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Terapide mizah: Entegrasyon gereksiniminin değerlendirilmesi
Get PDFHumor can deepen therapeutic alliance and cognitive flexibility, yet its clinical value appears to depend on the characteristics of the client. This study examined how sociocultural factors play a role in psychotherapy expectations for humor use. In a preregistered study of adults (n=398, 77.1% female; Mage=34.5, SD=12.1), participants completed personality, coping humor, expectation of humor in therapy, and demographic/cultural measures. Group differences were assessed using t-tests and analysis of variance (t/ANOVA); a path model (adjusted for demographic and contextual covariates) was used to test whether the approach to humor in culture was linked to coping humor and expectations for humor in psychotherapy. Men reported greater use of coping humor than women (p<0.05). Habitual coping with humor was strongly correlated with higher expectations for therapeutic humor (ρ=0.60, p<0.05). Regression analyses showed that older age (β=0.16, p<0.05) were independently associated with stronger expectations of humor in psychotherapy. A favorable cultural stance toward humor was associated with more coping humor (β=0.24, p<0.05), which in turn was related to higher expectations (β=0.38, p<0.05); the indirect effect (β=0.09, 95% CI.05–0.14) accounted for 40% of the total association. Personality traits and other covariates were not significant. Clients who come from humor-affirming cultures and already rely on humor to cope are most likely to expect and presumably benefit from humor in psychotherapy. Therefore, a culturally attuned, client-centered use of humor may enhance engagement without compromising therapeutic seriousness.Mizah, terapötik ilişkiyi güçlendirebilir ve bilişsel esnekliği artırabilir, ancak klinik değeri genellikle danışanın kişisel özelliklerine bağlıdır. Bu çalışmada, sosyokültürel faktörlerin psikoterapide mizah kullanımına yönelik beklentilerde nasıl bir rol oynadığı incelendi. Önceden kayıtlı bu çalışmada (katılımcı sayısı=398, %77,1 kadın; ortalama yaş=34,5, SS=12,1) katılımcılardan kişilik, mizahla başa çıkma, terapide mizah beklentisi ve demografik/kültürel ölçümler toplandı. Grup farklılıkları t-testleri ve ANOVA ile ölçüldü; kovaryantlarla ayarlanmış bir yol modeli, başa çıkma mizahının kültürel tutumları terapiye yönelik mizah beklentileriyle nasıl ilişkilendirdiğini test etti. Temel bulgularda, erkekler, kadınlara kıyasla daha fazla başa çıkma mizahı kullandıklarını bildirdi (p<0,05). Mizahla başa çıkma, daha yüksek terapötik mizah beklentisiyle güçlü bir şekilde ilişkilidir (ρ=0,60, p<0,05). Regresyon analizleri, daha ileri yaşın (β=0,16, p<0,05) bağımsız olarak daha yüksek mizah beklentileriyle bağlantılı olduğunu gösterdi. Mizaha olumlu kültürel bakış açısı, daha fazla başa çıkma mizahını (β=0,24, p<0,05) ve dolayısıyla daha yüksek terapötik mizah beklentisini (β=0,38, p<0,05) öngörmektedir. Bu dolaylı etkinin büyüklüğü (β=0,09, %95 GA=0,05-0,14), toplam ilişkinin %40’ını açıklamaktadır. Kişilik özellikleri ve diğer kovaryantlar anlamlı bulunmadı. Mizahı olumlayan kültürlerden gelen ve zaten mizahla başa çıkmayı tercih eden danışanlar, psikoterapide mizah kullanılmasını en çok bekleyen ve muhtemelen bu yaklaşımdan en çok fayda gören gruplardır. Bu nedenle, kültürel olarak hassas, danışan odaklı mizah kullanımı, terapötik ciddiyeti tehlikeye atmadan terapi sürecindeki katılımı artırabilir
Advice for Muslim epistemologists
Get PDFAfter accepting the invitation to speak on Muslim epistemology, it quickly occurred to me that I know nothing about Muslim epistemology. I know lots of Muslims and lots of epistemologists but next to nothing about their intersection. Moreover, I am keenly aware that, if I were to claim that ‘al-Ghazālī says p’ and ‘Ibn Sīnā says q’, much better-trained Islamic scholars will tell me that actually al-Ghazālī denies p and Ibn Sīnā rejects q; and that would be the end of that. I am quite sure that this would be true also of any claims I would make about Ibn ʿArabī, al-Kindī, Rumi and every other Muslim philosopher. Therefore, I decided: I would not discuss Muslim philosophers at all..
The intersection point of collusive subcontracting and union rights: An analysis of the current Constitutional Court decision
Get PDFAsıl işveren-alt işveren ilişkisinin muvazaalı olduğunun tespiti halinde, alt işveren işçileri başlangıçtan itibaren asıl işverenin işçisi sayılmakta ve bu suretle asıl işverenin tarafı olduğu toplu iş sözleşmesinin kişi bakımından kapsamına girmektedir. Ancak 6356 sayılı Kanun’un 39. maddesinde toplu iş sözleşmesinden yararlanma belirli koşullara bağlanmış olup, bu hükmün katı biçimde yorumlanması, muvazaaya maruz kalan işçilerin sendikal hak kayıplarına uğramasına yol açmaktadır. Nitekim Yargıtay’ın yerleşik içtihadına göre, bu işçilerin toplu iş sözleşmesinden yararlanabilmesi, sendika üyeliklerinin asıl işverene bildirilmesine veya dayanışma aidatı ödenmesine bağlanmaktadır. Anayasa Mahkemesi’nin 15.05.2025 tarihli bireysel başvuru kararında ise, bu değerlendirme biçimi sendika hakkının ihlali olarak nitelendirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, Yargıtay ve Anayasa Mahkemesi kararları ışığında muvazaalı alt işverenlik ilişkilerinde toplu iş sözleşmesinden yararlanma sorunu normatif analiz yöntemiyle ele alınmakta ve işçilerin sendikal haklarının etkin korunmasına yönelik çözüm önerileri sunulmaktadır.If it is determined that the main employer-subcontractor relationship is collusive, the subcontractor workers are considered to be the main employer’s workers from the outset and thus fall within the scope of the collective labour agreement to which the main employer is a party. However, Article 39 of Law No. 6356 stipulates that benefiting from collective labour agreements is subject to certain conditions, and a strict interpretation of this provision may lead to workers who are subject to collusion losing their union rights. İn fact, according to the established jurisprudence of the Court of Cassation, the ability of these workers to benefit from collective labour agreements is dependent on the notification of their union membership to the main employer or the payment of solidarity dues. In the Constitutional Court’s individual application decision dated 15.05.2025, this form of evaluation was described as a violation of union rights. In this study, the problem of benefiting from collective labour agreements in collusive subcontracting relations is discussed with the normative analysis method in the light of the decisions of the Court of Cassation and the Constitutional Court, and solution suggestions are presented for the effective protection of union rights of workers
The impact of university students’ tendency to purchase from e-commerce sites and demographic characteristics on student satisfaction in the digital era: Case of a foundation university
Get PDFThis study mainly aimed to examine the impact of university students' purchasing tendency from e-commerce sites and demographic characteristics on student satisfaction through the example of a leading foundation research university in Türkiye. In the study, it was investigated whether there was a significant difference between students' purchasing tendencies from e-commerce sites and student satisfaction. It was also investigated whether there was a significant difference between demographic characteristics and student satisfaction. Methodologically, a descriptive online survey method including a questionnaire was applied to collect data. The survey was responded by 240 randomly selected students. The data were analyzed with SPSS-26. The study concluded that there was no significant difference between the average daily time spent on the internet and the type of device used to connect to e-commerce sites, which are among the criteria reflecting the tendency to purchase from e-commerce sites, and student satisfaction whereas there was a significant difference between the number of products purchased through e-commerce sites and student satisfaction. Furthermore, it was revealed that there was no significant difference between demographic characteristics such as gender, marital status, education and monthly income and student satisfaction, whereas there was a significant difference between age and student satisfaction. Accordingly, it was indicated that the difference in terms of age was especially in favor of students in the 22-25 age group. It is thought that the study will contribute to the literature by examining the impact of university students' purchasing tendency from e-commerce sites and demographic characteristics on student satisfaction, together with the example of a leading foundation research university. The study is limited by the selected sample foundation research university, the number of students responded, survey questions-answers, the applied statistical analysis methods and tests. Therefore, in order to reach more general results, it is suggested to expand the studies with more diverse and larger numbers of foundation research universities, students, survey questions and statistical methods
Crafting connections: Generative AI's impact on post-purchase communication
No full textAs e-commerce continues to expand, the importance of enhancing customer experience through effective post-purchase communication becomes more critical. This research addresses a significant gap in current knowledge by exploring the impact of generative artificial intelligence (Gen AI) on post-purchase communications, a largely underexplored area with substantial implications for customer satisfaction and brand loyalty. The objective of this study is to evaluate how Gen AI tools effect customer post-purchase interactions and to identify best practices and likely pitfalls in their application. Employing a qualitative analysis of 80 academic papers, this study utilizes Thematic Qualitative Data Analysis (TQDA) to categorize findings into key themes: Alignment with Expectations, Perceived Responsiveness, Emotional Resonance, and Customer Retention. The research revealed that Gen AI significantly enhances customer satisfaction by providing personalized and timely responses, which align with customer expectations. Moreover, AI-driven strategies are shown to improve customer retention by enhancing the overall emotional connections through consistent, quality interactions. The implications of these findings are profound for e-commerce businesses. Implementing Gen AI can lead to better customer loyalty and a competitive advantage in e-commerce. Still, companies must address the challenges to maximize the benefits. And ensure the ethical use of AI and maintain a balance amid automated and human interactions. This research contributes to the broader understanding of AI's role in e-commerce and offers a foundation for more exploration into optimizing AI tools
Muṣliḥ al-Dīn Lārī' (ö. 979 /1572) "üç imparatorluğun entelektüeli"
No full textThis thesis examines the intellectual legacy of the sixteenth-century polymath Muṣliḥ al-dīn Lārī (d. 1572), focusing on his historical work Mir'atu'l-Advār wa Mirḳātu'l-Aḫbār (The Mirror of Epochs and the Staircase of Historical Reports). Though better known for his contributions to philosophy, theology, mathematics, and astronomy, Lārī's historical work has received little academic attention. Written in his later years, it reflects his educational background, worldview, and intellectual vision. The study explores Lārī's perspective by analyzing his writings on the Safavid, Timurid, and Ottoman empires, contributing to Persian historiography, particularly the transition from Timurid to Safavid rule. Positioning him within the Persian historiographical tradition, it argues that he was a key figure in this intellectual framework. It also examines his decision to write a universal history for Sultan Selim II and the interplay between literature and history in his work. This thesis critically evaluates Lārī's historiographical approach, highlighting its lasting influence. While his historical role may seem secondary to his philosophical pursuits, his work preserves and transmits knowledge, shedding light on Persian literary traditions in Ottoman historiography.Bu tez, on altıncı yüzyıl çok yönlü bilgini Muslihuddīn Lārī'nin (ö. 1572) entelektüel mirasını, özellikle Mir'atu'l-Advâr ve Mirḳâtü'l-Ahbâr (Asırların Aynası ve Tarihī Haberlerin Basamağı) adlı tarihī eseri üzerinden incelemektedir. Lārī, felsefe, ilahiyat, matematik ve astronomi alanlarındaki katkılarıyla daha çok tanınsa da, tarih yazımı üzerine çalışmaları akademik çevrelerde yeterince ele alınmamıştır. Hayatının ilerleyen dönemlerinde kaleme aldığı bu eser, onun eğitim geçmişini, dünya görüşünü ve entelektüel vizyonunu yansıtmaktadır. Bu çalışma, Lārī'nin Safevī, Timurlu ve Osmanlı imparatorlukları hakkındaki yazılarını inceleyerek Timurlulardan Safevīlere geçiş sürecini ele alan Fars tarih yazımına katkı sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Lārī'yi Fars tarih yazımı geleneği içinde konumlandırarak onun bu entelektüel çerçevede önemli bir figür olduğunu öne sürmektedir. Ayrıca, Sultan II. Selim'e ithafen bir evrensel tarih yazma kararını ve eserindeki edebiyat ile tarih arasındaki etkileşimi incelemektedir. Bu tez, Lārī'nin tarih yazımına yaklaşımını eleştirel bir bakış açısıyla değerlendirerek eserinin kalıcı etkisini vurgulamaktadır. Tarihçi kimliği felsefi çalışmalarının gölgesinde kalmış gibi görünse de, bu eser onun bilgi birikimini muhafaza etme ve aktarma arzusunu yansıtarak Osmanlı tarih yazımında Fars edebî geleneğinin etkisini gözler önüne sermektedir
The legal regime applicable to the ‘Marriage’ of Syrian citizens living in Turkiye within the framework of conflict of laws provisions
No full textArap baharı olarak isimlendirilen ve 17 Aralık 2010’da Tunus’ta başlayıp Ortadoğu’daki pek çok ülkeye yayılan devrim ve isyan hareketleri bölgede önemli sayıda kişinin daha güvenli ve istikrarlı ülkelere göç etmesine sebebiyet vermiştir. Hem konumu hem de kucaklayıcı politikası dolayısıyla Türkiye, pek çok mültecinin tercih ettiği göç noktalarından biri haline gelmiştir. Türkiye’de artan yabancı uyruklu nüfusu, medeni hukuk kapsamında evlenme, boşanma, miras gibi pek çok uyuşmazlıkta uygulanacak hukuk meselesini de gündeme getirmiştir. Özellikle Suriye Arap Cumhuriyeti vatandaşı olup ülkemizde ikamet eden çok sayıda kişinin medeni haline ilişkin uyuşmazlıklarına uygulanacak hukuk ve bu hukukun uygulanmasından doğabilecek problemlerin incelenmesi önem arz etmektedir. Bu makale özelinde “evlenme” kurumu incelenecek olup Suriye vatandaşlarının dâhil olduğu evliliklerde uygulanacak hukukun tespiti 5718 sayılı Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk ve Usul Hukuku Hakkında Kanun (“MÖHUK”) hükümleri kapsamında yapılacaktır. MÖHUK atfıyla Suriye hukukunun uygulandığı haller ise özellik arz etmektedir. Zira Suriye hukukuna göre evlenmeye ilişkin düzenlemeler, kişilerin dini tercihleri göz önünde bulundurularak farklı düzenlemelere tabi tutulmaktadır. Çoğunluğun bağlı olduğu ve İslam hukuku çerçevesinde oluşan temel kurallar silsilesi ise Türk hukukunda düzenlenmeyen mehir gibi kurumlara yer vermekte veya çeşitli açılardan Türk hukuku ile çelişki arz edebilmektedir. Bu sorunların ortaya konularak analiz edilmesi ve Türk kamu düzeni açısından değerlendirilerek karşılaşılan uyuşmazlıklara yönelik bir yol haritası çizilmesi önemlidir.The revolution movements, which started in Tunisia on 17 December 2010 and spread to many countries in the Middle East, have caused a significant number of people in the region to migrate to safer and more stable countries. Türkiye has become one of the preferred migration destinations for many refugees due to its location and inclusive policy at the beginning of the crisis. The increasing number of foreign nationals in Türkiye has also raised the issue of the law to be applied in many disputes such as marriage, divorce and inheritance within the scope of civil law. In particular, it is important to examine the law applicable to the civil disputes of a large number of Syrian Arab Republic citizens residing in Türkiye and the problems that may arise from the application of this law. In this article, the institution of ‘marriage’ will be analysed and the determination of the applicable law in marriages involving Syrian citizens will be made within the scope of the provisions of the Law No. 5718 on Private International Law and Procedural Law (“PILPL”). The cases in which Syrian law is applied by reference to the PILPL are peculiar. It is because, according to Syrian law, the regulations regarding marriage are subject to different regulations by taking into consideration the religious preferences of the persons. On the other hand, the basic set of rules that the majority adheres to and which is formed within the framework of Islamic law may include institutions such as mahr (might be translated as bride price) that are not regulated in Turkish law or may be in conflict with Turkish law in various respects. It is important to reveal and analyse these problems and to draw a road map for the encountered disputes by evaluating them in terms of Turkish public order
Exploring the impact of mentoring on novice language teachers' agency: An activity theoretic perspective
No full textThe present narrative study aims to explore three novice teachers' points of view on their internship to join a preparation program in a language school of a university in Trkiye and the impact of the mentoring procedure on their agency. The data was collected through three hours of narrative interviews with the teachers (one hour each) and narrative frames. In light of the theoretical framework of the study (i.e., activity theory), the data was analyzed using the thematic analysis approach. The themes that emerged from the data analysis revealed that mentoring impacted the teachers' agencies positively; however, some considerations need to be taken regarding the time, quality, and procedure of mentoring through which teachers can develop their agency. The results of this study can aid teachers, teacher educators, and policymakers in investigating the benefits of mentoring programs in helping novice language teachers gain and develop agency in the first years of their careers, which can maintain and develop during their career in subsequent years. The study also calls for some reflections on the barriers to developing language teachers' agency and ends with some suggestions for further research
The historical existence of financial penalties
No full textMal edinme duygusu insanın fıtratında var olan temel bir duygudur. Bu duygu insanı sürekli olarak mal elde edebileceği çeşitli yolları aramaya sevk eder. İnsanın mal edinmek için takip ettiği yollar kimi zaman kumar, faiz, rüşvet, hırsızlık gibi insanları sömüren ve bu sebeple Allah tarafından haram kılınan yollar olurken kimi zaman da Allah’ın helâl kıldığı karşılıklı rızaya dayalı sözleşmeler olabilir. Rıza, bir sözleşmenin kurulmasını sağlayan temel unsurdur. Sözleşme kurulduktan sonra yükümlülüklerin yerine getirilmesi zorunlu hale gelir. Ancak sözleşme yapan taraflardan biri kimi zaman elinde olmayan doğal afetler, iflas, hastalık, tutukluluk gibi mücbir sebeplerden kaynaklı olarak kimi zaman da tamamen keyfi olarak sözleşmelerden doğan yükümlülüklerini yerine getirmeyebilir. Bu tür bir ihlal sözleşmenin diğer tarafını sözleşmenin ihlal edilmesi sebebiyle ciddi maddi bir zarara uğratabilir ve mağdur edebilir. İşte bu durum insanları ortaya çıkabilecek her türlü zararın önüne geçmek ve sözleşmeye tabi olma disiplinini sağlamak amacıyla yapılan sözleşmelere mali ceza şartını eklemeye sevk etmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı mali ceza kavramını açıklamak ve bu uygulamanın eski medeniyetlerdeki ve semâvî dinlerdeki varlığını ortaya koymaktır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda öncelikle mali ceza kavramına yer verilmiştir. Daha sonra da mali cezanın eski medeniyetlerin hukuk sistemleri içerisinde nasıl ele alındığı meselesi en eski medeniyetlerden başlanılarak kronolojik olarak incelenmiştir. Ardından da mali cezanın semâvî dinlerdeki yeri ele alınmaya çalışılmıştır. Yapılan araştırmalar sonucunda, mali ceza uygulamasının kökenlerinin tarihsel açıdan çok eski tarihlere dayandığı ve semâvî dinlerde de var olduğu, sözleşmelere eklenen mali cezanın bazen tazminat bazen de cezâ niteliği taşıdığı, sözleşme ihlallerinin yanı sıra bazı suçlara da mali ceza öngörüldüğü tespit edilmiştir.The desire to acquire wealth is a fundamental emotion inherent in human nature. This emotion drives people to constantly seek various ways to acquire wealth. The paths humans follow to acquire wealth may sometimes involve gambling, interest, bribery, theft, and other exploitative practices that are prohibited by Allah, while at other times they may involve contracts based on mutual consent that are permitted by Allah. Consent is the fundamental element that enables a contract to be formed. Once the contract is formed, the fulfilment of obligations becomes mandatory. However, one of the parties to the contract may sometimes fail to fulfil their obligations arising from the contract due to force majeure reasons such as natural disasters, bankruptcy, illness, or imprisonment, or sometimes completely arbitrarily. Such a breach may cause serious financial damage to the other party to the contract and victimise them. This situation has led people to add financial penalty clauses to contracts in order to prevent any possible damage and to ensure compliance with the contract. The aim of this study is to explain the concept of financial penalties and to reveal the existence of this practice in ancient civilisations and heavenly religions. To this end, the concept of financial penalties is first discussed. Subsequently, the issue of how financial penalties were addressed within the legal systems of ancient civilisations is examined chronologically, starting with the oldest civilisations. Finally, the role of financial penalties in heavenly religions is explored. Research has revealed that the origins of financial penalties date back to ancient times and exist in heavenly religions. Financial penalties added to contracts sometimes serve as compensation and sometimes as punishment. Financial penalties have been imposed not only for violations of contract but also for certain crimes
Rational force of analogy/qiyas in law: Logic of law in Islamic and contemporary legal reasoning
No full textAnalogy is an inherently fragile form of argument, as the conclusion is derived from similarity, while overlooking dissimilarities. Yet law necessarily depends upon analogical reasoning to ensure consistency and predictability in its rulings. This entanglement of fragility and necessity compels the legal traditions, like Islamic and common laws, to formulate a justification of analogy when applied in law. The most successful justification, I argue, is the one that is anchored in logic. This logical grounding is a shared feature among contemporary legal theorist Scott Brewer, the informal logician Douglas Walton, and the 12th-century Muslim jurist-logician al-Ghazzali, as all three insist that the justification of legal analogy is logical. This paper aims to trace the thematic contours of their explanation in order to demonstrate, drawing primarily on al-Ghazzali's two works: al-Mustasfa fi Usul al-Fiqh and al-Muntahal fi al-Jadal, that al-Ghazali's model of analogical reasoning effectively integrates key elements of Brewer's abduction model and Walton's model of defeasible argument.L'argumentation par analogie est intrinsèquement fragile, car elle tire ses conclusions de la similitude, tout en négligeant les différences. Pourtant, le droit repose nécessairement sur le raisonnement analogique pour garantir la cohérence et la prévisibilité de ses décisions. Ce paradoxe entre fragilité et nécessité oblige les systèmes juridiques, comme le droit islamique et le common law, à justifier l'utilisation de l'analogie. Je soutiens que la justification la plus pertinente est celle qui repose sur la logique. Ce fondement logique est un point commun aux théories contemporaines de Scott Brewer, au modèle de logique non formelle de Douglas Walton et à la pensée du juriste et logicien musulman du XIIe siècle, al-Ghazālī, qui insistent tous sur le caractère logique de la justification de l'analogie juridique. Cet article vise à analyser les fondements conceptuels de ces théories, en s'appuyant principalement sur les deux ouvrages d'alGhazālī : al-Mustaṣfā fī Uṣūl al-Fiqh et al-Muntaḥal fī al-Jadal, afin de démontrer que le modèle de raisonnement analogique d'al-Ghazālī intègre efficacement les éléments clés du modèle d'abduction de Brewer et du modèle d'argumentation réfutable de Walton