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Oxidative Stress and Down Syndrome: A Systematic Review
No full textDown syndrome (DS), the most common human aneuploidy, is associated with oxidative stress, which contributes to morphological abnormalities, immune dysfunction, cognitive impairment and accelerated ageing. This article aims to provide an overview of the studies on oxidative stress in DS, in particular the investigation of endogenous and exogenous antioxidants, with a focus on endogenous systems. A literature search in MEDLINE and Scopus based on the PRISMA 2020 criteria revealed 41 relevant studies that mainly analysed blood samples (plasma or serum) and occasionally saliva or urine. The findings suggest that oxidative stress in DS is multifactorial and results from an imbalance of superoxide dismutase activity, overexpression of genes on chromosome 21, mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation. Despite extensive studies over the decades, new sources and mechanisms for oxidative stress in DS continue to emerge, further highlighting the complexity of DS. The recognition that oxidative stress is a hallmark of DS emphasises the need to develop more sensitive and specific methods to detect it and to investigate the associated metabolic pathways in DS in more detail. The expansion of in vivo studies could facilitate the development of targeted interventions aimed at mitigating oxidative damage and ultimately improving outcomes for individuals with DS
COMPARISON OF EXPRESSION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF PROGRAMMED DEATH LIGAND 1 IN PREINVASIVE LESIONS AND LARYNGEAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
No full textCilj istraživanja: Unatoč značajnom napretku u području medicine, karcinom grkljana i dalje
predstavlja izazov obzirom da se petogodišnje preživljenje nije značajnije mijenjalo u zadnjim
desetljećima. Područje imunološke onkologije stvorilo je obećavajuće imunomodulacijske
terapije i otvorilo nove načine liječenja. Programirani ligand smrti 1 (PD-L1) transmembranski
je protein koji se veže na protein programirane stanične smrti 1 (PD-1) smješten na površini
citotoksičnih limfocita. Vezivanje uzrokuje niz kaskadnih reakcija koje dovode do smanjenog
imunološkog odgovora. Cilj ove studije je utvrditi razinu izražaja PD-L1 kao i stanica
mikrookoliša (CD4, CD8, CD68 i CD163) u skvamoznim lezijama grkljana, njihov međusobni
odnos te utjecaj na preživljenje kod skvamoznih karcinoma ili progresiju bolesti u slučaju
displazija.
Ispitanici i metode: Ova retrospektivna studija uključila je 179 bolesnika, a od toga 102 s
dijagnozom skvamoznog karcinoma grkljana, 41 s displazijom grkljana te 36 s polipima
glasnica. Za procjenu izražaja PD-L1 kao i stanica tumorskog mikrookoliša (CD4, CD8, CD68
i CD163) korištena je imunohistokemijska analiza.
Rezultati: PD-L1 izražaj kao i izražaj stanica tumorskog mikrookoliša statistički je značajno
veći u karcinomima grkljana u odnosu na displazije te u displazijama u odnosu na benigne
lezije. Nije nađena statistički značajna razlika u PD-L1 izražaju niti u izražaju stanica tumorskog
mikrookoliša između displazija koje su progredirale u karcinom i onih koje to nisu. Dokazana
je statistički značajna pozitivna korelacija PD-L1 sa svim ispitivanim stanicama tumorskog
mikrookoliša. Bolesnici s visokim intraepitelnim izražajem CD68 i CD163 (p=0.0005 i p=0.006)
imali su statistički značajno kraće preživljenje specifično za bolest. Nadalje, statistički kraće
vrijeme do pojave recidiva bolesti pronađeno je u bolesnika s visokim intratepitelnim CD68 i
visokim ukupnim CD8 (p=0.049 i p=0.019). Pojačan ukupni izražaj CD8 (>23%) i pojačan
intraepitelni izražaj CD68 (>2,7%) također su bili statistički značajni prediktori recidiva
(p=0.028, OR=3.11 i p=0.019, OR=3.13).
Zaključak: Rezultati ove studije ukazuju da su stanice mikrookoliša tumora značajni
prognostički čimbenici kod skvamoznog karcinoma grkljana. Pojačani izražaji CD68 i CD163
prediktori su lošijeg preživljenja kod bolesnika sa skvamoznim karcinomom grkljana.Objectives: Despite significant progress in the field of medicine, laryngeal cancer continues
to represent a challenge, given that the five-year survival rate has not significantly changed in
recent decades. The field of immune oncology has created promising immunomodulation
therapies and opened up new ways of treatment. Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a
transmembrane protein that binds to the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) located on
the surface of cytotoxic lymphocytes. The binding causes a series of cascade reactions that
lead to a reduced immune response. The aim of this study is to determine the expression level
of PD-L1 as well as microenvironmental cells (CD4, CD8, CD68 and CD163) in laryngeal
squamous lesions, their mutual relation and influence on survival in squamous carcinomas or
disease progression in the case of dysplasia.
Patients and methods: This retrospective study included 179 patients, of which 102 were
diagnosed with squamous laryngeal carcinoma, 41 with laryngeal dysplasia, and 36 with vocal
fold polyps. Immunohistochemical methods were used to evaluate the expression of PD-L1 as
well as the cells of the tumor microenvironment (CD4, CD8, CD68 and CD163).
Results: PD-L1 expression as well as the expression of cells in the tumor microenvironment
is statistically significantly higher in laryngeal carcinomas compared to dysplasias and in
dysplasias compared to benign lesions. No statistically significant difference was found in PD
L1 expression or in the expression of cells in the tumor microenvironment between dysplasias
that progressed to cancer and those that didn’t. A statistically significant positive correlation of
PD-L1 with all examined cells of the tumor microenvironment was demonstrated. Patients with
high intraepithelial expression of CD68 and CD163 (p=0.0005 and p=0.006) had statistically
significantly shorter disease-specific survival. Furthermore, a statistically shorter time to
recurrence was found in patients with high intraepithelial CD68 and high overall CD8 (p=0.049
and p=0.019). Increased overall expression of CD8 (>23%) and increased intraepithelial
expression of CD68 (>2.7%) were also statistically significant predictors of recurrence
(p=0.028, OR=3.11 and p=0.019, OR=3.13).
Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that tumor microenvironment cells are significant
prognostic factors in squamous laryngeal carcinoma. Increased expression of CD68 and
CD163 are predictors of worse survival in patients with squamous laryngeal carcinoma
Ultrasound - guided renal mass biopsy during the surgery due to histological evaluation
No full textUltrazvučno vođena perioperacijska biopsija tumora bubrega sve više zauzima značajno mjesto u dijagnostičkom i terapijskom algoritmu uroloških malignoma. S obzirom na činjenicu da tumori bubrega dugo ostaju asimptomatski zbog retroperitonealnog položaja bubrega, bolest se u velikom broju slučajeva otkriva slučajno, najčešće tijekom rutinskih slikovnih pretraga. Upravo zbog sve veće primjene ultrazvuka u sklopu preventivnih pregleda i evaluacije nespecifičnih abdominalnih tegoba, bilježi se porast broja slučajeva otkrivenih u ranom, često lokaliziranom stadiju bolesti. Oko 90 % svih primarnih tumora bubrega pripada skupini RCC-a, a najčešći histološki podtip je svijetlostanični karcinom, koji ujedno pokazuje i najveći metastatski potencijal. Preostalih 10% čine različiti benigni tumori, poput onkocitoma i angiomiolipoma, kao i rijetki maligni entiteti poput sarkoma. U diferencijaciji između benignih i malignih lezija, poglavito kod manjih, incidentalno otkrivenih masa, ultrazvučno vođena biopsija predstavlja ključan dijagnostički korak. Perioperacijska (ex tempore) biopsija omogućuje brzo uzimanje uzorka tumorskog tkiva u stvarnom vremenu, najčešće neposredno prije ili tijekom operacije, čime se omogućuje personalizacija liječenja i pravovremeno donošenje odluke o daljnjem kirurškom liječenju. Ultrazvukom vođena biopsija pokazala se sigurnom, učinkovitom i minimalno invazivnom metodom visoke dijagnostičke vrijednosti. Njezina sve šira primjena potvrđuje njezinu važnost u suvremenoj onkologiji, osobito u kontekstu ranog otkrivanja, precizne klasifikacije tumora i donošenja optimalnih terapijskih odluka. S obzirom na rastuću incidenciju tumora bubrega te njihovu često tiho kliničko ponašanje, važno je dodatno naglašavati vrijednost ultrazvuka i biopsije u ranom otkrivanju i racionalnom vođenju liječenja ovih bolesnika.Ultrasound-guided perioperative biopsy of renal tumors is becoming an increasingly valuable tool in both the diagnosis and management of urological cancers. Because of their retroperitoneal location, kidney tumors often remain undetected until they are discovered incidentally during imaging for unrelated issues. With the growing use of ultrasound in routine health screenings, more renal masses are being identified at an early, localized stage. About 90% of kidney tumors originate as RCC, with clear cell carcinoma being the most common and also the most prone to metastasis. The remaining 10% includes benign lesions like oncocytomas and angiomyolipomas, along with rare malignant forms such as sarcomas. Distinguishing between benign and malignant tumors, especially when dealing with small, incidentally found masses, is vital for determining appropriate treatment. Ultrasound-guided biopsy during the perioperative period offers real-time tissue sampling either just before or during surgery, enabling surgeons to make immediate, informed decisions. This technique supports a more personalized therapeutic approach and has proven to be safe, minimally invasive, and highly accurate in terms of diagnosis. As kidney tumors are often asymptomatic and being diagnosed more frequently due to improved screening, the role of image-guided biopsy is becoming more central in modern oncological practice. It plays a critical part in early detection, precise tumor classification, and the selection of the most effective treatment strategies, thereby improving outcomes and ensuring more targeted patient care
PROTECTION OF CHILDREN AS VULNERABLE CONSUMER IN DIGITAL ENVIRONMENT
No full textSve veća prisutnost djece na internetu, kao i njihova izloženost digitalnim uslugama, proizvodima i komercijalnim praksama, nameće potrebu za preciznijim i učinkovitijim regulatornim mehanizmima zaštite. Djeca često nemaju razvijenu sposobnost razumijevanja složenih pravnih i tehničkih aspekata ugovornih odnosa, što ih čini podložnima manipulaciji, obmanjujućem oglašavanju te nepoštenim poslovnim praksama. Zakonodavni okvir često ne prepoznaje specifične potrebe djece kao potrošača, tretirajući ih pod općim normama namijenjenima prosječnom potrošaču. Iako pravna rješenja, poput prava na informiranost i jednostrani raskid ugovora postoje, njihova primjena u kontekstu djece nije prilagođena njihovom stupnju razumijevanja i kognitivnim sposobnostima. Poseban izazov predstavlja činjenica da su granice između igre, zabave i komercijalne komunikacije u digitalnom prostoru često nejasne. Upravo zato trgovci snose odgovornost da svoje poslovne prakse prilagode djeci, u skladu sa zakonskim obvezama i etičkim standardima. To uključuje korištenje jednostavnog, razumljivog jezika, jasnih vizualnih oznaka, mogućnosti roditeljskog nadzora te dizajn sučelja koji sprječava impulzivne i nenamjerne kupnje. Jednako važnu ulogu ima i edukacija, kako djece, tako i roditelja. Promicanje digitalne pismenosti, kritičkog razmišljanja i razumijevanja osnovnih potrošačkih prava od najranije dobi ključno je za smanjenje rizika u digitalnom okruženju.The growing presence of children on the internet, as well as their exposure to digital services, products, and commercial practices, imposes the need for more precise and effective regulatory mechanisms of protection. Children often lack the developed ability to understand the complex legal and technical aspects of contractual relationships, which makes them vulnerable to manipulation, misleading advertising, and unfair commercial practices. The legislative framework frequently fails to recognize the specific needs of children as consumers, treating them under general norms designed for the average adult consumer. Although legal protections such as the right to information and the right to withdraw from a contract do exist, their application in the context of children is often not adapted to their level of comprehension and cognitive abilities. A particular challenge lies in the fact that the boundaries between play, entertainment, and commercial communication in the digital space are often unclear. Therefore, traders have a responsibility to adapt their business practices to children, in accordance with legal obligations and ethical standards. This includes the use of simple, understandable language, clear visual cues, options for parental control, and interface design that prevents impulsive and unintended purchases. Equally important is education, both for children and for their parents. Promoting digital literacy, critical thinking, and a basic understanding of consumer rights from an early age is essential for reducing risks and ensuring safer participation of children in the digital marketplace
Cruise market destinations, shipping lines and development
No full textPredmet ovog završnog rada je prikaz tržišta kružnih putovanja - načina putovanja koje zadnjih par desetljeća postaje sve popularnije u svijetu. Kružna putovanja su spoj pomorskog putničkog prometa i turizma. Kruzeri - luksuzni brodovi kojima je osnovna svrha putnicima pružiti luksuzni smještaj, egzotični odmor, bogatu gastronomiju i raznovrsne oblike zabave, a istodobno ih prevesti i dovesti do luka ticanja koje će posjetiti. Pregled destinacija kružnih putovanja po lokacijama, kao i vodećih svjetskih brodara temelj su za izradu statističkih pokazatelja te daljnu analizu. Analiza statističkih pokazatelja o destinacijama i brodarima bitna je pomoć pri sagledavanju problematike odnosno davanju prognoza o mogućnostima daljnjeg razvoja tržišta kružnih putovanja.The subject of this undergraduate thesis is an overview of the cruise travel market – a mode of travel that has become increasingly popular worldwide over the past few decades. Cruises are a combination of maritime passenger transport and tourism. Cruise ships – luxurious vessels whose main purpose is to provide passengers with luxury accommodation, exotic vacations, rich gastronomy, and various forms of entertainment – also serve to transport them to and between the ports they will visit. An overview of cruise travel destinations by location, as well as the leading global cruise lines, forms the basis for compiling statistical indicators and further analysis. The analysis of statistical indicators related to destinations and cruise lines is an important tool for understanding the issues at hand and making forecasts regarding the potential for further development of the cruise travel market
Adaptivno upravljanje numeričkim mrežama za računalno učinkovite simulacije velikih vrtloga : doktorski rad
No full textComputational fluid dynamics simulations often involve a trade-off between accuracy and computational cost, particularly when modelling complex flows with localised phenomena across varying scales. This trade-off becomes especially pronounced in high-fidelity simulations, which require fine grid resolution to capture intricate flow structures. Maintaining such resolution across the entire domain can, however, be computationally prohibitive. Adaptive mesh refinement is a promising methodological alternative that dynamically refines the grid in regions requiring higher accuracy and coarsens it in others. Still, its application for large eddy simulation is challenging since changes in grid resolution can induce instabilities, affect numerical dissipation, and ultimately compromise accuracy. This thesis aims to address these limitations by developing and validating a computationally efficient adaptive mesh refinement strategy tailored for large eddy simulation within the OpenFOAM 10 framework. The central hypothesis is that an effective and physically grounded refinement criterion can be defined to guide mesh adaptation efficiently. To implement the envisioned strategy, several code contributions have been made. First, native mesh refinement capabilities were extended to handle two-dimensional problems. Second, new classes were developed for two-dimensional and three-dimensional adaptive mesh refinement, enabling refinement decisions based on logical combinations of multiple criteria, including scalar fields and geometric constraints. Third, to address parallel performance concerns, two new load balancing classes were implemented. These distributors rely on direct measurements to assess load imbalance and trigger mesh redistribution. A core contribution is the formulation of a composite refinement criterion tailored specifically for large eddy simulations. The criterion combines the vortex identification method with a measure of local mesh resolution relative to the turbulent Taylor microscale. This ensures that coherent vortical structures are captured and the mesh is sufficiently fine to resolve the relevant turbulent scales locally. Validation was performed systematically on a selected set of test cases. These confirmed that the implementation functions as intended and demonstrated the potential of multi-criteria adaptive mesh refinement. The composite refinement criterion was applied to benchmark large eddy simulation cases, yielding comparable or superior accuracy relative to simulations using a conventional grid generation approach. The load balancing algorithms were also evaluated, demonstrating improved parallel efficiency and reduced simulation times. The results suggest that the proposed approach effectively balances accuracy and computational cost for large eddy simulations. By integrating targeted refinement criteria with performance-aware load balancing, the adaptive mesh refinement strategy is able to provide high-fidelity numerical results with significantly lower computational demands, making it a
practical solution for complex research and industrial problems.Simulacije u domeni računalne dinamike fluida često uključuju kompromis između točnosti i računalnog troška, osobito prilikom modeliranja složenih strujanja s lokaliziranim pojavama različitih skala. Taj kompromis postaje posebno izražen u simulacijama koje zahtijevaju finu razlučivost numeričke mreže, kako bi se obuhvatile složene strukture strujanja. Ipak, održavanje takve razlučivosti na razini cjelokupne domene može biti računalno preskupo. Adaptivno upravljanje predstavlja obećavajuću metodološku alternativu koja dinamički modificira numeričke mreže u područjima koja zahtijevaju veću točnost, dok ih u drugim područjima razrjeđuje. Međutim, primjena ove metode u simulacijama velikih vrtloga predstavlja izazov jer promjene u razlučivosti mreže mogu izazvati nestabilnosti, utjecati na numeričku disipaciju i na kraju utjecati na točnost. Ova disertacija ima za cilj ponuditi rješenje za navedena ograničenja razvijanjem i validacijom računalno učinkovite strategije adaptivnog upravljanja, prilagođene simulacijama velikih vrtloga unutar OpenFOAM 10. Središnja hipoteza jest da se može definirati učinkovit i fizikalno utemeljen kriterij za upravljanje mrežom, koji će učinkovito usmjeravati adaptaciju mreže. Za provedbu zamišljene strategije ostvareni su brojni programski doprinosi. Prvo, izvorne mogućnosti proširene su kako bi podržale dvodimenzionalne probleme. Drugo, razvijene su nove klase za dvodimenzionalno i trodimenzionalno adaptivno upravljanje, omogućujući donošenje odluka o upravljanju temeljenih na logičkim kombinacijama više kriterija, poput skalarnih polja i geometrijskih ograničenja. Treće, kako bi se riješio problem učinkovitosti pri paralelnom izvođenju, implementirane su dvije nove klase za uravnoteženje opterećenja. Spomenute klase oslanjaju se na izravna mjerenja resursa za procjenu neuravnoteženosti i iniciranje redistribucije mreže. Ključni doprinos je formulacija kompozitnog kriterija upravljanja posebno prilagođenog za simulacije velikih vrtloga. Kriterij kombinira metodu identifikacije vrtloga s mjerom lokalne razlučivosti mreže u odnosu na turbulentnu Taylorovu mikroskalu. Na taj se način osigurava da su koherentne vrtložne strukture obuhvaćene te da je mreža dovoljno fina za lokalno razlučivanje relevantnih turbulentnih skala. Validacija je provedena sustavno na odabranom skupu testnih sluˇ cajeva. Na temelju dobivenih rezultata utvrđeno je da implementacija djeluje prema očekivanjima te je potvrđen potencijal kompozitnog kriterija za upravljanje numeričkim mrežama. Kompozitni kriterij primijenjen je na referentne slučajeve simulacija velikih vrtloga, pri čemu su ostvareni rezultati pokazali usporedivu ili veću točnost u odnosu na simulacije koje koriste konvencionalni pristup generiranju mreže. Algoritmi za uravnoteženje opterećenja također su evaluirani, pri čemu je zabilježena poboljšana paralelna učinkovitost i smanjenje ukupnih proračunskih vremena. Ostvareni rezultati sugeriraju da je moguće definirati kompozitni kriterij koji, u kombinaciji s algoritmima za uravnoteženje opterećenja, omogućuje postizanje numeričkih rezultata visoke točnosti uz znatno niže računalne zahtjeve, čime se potvrđuje praktična primjenjivost predložene metodologije u složenim istraživačkim i industrijskim problemima
The impact of key economic factors on the development opportunities of Croatian islands
No full textSvjetski i hrvatski znanstvenici koji se bave istraživanjem otočnog razvoja navode kako izučavanje otoka, kao područja s razvojnim posebnostima, zahtijeva specifičnu i prilagođenu metodologiju proučavanja, istraživanja i planiranja. Osnovni cilj ove doktorske disertacije je identificirati i odrediti utjecaj ključnih ekonomskih čimbenika na razvoj i razvojne mogućnosti otoka te predložiti smjernice njihovog budućeg razvoja polazeći od teorijske razrade razvojne problematike otočnog područja te provedenog empirijskog istraživanja. Analizom teorija ekonomskog razvoja te dosadašnjih znanstvenih istraživanja otoka, utvrđeno je da su ekonomski čimbenici koji utječu na njihov razvoj vrlo slični onima koji se identificiraju u analizama regionalnog razvoja, pri čemu se nešto veći naglasak stavlja na turizam.
Provedbom panel analize podataka na uzorku od 18 hrvatskih otoka, utvrđen je pozitivan utjecaj turizma, ljudskog kapitala i mjera ekonomske politike na gospodarski rast kao jednu od komponenti razvoja. Uz spomenute varijable, u model su uvrštene i dvije kontrolne varijable za koje je utvrđeno da su povezane s gospodarskim rastom (nezaposlenost i kretanje stanovništva) kako bi rezultati regresijske analize bili što vjerodostojniji.
Potom je istražen utjecaj prometne povezanosti, turizma i kretanja stanovništva na ekonomski rast. S obzirom na minimalne promjene u kretanju pokazatelja prometne povezanosti tijekom godina, u analizi se koristio vremenski presjek i jednostavna linearna regresija s OLS procjeniteljem.
Analizom gospodarske strukture otoka te izračunom Herfindahl-Hirschmann indeksa i indeksa ogive, u disertaciji se utvrdila uloga pojedinih sektora u otočnim gospodarstvima. Istraženo je na koji način sektori doprinose i ograničavaju ekonomski razvoj te imaju li razvijeniji otoci složeniju gospodarsku strukturu. U disertaciji je također analizirano kako sektori i pojedine gospodarske djelatnosti mogu oblikovati ekonomske izazove i razvojne prilike otoka, nudeći pritom dublje razumijevanje dinamike njihovog razvoja.
Rezultati pokazuju da su postojeći trendovi utjecaja ključnih ekonomskih čimbenika na razvoj otoka u Republici Hrvatskoj u skladu s trendovima na drugim svjetskim i europskim otocima.
Nakon dijela istraživanja u kojem se nastojalo doći do općih spoznaja o utjecaju ključnih ekonomskih čimbenika na razvoj otoka, otoci su rangirani na osnovu 15 pokazatelja primjenom višekriterijske analize. Dobiveni kompozitni indeksi poslužili su kao podloga za grupiranje otoka u četiri razvojne skupine s obzirom na dostignutu razinu razvijenosti.
U posljednjem dijelu empirijskog istraživanja provedeno je anketno ispitivanje eksperata s ciljem evaluacije važnosti pojedinih kriterija unutar definiranih razvojnih dimenzija otoka.
Rezultati anketnog upitnika omogućili su određivanje relativne važnosti pojedinih kriterija za svaki od razmatranih razvojnih scenarija. Slijedom toga, provedena je analiza razvojnih potreba otoka. Primjenom višekriterijske analize, procijenjene su razvojne mogućnosti otočnih razvojnih skupina te je time osigurana znanstveno utemeljena osnova za oblikovanje strateških razvojnih smjernica i ciljanih politika. Na temelju teorijskih spoznaja i dobivenih rezultata, formulirane su smjernice za razvoj otoka koje mogu doprinijeti ubrzanom i uravnoteženom gospodarskom i društvenom napretku, uz istovremeno očuvanje ekološke ravnoteže.International and Croatian scientists engaged in the research of island development note that the study of islands as areas with development peculiarities requires a specific and adapted study, research and planning methodology. The main objective of this doctoral dissertation is to identify and determine the influence of key economic factors on the development and development opportunities of islands and to propose guidelines for their future development based on the theoretical elaboration of the development issues of island territories and the empirical research conducted. By analyzing the theory of economic development and previous scientific research on islands, it was found that the economic factors influencing their development are very similar to those identified in analyzes of regional development, with a slightly greater emphasis on tourism.
A panel analysis of data conducted for a sample of 18 Croatian islands revealed the positive influence of tourism, human capital and economic policy measures on economic growth as one of the components of development. In addition to the above variables, two control variables related to economic growth (unemployment and population movement) were included in the model to make the results of the regression analysis as credible as possible.
The impact of transport connectivity, tourism and population movement on economic growth were then examined. Since the minimal changes in the movement of transport connectivity indicators during the year, a time cross-section and a simple linear regression with the OLS estimator were used for the analysis.
By analyzing the economic structure of the islands and calculating the HHI index and the Ogiven index, the dissertation determined the role of each sector in the island economies. It examined how sectors contribute to or limit economic development and whether more developed islands have a more complex economic structure. The thesis analyzed how sectors and individual economic activities can shape the economic challenges and development opportunities of islands, providing a deeper understanding of the dynamics of their development.
The results show that the existing trends in terms of the influence of key economic factors on the development of islands in the Republic of Croatia are in line with the trends on other islands worldwide and in Europe.
After a part of the research aimed at gaining general insights into the influence of key economic factors on the development of islands, the islands were ranked on the basis of 15 indicators using a multi-criteria analysis. The composite indices determined served as the basis for categorizing the islands into four development groups in terms of the level of development achieved.
In the last part of the empirical research, an expert survey was conducted with the aim of evaluating the importance of individual criteria within the defined development dimensions of the islands. The results of the survey questionnaire made it possible to determine the relative importance of the criteria for each of the development scenarios under consideration. Subsequently, an analysis of the islands' development needs was carried out. By applying the multi-criteria analysis, the development possibilities of the island development groups were assessed, thus providing a scientifically based basis for the formation of strategic development guidelines and targeted policies. Based on the theoretical findings and the results obtained, guidelines for the development of the islands were formulated that can contribute to an accelerated and balanced economic and social progress while maintaining the ecological balance
A research of bilingualism in Cittanova and Torre-Abrega
No full textNella presente tesi è stato indagato il bilinguismo e l’uso del dialetto istroveneto nei comuni di Cittanova e di Torre-Abrega. Attraverso un questionario, compilato da 141 persone, sono state raccolte informazioni sulle abitudini linguistiche, le opinioni sulla preservazione del dialetto e le percezioni del bilinguismo. I risultati mostrano che la maggioranza dei partecipanti utilizza il dialetto istroveneto in ambito familiare e sociale e riconosce l’importanza del multilinguismo. L’indagine evidenzia un impegno collettivo per la trasmissione del dialetto alle future generazioni e sottolinea la necessità di promuovere pratiche linguistiche che ne garantiscano la vitalità.In this thesis, bilingualism and the use of the Istrovenetian dialect in the municipalities of Cittanova and Torre-Abrega were researched. Through a questionnaire, filled out by 141 people, information was collected on linguistic habits, opinions on dialect preservation and perceptions of bilingualism. The results show that the majority of participants use the Istrovenetian dialect in the family and social context and recognize the importance of multilingualism. The survey highlights a collective commitment to transmitting the dialect to future generations and underlines the need to promote linguistic practices that guarantee its vitality
Pravo dioničara zahtijevati obvezno sklapanje ugovora o prodaji dionica – posebnost hrvatskog prava preuzimanja
No full textU radu se analizira odredba članka 49. Zakona o preuzimanju dioničkih društava prema kojoj svaki dioničar ciljnog društva može, ako ponuditelj ne objavi ponudu za preuzimanje, pod uvjetima i na način propisan Zakonom, podnijeti tužbu pred mjesno nadležnim trgovačkim sudom zahtijevajući obvezno sklapanje ugovora o prodaji dionica pod onim uvjetima pod kojima je ponuda za preuzimanje morala biti objavljena. Autori se u radu zasebno osvrću na pitanja nadležnosti za utvrđivanje obveze objavljivanja ponude za preuzimanje, aktivne i pasivne legitimacije, trenutka nastanka tužbenog zahtjeva, roka unutar kojeg se tužba radi obveznog sklapanja ugovora može podnijeti, oblika ugovora o prodaji dionica kao i visine tužbenog zahtjeva. Prikazom sudske prakse nacionalnih sudova proizlazi kako postoje različita tumačenja citirane odredbe koja dovode do neujednačene sudske prakse te, u konačnici, rezultiraju pravnom nesigurnošću. Međutim, unatoč uočenoj neujednačenosti sudske prakse autori se protive stajalištu da se odredba članka 49. Zakona o preuzimanju dioničkih društava briše jer bi to dovelo do oduzimanja prava manjinskim dioničarima koje im je Zakonom dano još 2002. godine, a isto tako bilo protivno svrsi i cilju Zakona o preuzimanju dioničkih društava, a to je zaštita manjinskih dioničara. Ujedno, zagovaraju određenost i preciznost pravne norme koja će osigurati jasnoću i predvidljivost u njenoj primjeni.The paper analyses the provision of Article 49 of the Croatian Takeover Act according to which any shareholder of the target company may, if the offeror does not publish a takeover bid, under the conditions and in the manner provided by the Act, file a lawsuit before the commercial court with territorial jurisdiction demanding the mandatory conclusion of a share sale agreement under the conditions under which the takeover bid should have been published. The authors separately address the issues of jurisdiction for determining the obligation to publish a takeover bid, active and passive standing, the moment when a claim can be filed, the time limit for bringing an action for mandatory conclusion of the agreement, the form of the share sale agreement, and the amount oj the claim. A review of the case law of national courts shows that there are different interpretations of the cited provision, which lead to inconsistent case law and, ultimately, result in legal uncertainty. However, despite the perceived inconsistency of court practice, the authors oppose the proposal to delete the provision of Article 49 of the Takeover Act, as this would lead to the deprivation of the rights of minority shareholders that were given to them by the Takeover Act in 2002, and would also be against the purpose and goal of the Takeover Act, which is the protection of minority shareholders. Also, they advocate the certainty and precision of the legal norm, which will ensure clarity and predictability in its application
Femicide in 21st century : graduation thesis
No full textThis thesis explores femicide as a serious and growing form of gender-based violence in the 21st century. It examines the historical background, definitions and types of femicide, including intimate partner femicide, honour killings and those linked to organized crime, cultural beliefs and discrimination. The paper highlights the key causes of femicide, such as gender inequality, control and social norms and emphasizes how cultural, religious and economic factors play a significant role in its occurrence. A major part of the thesis focuses on forensic medicine and how it is used to investigate femicide cases. It explains different types of trauma, signs of death, autopsy techniques and how experts distinguish between homicide, suicide and accidental deaths. The thesis also presents global and European statistics on femicide and shows that many cases are preventable, often involving prior abuse or warning signs that were ignored.The discussion also covers the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, which increased domestic violence and femicide rates due to isolation, economic stress and limited access to support. Finally, the paper stresses the importance of early intervention, legal protection and cultural change to prevent femicide and save lives