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THE IMAGE OF CITY SPACE IN NARRATIVE SOURCES: DUBROVNIK FROM 15TH CENTURY TO 1667 EARTHQUAKE
No full textOvaj rad se bavi istraživanjem slike gradskog prostora Dubrovnika u narativnim vrelima i načinima na koji se ona stvarala. Iako se često shvaća kao marginalna povijesna kategorija, prostor je gotovo nemoguće izostaviti i zanemariti u humanističkim znanostima, a pogotovo u radovima usredotočenima na istraživanje grada i urbane povijesti. Podaci o realnom i fiktivnom gradskom prostoru kasnosrednjovjekovnog i ranonovovjekovnog Dubrovnika raznorodni su i razasuti u raznim vrelima. Odabirom narativnih djela ovo istraživanje želi ponuditi odgovor na pitanje kako se konstruirala slika gradskog prostora Dubrovnika od polovice 15. stoljeća do potresa 1667. godine. Brojni autori tog razdoblja i njihova djela, međusobno različiti po mnogim značajkama, važne su sastavnice urbane memorije o Gradu koje nam mogu pomoći da premostimo nedostatak drugih vrela u istraživanju slike gradskog prostora. Temeljna razdjelnica koja se postavlja ovim radom je ona između domaćih i stranih autora, odnosno između pogleda iznutra i izvana. Upravo ta dva različita pogleda te posljedično dvije različite slike tvore cjelinu koja otkriva zajedničke motive te pomaže u rasvjetljivanju njihovog međusobnog odnosa, odnosa s prethodnicima i značenje te slike u širem jadranskom i mediteranskom kontekstu.This work tackles the image of urban space of Dubrovnik in narrative sources and methods of its creation. Although it is very often regarded as a marginal historical category, the space can hardly be excluded and neglected in humanistic disciplines, especially in works concentrated on research of urban history. The spatial turn in seventies and eighties of 20th century marked the effort to bridge deficiencies caused by the neglect of space in humanistic researches, and thus in urban history. Data on the real and fictional urban space of late medieval and early modern Dubrovnik are diverse and scattered in various sources. By selecting narrative works, this research seeks to offer an answer to the question of how the image of the Dubrovnik’s urban space was constructed from the middle of the 15th century until the earthquake in 1667. Numerous authors of that period and their works, differing in many respects, are important components of urban memory that can help us overcome the lack of other sources in researching the image of city space. The basic dividing line set by this work is the one between local and foreign authors i.e., between inside and outside views. It is these two different views and consequently two different images that form a whole that reveals common motives and helps to shed light on their mutual connections, relationship with predecessors and the meaning of this image in the wider Adriatic and Mediterranean context.
To achieve these goals, it was necessary to make an introduction presenting the development of urban space before the middle of the 15th century i.e., before the research period in order to establish continuity with later periods. It is even more necessary if we consider the complicated circumstances of that period which saw many conflicts between Venetia, Byzantine Empire and Croatian Kingdom and later with Kingdom of Hungary and Ottoman Empire. The Dubrovnik area was the last Byzantine-controlled area in the Adriatic. This historical fact left very important cultural impact which strongly reflects in various social aspects. After the end of the Fourth Crusade, Dubrovnik came under the Venetian rule which coincided with the strong development of the city in the 13th century, primarily reflecting in enacting of the Dubrovnik Statute in 1272. This document, among other things, determined the future appearance of the city, regulating its streets, house building, utility infrastructure and spatial relations in general. This chapter also tackles the mentions of Dubrovnik in the works from late antiquity to the 15th century. Among these, there are some works which have been extensively analysed and researched e.g., De administrando imperio of Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus and Thomas the Archdeacon’s Historia Salonitana, and other which went under the radar e.g., some Byzantine provenance works, Chronicon Salernitanum, Gesta
Roberti Wiscardi and others. Since these works are necessarily a reflection of external circumstances, they also found their echo in later works which are the main subject of this research.
The next chapter discusses the seemingly familiar and well researched field, i.e., local narrative sources. Since historical researches are most often focused on the content, they do not discuss non-mentioned or omitted subjects and associated reasons of such “silence”, this chapter aims to respond to the question of why local sources are so silent when it comes to city space. The main reason lies in the fact that space is a cultural code seen by authors as familiar one, and because of that there is no reason to describe it in details. The second associated reason is that all important buildings and spaces were described by those same authors in parts of their works dealing with previous periods, namely periods when those very buildings had been constructed or when those spaces had been formed. So, if for example an author offered to its readers a data on construction of some specific building, there was no need to repeat it again, but it is rather used as a kind of spatial marker to describe some contemporary event. But this lack of specific information and data should be bridged by the comparison with sources of different provenance.
Thus, the next chapter is dedicated to foreign sources primarily produced by pilgrims to the Holy Land, Venetian officials and other travellers that visited and described Dubrovnik. These sources are extremely heterogeneous from various angles but are still united by the same thread i.e., the act of travelling and lack of reference to local sources. They are often very short records which offer limited data and because it was necessary to analyse a huge number of them in order to create a complete image. Perhaps, more than in other works, intertextual relations are recognized in these sources. With the example of pilgrimage accounts, as central sources discussed in this chapter, it is possible to see to which extent authors were prone to content takeover. Sometimes it is very easy to detect identical chapters in various accounts. Such archetypic examples regard both descriptions of buildings and descriptions of events. Tracing their origin leads us to Venice i.e., the starting point of all voyages. But of same importance is the fact that ships which were taking pilgrims to Holy Land were also mostly Venetians and equipped with venetian staff. It is this very strong venetian influence that gave an origin to a great number of data but also a kind of backup to some pieces of information that perhaps were not interesting to travellers or which were poorly understood by them. So, in these situations it was very easy for them to simply take over existing data. But all of the aforementioned does not diminish their value as exceptional historiography sources. At the end of this chapter, I tried to re-discuss and unscramble the question of genre which followed me through the entire work. Although it did not seem so at first, this issue proved to be crucial to understanding the image of space
The Role of Technological Progress in Economic Growth
No full textIako na gospodarski rast ne utječe samo jedna varijabla, u moderno vrijeme tehnološki napredak smatra se glavnim pokretačem gospodarske aktivnosti i uzrokom ispunjenja maksimalnog potencijala resursa. Tehnološki je napredak svoju ulogu u gospodarskom rastu ispunja kao dinamički činitelj koji označava sistematizirane promjene u sustavu proizvodnje veće količine proizvoda, boljih proizvoda, novih proizvoda i raznolikijih proizvoda. Putem istraživanja i razvoja eksploatiraju se novi proizvodi i procesi proizvodnje koji se „pokušajima i pogreškama“ plasiraju na tržište. Uspješnim otvaranjem gospodarstva stvara se mogućnost stranih direktnih investicija i prijenosa tehnologije i kapitala iz bogatih i razvijenijih zemalja u manje zemlje i zemlje u tranziciji. Izlaganje stranim tehnologijama i konkurenciji omogućuju se brze stope tehnološkog napretka, koje za posljedicu imaju izvoznu orijentaciju gospodarstva. Uz potporu sustava obrazovanja, stvara se ljudski kapital sposoban da održava konstantan tehnološki napredak, time i gospodarski rast.Although economic growth is influenced by more than one variable, nowadays technological progress is considered the main engine of economic activity and the reason for realizing the maximum resource potential. Technological growth plays a role in economic growth, as a dynamic factor denoting systematic changes in the production system of more products, better products, new products and more diverse products. Through research and development, new products and production processes are exploited, which are brought to market “by trial and error”. The successful opening of the economy creates the possibility of foreign direct investment and the transfer of technology and capital from richer and more developed countries to smaller countries and countries with a transition period. Exposure to foreign technologies and competition is ensured by the rapid pace of technological progress, which, in turn, leads to an export orientation of the economy. With the support of the education system, human capital is being created that can support constant technological progress and, consequently, economic growth
Time of leisure in Dubrovnik summer houses
No full textU radu se prikazuje shvaćanje dokolice od njenih početaka u antici, do novijih oblika dokolice u današnjem vremenu, a daje se i osvrt na djelić onoga što je značilo vrijeme dokolice u dubrovačkim ljetnikovcima. Rad istražuje što su ljudi u dokolici stvorili i kako su nastojali balansirati svoje vrijeme između rada i nerada, tj. otiuma i negotiuma. Ističe se važnost ljetnikovaca u razvoju dokolice ali i graditeljsko nasljeđe, uklapanje u krajolik i stvaralački mir koji su pružali svojim vlasnicima. Daje se uvid u nekoliko „slika dokolice“ davnih učenih razgovora, okupljanja i akademija, sačuvanih literarnih djela ali i opisa dokoličarenja na Elafitima i u dubrovačkom kraju u lovu, ribolovu, plesu i drugim oblicima dokolice. Rad daje uvid u ladanjsko uživanje u dubrovačkim ljetnikovcima kroz pera pjesnika i pisaca.This paper shows the understanding of leisure time from its beginnings in antiquity, to newer forms of leisure in today's time and it gives a review on part of what leisure time meant in Dubrovnik summer houses. The paper investigates what people created in leisure and how they tried to balance their time between work and non-work, i.e. otium and negotium. It emphasizes the importance of summer houses in the development of leisure, as well as the architectural heritage, fitting into the landscape and the creative peace that they provided to their owners. Insight is given into a few „leisure pictures“ of ancient learned conversations, gatherings and academies, preserved literary works, but also descriptions of leisure in the Elaphites and the Dubrovnik region in hunting, fishing, dancing and other forms of leisure. The paper gives insight into leisure enjoyment in Dubrovnik summer houses through the feathers of poets and writers
Creation of the website for boat excursions with the relevant contect management system
No full textU radu su prikazane i opisane faze izrade web sjedišta. Konkretno, web sjedište za brodske izlete s pripadajućim sustavom za upravljanje sadržajem. U fazi planiranja, odredili su se korisnici koji će se služiti web sjedištem te su se analizirali i definirali korisnički zahtjevi. Potom su se odabrali alati i tehnologije za izradu web sjedišta. U radu su predstavljeni i opisani svi alati koji su se koristili tijekom izrade. Prikazana je baza podataka navedenog web sjedišta. Također, web sjedište je detaljno prikazano, uz neke zanimljive dijelove koda koji su korišteni pri izradi. Sustav za upravljanje sadržajem, omogućuje administratoru ažuriranja elemenata web sjedišta, također je detaljno objašnjen u radu, što može poslužiti i kao kratke upute za korištenje.The paper presents and describes the stages of creating a website. Specifically, the website for boat trips with an associated Content Management System. In the planning phase, users who will use the web headquarters were determined and user requirements were analyzed and defined. Then, tools and technologies were chosen to create a website. The paper presents and describes all the tools that were used during the creation. The database of the specified website is displayed. Also, the website is shown in detail, along with some interesting pieces of code that were used in its creation. The content management system, which allows the administrator to update elements of the website, is also explained in detail in the paper, which can also serve as brief instructions for use
Public Grants and Firm Competitiveness
No full textGodišnje se dodijeli 1.1 - 2.8 mlrd. € u Republici Hrvatskoj putem bespovratnih potpora, što čini 2.6 - 5.7% BDP-a. Teoretska razmatranja, te istraživanja s makroekonomskog stajališta su relativno učestalija u usporedbi s količinom radova temeljenim na mikroekonomskim podatcima. U ovom radu se teži ustanoviti stvarni efekt bespovratnih potpora u periodu od 2014. do 2020. na konkurentnost poduzeća putem podataka mikro-razine. Konkurentnost se primarno promatra u obliku broja zaposlenih, ali i putem drugih karakteristika poduzeća. Koristeći se propensity score matching metodom se uparuju realno odgovarajuća poduzeća koja nisu ostvarila specifičnu potporu sa pripadajućim dobitnicima. Uzimajući samo znane prijavitelje se osigurava relativno pouzdan uzorak poduzeća što omogućuje racionalnije uparivanje poduzeća. Pronalaze se pozitivni efekti na broj zaposlenih, kapital, te ukupne prihode. U radu se fokusira na trogodišnje učinke koji slijede samu dodjelu/objavu rezultata poziva potpora. U radu se odgovara i na pitanje vjerodostojnosti dobivenih učinaka. Rezultati ostvarenja bespovratne potpore se promatraju uz različite kontrolne varijable, ali konzistentno prikazuju pozitivne efekte na konkurentnost dobitnih poduzeća. Konačno, ustanovljeni efekti pružaju relativno niže efekte potpore u odnosu na već pronađene rezultate u postojećoj literaturi.The awarded value by means of public grants in the Republic of Croatia is 1.1 – 2.8. bil. € anually which makes up 2.6 – 5.7% GDP. Theoretical, and empirical research based on macro-level data has been much more frequent than empirical research done with micro-level data. The aim of this paper is to obtain a realistic estimate of the effect of public grants on firm competitiveness using micro-level data for the 2014. – 2020. period. Firm competitiveness has been primarily observed in relation to the number of employees and through firms' diverse characteristics. Using the propensity score matching method we have paired up only evident losers with observed winners of a public grant call. That ensures a relatively realistic and robust sample which, in turn, enables more accurate matching. Significant positive effects have been found in the number of employees, the value of a firms' capital, and the firms' total revenue. The paper focuses on effects within the period of 3 years following the public grants' call results. Robustness of the results has also been examined. Various included control variables do not impact the positive effects on firm competitiveness which remain relatively consistent. Finally, papers' estimates show relatively lower effects when compared to the results found in recent literature
Coastal and Port Radars
No full textJedan od najvažnijih pomorskih električnih instrumenata je radar. Iako postoji veliki broj radara u središtu ovoga završnog rada su obalni i lučki radari. Njihova je osnovna zadaća otkrivanje, određivanje udaljenosti, i snimanje objekata u svrhu reguliranja i kontrole pomorskog prometa u domaćem teritorijalnom moru i unutrašnjim morskim vodama. Policijske snage koriste obalne i lučke radare u svrhu praćenje brzine vozila na unutrašnjim morskim putevima. Obalni i lučki radari za razliku od brodskih ili avionskih radara nemaju ograničenu veličinu i težinu. Domet pri osmatranju ciljeva na moru je relativno mali i iznosi do 20 nautičkih milja. Obalni i lučki radari mogu biti ugrađeni ili mobilni i predviđeni su za uobičajeni pomorski promet.One of the most important marine electrical instruments is the radar. Although there are a large number of radars, the focus of this final work is coastal and harbor radars. Their basic task is to detect, determine distances, and record objects for the purpose of regulating and controlling maritime traffic in the domestic territorial sea and inland sea waters. Police forces use coastal and port radars to monitor the speed of vehicles on inland waterways. Coastal and port radars, unlike ship or aircraft radars, do not have a limited size and weight. The range when observing targets at sea is relatively small and is up to 20 nautical miles. Coastal and harbor radars can be installed or mobile and are designed for normal maritime traffic
Refrigerants - Past, Present and Future
No full textU ovom radu se daje pregled razvoja rashladnih tvari, od najranijih dana mehaničkog hlađenja do stalno promjenjivih oganičenja i propisa koji su doveli do potrebe za razmatranjem novih molekula. Razmatra se istiskivanje ranih radnih fluida s uzastopnim kriterijima te se ispituju izgledi za trenutne opcije u kontekstu postojećih međunarodnih sporazuma za globalnu i lokalnu zaštitu okoliša. Identificiraju se promjene u politici i regulativama koje su na čekanju i mogu značajno utjecati na sljedeću generaciju rashladnih tvari.This article reviews the progression of refrigerants, since the earliest days of mechanical refrigeration until the everchanging constraints and regulations that have driven the need to consider new molecules. It discusses displacement of earlier working fluids with successive criteria and examines the outlook for current options in the contexts of existing international agreements for global and local enivornment protection. It identifies pending policy and regulatory changes that may impact the next generation of refrigerants significantly
Comparative Analysis of the use of Leasing as a Source of Financing in the Republic of Croatia and in Bosnia and Herzegovina
No full textLeasing je način stjecanja imovine kojim najmoprimac financira nabavu svoje imovine bez obveze jednokratnog plaćanja njezine ukupne vrijednosti. Tijekom ugovorenog razdoblja upotrebe imovine, najmoprimac plaća naknadu za korištenje imovine, a samu imovinu na kraju razdoblja korištenja može otkupiti, ili je može vratiti, odnosno zamijeniti suvremenijom. Time se ne samo olakšava financiranje nabave, već se i smanjuje rizik za najmoprimca. Nakon teorijskog definiranja leasinga i objašnjenja njegovih pojavnih oblika, u radu je provedena empirijska analiza sekundarnih podataka. Naime, rad analizira i uspoređuje dva leasing tržišta: leasing tržište Republike Hrvatske i leasing tržište Bosne i Hercegovine u periodu od 2017. godine do 2021. godine. Za taj period analiziralo se koliko se leasing koristio, koji tip leasinga je financirao koje vrste objekata te kakve financijske rezultate je ostvarivalo koje tržište. U završnom dijelu se uspoređuje korištenje leasinga kao izvora financiranja u Republici Hrvatskoj i Bosni i Hercegovini.Leasing is a way of acquiring property by which the lessee finances the acquisition of his property without the obligation to make a one-time payment of its total value. During the contracted period of use of the property, the lessee pays a fee for the use of the property and at the end of the period, the property itself can be purchased, returned, or replaced with a more modern one. By this way, not only the process of financing the acquisition has been facilitated, but also the risk for the lessee is reduced. After the theoretical definition of leasing and the explanation of its manifestations, the paper conducted an empirical analysis of secondary data. Namely, the paper analyzes and compares two leasing markets: leasing market of the Republic of Croatia and leasing market of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina from year 2017 until 2021. The analysis for this period was about the use of leasing, what type of leasing has been used to finance what type of object and about financial results that have been made by which market. The final part compares the use of leasing as a source of financing in the Republic of Croatia and in the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
leasing companies, leasing markets, contracts, HANFA, FB
"Health care of patients with bipolar affective disorder"
No full textBipolarni afektivni poremećaj ili BAP jedan je od deset najčešćih psiholoških poremećaja u svijetu, koji dovodi do disabiliteta osobe koja od njega boluje, uvjetujući njezinu višegodišnju disfunkcionalnost u svakodnevnim životnim aktivnostima. Psihijatrijski bolesnici više su nepovjerljivi od bolesnika koji boluju od somatskih bolesti. Medicinska sestra mora biti humana, odgovorna, strpljiva, toleranta i profesionalna kako bi što uspješnije izgradila odnos pun povjeranja da bi joj se bolesnik u potpunosti mogao povjeriti i izraziti svoje misli i osjećaje.
Zadaća medicinske sestre je prihvaćanje bolesnika kao cjelovitog bića, poštivanje i uvažavanje životih navika i moralnih načela te pravljenje individualnog plana zdravstvene njege prilagođenog bolesnikovim potrebama.
Cilj je prikazati spefičnosti bipolarnog afektivnog poremećaja, predstaviti sve faze bolesti, kako ih točno možemo prepoznati, njihovo liječenje i ulogu medicinske sestre u radu s bolesnikom oboljeog od BAP-a.Bipolar affective disorder or BAD is one of the ten most common psychological disorders in the world, leading to the inability of a person suffering from it, causing its perennial dysfunction in daily life activities. Psychiatric patients are much more distrustful than patients suffering from somatic diseases. The nurse must be humane, responsible, patient, tolerant and professional in order to build a trusting relationship as successfully as possible so that the patient can fully trust and express his thoughts and feelings.
The task of the nurse is to accept the patient as a whole being and to respect and appreciate life habits and moral principles and to create an individual health care plan tailored to the patient's needs.
The aim is to show the specifics of bipolar affective disorder. To present all the stages of the disease, how exactly we can recognize them, their treatment and the role of the nurse in working with a patient suffering from BAD