve and supplement the existing regulations, to increase the level of
security at the sea, preserve human lives, assets and boats and prevent environmental
contamination. Accordingly, as a complement to the SOLAS Convention, an ISM Code, ie the
International Safety Management Code, was introduced. The goal of the Code is to ensure sea
security, preventing human injuries and losses of life and avoiding environmental damage, and
since it is clear and easy, it is applicable to all ships. The development of technology and
advancement in the aide industry has also led to raising awareness of possible accident
prevention and security management systems became a very important factor of maritime
traffic
Risks of hydrogen sulfid poisoning on merchant navy ships
No full textOvaj rad razmatra pitanja mogućnosti i rizika trovanja sumporovodikom (H2S), na brodovima trgovačke mornarice. U praksi nerijetko čujemo o opasnostima kojima su radnici na ovakvim vrstama brodova izloženi, oprema i određena obuka koju svaki pomorac mora proći ključne su u smanjivanju broja ovakvih nesreća. Otrovni plinovi u organizam mogu ući vrlo lako najčešće preko respiratornog sustava ali moguće je i trovanjem putem dodira sa kožom ukoliko je plin ukapljen ili prilikom kontakta sa sluznicom oka. Plin na koji često nailazimo na brodovima trgovačke mornarice je upravo sumporovodik. Ukoliko je čovjek izložen prekomjernoj količini ovoga plina on postaje izrazito štetan i može dovesti do kobnih posljedica pa tako i do smrti. Plin ima miris na pokvarena jaja pa ga je moguće na vrijeme uočiti i sanirati, no ne smijemo ga nikako zanemariti. Na brodovima trgovačke mornarice odnosno u zatvorenim prostorima ovih brodova se najčešće događaju nesreće i trovanja sa H2S-om. Najveći problem nastupa kod čišćenja zatvorenih prostora u kojem se prevozio određeni teret za kojeg se očekuje da sadrži H2S. U radu je opisano kako prepoznati sumporovodik, mjesta i postupke kojih se treba pridržavati pri rukovanju sa ovim plinom kao i postupke koje treba znati dođe li do kontaminacije sa H2S-om.This paper discusses the possibilities and risks of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) poisoning on merchant navy ships. In practice, we often hear about the dangers to which workers on these types of ships are exposed, the equipment and certain training that every seafarer must undergo is crucial in reducing the number of such accidents. Toxic gases can enter the body very easily, usually through the respiratory system, but it is also possible poisoning by contact with the skin if the gas is liquefied or in contact with the mucous membrane of the eye. The gas we often come across on merchant ships is precisely hydrogen sulfide. If a person is exposed to an excessive amount of this gas, it becomes extremely harmful and can lead to fatal consequences and thus even death. The gas carries with it the smell of rotten eggs, so it is possible to spot and repair it in time, but we must not ignore it in any way. Accidents and poisonings with H2S most often occur on the ships of the merchant navy, ie in the closed spaces of these ships. The biggest problem occurs when cleaning enclosed spaces in which a certain cargo was transported, which is expected to contain H2S. The paper describes how to identify hydrogen sulfide, the places and procedures to be followed when handling this gas as well as the procedures to know if contamination with H2S occurs
Policy marine insurance
No full textUgovor o pomorskom osiguranju je ugovor kojim se ugovaratelj osiguranja obvezuje da će osiguratelju platiti premiju osiguranja ili doprinos, a osiguratelj se obvezuje ugovaratelju osiguranja da će osiguraniku, ako nastane događaj koji znači osigurani slučaj, sukladno odredbama ugovora, isplatiti osigurninu. Stranke ugovora o pomorskom osiguranju su osiguratelj, osiguranik i ugovaratelj osiguranja. Osigurani predmet, osigurani rizici, osigurana vrijednost, premija osiguranja i osigurani slučaj su bitni elementi ugovora o osiguranju. Pomorska polica je isprava koja dokazuje postojanje sklopljenog ugovora o osiguranju koju potpisuje osiguratelj.The contract of marine insurance is a contract under which the policyholder agrees with the insurer to pay the insurance premium or contribution, and the insurer commits to the policyholder that he will pay the insurer, in the case of the insured event, in accordance with the provision of the contract. The parties in a marine insurance contract are the insurer, the insured and the insurance policyholder. The insured item, insured risks, insured value, insurance premium and insured event are the essential elements of the insurance contract. A maritime policy is a document that proves the existence of an insurance contract signed by an insurer
Legal status of maritime objects in the Republic of Croatia
No full textU ovom radu prikazuje se pravni status pomorskih objekata Republike Hrvatske koji je reguliran Pomorskim Zakonikom. Izmjene i dopune Pomorskog zakonika iz 2019. donose brojne promjene koje se odnose na definicije broda, jahte i brodice a samim time i na status tih plovnih objekata. Obrazlažu se razlozi promjena definicija i duljina najvažnijih pomorskih objekata a to su brod, jahta i brodica. Odredbe Pomorskog zakonika usklađene su s najvišim standardima propisanim međunarodnim konvencijama i direktivama EU pa je u radu i prikazana važnost utvrđivanja sposobnosti brodova i drugih plovnih objekata za plovidbu odnosno plutajućih i nepomičnih objekata za uporabu s krajnjim ciljem zaštite ljudskih života i imovine na moru te zaštite morskog okoliša. U Hrvatskoj poslove utvrđivanja sposobnosti za plovidbu obavlja Hrvatski registar brodova. Posebno se u radu prikazuje sustav upisivanja svih plovnih i pomorskih objekata u upisnike brodova koje vode lučke kapetanije te se analiziraju nove odredbe Pomorskog zakonika a koje se tiču upisnika brodova.This paper presents the legal status of maritime facilities of the Republic of Croatia, which is regulated by the Maritime Code. Amendments to the Maritime Code from 2019 bring a number of changes that relate to the definitions of ships, yachts and boats and thus the status of these vessels. The reasons for changes in the definitions and lengths of the most important maritime facilities, namely the ship, yacht and boat, are explained. The provisions of the Maritime Code are coordinated with the highest standards prescribed by international conventions and EU directives, so the paper presents the importance of determining the ability of ships and other vessels for navigation or floating and immovable facilities for use with the ultimate goal of protecting human life and property at sea and also protecting the marine environment. In Croatia, the Croatian Ship Register performs the tasks of determining navigability. In particular, the paper presents the system of registration of all vessels and maritime facilities in the Register of Ships kept by port authorities and analyzes the new provisions of the Maritime Code concerning the Register of Ships
Legal status of ships, yachts and boats according to the amended Maritime Code from 2019.
No full textU ovome radu analizira se pravni status broda, jahte i brodice prema noveliranom Pomorskom zakoniku iz 2019. godine. Izmjene i dopune Pomorskog zakonika iz 2019. donose brojne promjene koje se odnose na definicije broda, jahte i brodice, što izravno utječe i na brodovlasnike i brodare, lučke vlasti, mnogobrojne pomorce, kao i na statutorna i klasifikacijska društva. U radu se definiraju pojmovi brod, brodica i jahta i njihov odnos prema ostalim pomorskim objektima te se objašnjava važnost utvrđivanja sposobnosti za plovidbu tih pomorskih objekata. Posebno se prikazuje sustav upisivanja svih plovnih i pomorskih objekata u upisnike brodova koje vode lučke kapetanije te se analiziraju nove odredbe noveliranog Pomorskog zakonika koje se tiču upisnika brodova. Obrazlažu se razlozi promjena definicija i duljina najvažnijih plovnih objekata, a to su brod, jahta i brodica.This paper analyzes the legal status of ships, yachts and boats according to the amended Maritime Code from 2019. The amended Maritime Code from 2019. brings numerous changes that affect shipowners, port authorities and many seafarers, as well as statutory and classification societies. The terms ship, boat and yacht and their relationship to other maritime facilities are defined. The reasons for the amendments to the Maritime Code and it´s amendments are explained. In particular, the system of registration of all vessels and maritime facilities in the registers of ships kept by the Harbor Master's Offices is presented, and the new provisions of the amended Maritime Code concerning the register of ships are analyzed. The reasons for the changes in the definitions and lengths of the most important vessels, namely the ship, yacht and boat, are explained