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Enviromental risks during discharge of balk carier
No full textOvaj rad analizira ekološke rizike povezane s iskrcajem rasutih tereta s brodova te relevantne međunarodne propise koji reguliraju zaštitu okoliša u pomorskom prometu. Fokus je stavljen na identificiranje potencijalnih onečišćenja okoliša koja proizlaze iz iskrcaja različitih vrsta rasutih tereta, uključujući kukuruz, cement, kalijevo gnojivo (potašu), ugljen i željeznu rudaču.
U radu su detaljno razmotreni procesi upravljanja rizikom, mehanizmi rukovanja teretom na brodovima te pravni okvir, posebice MARPOL Prilog V i Direktiva (EU) 2019/883, koji propisuju mjere za smanjenje utjecaja ostataka tereta na morski okoliš. Analizirane su specifične ekološke prijetnje za svaku vrstu tereta, a zatim su sintetizirane metode za njihovo ublažavanje.
Zaključno, rad naglašava potrebu za strožim nadzorom provedbe ekoloških standarda, tehnološkim unaprjeđenjima u rukovanju rasutim teretima te većom koordinacijom između brodarskih kompanija i nadležnih regulatornih tijela kako bi se minimizirali negativni učinci na morski ekosustav.This thesis analyzes the environmental risks associated with the discharge of bulk cargo from ships and the relevant international regulations governing environmental protection in maritime transport. The focus is on identifying potential environmental pollution resulting from the discharge of various types of bulk cargo, including corn, cement, potassium fertilizer (potash), coal, and iron ore.
The study examines risk management processes, cargo handling mechanisms on ships, and the legal framework, particularly MARPOL Annex V and Directive (EU) 2019/883, which prescribe measures to reduce the impact of cargo residues on the marine environment. Specific environmental threats for each type of cargo are analyzed, followed by a synthesis of methods for mitigating these risks.
In conclusion, the thesis highlights the need for stricter enforcement of environmental standards, technological advancements in bulk cargo handling, and greater coordination between shipping companies and regulatory authorities to minimize negative impacts on marine ecosystems
Using EU Funds for Financing Projects in Public Sector
No full textSredstva Europske unije, koja se obično nazivaju EU fondovi, predstavljaju javna financijska sredstva koja potječu od poreznih obveznika država članica EU. Ta se sredstva dodjeljuju za potporu specifičnim politikama usmjerenim na ispunjavanje strateških ciljeva EU-a kao cjeline i pojedinačnih država članica. U osnovi, ti resursi potječu iz proračuna EU-a i sustavno se raspoređuju kroz namjenske fondove kako bi se povećala njihova praktičnost i sigurnost u korištenju. Ulaskom Hrvatske u Europsku uniju, država je dobila pristup mogućnostima financiranja projekata kroz mehanizme Kohezijske politike. Ova je politika osmišljena kako bi ublažila ekonomske i socijalne razlike unutar Unije, olakšala integraciju nerazvijenih tržišta i osigurala da se manje razvijene nacije mogu ravnopravno uključiti u europsko tržište. Hrvatska je od 1. srpnja 2014. godine dobila pristup strukturnim i investicijskim fondovima (ESI fondovi) koji su u skladu s ciljevima Kohezijske politike. Upravljanje tim sredstvima preuzeto je od strane država članica EU-a, koje su vođene sporazumima o partnerstvu razvijenim u suradnji s Europskom komisijom. Ovi sporazumi određuju kako svaka država članica planira koristiti sredstva tijekom tekućeg razdoblja financiranja. Cilj završnog rada je ispitati primjenu EU fondova u financiranju projekata javnog sektora.The funds of the European Union, which are usually called EU funds, represent public financial resources that come from the taxpayers of the EU member states. These funds are allocated to support specific policies aimed at fulfilling the strategic objectives of the EU as a whole and individual member states. Basically, these resources come from the EU budget and are systematically distributed through dedicated funds in order to increase their practicality and safety in use. With Croatia's entry into the European Union, the country gained access to the possibilities of financing projects through the mechanisms of the Cohesion Policy. This policy is designed to alleviate economic and social disparities within the Union, facilitate the integration of under developed markets and ensure that less developed nations can participate equally in the European market. As of July 1, 2014, Croatia has been granted access to the Structural and Investment Funds (ESI Funds) that are in accordance with the goals of the Cohesion Policy. The administration of these funds is undertaken by the EU Member States, which are directed by partnership agreements developed in collaboration with the European Commission. These agreements specify how each Member State plans to utilize the funds throughout the ongoing funding period. The objective of the final paper is to examine the application of EU funds in financing public sector projects
Main Switchboard
No full textU radu se opisuje glavna sklopna ploča (GSP) koja u pravilu predstavlja međuinstalaciju u brodskom strujnom krugu koja povezuje generatore i trošila električne energije. Generatori energije na brodovima su motori s alternatorima, a trošila su različiti strojevi strojarnice kao što su motori, pumpe, vitla, potisnici, rashladni uređaji, svjetla itd. Na nju se dovodi električna energija iz generatora te se kao takva odvodi prema trošilima izravno ili preko ostalih sklopnih uređaja poput pomoćne sklopne ploče, uputnika, razdjelnika. Cilj rada je prikazati i opisati način rada sustava električne energije i glavne sklopne ploče koja omogućuje distribuciju električne energije na brodskim postrojenjima.The paper describes the main switch board (MSB), which, as a rule, represents an intermediate installation in the ship's circuit that connects generators and consumers of electricity. Energy generators on ships are engines with alternators, and they are consumed by various machinery in the engine room, such as engines, pumps, winches, thrusters, cooling devices, lights, etc. It is supplied with electrical energy from the generator and as such is taken away to the consumers directly or via other switching devices such as auxiliary switchboards, guides, distributors. The aim of the work is to show and describe the operation of the electrical power system and the main circuit board involved in the distribution of electrical power on shipboard facilities
"Colorectal cancers resected at the General hospital Dubrovnik over a three-year period"
No full textKolorektalni karcinom (CRC) predstavlja značajan javnozdravstveni problem, posebno u razvijenim zemljama, s visokom incidencijom i mortalitetom. Ovo istraživanje, provedeno u Općoj bolnici Dubrovnik u razdoblju od 2021. do 2023. godine, analiziralo je 166 pacijenata s dijagnosticiranim CRC-om. Glavni ciljevi bili su utvrditi epidemiološke karakteristike, patohistološke tipove karcinoma i prognostičke čimbenike poput veličine tumora, stupnja diferencijacije, limfovaskularne invazije i statusa limfnih čvorova.
Rezultati su pokazali da je CRC češći kod muškaraca (56 %) nego kod žena (44 %), s većinom tumora dijagnosticiranih u stadiju T3 prema TNM klasifikaciji. Histološki, adenokarcinom je bio najzastupljeniji tip tumora (89 %), a većina tumora bila je umjereno diferencirana (G2).
Usporedba s globalnim podacima ukazuje na slične epidemiološke i kliničke trendove. Nacionalni program probira, usmjeren na rano otkrivanje CRC-a, i dalje bilježi nisku stopu odaziva (25 – 30 %), što je ispod prosjeka Europske unije. Unatoč tome, programi probira dokazano smanjuju smrtnost za više od 20 % u populaciji koja redovito sudjeluje u testiranju.
Glavni zaključak istraživanja naglašava važnost integriranog pristupa koji kombinira rano otkrivanje, personaliziranu medicinu i multidisciplinarni tretman kako bi se poboljšali ishodi liječenja. Pravovremena dijagnoza i ciljane terapijske intervencije ključne su za smanjenje javnozdravstvenog opterećenja CRC-om te povećanje kvalitete života pacijenata. Rezultati ovog istraživanja pružaju značajan doprinos kliničkoj praksi i planiranju zdravstvene skrbi.Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents a significant public health issue, particularly in developed countries, due to its high incidence and mortality rates. This study, conducted at General Hospital Dubrovnik from 2021 to 2023, analyzed 166 patients diagnosed with CRC. The primary objectives were to determine the epidemiological characteristics, histopathological types, and prognostic factors such as tumor size, degree of differentiation, lymphovascular invasion, and lymph node status.
The results indicated that CRC is more common in men (56 %) than in women (44 %), with most tumors diagnosed at stage T3 according to the TNM classification. Histologically, adenocarcinoma was the most prevalent type of tumor (89 %), and most tumors were moderately differentiated (G2).
Comparison with global data reveals similar epidemiological and clinical trends. The national screening program, aimed at early detection of CRC, continues to show a low participation rate (25 – 30 %), which is below the European Union average. Nevertheless, screening programs have been proven to reduce mortality by more than 20 % among populations that regularly participate in testing.
The main conclusion of the study emphasizes the importance of an integrated approach that combines early detection, personalized medicine and multidisciplinary treatment to improve treatment outcomes. Timely diagnosis and targeted therapeutic interventions are crucial for reducing the public health burden of CRC and enhancing the quality of life for patients. The results of this research offer significant contributions to clinical practice and healthcare planning
Development of a computer game using the Godot game engine
No full textGlavna tema ovog rada je razvoj računalne igre u Godot programskom okruženju. Rad započinje društvenim temama u sklopu video igara. Prezentira razvoj video igara kroz povijest, najviše posvećen platformskim igrama kao jednoj od njihovih vrsta. Prikazuje društveni utjecaj računalnih igara, uključujući raspravu o popularnoj kulturi i integraciji računalnih igara, njihov utjecaj na ekonomiju i društvo. Kako bi se čitatelji bolje snašli u čitanju koda i zapažanju kroz prezentirani projekt, u radu se obrađuje tema upravljanja glavnim značajkama i postavkama u Godotu. Također se kratko opisuje GDScript – programski jezik razvijen isključivo za Godot. Na samom kraju, glavni fokus je stavljen na razvoj platformske igre, uz objašnjenje programskog koda te opis podešavanja postavki sustava, prikaz grafičkih efekata i finalnog projekta.The main topic of this thesis is the development of a computer game in the Godot engine. The thesis starts off with discussions about social issues related to video games. It presents the development of video games through history, with reference to platformer type of games. The social impact of video games is presented, including a discussion of popular culture and the integration of games. Their impact on economy and society is also mentioned. One of the main topics is an overview of the core functionalities and capabilities of Godot engine along with a brief analysis on its native programming language – GDScript. The reason for this is to introduce new readers and help them grasp the basics of the language so they can understand scripts much better later. At the very end, the focus is put on the development of game and presentations of its main components and scripts
"Nutritional medicine - diet as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease"
No full textU suvremenom razdoblju obilježenom gospodarskim razvojem i sve većom dostupnošću industrijski prerađene hrane, kardiovaskularne bolesti postaju jedan od vodećih uzroka obolijevanja i smrtnosti u svijetu, pri čemu prehrambene navike i nedostatak tjelesne aktivnosti imaju značajnu ulogu u njihovu razvoju. Ovaj rad analizira povezanost između načina prehrane i učestalosti kardiovaskularnih bolesti, s naglaskom na pretilost, arterijsku hipertenziju i poremećaje u metabolizmu masnoća. Posebno su obrađeni prehrambeni obrasci koji se preporučuju u svrhu prevencije, među kojima se ističu mediteranska prehrana i DASH dijeta, zbog svojih pozitivnih učinaka na zdravlje srca i krvnih žila. Također se naglašava važnost usvajanja zdravih životnih navika, poput redovite tjelesne aktivnosti i izbjegavanja rizičnih čimbenika. Pregledom relevantne stručne i znanstvene literature potvrđuje se da pravilna prehrana i promjena načina života imaju ključnu ulogu u očuvanju zdravlja i prevenciji bolesti koje značajno utječu na životni vijek i kvalitetu života.In today’s era, marked by economic development and the growing availability of industrially processed food, cardiovascular diseases have become one of the leading causes of illness and death worldwide. Poor dietary habits and lack of physical activity play a significant role in their development. This paper examines the link between nutrition and the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, with a particular focus on obesity, arterial hypertension, and lipid metabolism disorders. It presents the dietary patterns recommended for prevention, with emphasis on the Mediterranean and DASH diets, due to their proven positive effects on heart and vascular health. The importance of adopting healthy lifestyle habits, such as regular physical activity and the avoidance of risk factors, is also highlighted. A review of relevant scientific and professional literature confirms that a balanced diet and lifestyle changes are essential in maintaining health and preventing diseases that significantly affect both life expectancy and quality of life
Technological issues during the construction of a container vessel in a shipyard
No full textKontejnerski brodovi, specijalizirani za prijevoz kontejnera, zahtijevaju preciznu izradu brodskog trupa i konstrukcije kako bi se standardizirao kapacitet broda za prijevoz tereta. Tijekom razvoja kontejnerskih brodova, konstrukcija se znatno unaprijedila – od početne prakse korištenja klasičnih brodova koji su kontejnere slagali na palubama, do današnjih brodova specifično dizajniranih isključivo za prijevoz kontejnera. Takvi brodovi obično imaju jednu palubu, dvostruke bokove u srednjem dijelu broda te široke otvore skladišta na palubi, koji omogućuju slaganje kontejnera u više redova.
Jedan od glavnih tehnoloških izazova pri gradnji kontejnerskog broda je usklađivanje svih elemenata brodske konstrukcije, uključujući dimenzije broda i oblik trupa, kako bi se omogućio što učinkovitiji prijevoz kontejnera. Osim toga, dizajniranje brodova za specifične vrste tereta, poput rashladnih kontejnera, predstavlja dodatni izazov u konstrukciji jer zahtijeva integraciju posebnih sustava za hlađenje i povezivanje kontejnera s brodom.
Kontejnerizacija je značajno utjecala i na tehnologiju prekrcaja kontejnera, koji se danas obavlja pomoću naprednih brodskih prekrcajnih sredstava i obalnih kontejnerskih dizalica. Njihova nosivost može doseći do 50 tona, na visinu od 45 metara. Automatizacija tih sustava omogućila je znatno povećanje učinkovitosti, s mogućnošću prekrcaja do 50 kontejnera na sat. Također, lučke pokretne dizalice koje se koriste na terminalima omogućuju veliku fleksibilnost u transportu kontejnera zbog svoje vodoravne pokretljivosti.
Ovaj završni rad bavi se prikazom procesa izgradnje trupa kontejnerskog broda kroz tehničku i organizacijsku prizmu suvremene brodogradnje. Fokus je stavljen na tehničke specifikacije, kontrolu kvalitete tijekom izrade, kao i na ulogu standardiziranih metoda ispitivanja i dokumentacije. Rad obuhvaća sve ključne korake – od projektiranja, obrade materijala i zavarivanja, pa sve do završnih ispitivanja i inspekcija. Posebna pažnja posvećena je postupcima kontrole zavarenih spojeva, primjeni WPS-a te važnosti pravilnog praćenja i evidentiranja inspekcijskih rezultata. Cilj je ponuditi sveobuhvatan prikaz osiguranja kvalitete konstrukcije kroz stvarne zahtjeve brodograđevne prakse.Container ships, specialized for transporting containers, require precise construction of the ship's hull and structure to standardize the vessel’s capacity for cargo transport. Throughout the development of container ships, the design has significantly improved – from the early use of conventional ships where containers were stacked on decks, to today’s vessels specifically designed exclusively for container transportation. These ships typically have a single deck, double hulls in the midship section, and wide cargo hold openings on the deck that allow for stacking containers in multiple rows.
One of the main technological challenges in constructing a container ship is the coordination of all structural elements, including the ship’s dimensions and hull shape, to enable the most efficient transport of containers. In addition, designing vessels for specific types of cargo, such as refrigerated containers, presents an added challenge, as it requires the integration of special cooling systems and electrical connections to support containerized refrigeration units.
Containerization has also greatly influenced the technology used in container handling, which today is performed using advanced shipboard cargo handling systems and shore-based container cranes. These cranes can lift up to 50 tons to heights of 45 meters. The automation of such systems has significantly increased operational efficiency, with the ability to handle up to 50 containers per hour. Additionally, mobile harbour cranes used at terminals offer great flexibility in container movement due to their horizontal mobility.
This thesis deals with the presentation of the process of building a container ship hull through the technical and organizational prism of modern shipbuilding. The focus is on technical specifications, quality control during construction, as well as the role of standardized testing methods and documentation. The work covers all key steps - from design, material processing and welding, to final testing and inspections. Special attention is paid to weld joint control procedures, the application of WPS and the importance of proper monitoring and recording of inspection results. The goal is to offer a comprehensive presentation of structural quality assurance through the real requirements of shipbuilding practice
"The role of the nurse in the education of women and the care of breast cancer patients"
No full textRak dojke je najčešća maligna bolest kod žena, a vrlo rijetko mogu oboljeti i muškarci. Rak dojke manifestira se pojavom nove tvorbe. Tumorske stanice se mogu odvojiti od tumora u dojci te putem krvi ili limfe dospjeti do udaljenih dijelova tijela. Tamo počinju daljnji rast i razmnožavanje te se stvaraju novi tumori. Najčešća mjesta metastaza raka dojke su jetra, pluća, kosti, mozak te limfni čvorovi. Gotovo polovica žena koje oboli od raka dojke razvije metastatsku bolest. Oko trećinu svih malignih tumora kod žena čini rak dojke.
Danas učestalost zloćudnih bolesti u populaciji je u porastu, a jedna od najčešćih je zloćudni tumor ili karcinom dojke u žena. Uznemirujući podatak je da se tumor javlja u sve mlađoj životnoj dobi, ponekad čak i kod djevojaka mlađih od 20 godina, osobito ako je netko od ženskih članova obitelji bolovao od karcinoma dojke. Povoljna okolnost je da se s napretkom medicine i s razvijenom svijesti o bolesti među ljudima zloćudni karcinom dojke otkriva u vrlo ranim fazama, kada je moguće postići izlječenje bolesti bilo operacijom, zračenjem ili kemoterapijom, odnosno kombinacijom tih načina liječenja. Veliku ulogu u ranom otkrivanju bolesti ima redoviti, barem jednom tjedno izvedeni, samopregled dojki, jer svaka žena redovitim opipavanjem dojki može primijetiti abnormalnost i razriješiti sumnju liječničkim pregledom. Također su važni redoviti godišnji pregledi dojke mamografijom ili ultrazvukom. Sve ovo spomenuto povećava izglede za rano otkrivanje, a potom i izlječenje raka dojke. Rak dojke predstavlja velik problem u zdravstvu i zajednici pa se ulažu brojni napori u prevladavanju bolesti, posebno investiranjem u biološka i medicinska istraživanja, obrazovanje stručnjaka i osviještenost ljudi.
Medicinska sestra kroz sve svoje segmente djelovanja može doprinijeti ranom otkrivanju raka dojke, uspješnoj zdravstvenoj njezi i rehabilitaciji kroz intervencije koje provodi u zbrinjavanju bolesnice, osiguravajući joj neposrednu fizičku i emocionalnu pomoć uz motivaciju, socijalnu podršku i edukaciju. Primjerom suvremenih stručnih spoznaja kroz zdravstvenu njegu uz emocionalnu i toplu podršku u holističkom pristupu bolesnici razvija se novi pristup sestrinstvu.Breast cancer is the most common malignant disease in women, and very rarely, men can also develop it. Breast cancer manifests as the appearance of a new growth. Tumor cells can detach from the tumor in the breast and, through blood or lymphatic vessels, reach distant parts of the body. In the new loaction, they begin to grow creating a new tumors. The most common sites of breast cancer metastasis are the liver, lungs, bones, brain, and lymph nodes. Nearly half of the women diagnosed with breast cancer, develop metastatic disease. About one-third of all malignant tumors in women are breast cancer.
Today, the incidence of malignant diseases in the population is increasing, and one of the most common is breast cancer in women. A disturbing fact is that tumors are occurring at an increasingly younger age, sometimes even in girls under 20, especially if a female family member has had breast cancer. A positive factor is that with advances in medicine and increased awareness of the disease, malignant breast cancer is often detected at very early stages, when it is possible to cure the disease through surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or a combination of these treatments. A crucial role in the early detection of the disease is played by regular breast self-examinations.It has to be performed at least once a week, as every woman can notice any abnormalities and seek medical clarification through examination. Regular annual breast screenings, such as mammograms or ultrasounds, are more important. All of this increases the chances of early detection and subsequent cure of breast cancer. Breast cancer represents a significant problem in healthcare and the community, so significant efforts are being made to combat the disease, particularly through investments in biological and medical research, professional education, and public awareness.
A nurse, through all aspects of her work, can contribute to the early detection of breast cancer, successful healthcare, and rehabilitation through interventions that she carries out in the care of the patient, providing immediate physical and emotional assistance along with motivation, social support, and education. By applying modern professional knowledge through healthcare, combined with emotional and warm support in a holistic approach to the patient, a new approach to nursing is being developed
Comparison of floor heating with a heat pump with central heating and wood heating
No full textOsnovna motivacija za grijanjem ili rashlađivanjem prostora jest postizanje osjećaja ugode unutar prostora u kojemu boravimo. Postoji više načina (sustava) zagrijavanja prostora. U fazi projektiranja objekta primjenjuju se razne norme i smjernice. Optimalni način s aspekta ugodnosti je zagrijavanja prostora podnim grijanjem, jer omogućuje najbolju raspodjelu temperature po visini i širini prostora. To rezultira najugodnijim osjećaem boravka u prostoru od svih drugih sustava grijanja. Izvori topline za podno grijanje mogu biti različiti. Osim klasičnih sustava, u novije se vrijeme kao izvori topline za podno grijanje koriste dizalice topline koje griju vodu koja cirkulira u sustavu. Proizvodnja topline u zajedničkoj kotlovnici te njen odvod prijenosnikom topline karakteristika je centralnog grijanja. Velika prednost centralnog grijanja je mogućnost korištenja svih izvora energije, tj. postoje centralna grijanja na lož ulje, električna centralna grijanja, centralno grijanje na drva i ostala kruta goriva (ugljen, peleti, drvna sječka i sl.). Klasično grijanje na drva je lokalni tip grijanja i ono je rasprostranjeno u našim ruralnim područjima, osobito gdje postoji vlastiti izvor drva. Jedna od prednosti grijanja na drva je da osim grijnja imamo i izvor topline za kuhanje i pečenje.The main motivation for heating or cooling the space is to achive a feeling of well – being inside the space where we stay. There are a few systems of heating the space. In the design phase various norms and guidelines are applied. The optimal way regarding well – being is the heating of the space by floor heating, because it enables the best distribution of temperature by hight and width of the space. It results in the most plesant feeling in the space than all other heating systems. There are various heat sources of floor heating. Besides classic systems heat pumps have been used recently as the heat sources which heat water circuating in the system. Heat generation in the common boiling room and its distribution by heat exchanger is a characteristic of the central heating. A big advantage of central heating is a possibility of using all energy sources, such as: central heating using fuel oil, electric central heating, central heating using wood and other solid materials (coal, pellets, wood chips, etc.). Classic wood heating is a local type of heating and it is widely used in the rural areas, especially there where there are own sources of wood. One of the main advantages of wood heating is that it can also be used for preparing food (coocking, roasting, baking, etc.)