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Stability of ships for the transport of liquid cargo on the example tanker m/t Pag
No full textJedno od temeljnih svojstava broda koje mu omogućava postojanost i plovidbu u svim vremenskim uvjetima predstavlja stabilnost broda te ukoliko je brod ne posjeduje nije siguran prilikom navigacije, a može predstavljati i opasnost za posadu, teret ili putnike koje prevozi. Od naročite je važnosti problem stabilnosti i sigurnosti brodova za prijevoz tekućih tereta zbog njihove specifičnosti, a posebice i preventivno djelovanje na smanjivanje učestalosti pojave i težine posljedica pomorskih nesreća i sigurnosti posade broda. U završnom radu je prikazana podjela stabilnosti brodova za prijevoz tekućih tereta, zatim osnovni pojmovi i fizikalni zakoni koji brodu omogućavaju plovnost, potom je opisan utjecaj slobodnih površina kako u teretnim tankovima, tako i u tankovima koji sadrže energetske fluide neophodne za strojne sustave u cijelom strojnom kompleksu broda. Na kraju je iznesen opis propisa i uvjeta koji su vezani za stabilnost, a koje moraju posjedovati svi brodovi za prijevoz tekućih tereta, te je na primjeru tankera za prijevoz sirove nafte M/T Pag opisan proračun stabilnosti.One of the fundamental properties of the ship which enables its existance and navigation in all of the weather conditions is stability and if the ship does not posses it, safety is not present during the navigation and the ship can also represent danger for the crew, the cargo and the passengers which are being transported. It is essential to be aware of problems which endangered stability can cause of the liquefied cargo ships because of theirs specificity, and mainly to prevent reducing probability of causing maritime accidents but according to that also the ship's crew safety. The final paper presents the division of stability of the liquefied cargo ships, then the basic terms and physical laws which enable buoyancy of the ship, the free surface effect as in the cargo tanks, so as in the tanks which contain all energetic fluids which are nessesary for machinery systems in whole machinery complex of the ship. At the end of the thesis the description of all regulations and conditions which are connected to the stability of the ship is stated, and which all liquefied cargo ships should have, and also the stability calculation of the crude oil tanker M/T Pag is described
Ship's electrical power systems architectures
No full textRad opisuje različite izvedbe brodskih električnih sustava (BES) koristeći modele i literaturu simulatora brodske strojarnice tvrtke Transas – Wärtsilä, TechSim/ERS 5000 koji se nalazi instaliran na Pomorskom fakultetu u Splitu. Simulator raspolaže s više modela brodova, od čega su četiri modela analizirana u ovom radu, odnosno čije su električne centrale predstavljene i opisane u ovom radu. U sklopu opisa pojedine izvedbe BES-a ukratko je opisan i pogon, odnosno brod na kojem je sustav instaliran. Napravljena je usporedba predstavljenih izvedbi te je u konačnici donesen zaključak o izvedbama BES-a s obzirom na tip broda koji opslužuju.The paper describes different designs of marine electrical systems (BES) using models and literature of the ship engine room simulator of the company Transas - Wärtsilä, TechSim / ERS 5000, which is installed at the Faculty of Maritime Studies in Split. The simulator uses different models of ships and four of them are presented and described in this paper with focus set on their power plants. As part of the description of each version of the BES, the plant or ship on which the system is installed is briefly described. A comparison of the presented versions was made, and finally a conclusion was brought about the performances of marine electrical systems regarding the type of ship they serve
Pumping system energy losses
No full textU ovom radu opisani su i klasificirani gubitci energije pumpnog sustava koji se koriste za realizaciju procesa u brodskom porivnom i pomoćnom energetskom sustavu. Navedena je struktura pumpnog sustava i funkcija njegovih komponenti te su dati primjeri hidrauličkoga proračuna jednostavnog pumpnog sustava za laminarno i turbulentno strujanje. Kod primjera turbulentnog strujanja prikazje način procjene koeficijenta otpora trenja grafičkom i numeričkom metodom korištenjem programske skripte napisane u programskom jeziku MATLAB.This paper describes and classifies the energy losses of the pumping system used to perform processes in the ship's propulsion and auxiliary energy system. The structure of the pumping system and the function of its components are explained, and examples of the hydraulic calculation of a simple pumping system for laminar and turbulent flow are given. Taking turbulent flow as an example, the method of estimating the friction factor is presented by a graphical and numerical method using a program script written in the MATLAB programming language
Capacitive moisture sensor
No full textCilj ovog rada je predstaviti kapacitivne senzore vlažnosti u elektrotehnici, njihovu primjenu i osnove kapacitivnih senzora vlažnosti gdje se mogu vidjeti neke od različitih konfiguracija senzora koje se koriste za izradu. Također su opisani neki od kapacitivnih senzora vlažnosti.This work aims to present capacitive humidity sensors in electrical engineering, their application, and the basics of capacitive humidity sensors, where we can see some of the different configurations used to make different types of sensors. Various capacitive humidity sensors are also described
Continental shelf
No full textMeđunarodni odnosi na moru detaljno su regulirani Konvencijom UN o pravu mora iz 1982. godine potpisanom u Montego Bayu (Jamajka) koja je stupila na snagu 1994. godine. Ta se Konvencija smatra jednim od najvažnijih multilateralnih ugovora poslije Povelje UN-a. Epikontinentalni pojas nastao je davno prije, na Prvoj međunarodnoj konferenciji UN o pravu mora u Ženevi 1958. godine. Epikontinentalni pojas Republike Hrvatske obuhvaća morsko dno i podzemlje koje se nalazi izvan vanjske granice teritorijalnog mora u smjeru pučine do granice s drugim državama koje imaju epikontinentalni pojas na Jadranskom moru. Granice epikontinentanog pojasa između tadašnje SFRJ i Italije utvrđene su Sporazumom iz 1968. godine s kojim je vezana i Hrvatska. Konvencijom UN o pravu mora iz 1982. godine značajno je proširena vanjska granica epikontinentalnog pojasa, ovisno o širini kontinentalne orubine, može se protezati do 350 milja. To ne utječe na dogovorenu crtu razgraničenja epikontinentalnih pojaseva Hrvatske i Italije.International relations at sea are regulated in detail by the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea from 1982, signed in Montego Bay (Jamaica), which entered into force in 1994. This Convention is considered one of the most important multilateral agreements after the UN Charter. The continental shelf was created a long time ago, at the First UN International Conference on the Law of the Sea in Geneva in 1958. The epicontinental shelf of the Republic of Croatia includes the seabed and subsoil that is located outside the outer border of the territorial sea in the direction of the open sea to the border with other countries that have an epicontinental shelf on the Adriatic Sea. The boundaries of the continental shelf between the then SFRY and Italy were determined by the Agreement from 1968, which also binds Croatia. The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea from 1982 significantly expanded the outer limit of the continental shelf, depending on the width of the continental shelf, it can extend up to 350 miles. This does not affect the agreed line of demarcation of the continental belts of Croatia and Italy
Spearfishing techniques
No full textU ovom radu opisana je tematika podvodnog ribolova gdje se pažnja obraća na pravilno izvođenje različitih tehnika i taktika. Obrađene su osnove plivanja i pravilno izvođenje apneje. Objašnjeni su pojmovi hidrostatike i hidrodinamike u tekućem fluidu. Opisano je pripremanje ronioca za ronilački pothvat. Navedena je potrebna oprema za uspješno izvođenje podvodnog ribolova. Detaljno su razrađene sve taktike podvodnog ribolova, pogotovo na Jadranskoj obali, u različitim vremenskim uvjetima. Prikazane različite metode podvodnog ribolova za ciljanu vrstu ulova. Aspekt gledanja podvodnog ribolova kao natjecateljskog sporta i neke vrste zabave, opuštanja i uživanja u prirodiThis paper describes the subject of spearfishing, where attention is paid to the correct execution of various techniques and tactics. The basics of swimming and the proper execution of apnea were covered. The concepts of hydrostatics and hydrodynamics in a liquid fluid are explained. The preparation of the diver for the diving venture is described. The necessary equipment for successful spearfishing is described. All spearfishing tactics have been worked out in detail, especially on the Adriatic coast, in different weather conditions, are worked out in detail. Variuos methods of spearfishing for the target type of a catch are shown. The aspect of seeing spearfishingas a competitive sport and a kind of fun,relaxation and enjoyment in natur
Marine engines dual fuel systems
No full textMotori s dvojnim gorivom su motori koji mogu raditi na dva goriva, prirodni plin i
dizel. Što se tiče dizelskih goriva oni su mješavina različitih destilata od kojih su lako i
teško gorivo. Laka goriva su jako slična dizelskom gorivu, dok teško gorivo se razlikuje od
dizelskog po svojoj viskoznošću, treba ga grijati da bi bio viskozniji i imao sposobnost
protjecanja. Teško gorivo se u brodskoj industriji koristi jer je jeftiniji od dizela. Ukapljeni
prirodni plin je pročišćeni prirodni plin koji se ohladi u tekuće stanje radi lakšeg
transportiraja. Plinovita goriva u pomorstvu se uvode radi smanjenja emisija. Motori na
dvojno gorivo imaju mogućnost rada na dva goriva, i prebacivanje goriva iz dizelskog
režima rada u plinoviti režim rada je neprimjetan i nema gubitka snage na motoru.
Najpoznatiji motori s dvojnim gorivom su opisani u ovom radu od kojih su ME-GI, DFDE
i XDF. ME-GI motori se pokreću na dizelsko gorivo, a prijelaz na plinski režim rada može
se dogoditi pri opterećenju motora od 10%. Teško gorivo i dizelsko gorivo mogu se
koristiti kao pilot gorivo. Kao što je iskustvo pokazalo ME-GI motori smanjuju emisije
CO2, NOx, SOx. Nadalje DFDE propulzija pruža jednostavniji izgled glavnog motora na
brodu, ima četiri do pet glavnih motora, koji su svi istog tipa, pokreću alternatore koji
generiraju električnu energiju za sve potrošače na brodu. I na kraju XDF motori na dvojno
gorivo koriste plin ubrizgan pod niskim tlakom i zapaljuju se malom količinom tekućeg
pilotskog goriva.Dual-fuel engines are engines that can run on two fuels, natural gas and diesel. As
for diesel fuels, they are a mixture of different distillates, of which they are marine gas oil
and heavy fuel oil. Marine gas oil is very similar to diesel fuel, while heavy fuel oil differs
from diesel in its viscosity, it needs to be heated to be more viscous and have the ability to
flow. Heavy fuel is used in the shipping industry because it is cheaper than diesel.
Liquefied natural gas is a purified natural gas that cools into a liquid state of easier
transport. Gaseous fuels in maritime affairs are introduced to reduce emissions. Dual-fuel
engines have the ability to operate on two fuels, and the transfer of fuel from diesel mode
to gaseous mode is inconspicuous and there is no loss of power on the engine. The most
famous dual-fuel engines are described in this thesis, of which are ME-GI, DFDE and
XDF. ME-GI engines are powered by diesel, and the transition to gas mode can occur at an
engine load of 10%. Heavy fuel and diesel fuel can be used as pilot fuel. As experience has
shown ME-GI engines reduce CO2, NOx, SOx emissions. Furthermore, DFDE propulsion
provides a simpler look for the main engine on board, it has four to five main engines,
which are all of the same type, powering alternators that generate electricity for all
consumers on board. And finally, the dual-fuel XDF engines use low-pressure injected gas
and ignite a small amount of liquid pilot fuel
Working processes leading to the production of carbon monoxide on board, prevention measure, clinical image of poisoning and treatment of poisoned with carbon monoxide
No full textU ovom radu analizirani su radni procesi koji dovode do proizvodnje ugljičnog monoksida (CO), koji predstavlja veliku opasnost za čovjeka, kako u životnom prostoru gdje najviše obitava, tako i na brodu. Otrovanje koje se opisuje u radu uzrokovano je izlaganjem opasnom plinu, koji je plin sistemskog djelovanja. Pomorcima u svakodnevnom radu na brodu, pogotovo onima koji dugi niz godina plove prijeti jako mnogo otrova. Posebnu opasnost od izlaganja ugljičnom monoksidu imaju pomorci koji prevoze teret pogodan za stvaranje ovog plina te oni koji plove na manjim brodovima gdje je opasnost od otrovanja ugljičnim monoksidom realno veća.
Zadovoljavanje odgovarajućih konstrukcijskih standarda kao i korištenje osobnih zaštitnih sredstava i postupaka mjere su za sprječavanje otrovanja ugljičnim monoksidom. Brodski časnik ima veliku ulogu u pružanju prve pomoći kod životno ugroženih članova posade broda. Jedna od ključnih uloga časnika odgovornog za pružanje prve pomoći i medicinske skrbi je pružanje adekvatne skrbi oboljelom ili životno ugroženom članu posade prema propisanim procedurama. Važno je napomenuti kako i svi ostali članovi posade snose određenu odgovornost, počevši od prepoznavanja znakova opasnosti od stvaranja plina te prevencije istog.This paper analyzes the work processes that lead to the production of carbon monoxide (CO), which represents a great danger for humans, both in the living space where most people live, and on board. The poisoning described in the paper is caused by exposure to a dangerous gas, which is a systemic gas. Seafarers are exposed to many poisons in their daily work on board, especially those who have been sailing for many years. Seafarers who transport cargo suitable for the formation of this gas, and those who sail on smaller ships where the risk of carbon monoxide poisoning is actually greater, are at particular risk of exposure to carbon monoxide.
Meeting appropriate construction standards as well as using personal protective equipment and procedures are measures to prevent carbon monoxide poisoning. The ship's officer plays a major role in providing first aid to life-threatening ship crew members. One of the key roles of the officer responsible for providing first aid and medical care is to provide adequate care to a sick or life-threatening crew member according to prescribed procedures. However, it is important to note that all other crew members bear a certain responsibility, starting with recognizing the signs of the danger of gas formation and preventing it
Solar radiation and solar cell
No full textKada govorimo o obnovljivim izvorima energije, mislimo na one energije koje dolaze iz prirodnih i gotovo neiscrpnih izvora. Jedna od tih energija je i solarna energija koja dolazi od Sunca, najvećeg izvora energije. U ovom radu analizirano je kako se iskorištava Sunčev potencijal za izradu solarnih ćelija te na koje sve uvjete i parametre treba obratiti pažnju. Nažalost, iako je solarna energija sama po sebi besplatna, visoki troškovi njezinog prikupljanja, pretvorbe i skladištenja još uvijek ograničavaju njezino iskorištavanje na mnogim mjestima. Solarne tehnologije su široko karakterizirane ili kao pasivne solarne ili aktivne solarne, ovisno o načinu sakupljanja, pretvaranja i distribuiranja sunčevog svjetla.When we talk about renewable energy sources, we mean those energies that come from natural and almost inexhaustible sources. One of these energies is solar energy, which comes from the Sun, the largest source of energy. In this paper, it was analyzed how the sun's potential is exploited for the production of solar cells and what conditions and parameters should be paid attention to. Unfortunately, although solar energy itself is free, the high costs of its collection, conversion and storage still limit its utilization in many places. Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar, depending on the way sunlight is collected, converted and distributed
Sustainable development of nautical tourism
No full textCilj ovog rada je pružiti uvid u održivi razvoj nautičkog turizma te ukazati na važnost
pravovremenog reagiranja na probleme održivosti u ovom rastućem sektoru plavog
gospodarstva. Stoga se u radu posebno istražuju strategije, politike i inicijative koje podupiru
održivi razvoj i stvaraju okvir za njegovu implementaciju. U radu se ukazuje na važnost
rješenja koja potiču korištenje obnovljivih izvora energije što doprinosi smanjenju
ugrožavanju okoliša, kao jednom od značajnijih izazova održivog razvoja. Na taj način se
otvaraju brojne ekonomske, društvene i ekološke mogućnosti za održivi razvoj nautičkog
turizma. Prijelaz na kružnu ekonomiju stvara nove prilike za sve sektore Plave ekonomije,
kao i prilike za smanjenje negativnih utjecaja na more i priobalje. Stoga se u radu prikazuje
međunarodni ekološki program Plava zastava za plaže i marine koji potiče održivo
upravljanje morskim resursima.The aim of this paper is to provide insight into the sustainable development of nautical
tourism and to point out the importance of timely response to sustainability problems in this
growing sector of the blue economy. Therefore, the paper specifically explores strategies,
policies and initiatives that support sustainable development and create a framework for its
implementation. The paper points out the importance of solutions that encourage the use of
renewable energy sources, which contributes to reducing the threat to the environment, as one
of the most significant challenges of sustainable development. In this way, numerous
economic, social and ecological opportunities are opened for the sustainable development of
nautical tourism. The transition to a circular economy creates new opportunities for all sectors
of the Blue Economy, as well as opportunities to reduce negative impacts on the sea and
coasts. Therefore, the paper presents the international environmental program Blue Flag for
Beaches and Marinas, which promotes sustainable management of marine resources