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PLASTIC POLLUTION-SOURCES OF DANGEROUS CHEMICALS
No full textPlastika je neizbježan dio naše svakodnevice i gotovo je nemoguće zamisliti moderan život bez plastičnih materijala. Plastika je sintetički materijal sačinjen od polimera, dugih lanaca molekula koji se mogu oblikovati u različite oblike i veličine. Ona je složena kombinacija kemikalija i različitih aditiva koji se dodaju radi poboljšanja njenih svojstava. Plastika može sadržavati štetne kemikalije koje mogu dospjeti u hranu, piće i zrak, što dokazano izaziva štetne zdravstvene posljedice za ljude, druga živa bića i okoliš u cjelini. Razgradnjom plastičnih proizvoda u okolišu, pod utjecajem vodenih struja, vjetra i sunčeve svjetlosti, nastaje mikroplastika. Otkrivena je u svim morskim organizmima, morskoj hrani i pitkoj vodi, a također u tkivima i organima čovjeka. Onečišćenje plastikom došlo je do gotovo svakog kutka našeg planeta. Na koji god način i kojim god putem plastika dospije u okoliš, zbog svog kemijskog sastava i svojih svojstava ostaje u našem okolišu generacijama. Očuvanje okoliša, pažljivo planiranje i održivo gospodarenje okolišem i njegovim resursima nužnost su opstanka ljudske vrste i moraju biti temelj razvojne strategije svakog suvremenog uređenog društva.Plastic is an inevitable part of our everyday life and it is almost impossible to imagine modern life without plastic materials. Plastic is a synthetic material made of polymers, long chains of molecules that can be formed into different shapes and sizes. It is a complex combination of chemicals and various additives that are added to improve its properties. Plastic can contain harmful chemicals that can get into food, drink and air, which is proven to cause harmful health consequences for people, other living beings and the environment. Decomposition of plastic products in the environment, under the influence of water currents, wind and sunlight, creates microplastics. It has been found in all marine organisms, seafood and drinking water, and also in human tissues and organs. Plastic pollution has reached almost every corner of our planet. In whatever way and by whatever route, plastic enters the environment, due to its chemical composition and its properties, it remains in our environment for generations. Preservation of the environment, careful planning and sustainable management of the environment and its resources are a necessity for the survival of the human species and must be the basis of the development strategy of every modern organized society
OPASNOSTI I MJERE ZAŠTITE PRI RADU S POSTROJENJEM ZA REMONT BUŠOTINA NATIONAL-3
No full textDiplomski rad proučava opasnosti i mjere zaštite pri radu sa postrojenjem za remont bušotina. Rad se sastoji od opisa remontnog postrojenja. Postrojenje za remontne radove je radni stroj čiji radni dijelovi su električni, hidraulički, strojarski, metalni, gumeni i plastični. Remontno postrojenje koje promatramo u ovom radu je postrojenje za remont bušotina National-3. Samo remontno postrojenje (RP) uz sebe uvijek ima prateću opremu, alat, rasvjetne platforme, rezervoare, barake, pumpu za cirkulaciju, površinske vodove i svu ostalu opremu. Zbog kompleksnosti svakog od dijelova te prateće opreme, posebne dokumentacije koja prati svaki komad opreme i mjera zaštite za svaki od tih dijelova, u radu je obrađeno samo remontno postrojenje National-3. Navedene su opasnosti koje mogu proizaći pri radu sa remontnim postrojenjem te mjere sigurnosti. U naftnoj industriji mjere zaštite na radu su na visokom nivou. Isto tako su i mjere zaštite okoliša na visokom nivou. Mjere zaštite okoliša nisu analizirane u ovom radu jer predstavljaju jednu zasebnu cjelinu i posebnu studiju. Analiza rizika i opasnosti koje prijete je napravljena uz pridržavanje zakonskih okvira i pravilnika koji su na snazi u Republici Hrvatskoj (RH). U radu nije analiziran procjena rizika za radna mjesta radnika na remontnom postrojenju jer svako radno mjesto predstavlja svoje rizike i zahtjeva posebnu studiju. U ovom radu je naglasak samo na opasnostima koje proizlaze od remontnog postrojenja kao radnog stroja, a ne ostale opasnosti iz okoline, na opasnosti koje može uzrokovati oprema i alat koja se koriste pri radu na remontu bušotina. Uvjeti u kojima djeluju i rade radnici na remontnom postrojenju također nisu analizirane. Svaki dio remontnog postrojenja National-3 je analiziran kao potencijalno opasan dio po zdravlje čovjeka te se na kontu toga i svaki dio remontnog postrojenja zasebno analizirao. Opisan je način održavanja i servisa samog remontnog postrojenja u svrhu smanjenja kvarova i sprječavanja povreda. Remontno postrojenje može biti u radu i u statusu da ne radi. Dok je remontno postrojenje u stanju da ne radi i da je parkirano na nekom mjestu (garaži, radnoj hali) predstavlja vrlo male rizike i opasnosti i stoga nije uzetu u razmatranje u ovom radu. U ovom radu napravljena je analiza opasnosti za vrijeme rada postrojenja, te mjere zaštite od tih opasnosti. U izradi rada koristile su se opisna i deskriptivna metoda, te metoda analize.The graduate thesis examines hazards and protection measures when working with a workover rig. The work consists of a description of the workover rig. The workover rig is a working machine whose working parts are electrical, hydraulic, mechanical, metal, rubber and plastic. The workover rig we observe in this paper is the National-3. Workover rig always comes whit additional equipment, tools, lighting platforms, reservoirs, barracks, circulating pump, surface lines and all other equipment. Due to the complexity of each of these parts, the specific documentation accompanying each piece of equipment and the protection measures for each of these parts, in this thesis are only mentioned the ones referring to the National-3. Hazards that may arise when working with workover rig and safety measures are considered in the paper. In the oil industry, environment safety measures are at a high level. Environmental measures are also at a high level. Environmental protection measures are not analysed in this paper as they represent a separate whole and a separate study. The risk and hazard analysis is done in accordance with the legal frameworks and regulations in force in the Republic of Croatia. The paper does not analyse the risk assessment for the jobs of workers at the workover rig, as each job represents its risks and requires a specific study. In this paper, the emphasis is only on the hazards arising from the workover rig as a working machine, not other environmental hazards, on the hazards that can be caused by equipment and tools used for well workover. The conditions under which workover workers operate and work have also not been analysed. Each part of the National-3 workover rig was analysed as a potentially hazardous part to human health and, on that account, each part was analysed separately. The maintenance and servicing of the workover rig are described in order to reduce malfunctions and prevent injuries. The workover rig may be in operational status and in stopped status (waiting, not working). While the workover rig is not in working process and is parked in a garage, it presents very small risks and hazards and is therefore not considered in this paper. In this paper, an analysis of hazards was made during operational status of the workover rig, as well as protection measures against these hazards. Descriptive and descriptive method and analysis method were used in the work
MAPPING OF THE WINTERING FISH HABITATS IN THE DANUBE RIVER FROM BATINA TO ILOK
No full textOvaj rad se bavi lociranjem i identifikacijom ribljih zimovnika u Dunavu na području istočne Hrvatske u cilju boljeg razumijevanja ekologije riba, njihovih navika i kretanja Dunavskim slijevom, a ponajprije radi zaštite važnih životnih staništa. Zimovnici su najčešće udubine u riječnom koritu karakterizirane biotičkim i abiotičkim čimbenicima od kojih je najvažniji usporen protok vode koji omogućava konzervaciju energije tijekom zimskih mjeseci. Područja odabrana na osnovu barometarskih snimki, utvrđena su na terenu pomoću sonara i kasnije obrađena u odgovarajućem software-u te finalno prikazana u QGIS-u. Od ukupno 19 pregledanih područja na 7 lokacija su identificirani aktivni zimovnici.This paper deals with the location and identification of fish wintering habitats in the eastern Croatia part of the Danube river with the aim of better understanding the ecology of fish, their habits and movements in the Danube basin, and primarily for the protection of important habitats. Wintering habitats are most often depressions in the river bed characterized by biotic and abiotic factors, the most important of which is the slower water flow that enables energy conservation during the winter months. Areas selected on the basis of barometric recordings were determined in the field using sonar recordings, later processed with the appropriate software and finally displayed in QGIS. Out of a total of 19 investigated areas, active wintering sites were identified in 7 locations
GOLDEN RETRIVER THEN AND NOW
No full textPrilikom pisanja teme završnog rada „Zlatni retriver nekad i danas'' pobliže sam opisala povijest pasmine, samu pasmina, njezino korištenje kroz povijest i danas. Također u radu je obrađena namjena zlatnih retrivera u lovu i Zakonska regulativa korištenja pasa u lovstvu, ali i zakonske obaveze uzgajivača i vlasnika pasa. U radu je obrađen standard pasmine zlatnog retrivera, uzgoj i odgoj pasmine te bolesti kojima je ova pasmina podložna. U radu je pasmina opisana od povijesti preko njezine upotrebe nekada do danas, a ponajviše se posvetila pozornost upotrebi zlatnog retrivera kao lovačkog psa.In writing the thesis topic, "The Golden Retriever Then and Now", I researched the history of the breed, the breed itself, its use throughout history and today. The work also looks at the purpose of Golden Retrievers in hunting and the legal requirements for the use of dogs in hunting, as well as the legal obligations of dog breeders and owners. The work looks at the standard of the Golden Retriever breed, the breeding and rearing of the breed and the diseases to which the breed is susceptible. The breed is comprehensively described in the work, from its history to its use in the past and today, with particular attention paid to the use of the Golden Retriever as a hunting dog
WATER AND SOIL POLLUTION BY HEAVY METALS
No full textU današnje doba onečišćenje teškim metalima predstavlja sve veći problem u svijetu. Razni prirodni izvori poput erupcija vulkana i trošenja sedimentnih stijena i otpada iz rudnika te mnogi antropogeni izvori kao što su rudarenje, metaloprerađivačke industrije, poljoprivreda u kojoj se koriste pesticidi i gnojiva, ali i nepropisno odlaganje otpada dovode do istjecanja velikih količina teških metala u okoliš koji ne samo da onečišćuju okoliš već i nepovoljno dijeluju na zdravlje ljudi, kao i biljni i životinjski svijet. Ovaj rad opisuje svojstva teških metala i ljudske djelatnosti putem kojih oni dospjevaju u okoliš, te njihovo djelovanje na čištoću okoliša i zdravlje živih organizama. U radu su također prikazane i metode pomoću kojih je moguće odstraniti teške metale iz okoliša i tako smanjiti zagađenje okoliša izazvano njihovim neadekvatnim ispuštanjem i zbrinjavanjem.Nowadays, heavy metal pollution is a growing problem in the world. Various natural sources such as volcanic eruptions and wear of sedimentary rocks and waste from mines and many anthropogenic sources such as mining, metal processing industries, agriculture in which pesticides and fertilizers are used, but also improper disposal of waste lead to the release of large amounts of heavy metals into the environment, which they not only pollute the environment but also adversely affect human health, as well as plant and animal life. This paper describes the properties of heavy metals and human activities through which they reach the environment, and their effect on the cleanliness of the environment and the health of living organisms. The paper also presents methods by which it is possible to remove heavy metals from the environment and thus reduce environmental pollution caused by their inadequate discharge and disposal
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL QUALITY PARAMETERS OF ALE AND LAGER BEER AFTER REFERMENTATION USING DIFFERENT SUGARS
No full textPivo je karbonizirano piće, a za otapanje ugljikovog dioksida u pivu se mogu koristiti različite metode. Jedna od njih je refermentacija ili sekundarna fermentacija, a može se odvijati u tlačnim tankovima, caskovima ili bačvama, te bocama. U eksperimentalnom dijelu završnog rada korištena je metoda refermentacije piva u bocama, uz korištenje saharoze, dekstroze i suhog ekstrakta slada, a provodila se na pivima gornjeg i donjeg vrenja. Sladovina je proizvedeno na homebrew opremi, podijeljena je u dva fermentora te su njih nacijepljeni različiti kvasci, a fermentacija se odvijala pri optimalnim temperaturama za njihov metabolizam. Cilj završnog rada je bio usporediti fizikalno- kemijske parametre u proizvedenim pivima, a fizikalno-kemijski parametri su obuhvaćali mjerenje ekstrakta, pH-vrijednosti, boje, udjela alkohola i gorčine, te mjerenje nastalog ugljikovog dioksida za vrijeme trajanja refermentacije.Beer is a carbonated beverage and different methods can be used to dissolve carbon dioxide in beer. One of these methods is refermentation or secondary fermentation, which can take place in pressure tanks, casks or bottles. In the experimental part of the final paper, the method of beer refermentation in bottles was used, utilizing sucrose, dextrose and dry malt extract on top-fermenting and bottom-fermenting beers. The wort was produced using homebrew equipment, divided into two fermenters and inoculated with different yeasts, while fermentation was occurring at optimal temperatures for their metabolism. The aim of the final paper was to compare the physico- chemical parameters of the produced beers. The physico-chemical parameters included the measurement of extract, pH, color, alcohol content and bitterness, as well as the measurement of the carbon dioxide produced during the refermentation proces
THE DESIGN OF THE ACCOMPANYING DEVICE FOR THE WELDING MACHINE
No full textTema ovog završnog rada je konstrukcija popratne naprave linije za uzdužno zavarivanje L profila dužine 20 m. U prvom poglavlju dat je osvrt na uvođenje automatizacije u proizvodne pogone, a jedan od načina automatizacije je i konstrukcija naprava za potrebe proizvodnje. Drugo poglavlje opisuje zavarivanje kao proces spajanja materijala, najčešće metala, korištenjem topline, pritiska ili kombinacije oba. Opisani su postupci zavarivanja s naglaskom na elektrolučno zavarivanje pod praškom (EPP), jer se taj postupak koristi za zavarivanje L profila. U poglavlju razrade zadatka, na osnovu idejne skice napravljen je proračun pogonskog mehanizma, odabran oblik i mjere tračnica, dimenzionirani su kotači i ležajno mjesto. Na osnovu proračuna odabran je AC motor i prijenosnik i izrađeni su crteži naprave.The topic of this final thesis is the design of an accompanying device for the longitudinal welding line of L profiles with a length of 20 meters. The first chapter provides an overview of the introduction of automation in production plants, with one of the methods being the construction of devices for production purposes. The second chapter describes welding as a process of joining materials, most often metals, using heat, pressure, or a combination of both. Various welding techniques are discussed, with a focus on submerged arc welding (SAW), as this method is used for welding L profiles. In the task elaboration chapter, based on the conceptual sketch, calculations for the drive mechanism were performed, the shape and dimensions of the rails were selected, and the wheels and bearing locations were dimensioned. Based on these calculations, an AC motor and gearbox were selected, and the device drawings were created
CORRUPTION IN STATE AND PUBLIC OFFICES
No full textKorupcija u državnim i javnim službama predstavlja ozbiljan izazov za mnoge zemlje širom svijeta. Ona se manifestira u različitim oblicima, uključujući mito, nepotizam, zloupotrebu službenih ovlasti i slične prakse koje narušavaju pravičnost i učinkovitost javnog sektora. Kada službenici i javni dužnosnici koriste svoj položaj za osobnu korist, a ne za dobrobit društva, to dovodi do sistemskih problema koji mogu imati dalekosežne posljedice. Na primjer, nepotizam može dovesti do zapošljavanja nesposobnih osoba samo na temelju njihove povezanosti s određenim dužnosnicima, što može smanjiti kvalitetu javnih usluga i povećati troškove. Također, korupcija u državnim i javnim službama često vodi do smanjenja povjerenja građana u institucije. Kada ljudi vide da su odluke i usluge pogođene korupcijom, oni postaju skeptični prema integritetu cijelog sustava. Ovo nepovjerenje može smanjiti sudjelovanje građana u političkom i društvenom životu, što može dovesti do slabijeg nadzora i kontrole nad radom javnih institucija. Na primjer, ako se javni natječaji i tenderi ne provode na transparentan način, može doći do pogrešnih odluka koje ne samo da štete kvaliteti usluga, već i povećavaju troškove za građane. Da bi se učinkovito borili protiv korupcije, vlade i organizacije trebaju implementirati sveobuhvatne strategije koje uključuju poboljšanje transparentnosti, odgovornosti i nadzora. Povećanje transparentnosti može se postići primjenom jasnih procedura i propisa za donošenje odluka i raspodjelu resursa. Uvođenje strožih kazni za prekršitelje i jačanje pravosudnog sustava također su ključne mjere. Osim toga, poticanje građanskog nadzora i aktivno sudjelovanje u procesu odlučivanja može pomoći u otkrivanju i sprečavanju korupcije. Ove strategije mogu pomoći u vraćanju povjerenja javnosti i osiguravanju da javne službe djeluju u najboljem interesu svih građana.Corruption in state and public services represents a serious challenge for many countries around the world. It manifests in various forms, including bribery, nepotism, abuse of official powers, and similar practices that undermine fairness and efficiency in the public sector. When officials and public servants use their positions for personal gain rather than the benefit of society, it leads to systemic problems that can have far-reaching consequences. For example, nepotism can result in the hiring of incompetent individuals based solely on their connections with certain officials, which can decrease the quality of public services and increase costs. Additionally, corruption in state and public services often leads to a reduction in public trust in institutions. When people see that decisions and services are affected by corruption, they become skeptical of the integrity of the entire system. This distrust can reduce citizen participation in political and social life, which can lead to weaker oversight and control over the functioning of public institutions. For instance, if public tenders and bids are not conducted transparently, it can lead to poor decisions that not only harm service quality but also increase costs for citizens. To effectively combat corruption, governments and organizations need to implement comprehensive strategies that include improving transparency, accountability, and oversight. Increasing transparency can be achieved through the application of clear procedures and regulations for decision-making and resource allocation. Introducing stricter penalties for offenders and strengthening the judicial system are also key measures. Furthermore, encouraging citizen oversight and active participation in decision-making processes can help in detecting and preventing corruption. These strategies can assist in restoring public trust and ensuring that public services operate in the best interest of all citizens
LASERS AND APPLICATIONS
No full textU početnom dijelu rada opisuje se princip rada lasera, njegova građa i dijelovi te osnovni pojmovi vezani uz lasere. Zatim su navedene potencijalne opasnosti laserskih tehnologija, osobna zaštitna oprema pri korištenju laserskih tehnologija i zaštita od laserski tehnologija. Na kraju su navedene i kratko opisane neke od mnogih mogućih primjena laserskih tehnologija.In the initial part of the paper, the principle of laser operation, its structure and parts, and basic concepts related to lasers are described. Then the potential dangers of laser technologies, personal protective equipment when using laser technologies and protection against laser technologies are listed. Finally, some of the many possible applications of laser technologies are listed and briefly described
DETERMINATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ASSEMBLED "I" WOODEN BEAM
No full textU ovom radu provedena je eksperimentalna analiza određivanja mehaničkih svojstava sastavljenog drvenog nosača “I” profila. Na temelju dobivenih podataka proračunata su naprezanja prema analitičkim izrazima. Nakon prezentiranja mehaničkih svojstava drva opisani su načini spajanja piljenih, sušenih i drvenih proizvoda u “I” profil oblik nosača.Razrađeni su konstrukcijski zahtjevi za stroj za izradu “I” profila. Rad je podijeljen u uvodni, toretski i praktični dio.U uvodnom dijelu se govori opčenito o drvetu kao maetrijalu. Teoretski dio sadrži opis svojstava drveta i postupke mjernja mehančkih svojstava sastavljenog “I” profila.U praktičnom dijelu prikazana je konstrukcija mjerenog postolja u tri točke, te svojstva pri savijanju drveta.In this paper, an experimental analysis of determination of mechanical properties of assembled wooden “I” profile beam was carried out. Based on the obtained data, stresses were calculated according to analytical expressions. After presenting the mechanical properties of wood, the methods of joining sawn, dried and wooden products into the "I" profile shape of the beam are described. The design requirements for the machine for the production of "I" profiles have been elaborated. The paper is divided into an introductory, theoretical and practical part. The introductory part talks about wood as a material in general. The theoretical part contains a description of the properties of wood and procedures for measuring the mechanical properties of the assembled "I" profile. In the practical part, the construction of the measured stand in three points, as well as its properties when bending wood, are presented