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Egypt in the Greco-Roman period: from the 1st century BCE to the Arab conquest of Egypt
No full textAutor će u ovom radu prikazati osnovne karakteristike Egipta od početka 1. st. pr. Kr. do arapskog osvajanja Egipta. U radu su prikazani glavni povijesni događaji s naglaskom na rane odnose Egipta i Rima te postupno propadanje ptolemejskog Egipta tijekom 1. st. pr. Kr. te njegovu uključenje u kasnu Rimsku Republiku. U nastavku su date naznake društvenog i kulturnog razvoja Egipta sve do sredine 7. st. pr. Kr. Tako su uz povijesni pregled u radu su također obrađeni svi važni segmenti egipatske administracije, gospodarstva, vjere i pogrebnih običaja, te znanosti i kulture tijekom posljednjih osam stotina godina staroegipatske povijesti.In this paper, the author will present the basic characteristics of Egypt from the beginning of the 1st century BC to the Arab conquest of Egypt. The paper presents the main historical events with an emphasis on the early relations between Egypt and Rome and the gradual decline of Ptolemaic Egypt during the 1st century BC and its inclusion in the late Roman Republic. Below are indications of the social and cultural development of Egypt until the middle of the 7th century BC. Thus, in addition to the historical overview, the paper also covers all important segments of Egyptian administration, economy, religion and funeral customs, as well as science and culture during the last eight hundred years of ancient Egyptian history
Perception of patients with eating disorders and their treatment - perspective of professionals involved in treatment
No full textCilj ovog rada je ispitati percepciju pacijenata s poremećajima prehrane i njihovog tretmana iz perspektive stručnjaka, s naglaskom na multidisciplinarni pristup u Hrvatskoj. Specifičan je cilj razumjeti uloge i doprinos različitih stručnjaka te identificirati čimbenike koji doprinose uspješnom oporavku. Korišteni su polustrukturirani/nestrukturirani intervjui s 12 stručnjaka iz Klinike za psihijatriju Sv. Ivan u Zagrebu, uključujući psihijatre, psihologe, nutricioniste i terapeute. Nalazi pokazuju da multidisciplinarni pristup omogućuje sveobuhvatan tretman, pri čemu su emocionalni rad, prihvaćanje i strpljenje ključni za oporavak, a bitnima se pokazuju i edukacija te podrška obitelji. Terapijski pristupi poput kognitivno-bihevioralne terapije, geštalt terapije, radne terapije i terapije pokretom doprinose holističkom liječenju. Zaključno, uspješan tretman zahtijeva suradnju, kontinuiranu edukaciju i emocionalnu podršku, što u sinergiji doprinosi trajnom opravku i boljoj kvaliteti života pacijenata.The objective of this paper is to explore the perception of patients with eating disorders and their treatment from the perspective of professionals, with a focus on the multidisciplinary approach in Croatia. The specific aim is to understand the roles and contributions of various professionals and identify factors that facilitate successful recovery. Semi-structured/unstructured interviews were conducted with 12 professionals from the Clinic for Psychiatry Sv. Ivan in Zagreb, including psychiatrists, psychologists, nutritionists, and therapists. The findings indicate that a multidisciplinary approach provides comprehensive treatment, wherein emotional labor, acceptance, and patience are pivotal to recovery, while education and family support are also significant. Therapeutic modalities such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, gestalt therapy, occupational therapy, and movement therapy contribute to holistic treatment. In conclusion, successful treatment necessitates collaboration, continuous education, and emotional support, which collectively contribute to sustained recovery and improved quality of life for patients
Quality of the Healthcare System from the Perspective of Deafblind Individuals
No full textU središtu provedenog istraživanja bio je zdravstveni sustav u Republici Hrvatskoj i kvaliteta istog iz perspektive gluhoslijepih osoba. Gluhosljepoća je kombinacija oštećenja vida i sluha, a zbog čega osobe s ovim oštećenjem imaju poteškoće u komunikaciji, mobilnosti i informiranju. Prema podacima iz 2023. godine u Hrvatskoj ima 166 gluhoslijepih osoba, a svatko od njih treba prevoditelja kojih nema dovoljno da se pokriju potrebe ove zajednice. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo šest gluhoslijepih osoba, a ujedno i članova Udruge gluhoslijepih osoba grada Zagreba. Svaki sudionik imao je svog prevoditelja koji mu je pomagao u komunikaciji, a kao metoda istraživanja korištena je fokus grupa za koju je osmišljen protokol pitanja. Sudionici su okupljeni u prostorima lokalne udruge gdje je provedeno istraživanje. Rezultati ovog istraživanja ukazuju na vrlo izraženo nezadovoljstvo gluhoslijepih osoba kad je riječ o zdravstvenom sustavu. Prvenstveno, kao glavni problem ističu lošu organizaciju te vrlo izražene poteškoće u komunikaciji sa zdravstvenim osobljem koje im olakšavaju prevoditelji. Ipak, nerijetko se događa da prevoditelje u bolnicama, prilikom pregleda i zahvata, odvoje od korisnika tj. pacijenta upravo zbog manjka razumijevanja za ovu zajednicu. Nastavno na to, zdravstveni sustav nije prilagođen osobama sa specifičnim senzoričkim oštećenjima što se očituje kroz nepristupačnost i loš pristup pacijentu. Iako svjesni dobrih strana u sustavu kao i dobrih ljudi, kod gluhoslijepih prevladavaju negativna iskustva i poteškoće s kojima se suočavaju. Kako bi se situacija poboljšala, predlažu edukacije zdravstvenog osoblja u vidu učenja hrvatskog znakovnog jezika te stvaranje registra s educiranim osobljem u svakoj bolnici.The focus of this research was the healthcare system in the Republic of Croatia and its quality from the perspective of deaf-blind individuals. Deafblindness is a combination of vision and hearing impairment, which causes difficulties in communication, mobility, and access to information for those affected. According to 2023 data, there are 166 deaf-blind individuals in Croatia, each of whom needs an interpreter; however, there is a shortage of interpreters to meet the community's needs. The research involved six deaf-blind individuals, also members of the Association of Deaf-Blind Persons of the City of Zagreb. Each participant had an interpreter to assist them in communication, and a focus group method was used for the research, with a protocol of questions designed for this purpose.
The participants were gathered on the premises of the local association where the study was conducted.
The findings of this research indicate substantial dissatisfaction among deaf-blind individuals regarding the healthcare system. The primary issues identified include poor organization and significant communication barriers with healthcare staff, which interpreters help to mitigate. Nonetheless, interpreters are frequently separated from the patients during examinations and procedures in hospitals due to a lack of understanding of this community's needs.
Consequently, the healthcare system is not adequately adapted to individuals with specific sensory impairments, as evident in its inaccessibility and suboptimal patient care approach. Although the deaf-blind community acknowledges the positive aspects of the system and the compassionate individuals within it, their overall experiences are predominantly negative, marked by numerous difficulties. To foster improvements, they suggest educating healthcare professionals to learn Croatian sign language and creating a registry of trained personnel in every hospital
Experience of children of Croatian veterans and their perception of social attitudes towards veterans
No full textIskustva djece hrvatskih branitelja rijetko su istraživana tematika unatoč rastućoj potrebi za istraživanjima o hrvatskim braniteljima i njihovoj djeci. Ovo je istraživanje provedeno kako bi se pobliže istražila iskustva djece branitelja i njihova percepcija društvenih stavova prema braniteljima. Provedeno je kvalitativno istraživanje s 15-ero djece hrvatskih branitelja, prosječne dobi 33 godine. Analizom njihovih odgovora izdvojeno je osam tematskih područja u kojima su sadržana njihova iskustva i percepcije: Percepcija mišljenja javnosti o braniteljima i djeci branitelja, Rat ljude mijenja, Sličnost oca i djeteta, Društvena stigma i medijsko stereotipiziranje, Domovinski rat kao dio obiteljskih razgovora, Izvori znanja o Domovinskom ratu, Identitet i samopredstavljanje djece branitelja i U idealnom svijetu. Dublji uvidi dobiveni kroz intervjue otkrivaju različite perspektive i strategije kojima se djeca branitelja služe kako bi se nosila s kompleksnim socijalnim i emocionalnim izazovima. Rezultati ovog istraživanja ne samo da pružaju uvid u dosad neistraženo područje, već također ističu važnost i potrebu za daljnjim istraživanjima na ovu temu.Experiences of children of Croatian veterans are a rarely explored topic despite the growing need for research on Croatian veterans and their children. This study was conducted to investigate the experiences of veteran's children and their perception of social attitudes towards veterans. A qualitative research approach was employed with 15 children of Croatian veterans, with an average age of 33 years. Analysis of their responses identified eight thematic areas encapsulating their experiences and perceptions: Perception of public opinion of veterans and their children, War changes people, Similarity between father and child, Social stigma and media stereotyping, Homeland War as part of family discussions, Sources of knowledge about the Homeland War, Identity and self-representation of veterans' children, and In an ideal world. Deeper insights gained from interviews reveal diverse perspectives and coping strategies employed by veterans' children to navigate complex social and emotional challenges. The findings not only provide insights into an underexplored area but also underscore the importance and need for further research on this topic
Perception of the impact of crime streaming series on young people
No full textU ovom diplomskom radu analiziraju se kriminalističke streaming serije čije sadržaje mladi najviše prate. Poznato je, naime, da kriminalističke streaming serije prikazuju uglavnom ubojstva, kriminal i nasilje čiji su scenariji često snimani prema istinitim događajima. Utječu li takve kriminalističke serije na razmišljanje mladih i na njihovo mentalno zdravlje, tema je ovoga rada. U tu svrhu u ovom radu provedena je kvantitativna analiza sadržaja izabranih kriminalističkih streaming serija s prigodnim anketnim upitnikom u razdoblju od 11. veljače 2024. do 14. veljače 2024. godine. Prema tome cilj ovog istraživanja je istražiti što mladi misle o kriminalističkim streaming serijama, zašto mladi biraju kriminalističke streaming serije, koje likove i teme u kriminalističkim streaming serijama najradije gledaju, zašto preferiraju taj žanr serija i na koji način sadržaji iz tih kriminalističkih serija utječu na njih. Mladi su ispitanici koji pripadaju dobi od 18 godina do 35 godina. Kriterij izbora kriminalističkih streaming serija njihova je dugotrajna popularnost, visoka ocjena gledatelja te velika ljubav prema žanru kriminalističkih serija. Osnovna jedinica analize sadržaja je kriminalistička streaming serija u kojoj se istražuju motivi i teme kojima se bavi kriminalistička streaming serija te detektivske tehnike, moralne dvojbe i društveni problemi. Dobiveni rezultati ovog istraživanja pokazuju da mladi percipiraju utjecaj kriminalističkih streaming serija i da te serije djeluju na njih i na njihovo mentalno zdravlje, a upravo je bio cilj ovoga rada istražiti percepciju pozitivnog i/ili negativnog utjecaja kriminalističkih streaming serija na složeni odnos mladih u odnosu na sadržaj i likove kriminalističkih streaming serija.This thesis analyzes crime-themed streaming series that are most popular among young audiences. It is well-known that crime series often depict murders, crime, and violence, with scenarios frequently based on true events. The central theme of this study is to explore whether these crime series influence the thoughts and mental health of young people. To this end, the study conducted a quantitative content analysis and a relevant survey questionnaire during the period from February 11th, 2024, to February 14th, 2024. The research aims to examine what young people think about crime streaming series, why they choose them, which themes in these series they prefer to watch, why they favor this genre, and how the content of crime series affects them. The term "young people" in this study refers to individuals aged 18 to 35. The criteria for selecting crime streaming series include their long-standing popularity, high viewer ratings, and strong affinity for the crime genre. The primary unit of content analysis is the crime streaming series itself, investigating the motives and subjects it addresses, as well as detective techniques, moral dilemmas, and social issues. The results of this research indicate that young people perceive the impact of crime streaming series and that these series do influence their mental health. The ultimate goal of this thesis is to explore the perception of the positive and/or negative impact of crime streaming series on young people and their complex relationship with the content of these series and their characters
Vukovar in the revolutions of 1848/1849
No full textRad istražuje društvenopolitička zbivanja u Vukovaru i okolici tijekom revolucija 1848. i 1849. godine. Za razliku od dosadašnje historiografije, koja navedeno razdoblje i zbivanja nerijetko promatra iz perspektive Zagreba, ovaj rad u fokus stavlja grad Vukovar i njegove građane. Veći dio rada posvećen je unutarnjoj i vanjskoj politici grada i županije, odnosno raspravama i odlukama donesenim na sjednicama skupštine Srijemske županije te odjecima i reakcijama građana na odluke politički angažiranih Vukovaraca. Sukobi narodne i mađaronske stranke, na čelu s mađaronom i prvim podžupanom Josipom Žitvajem, napose na sjednicama skupštine Srijemske županije, trajali su u punom jeku do kraja kolovoza 1848. godine, kada Žitvaj doživljava konačni pad i kada, nedugo zatim, dolazi do otvorenog rata s Ugarskom. Politički su sukobi primarno vođeni oko jezika, koji je smatran, naročito u ono doba, glavnim obilježjem određene nacije. Slabljenjem mađaronskog političkog utjecaja u Vukovaru i Srijemu, ubrzo započinje i postupno jača hrvatsko-srpska borba za Srijem. Zagovornici svesrpskog Srijema pozivali su se na članak VII. Hrvatskog sabora iz 1848. godine, koji su neprestano pogrešno tumačili, da bi, na kraju, za uzrok svih svojih nedaća i propalog ranog velikosrpskog projekta proglasili bana Jelačića. Među prvim žrtvama svesrpskog Srijema, odnosno protovelikosrpske zamisli bio je vukovarski grof Hugo Filip Karlo od Eltza, o čijoj je smrti, okolnostima i svjedočanstvima ubojstva u radu posvećeno cijelo poglavlje.The thesis examines sociopolitical events that occurred in Vukovar and its surroundings during the revolutions of 1848 and 1849. Unlike previous historiographical works, which often explore this period and events from the perspective of Zagreb, this thesis puts the focus on the city of Vukovar and its citizens. A larger part of this thesis is dedicated to the domestic and foreign policies of the city of Vukovar and the county of Srijem, that is, on the debates and decisions made at the meetings of the Srijem County Assembly and the reactions of the Vukovar citizens to the decisions of their town's and county's leadership. The conflicts between the people's and magyaron parties, latter led by the magyaron and first county sub-prefect Josip Žitvaj, were in full motion until the end of August 1848, when Žitvaj faced his final political downfall and when, soon after, an open war with Hungary started. Political conflicts were primarily centered around the question of language, which was at the time considered to be the main characteristic of a given nation. With magyaron political power weakening in Vukovar and Srijem County, the croatian-serbian struggle for Srijem began and eventually incresed. People advocating for an all-serbian Srijem referred to Article VII of the Croatian Parliament from 1848, which they often misinterpreted, for them to, in the end, as the cause for all their misfortunes and for the failure of the proto-Greater Serbia project blame ban Jelačić. Among the first victims of the all-serbian Srijem, or the proto-Greater serbian idea, was Vukovar's count Hugo Philip Karl von Eltz, about whose death, circumstances, and testimonies of his murder we dedicated an entire chapter in this thesis
Spatial-demographic Determinants of Croat depopulation in the West Herzegovina Country
No full textRad prikazuje ukupno kretanje stanovništva Županije Zapadnohercegovačke u razdoblju od 1961. do 2013. s procjenom stanovništva do 2023. te projekcijom do 2070., s naglaskom na Hrvate. Rad se bavi istraživanjem prostorno-demografskih odrednica depopulacije Hrvata u Županiji Zapadnohercegovačkoj te će prikazati aktualnu demografsku problematiku hrvatskog naroda Županije koju prvenstveno obilježavaju nepovoljni trendovi prirodnog kretanja stanovništva, iseljavanja i ukupnog smanjivanja stanovništva. Prikazane su i socio-ekonomske posljedice depopulacije, s posebnim naglaskom na starenje stanovništva te smanjenje mladog stanovništva. U Županiji je sve više prisutan proces urbanizacije. Stanovništvo iz ruralnih područja gravitira prema urbanim centrima i inozemstvu što rezultira depopulacijom i starenjem stanovništva u seoskim naseljima. Identificiranjem ključnih problema i predlaganjem smjernica za javne politike koje će potaknuti održiv razvoj i demografsku revitalizaciju moguće je sačuvati opstanak i ostanak hrvatskog naroda Županije Zapadnohercegovačke.The paper presents the overall population trends of the West Herzegovina County from 1961 to 2013, with an estimation of the population up to 2023 and a projection until 2070, focusing on the Croat population. The study investigates the spatial and demographic determinants of depopulation among Croats in West Herzegovina County and highlights the current demographic challenges facing the Croatian population of the County, primarily characterized by unfavorable trends in natural population movement, emigration, and overall population decline. The socio-economic consequences of depopulation are also presented, with particular emphasis on population aging and the decrease in the young population. The process of urbanization is increasingly present in the County. The population from rural areas gravitates toward urban centers and abroad, resulting in depopulation and aging in rural settlements. By identifying key issues and proposing guidelines for public policies that will encourage sustainable development and demographic revitalization, it is possible to preserve the survival and continuity of the Croatian population in West Herzegovina County
Ways of reducing anxiety in men during courting
No full textCilj ovog istraživanja je izmjeriti razlike u anksioznosti kod muškaraca prilikom udvaranja
ženama klasičnim pristupom i udvaranja putem unaprijed uvježbane i zadane tehnike. Klasično
udvaranje sastojalo se od prilaska grupi žena, predstavljanja, upoznavanja, improvizacije, i
prijedloga jednoj od žena da se razmijeni kontakt. Unaprijed uvježbana tehnika zadana od strane
istraživača je umjesto improvizacije uključivala izvedbu točno određene šale pomoću koje su
sudionici mogli prijeći s upoznavanja na prijedlog razmjene kontakta. Istraživanje se provelo
na prigodnom uzorku od 25 muškaraca mlađe odrasle dobi. Mjere anksioznosti su bile rezultati
na skali samoprocjene STAIS-5, i povećanje broja otkucaja srca u minuti prilikom udvaranja u
odnosu na stanje mirovanja. Skala STAIS-5 se primijenila nakon prijedloga za razmjenu
kontakta, sudionik je procjenjivao razinu anksioznosti koju je osjećao prilikom prilaska i
udvaranja. Broj otkucaja srca u minuti se mjerio putem Huawei GT4 pametnog sata, prvo
tijekom stanja mirovanja, a zatim za vrijeme udvaranja na jedan i na drugi način. Istraživanje
je pokazalo da dobivene razlike u ukupnim rezultatima skale samoprocjene anksioznosti i
povećanjima broja otkucaja ritma srca tijekom udvaranja improvizacijom i udvaranja unaprijed
uvježbanom i zadanom tehnikom nisu statistički značajne.The purpose of this research is to measure the differences in anxiety in men while courting
women using a classical approach, and while courting women using a prepared, instructed
method. Classical courting included approaching a group of women, introducing oneself,
meeting the women, improvisation, and suggesting an exchange of contact information with
one of the women. The prepared method instructed by the researcher, instead of improvisation,
included a performance of a joke that participants used to bridge the gap between meeting the
women and suggesting the exchange of contact information with one of the women. The
research was conducted on a convenience sample of 25 young adult men. The measures of
anxiety were results on the self assessment scale STAIS-5, and increases in heart beats per
minute while courting. The STAIS-5 scale was administered after the suggestion of exchanging
contact information, the participant assessed the values reflecting the levels of anxiety felt
during the approach and courting. Heart beats per minute was measured using the Huawei GT4
smartwatch, first during the state of resting, then while courting using both methods. The
research shows that the differences measured by the self-assessment scale and the increase in
heart beats per minute between courting using improvisation and courting using the prepared,
instructed method were non-significant
Sociological fundamentals of gaming culture
No full textCilj ovoga rada jest doprinijeti sociološkome shvaćanju gaming kulture i onih koje nazivamo
gamerima. Istraživanjem se nastoje dobiti saznanja o tome kako gameri sami sebe percipiraju
u kontekstu gaming kulture te upoznati se s igračkim navikama ljudi koji igraju videoigre.
Također, nastoji se saznati kakvi su stavovi igrača prema drugim tipovima igrača, kao i o
njihovim stavovima prema igranju videoigara u cijelosti. Istraživanje je provedeno web
anketom o samoidentifikaciji gamera nad 140 punoljetnih ispitanika unutar hrvatskih
gamerskih kanala na platformama poput Discorda, grupa na Facebooku te ostalih manjih online
zajednica. U radu se, nakon upoznavanja s terminom gaminga, njegove povijesti, podjele
videoigara i ostalih bitnih podjela unutar gaminga, razmatraju pozitivni i negativni učinci
igranja videoigara. Predstavlja se prelazak gaminga iz supkulture u kulturu, postojanje
određenih stereotipa o ljudima koji igraju videoigre te povezanost socioloških termina s
elementima gaming kulture. U istraživačkome dijelu rada dvije hipoteze su potvrđene, jedna je
potvrđena djelomično, dok je jedna odbačena. Također, dobivena su saznanja o igračkim
navikama te stavovima ispitanika o aspektima igranja videoigara, poput osobne percepcije
pojma gamer ili sudjelovanja u aktivnostima kao što su gledanje streamera i sudjelovanje u
gamerskim zajednicama. Važno je napomenuti kako je gaming najbrže rastuća industrija zabave
u svijetu čime ima velik utjecaj na društvo te postaje značajnom temom socioloških istraživanja.The aim of this paper is to contribute to the sociological understanding of gaming culture and
those we call gamers. The research endeavors to gain knowledge about how players percieve
themselves in the context of gaming culture, and to learn about the gaming habits of people
who play video games. Also, it tries to find out what the players' attitudes are towards other
types of players, as well as their attitudes towards playing video games in general. The research
was conducted by a web survey on self-identification of gamers among 140 adult respondents
within Croatian gaming channels on platforms such as Discord, Facebook groups and other
smaller online communities. After getting acquainted with the term gaming, its history, the
division of video games and other important divisions within it, the paper examines the positive
and negative effects of playing videogames. The transition of gaming from subculture to
culture, the existence of certain stereotypes about people who play video games and the
connection of sociological terms with elements of gaming culture are presented. In the research
part of the paper, two hypotheses were confirmed, one was partially confirmed, while one was
rejected. Also, knowledge was gained about the gaming habits and attitudes of respondents
about aspects of playing video games, such as personal perception of the term gamer or
participating in activies such as watching streamers and participating in gaming communities.
It is important to note that gaming is the fastest growing entertainment industry in the world,
which has a great impact on society and is becoming an important topic of sociological research
Searl's critique of Austin's speech acts
No full textJohn Langshaw Austin je jedan od najutjecajnijih filozofa jezika 20. stoljeća, a posebice je značajan njegov doprinos na području filozofije jezika u kontekstu govornih činova. U radu će se analizirati ključni koncepti iz Austinove knjige Kako djelovati riječima i Searlove kritike te teorije u njegovoj knjizi Govorni činovi: Esej iz filozofije jezika. U prvom poglavlju, fokusiramo se na Austinovo razlikovanje lokucijskih, ilokucijskih i perlokucijskih činova, gdje Austin naglašava da je jezik sredstvo djelovanja, a ne samo opisivanje stvarnosti. Drugo poglavlje usmjereno je na Searlovu analizu i proširenje Austinove teorije. Searl prepoznaje važnost Austinovog rada, ali kritizira nedostatke u razumijevanju perlokucijskih efekata i nejasnoće oko pravila koja upravljaju ilokucijskim činovima. Searl razvija svoju teoriju koja uključuje konstativna pravila za uspjeh govornih činova. U trećem poglavlju, istražujemo kritike upućene Searlovoj teoriji, koje naglašavaju rigidnost njegove klasifikacije govornih činova i nedostatak kontekstualnog razmatranja. Kritičari poput Stephena Levinsona ističu važnost društvenih odnosa, konteksta i zajedničkog znanja u interpretaciji govornih činova. Rad pruža sveobuhvatan pregled evolucije teorije govornih činova, naglašavajući njihovoj značaj za suvremenu filozofiju jezika i pragmatiku te njihov utjecaj na razumijevanje jezične komunikacije u različitim kontekstima.John Langshaw Austin is one of the most influential philosophers of language of the 20th century and his contribution to the field of philosophy of language in the context of speech acts is particularly significant. The paper will analyse key concepts from Austin’s book How to Do Things with Words and Searle’s criticism of that theory in his book Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. In the first chapter, we focus on Austin’s distinction between locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary acts, where Austin emphasizes that language is a means of action. Not just a description of reality. The second chapter focuses on Searle’s analysis and Austin’s theory. Searle recognizes the importance of Austin’s work but criticizes the shortcomings in the understanding of perlocutionary effects and the ambiguity surrounding the rules governing illocutionary acts. Searl develops his theory that includes constative rules for the success of speech acts. In the third chapter, we explore criticisms of Searle’s theory, which emphasize the rigidity of his classification of speech acts and the lack of contextual consideration. Critics such as Stephen Levinson emphasize the importance of social relations, context and shared knowledge in the interpretation of speech acts. The paper provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution of the theory of speech acts, emphasizing their importance for contemporary language philosophy and pragmatics and their influence on the understanding of language communication in different contexts