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SEARCH OF PERSONS WITH REFERENCE TO THE UNLAWFULNESS OF EVIDENCE OBTAINED THROUGH SUCH A SEARCH
No full textPretraga predstavlja dokaznu radnju kojom se putem korištenja osjetila i njihovih pomagala prikupljaju materijalni dokazi na način utvrđen zakonom. Svrha pretrage sastoji se u pronalaženju počinitelja kaznenih djela i predmeta ili tragova važnih za kazneni postupak. Postoji nekoliko vrsta pretraga s obzirom na predmet, te različita pravila postupanja. Pod navedenima misli se na pretragu doma i drugih prostora, sredstva prijevoza i druge pokretne stvari te osobe te redovitu, iznenadnu i hitnu pretragu. Sve navedene vrste pretraga uređene su Zakonom o kaznenom postupku. U zajedničkim odredbama o pretrazi se detaljno uređuje njihovo provođenje, te ciljevi i rezultati koji su dobiveni takvim pretragama. Poseban naglasak biti će stavljen na jednu vrstu pretrage s obzirom na njen predmet, a to je pretraga osoba. Pretraga osoba provodi se na površini tijela osobe podvrgnute predmetnoj dokaznoj radnji. Razrada ove vrste pretrage ključna je s obzirom na njezinu usporedbu kao dokazne radnje s drugom izvidnom radnjom koja se naziva pregled osoba. Pregled osoba sadržajno je vrlo sličan sa dokaznom radnjom pretrage, iako je uređen potpuno drugim zakonskim propisima. Ključ njihove razlike ogleda se u stupnjevanju intenziteta provođenja određenih radnji, te njihovom položaju unutar cjelokupnog kaznenog postupka. U slučajevima nedovoljnog razlikovanja navedenih radnji i prelaska granica u njihovoj provedbi i postupanju nastupit će određene kaznenopravne posljedice, negativne za kazneni postupak. Te posljedice proizašle iz nepravilno prikupljenih rezultata pretrage, nazivaju se nezakonitim dokazima. Takvi dokazi će za procesnu posljedicu imati apsolutno bitnu povredu odredaba kaznenog postupka koja će rezultirati ukidanjem presude i upućivanjem predmeta prvostupanjskom sudu na ponovno suđenje i odluku.A search is considered an evidentary action through which material evidence is being collected by using senses and other supporting tools all in acordance with the law. The main purpose of the search is to identify the perpetrator of a criminal act, discovery of objects and traces and by uncovering relevant evidence. There are different types of searches depending on the object of the search and procedural rules. This refers to searches of homes and other premises, people and movable objects and also regular search, unannounced search and emergency search. All these types of searches are covered by the criminal procedure act. The general provisions of this act are specifying how the searches are conducted, their objectives and the results obtained by them. In addition to the mentioned legal act, there are also several other types of searches which are prescribed by special legal regulations. Special emphasis will be placed on one type of search considering its object, which is the search of a person. This search is carried out through fulfillment of material and formal requrements in manners prescribed by law, with the goal of finding relevant evidence and facts that will help achieve the general objective contained in all types of searches. The analysis of this type of search is crucial in comparison to another investigative action known as personal inspection. Personal inspection in its concept, is very similar to the evidentary search of a person, although it is regulated by entirely different legal provisions. The key difference between them are reflected in the degree of intensity in their performance and ther position within the overall criminal procedure. In cases of insufficient differentation between these actions and the crossing of boundaries in their implementation and conduct, certain criminal law consequences will arise, which will have negative effect on the criminal procedure. Those consequences are known as unlawful evidence obtained from an unlawful search. Such evidence will result in a procedural consequence of a fundamental breach of the provisions of the criminal procedure wich will lead to the judgment being quashed and the case being remitted to the court of first instance for a retrial and decision
The use of continuous glucose monitoring in people living with obesity, intermediate hyperglycemia or type 2 diabetes
No full textA global trend towards increased obesity, intermediate hyperglycemia (previously termed prediabetes) and type 2 diabetes, has prompted a range of international initiatives to proactively raise awareness and provide action-driven recommendations to prevent and manage these linked disease states. One approach, that has shown success in managing people already diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus, is to use continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices to help them manage their chronic condition through understanding and treating their daily glucose fluctuations, in assocation with glucose-lowering medications, including insulin. However, much of the burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus is founded in the delayed detection both of type 2 diabetes mellitus itself, and the intermediate hyperglycemia that precedes it. In this review, we provide evidence that using CGM technology in people at-risk of intermediate hyperglycemia or type 2 diabetes mellitus can significantly improve the rate and timing of detection of dysglycemia. Earlier detection allows intervention, including through continued use of CGM to guide changes to diet and lifestyle, that can delay or prevent harmful progression of early dysglycemia. Although further research is needed to fully understand the cost-effectiveness of this intervention in people at-risk or with early dysglycemia, the proposition for use of CGM technology is clear
The Moderating Effect of Gender and Athletic Status on the Relationship Between Social Support and Pain Tolerance and Pain-Related Negative Emotions
No full textBol je vrlo važan i kompleksan osjet, iako bitan signal za preživljavanje može biti povezan s negativnim emocionalnim procesima i stanjima te problemima u svakodnevnom životu, stoga je prepoznata važnost istraživanja boli i načina na koje se ljudima može individualnije pristupiti kako bi se naučili adaptivno i efektivno suočavati s njom. Ciljevi ovog istraživanja bili su ispitati interakciju između spola i socijalne podrške te interakciju između statusa sportaša i socijalne podrške na dvije zavisne varijable: toleranciju na bol i negativne emocije povezane s boli. Pretpostavljeno je da će efekt socijalne podrške u smislu povećanja tolerancije na bol te reduciranja negativnih emocija vezanih uz bol biti izraženiji kod žena, nego kod muškaraca te kod sportaša u usporedbi s nesportašima. Istraživanje se provodilo na uzorku od 80 ispitanika od kojih je 40 bilo ženskog spola, 40 muškog spola. Od 40 ispitanica ženskog spola, 20 su bile sportašice, a 20 njih nije treniralo kontaktni sport ili sport ograničenog kontakta. Također, od 40 ispitanika muškog spola, 20 njih su bili sportaši, a 20 nesportaši. Dob ispitanika bila je u rasponu od 18 do 28 godina (M = 21.15, SD = 2.49 ). Većina je ispitanika bila iz populacije studenata (76.25%). Bolni se podražaj ispitanicima zadavao ispuhivanjem toplog zraka iz sušila za kosu na dlan nedominantne ruke. Provedena su dva mjerenja u razmaku od mjesec dana, a ispitanici su u jednom mjerenju sudjelovali samostalno, a u drugom uz podršku pratnje istog spola. Koristila se paradigma pasivne podrške koja ograničava komunikaciju između ispitanika i osobe koja mu/joj je podrška. Rezultati istraživanja nisu u skladu s hipotezama. Nije dobivena statistički značajna interakcija spola i socijalne podrške na toleranciju na bol. Nije dobivena statistički značajna interakcija statusa sportaša i socijalne podrške na toleranciju na bol, kao ni na procjenu negativnih emocija vezanih uz bol. Dobivena je značajna interakcija spola i socijalne podrške u slučaju kada je zavisna varijabla negativne emocije vezane uz bol. Muškarci su u uvjetu sa socijalnom podrškom imali manje procjene negativnih emocija, nego u uvjetu bez socijalne podrške. Žene su emocije procjenjivale negativnije u uvjetu sa socijalnom podrškom, nego u uvjetu bez socijalne podrške. Iako je dobivena značajna interakcija u skladu s hipotezom, smjer nije. Na temelju prethodnih istraživanja, autori sugeriraju da bi socijalna podrška mogla imati različite efekte ovisno o osobnim čimbenicima, kao što su povezanost s osobom koja pruža socijalnu podršku, emocionalno stanje ispitanika i njihova osobnost. Svakako, radi se o kompleksnoj i multidisciplinarnoj temi u čije je istraživanje potrebno uzeti u obzir širok raspon povezanih varijabli.Pain is a highly important and complex sensation. Although it serves as a vital survival signal, it can be associated with negative emotional processes and states, as well as difficulties in everyday functioning. Consequently, the importance of pain research and individualized approaches to helping individuals cope with it in adaptive and effective ways has been increasingly recognized. The aims of this study were to examine the interaction between gender and social support, as well as the interaction between athletic status and social support, on two dependent variables: pain tolerance and pain-related negative emotions. It was hypothesized that the beneficial effects of social support—in terms of increasing pain tolerance and reducing negative emotional responses to pain—would be more pronounced in women than in men, and in athletes compared to non-athletes. The study was conducted on a sample of 80 participants, consisting of 40 females and 40 males. Among the female participants, 20 were athletes and 20 were non-athletes (i.e., individuals not involved in contact or limited-contact sports). Similarly, among the male participants, 20 were athletes and 20 were non-athletes. Participants’ ages ranged from 18 to 28 years (M = 21.15, SD = 2.49), with the majority being university students (76.25%). The pain stimulus was administered by blowing warm air from a hairdryer onto the palm of the participant’s non-dominant hand. The study involved two measurement sessions, spaced one month apart. In one session, participants were tested individually, and in the other session, they were accompanied by a same-gender companion providing social support. A passive support paradigm was used, restricting communication between the participant and the support person. The results did not support the initial hypotheses. There was no statistically significant interaction between gender and social support on pain tolerance. Likewise, no significant interaction was found between athletic status and social support on either pain tolerance or pain-related negative emotions. However, a statistically significant interaction between gender and social support was found when pain-related negative emotions were the dependent variable. Specifically, male participants reported lower levels of negative emotions in the condition with social support compared to the condition without it. In contrast, female participants reported higher levels of negative emotions in the social support condition compared to the condition without support. Although this interaction was statistically significant and in line with the hypothesis in terms of its presence, the direction of the effect was contrary to expectations. Based on previous research, the authors suggest that the effects of social support may vary depending on personal factors such as the quality of the relationship with the support provider, the participant's emotional state, and personality traits. This highlights the complexity and multidisciplinary nature of pain research, emphasizing the need to consider a wide range of related variables
THE ROLE OF GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF LAW IN THE INTERPRETATION OF UNION LAW
No full textPotreba za pravnom regulacijom novih pravnih područja na razini Europske unije, uz rastući broj pravnih akata, stvara dodatno opterećenje za pravni sustav Unije. Unatoč naporima zakonodavnih tijela, regulacija novih područja često zaostaje za dinamikom životnih situacija, što sudovima predstavlja dodatan izazov u rješavanju konkretnih slučajeva tumačenjem i primjenom pravnih normi. Opća načela prava, kao dio primarnog prava, čine i autonoman izvor prava Unije, ali se mogu koristiti i kao sredstvo za pomoć u tumačenju prava Unije, pri čemu nije uvijek jasno kojoj njihovoj ulozi treba dati prednost. U ovom radu autorica je posvetila pozornost problematici kreiranja općih načela prava te njihovoj ulozi u tumačenju prava Unije od strane nacionalnih sudova, kao i Suda Europske unije. Analizom sudske prakse, autorica identificira probleme i izazove u primjeni općih načela prava u tumačenju prava Unije te ističe potencijalne izazove u njihovoj ulozi u pravnom sustavu Europske unije.The increasing need for legal regulation in emerging areas at the European Union level, coupled with the growing number of legal acts, places additional strain on the Union’s legal system. Despite efforts by legislative bodies, regulation in these new areas often falls behind the pace of real-life developments, posing an additional challenge for courts in resolving cases through the interpretation and application of legal norms. General principles of law, as part of EU primary law, serve as an autonomous source of law while also aiding in the interpretation of Union law, though there is often ambiguity over which of these roles should take precedence. This paper focuses on the creation of general principles of law and their role in the interpretation of Union law by national courts and the Court of Justice of the European Union. Through an analysis of case law, the author identifies key issues and challenges in applying these principles when interpreting Union law and underscores potential future challenges concerning their role in the EU legal system
THE LEGAL NATURE OF THE SHAREHOLDERS’ RIGHT TO INFORMATION
No full textPravo na obaviještenost dioničarima omogućava da upravi društva postavljaju pitanja i traže obavijesti o poslovima društva čime se osigurava njihovo aktivno sudjelovanje i informirano donošenje odluka. Cilj je ovog rada obraditi pravnu narav ovog prava na pravnoteorijskoj i praktičnoj razini. Metodološka obrada obuhvaća, s jedne strane, analizu pravnih izvora i sudske prakse te s druge strane, analizu regulatornog pristupa zakonodavaca država članica EU-a u uređenju ovog instituta, pri čemu se nastojalo shvatiti njegovu pravnu narav kako bi se lakše uočilo kada će dioničar biti najpotpunije zaštićen. Svrha rada je preciznije određenje pravne naravi koje može poslužiti pri kvalifikaciji prava i obveza koje proizlaze iz ovog instituta. Pritom su kao kao ključna pitanja identificirana sljedeća pitanja: prvo, je li ovo pravo na razini država članica EU-a uređeno isto za sva dionička društva ili je zakonodavac učinio regulatornu razliku u vezi s uvrštenim i neuvrštenim društvima; drugo, smatra li se u nacionalnim pravima država članica EU-a pravo na obaviještenost pravom koje se jamči svakom dioničaru ili je riječ o kolektivnom pravu i posljednje, je li ono samostalno pravo u katalogu članskih prava ili je ancilarno (instrumentalno) pravo u odnosu na dioničareva članska prava.The shareholders’ right to information enables shareholders to ask questions and seek information about the company’s affairs from the management, ensuring active shareholder participation and informed decision-making. This paper aims to examine its legal nature on both theoretical and practical levels. Methodological treatment includes, on the one hand, an analysis of legal sources and case law, and on the other hand, an analysis of the regulatory approach of EU member states’ legislators in regulating this institute, aiming to understand the legal nature of the right to information to better discern when shareholders will be most fully protected. The purpose of the paper is to provide a more precise determination of the legal nature, which can assist in qualifying the rights and obligations arising from this institute. In this regard, the following key questions have been identified. First, whether this right is regulated uniformly for all joint-stock companies at the level of EU member states or if the legislator has made a regulatory distinction regarding listed and unlisted companies. Second, whether the right to information is considered a right guaranteed to each shareholder in the national laws of EU member states, or if it is a collective right. Finally, whether it is an independent right in the catalogue of membership rights or if it is ancillary (instrumental) to the shareholder’s membership rights
Utjecaj vremenskih neprilika pri izvođenju građevinskih radova - statistička analiza za Karlovac
No full textPredmet istraživanja završnog rada predstavlja statistička obrada meteoroloških podataka dobivenih od Državnog hidrometeorološkog zavoda (DHMZ) za gradove Karlovac i Zagreb u kojoj će se primjenom različitih statističkih testova (Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney, princip uključivanja-isključivanja, intervalna procjena očekivanja u skupini s normalnom distribucijom podataka) provesti analiza utjecaja nepovoljnih dana pri radu gradilišta uslijed vremenskih neprilika. Analiza podataka omogućiti će numerički uvid u trajanje i učestalost nepovoljnih vremenskih uvjeta te pružiti jasne smjernice za planiranje radnih djelatnosti na gradilištima
SELECTIVE DISTRIBUTION AGREEMENTS UNDER THE NEW VERTICAL BLOCK EXEMPTION REGULATION
No full textSustavi selektivne distribucije značajan su te učestalo korišten oblik uređenja vertikalnih odnosa, osobito u okviru luksuznih te visokotehnoloških proizvoda. Predmetni sustavi dobavljačima omogućuju odabir distributera na temelju unaprijed određenih kriterija te donose niz pozitivnih učinaka, poput očuvanja kvalitete i ugleda proizvoda. Istodobno, selektivnu distribuciju karakterizira zatvaranje tržišta i potencijalno stvaranje raznih protutržišnih učinaka koji dovode do ograničavanja tržišnog natjecanja. Sporazumi o selektivnoj distribuciji, u slučajevima kada proizvode predmetne negativne učinke, a sukladno pravu tržišnog natjecanja, podliježu zabrani sklapanja. Predmet ovog rada je analiza uvjeta koje takvi, u načelu zabranjeni, sporazumi moraju ispunjavati kako bi uživali pravo skupnog izuzeća od zabrane sklapanja u skladu s Uredbom 2022/720. Rad je koncipiran na način da čitatelja, s pomoću izlaganja stručne literature, sudske prakse i pravnih propisa, postepeno provodi kroz korake procjene primjene Uredbe, pri čemu se osobita pažnja pridaje uvjetima primjene koji se odnose na izračune tržišnih udjela stranaka sporazuma te teška ograničenja tržišnog natjecanja. Poseban naglasak stavljen je i na izmjene koje je donijela nova Uredba kao odgovor na snažne promjene na tržištu, posebice one koje se odnose na internetsko poslovanje. Također, kroz rad se nastoje analizirati pozitivni i negativni učinci ograničenja koja se pojavljuju u okviru sustava selektivne distribucije, s ciljem dubljeg razumijevanja njihove stvarne uloge na tržištu te razloga njihovog pravnog uređenja.Selective distribution systems constitute a prominent and frequently used mechanism for governing vertical relationships, particularly in relation to luxury and high-tech products. The abovementioned systems enable suppliers to select their distributors based on predefined criteria. Furthermore, they can produce a range of procompetitive effects, such as preserving product quality and brand reputation. Simultaneously, said distribution system is associated with market foreclosure and a number of other potentially anticompetitive effects, which may lead to a restriction of competition. Where such effects arise, selective distribution agreements are generally prohibited under competition law. This thesis examines the criteria under which such agreements, although restrictive by nature, may be exempted from the general prohibition through the application of Regulation 2022/720. The paper is structured in a way that, through the use of academic literature, case law, and legal provisions, guides the reader step by step through the assessment process required by the Regulation, with particular attention given to the conditions concerning the market share threshold and the presence of hardcore restrictions. Special emphasis is placed on the changes introduced by the new Regulation, which arise as a result of significant market developments, especially those concerning online sales. Additionally, the paper seeks to analyse the positive and negative effects of restrictions arising within selective distribution systems, with the aim of gaining a deeper understanding of their impact on the market and the rationale for their legal regulation
Suppressing the Suppression Effect : The Role of Relevance in Hypothetical Syllogistic Reasoning
No full textThe suppression effect, first identified by Byrne (1989), refers to a systematic failure to conform to the monotonicity principle of classical truth-functional propositional logic. When additional premises are introduced that conflict with initial assumptions, individuals often withdraw otherwise valid inferences, opting instead for uncertain conclusions. This effect has been widely replicated and accounted for within various theoretical frameworks, including mental model theory and probabilistic reasoning approaches. The current research, however, aimed to explore the phenomenon using a different methodology. Moving beyond the traditional modus ponens and modus tollens paradigms, this study included three experiments to investigate both the generality of the suppression effect and the impact of informational relevance. In Experiment 1, the suppression effect was successfully replicated using novel content, thus confirming the robustness of the phenomenon. Experiment 2 introduced a hypothetical syllogism structure: if a, then b; if b, then c; therefore, if a, then c, to determine whether suppression would also occur in this alternative inferential form. Results demonstrated that the suppression effect does extend to this argument form, suggesting that the phenomenon is not limited to standard inferential paradigms. In Experiment 3, the focus shifted to the role of relevance: the content of the final consequent was manipulated to make the additional antecedent seem irrelevant. This manipulation led to a significant reduction in uncertain responses, thereby suppressing the suppression effect and increasing the rate of valid inferences. These findings challenge the explanatory scope of mental model theory. Instead, the results support a non-monotonic logic framework, particularly the model proposed by Stenning and van Lambalgen (2005), which focuses on context-dependent reasoning and the revision of assumptions in light of new information
Quantum computing
No full textKvantno računalstvo predstavlja revolucionarni iskorak u obradi informacija, temeljen na principima kvantne mehanike poput superpozicije, spregnutosti i kvantne interferencije. Za razliku od klasičnih računala koja koriste bitove, kvantna računala koriste kubite – jedinice koje mogu istodobno postojati u više stanja – omogućujući paralelnu obradu velikog broja kombinacija i značajno ubrzanje određenih izračuna. Rad pruža detaljan pregled temeljnih principa kvantnog računalstva, strukture kvantnog procesora (QPU), ključnih algoritama poput Shorova i Groverova, te aktualnog stanja u razvoju kvantnih sustava. Analiziraju se i primjene u znanosti, kriptografiji, optimizaciji i umjetnoj inteligenciji, s posebnim fokusom na mogućnosti koje kvantna tehnologija nudi za pomorsku industriju, uključujući optimizaciju ruta, prediktivno održavanje i kvantnu sigurnost. Uz prikaz vodećih tvrtki i istraživačkih centara (IBM, Google, D-Wave, Rigetti), raspravlja se o izazovima poput dekoherencije, skalabilnosti i korekcije pogrešaka. Zaključno, rad ukazuje na potencijal kvantnog računalstva da u skoroj budućnosti značajno promijeni način rješavanja najkompleksnijih problema u industriji i znanosti.Quantum computing represents a revolutionary breakthrough in information processing, based on the principles of quantum mechanics such as superposition, entanglement and quantum interference. Unlike classical computers that use bits, quantum computers use qubits – units that can exist in multiple states at the same time – enabling parallel processing of a large number of combinations and significantly accelerating certain calculations. The paper provides a detailed overview of the fundamental principles of quantum computing, the structure of a quantum processor (QPU), key algorithms such as Shorov and Groverov, and the current state of development of quantum systems. Applications in science, cryptography, optimization and artificial intelligence are also analyzed, with a special focus on the possibilities that quantum technology offers for the maritime industry, including route optimization, predictive maintenance and quantum security. In addition to a presentation of leading companies and research centers (IBM, Google, D-Wave, Rigetti), challenges such as decoherence, scalability and error correction are discussed. In conclusion, the paper indicates the potential of quantum computing to significantly change the way the most complex problems in industry and science are solved inthenear future
Early Surgical Treatment of Posttraumatic Myositis Ossificans of the Vastus Intermedius Muscle
No full textThis case study demonstrates the effectiveness of early surgical excision of the traumatic myositis ossificans of the vastus intermedius muscle in an elite football player and return to sports activity within 3 months from the initial injury.
A 27-year-old male professional football player presented with progressive pain and loss of range of motion after sustaining a severe, right quadriceps contusion 4 weeks earlier. After unsuccessful conservative therapy, the differential diagnosis of myositis ossificans was suspected and confirmed on radiographic examination. MRI revealed significant edema encompassing a substantial portion of the vastus intermedius muscle.
Surgical treatment was considered for the right thigh mass, being symptomatic 1 month after the onset and refractory to conservative treatment and rehabilitation program. At 2 months postsurgery, the patient was asymptomatic and had completed a rehabilitation program.
Early surgical treatment followed-up with a rehabilitation program results with a complete recovery of muscle strength and range of motion. At 3 months postinitial injury, the patient was considered fully recovered and had returned to the match without reporting pain or other symptoms