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Tahkim hukukunda ve uygulamada tanıkların çapraz sorgusu
Get PDFTahkim yargılaması, özel hukuk uyuşmazlıklarının çözümünde hız, etkinlik ve taraf iradesine öncelik tanıyan alternatif bir yargılama usulü olarak önem kazanmıştır. Delil ikamesinde taraf iradesine tanınan geniş serbesti, tahkim yargılamasında ispat faaliyetinin usul hukuku bakımından özgün bir yapıya sahip olmasına yol açmaktadır. Bu çerçevede, tanık delilinin hazırlanması, sunulması ve çapraz sorgulama yöntemleri, tahkim yargılamasında maddi gerçeğe ulaşmada belirleyici bir rol üstlenmektedir.
Çalışmada, tanık beyanlarının hazırlanması süreci, duruşmaya hazırlık safhası ve çapraz sorgulama teknikleri detaylı şekilde incelenmekte; tahkim yargılamasında uygulamada karşılaşılan sorunlara çözüm önerileri sunulmaktadır. Tanık dinlemenin sınırları, tanıkların doğrudan ve çapraz sorgusu ile hakemlerin rolü gibi konular, usul hukuku ilkeleri ve tahkim pratiği doğrultusunda tartışılmaktadır.
Bu eser, tahkim yargılamasında delil ikamesine ilişkin kuramsal altyapıyı ve uygulama deneyimlerini bir araya getirerek, hukukçulara, tahkim uygulayıcılarına ve bu alanda akademik çalışma yapan araştırmacılara kapsamlı bir başvuru kaynağı sunmayı amaçlamaktadır
Yapay Zeka'da emek ve sömürü süreçleri: Veri etiketleme sürecinde Dijital Taylorizm örneği
Get PDFThe advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) depends on vast datasets that require extensive human labour for annotation and labelling. Despite being framed as autonomous and intelligent, AI systems rely on precarious digital labour, particularly in the Global South. Data labelling, essential for AI training, is often outsourced or crowdsourced, exposing workers to low wages, job insecurity, and exploitative conditions. This study explores AI, labour, and global inequalities, demonstrating how Digital Taylorism and datafication intensify worker surveillance while reducing human labour to fragmented, repetitive tasks. The rise of digital sweatshops and a digital underclass reflects historical economic dependencies between the Global North and South. Crowdsourcing platforms and outsourced labour markets create a new form of exploitation under the guise of technological progress. This research challenges the prevailing narrative of AI as a purely technological advancement by unveiling its socio-economic dimensions. Findings emphasize the necessity of ethical AI development, transparency in labour practices, and structural reforms to protect workers from exploitation. Without intervention, AI risks deepening global inequalities, concentrating wealth and power while reinforcing systemic disparities in the digital economy. Addressing these issues requires a critical approach that situates AI within broader socio-political and economic structures, ensuring technology serves equitable and just purposes rather than perpetuating historical injustices.Yapay zekanın (YZ) ilerlemesi, açıklama ve etiketleme için kapsamlı insan emeği gerektiren geniş veri kümelerine bağlıdır. Özerk ve zeki olarak çerçevelenmesine rağmen, YZ sistemleri özellikle Küresel Güney'de güvencesiz dijital emek süreçlerine dayanmaktadır. Yapay zeka eğitimi için olmazsa olmaz olan veri etiketleme genellikle dış kaynaklı veya crowdsourcing kaynaklıdır ve çalışanları düşük ücretlere, iş güvencesizliğine ve sömürücü koşullara maruz bırakmaktadır. Bu çalışma yapay zeka, emek ve küresel eşitsizlikleri inceleyerek Dijital Taylorizm ve verileştirmenin işçi gözetimini nasıl yoğunlaştırdığını ve insan emeğini parçalanmış, tekrarlayan görevlere nasıl indirgediğini göstermektedir. Dijital sweat shopların ve dijital alt sınıfın yükselişi, Küresel Kuzey ve Güney arasındaki tarihi ekonomik bağımlılıkları yansıtmaktadır. Kitle kaynak platformları ve dış kaynaklı emek piyasaları, teknolojik ilerleme kisvesi altında yeni bir sömürü biçimi yaratmaktadır. Bu araştırma, sosyo-ekonomik boyutlarını ortaya çıkararak yapay zekanın salt teknolojik bir ilerleme olduğu yönündeki yaygın anlatıya meydan okumaktadır. Bulgular, etik yapay zeka geliştirme, emek uygulamalarında şeffaflık ve çalışanları sömürüden korumak için yapısal reformların gerekliliğini vurgulamaktadır. Müdahale olmadan, yapay zeka küresel eşitsizlikleri derinleştirme, dijital ekonomideki sistemsel eşitsizlikleri güçlendirirken serveti ve gücü yoğunlaştırma riski taşımaktadır. Bu sorunları ele almak, yapay zekayı daha geniş sosyo-politik ve ekonomik yapılara yerleştiren, teknolojinin tarihi adaletsizlikleri sürdürmek yerine eşitlikçi ve adil amaçlara hizmet etmesini sağlayan eleştirel bir yaklaşım gekektirmektedir
A hybridized Pythagorean fuzzy AHP and WASPAS method for airline new route selection: Case study of Turkish Airline
No full textPurpose – This study aims to provide a practical and novel solution for the complex multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem of airline route selection, which is characterized by conflicting criteria, alternative routes, and complex judgments. Design/methodology/approach – This study proposes a hybrid MCDM approach using Interval-valued Pythagorean Fuzzy AHP and Interval-valued Pythagorean Fuzzy weighted aggregated sum product assessment (WASPAS) methods. Decision analysis is applied to select a new route between different alternatives through selection criteria. Pythagorean Fuzzy AHP is used for weighting criteria, and Pythagorean Fuzzy WASPAS is used for assessing alternatives. The pair-wise linguistic comparisons of selection criteria are transferred into Pythagorean fuzzy numbers (PFNs) to weigh each criterion’s importance. Findings – The pair-wise linguistic comparisons of selection criteria are transferred into PFNs to weigh each criterion’s importance. The results of these comparisons show that the main criteria, cost (43% weight) and demand (33% weight), impact route selection decisions more than social/economic conditions (15% weight) and competitiveness (9% weight). Regarding the criteria, the five routes alternative were evaluated by the route development experts, and the best route was selected with Pythagorean Fuzzy WASPAS. Practical implications – The proposed model is used for a route selection problem of Turkish Airlines, the airline that flies to the most countries in the world. Originality/value – To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to use the Interval-valued Pythagorean Fuzzy AHP combined with Interval-valued Pythagorean Fuzzy WASPAS to solve the route selection problem. This hybrid MCDM methodology presents a novel and feasible solution for selecting the new route for airlines
Contingency learning of social cues: Neural engagement and emotional modulation by facial expressions
No full textContingency learning—the fundamental process by which associations are formed between events in our experience is as relevant of conditioning as it is for social interactions, where emotional cues, such as facial expressions, signal complex and reciprocal causal dynamics. This study investigates the functional neuroanatomy underlying contingency perception by with three type of contingent relation (positive, zero, and negative) using sad and happy facial expressions as stimuli in a group of neurotypical participants. Employing a streaming trial paradigm and functional MRI, we examined how these emotional contingencies engage brain regions involved in attention and predictive processing. The behavioural results indicated that participants could distinguish between different contingencies, regardless of the emotional stimuli. However, judgment ratings varied across conditions, with sad expressions eliciting weaker ratings compared to happy expressions, which moderated perceived causality, especially in the uncorrelated and negative contingency tasks. These behavioural findings were primarily linked to increased activation in frontal regions, including the inferior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, and anterior cingulate cortex. The results highlight the differential cognitive demands and neural responses evoked by emotional expressions and suggestive of the idea that statistical relations that violate social expectations are processed differently than positive relations
Psychological themes in classical Islamic literature: A primary source reader
No full textAre you curious about the contributions of the Islamic intellectual heritage to the field of psychology? Psychological Themes in the Classical Islamic Literature provides a captivating window into the rich Islamic scholarly tradition as it pertains specifically to human psychology. This book brings together carefully selected, translated, and annotated segments from classical Islamic texts that address enduring questions in psychology. Explore topics like the admissibility and validity of diverse sources of knowledge, the nature of the human psyche and human drives, the mind-body problem, nature versus nurture, dreams, emotions, psychological resilience, and well-being. Discover how Islamic scholars tackled these profound issues generations before their Euro-American counterparts, offering a unique and sophisticated perspective that can enrich modern psychological discourse. Whether a student, scholar, or practitioner, this book is your gateway to appreciating psychology in Islam
Bridging the gaps: Exploring AI-driven emotional, academic, and social support for international students
Get PDFThe integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools into the academic and social lives of internationalstudents has opened new pathways for support during their transitions. This qualitative studyexplores the multifaceted role of AI-driven platforms in addressing the emotional, academic, andsocial challenges faced by international students in Turkey. Thematic analysis of semi-structuredinterviews with 30 participants revealed four overarching themes: emotional support, academicfacilitation, social integration, and Ethical Concerns, each accompanied by unique sub-themes. AItools such as ChatGPT, Replika, and Duolingo provided emotional relief during isolation, simplifiedcomplex academic concepts, enhanced language proficiency, and boosted communication confi-dence in social contexts. However, participants also expressed concerns about over-reliance anddata privacy, highlighting ethical considerations in the adoption of AI tools. These findings under-score the potential of AI to complement traditional support systems and provides valuableinsights for educators, policymakers, and developers aiming to leverage AI in enhancing the expe-riences of international student
Vocabulary elements in the teaching Turkish as a foreign language: The example of the storybook of the Boy Climbing the Sun
Get PDFTürkçenin yabancı dil olarak öğretiminde en sık kullanılan materyallerden biri hikâye kitaplarıdır. Bu nedenle kullanılacak bir hikâye kitabının hedef dilde en sık kullanılan kelimeleri sistemli ve sıralı bir şekilde sunması gerekir. Bunun için de sıklık çalışmaları yapılır. Sıklık çalışmalarından elde edilen veriler, hazırlanan hikâye kitaplarında hangi seviyede hangi kelimelerin kullanılması gerektiğini ve öğretim süresince bu kelimelerden ne denli yararlanılabileceği noktasında fayda sağlamaktadır. Özellikle çocuklara Türkçeyi yabancı dil olarak öğretmek amacıyla hazırlanan hikâye kitapları üzerine yapılan sıklık çalışmalarının az sayıda olması, bu alana yönelik herkesçe kabul edilen sıklık listelerinin belirlenmesine ihtiyaç oluşturmaktadır. Dolayısıyla çalışmada, hikâye kitabındaki söz varlığı unsurlarını ve bunların kullanım sıklıklarını belirleyerek hangi düzeye uygun olduğunu tespit etmek amaçlanmıştır. Hazırlanan bu çalışmada nitel araştırma yöntemi olarak veri analizinden faydalanılmıştır. Çalışmada Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı TEDA Projesi kapsamında yer alan Güneşe Tırmanan Çocuk isimli hikâye kitabı incelenmiştir. Araştırma sürecinde veri toplama aracı olarak doküman analizi kullanılmış olup CIBAKAYA 2.0 programından yararlanılarak hikâye kitabında yer alan kelime, ikileme, deyim ve atasözlerinin kullanım sıklıkları tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre incelenen hikâye kitabında en çok bağlaç ve zamirlere yer verilmiştir. Bunun yanı sıra deyim ve ikilemelere de sıkça yer verilirken atasözlerine ise hiç yer verilmemiştir. Elde edilen bulgular sonucunda incelenen hikâye kitabının B1-B2 düzeyinde Türkçe öğretim materyali olarak kullanılabileceği tespit edilmiştir.Storybooks are one of the most commonly used materials in the teaching of Turkish as a foreign language. Therefore, a storybook to be used should systematically and sequentially present the most frequently used words in the target language. Frequency studies are carried out in order to achieve this goal. The extent to which the prepared story books can be used in class is determined by the data obtained from vocabulary studies. The number of frequency studies on storybooks prepared especially for bilingual Turkish children is small. Therefore, there is a need to establish generally accepted frequency lists for this field. Therefore, the study aimed to determine the vocabulary elements included in the prepared storybooks and how often they get used. A qualitative case study method was chosen for this study. The case study was the storybook "The Boy Climbing the Sun", which was part of the TEDA project of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism. During the research process, document analysis was used as a data collection tool. The frequency of use of words, heuristics, idioms and proverbs in the storybook was determined using the CIBAKAYA 2.0 program. The results show that conjunctions and pronouns are the most common types of words in the storybook under study. In addition, idioms are often included, but proverbs are not. As a result of the findings, it was determined that the storybook under study could be used as a Turkish teaching material at B1-B2 level
Moods
No full textMoods are affective states through which the world is disclosed. Moods are often mistaken for emotions; however, moods are not features of individuals but instead of the environment in which individuals find themselves. Although moods are often referred to in discussions of world events, there is little research on the topic. It is only within phenomenology that moods have been extensively studied
Migration, mobility, and war: A transnational analysis of diaspora volunteering in civil conflicts
No full textThis article argues for a shift in the paradigm when analysingtransnational war volunteering, commonly known as foreign fight-ing. Instead of overemphasizing the roles of criminal and securityaspects or individual motivational factors, this new analyticalapproach will transform the debate from actor to action. This articleintroduces the theoretical discussion of transnationalism withincivil wars and ethnic conflicts. By comparatively analysing conflictsin Kosovo (1999), Karabakh (1988–1994), and Abkhazia (1992–-1993), this article answers the questions of how transnational dia-spora volunteers mobilize, travel, and adapt to the war zones. Thepaper concludes that communities in the diaspora use sendingvolunteers as a tool to show solidarity with their relatives in thehomeland. Diaspora’s already established interest and connectionswith the motherland in the pre-conflict stage before the crisisturned into a fully-fledged war is an essential element in the rapid-ity of the mobilization process. Even if the means of reaching theconflict zones are not without challenges, they still try multiplemethods of travel such as air, sea, and road. Finally, this solidarityhas its complications, often ignored, such as linguistic, dialectical,and cultural differences
Industry 4.0 technologies revolutionizing the civil aviation sector: E-services technology adoption in aviation industry
Get PDFIndustry 4.0 technologies have optimized efficiency and effectiveness through the manufacture of sophisticated products and services, which result in enhancement of operations, improvement in safety, time, and cost-saving, and have revolutionized operations in almost all industries and have tremendously transformed the aviation sector. This study aims to examine the passenger travel experience with the implementation of e-services before, during, and after trips, from ticket bookings, self-check-in, smart boarding, in-flight services to baggage tracking after flight. Furthermore, the study seeks to identify the modern technologies with which air passengers are familiar or actively use, and to analyze the factors that influence their acceptance of these e-services. A research model was developed based on the extended Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT2) and modified to suit the objectives of this study. The study objectives were achieved through a survey, a self-administered online questionnaire from 253 air passengers was obtained, and data was analyzed using SPSS 25 software. The results reveal that performance expectancy, price-value, hedonic motivations, perceived benefits and habit have a positive significant influence on behavioral intention, while social influence, perceived challenges, facilitating conditions and effort expectancy were not supported. The results of the study give insights into how different passengers, different age groups, different geographical locations, and different technological maturity perceive such implementations. This will provide policymakers ideas on how to better manage and enhance e-services