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The Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Cardiorenometabolic Syndrome and Its Components—A Call to Action
No full textCardiorenometabolic syndrome, a constellation of interrelated risk factors including insulin resistance, central obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, is rapidly becoming one of the defining global health challenges of our time [...
The impact of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) on international financial flows
No full textU ovom radu analiziran je utjecaj digitalnih valuta središnjih banaka (CBDC) na međunarodne financijske tokove, s posebnim naglaskom na prekogranična plaćanja, kapitalne tokove i monetarnu autonomiju.
Provedena je komparativna analiza postojećih inicijativa, uključujući projekte digitalnog yuana i digitalnog eura. Pokazano je da CBDC-i mogu značajno smanjiti transakcijske troškove, povećati brzinu prijenosa sredstava i poboljšati dostupnost financijskih usluga, osobito u zemljama u razvoju.
Istaknuto je da primjena CBDC-a može olakšati prekogranična ulaganja i povećati tržišnu likvidnost, ali i stvoriti nove regulatorne izazove i rizike za financijsku stabilnost. U radu je zaključeno da ne postoji univerzalni model implementacije CBDC-a te da je uspjeh njihove primjene uvjetovan povjerenjem korisnika, regulatornom jasnoćom i međunarodnom koordinacijom.
Uočeno je da prisilna implementacija ili zanemarivanje tržišnih potreba može dovesti do niske stope usvajanja. Stoga se zaključuje da CBDC treba promišljeno integrirati u postojeći financijski sustav uz multidisciplinarni pristup koji uključuje tehničke, ekonomske i regulatorne aspekte.This paper analyses the impact of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) on international financial flows, with a particular focus on cross-border payments, capital flows and monetary autonomy.
A comparative analysis of existing initiatives, including the digital yuan and digital euro projects, is conducted. It is shown that CBDCs can significantly reduce transaction costs, increase the speed of fund transfers and improve the availability of financial services, especially in developing countries.
It is highlighted that the implementation of CBDCs can facilitate cross-border investments and increase market liquidity, but also create new regulatory challenges and risks to financial stability. The paper concludes that there is no universal model for the implementation of CBDCs and that the success of their implementation is conditioned by user trust, regulatory clarity and international coordination.
It is observed that forced implementation or neglect of market needs can lead to low adoption rates. Therefore, it is concluded that CBDCs should be thoughtfully integrated into the existing financial system with a multidisciplinary approach that includes technical, economic and regulatory aspects
Contribution to the improvement of maritime navigation planning, execution and monitoring in restricted navigation areas
No full textPlaniranje pomorskog putovanja i vođenje navigacije u ograničeno plovnim područjima složen je proces čija uspješnost ovisi o mnogim čimbenicima, uključujući interakciju časnika navigacijske straže s navigacijskim informacijskim sustavima. Informacijski sustav i prikaz elektroničkih karata danas se sve više ističe kao jedino primarno navigacijsko sredstvo na zapovjednim mostovima. Međutim, ljudska pogreška i dalje je glavni uzročnik pomorskih nezgoda, dok nepravilna uporaba navigacijske opreme može dodatno povećati rizike od neželjenih događaja. Cilj ovog doktorskog rada je unaprijediti sigurnost plovidbe u ograničeno plovnim područjima kroz optimiziranu primjenu navigacijskih informacijskih sustava. Istraživanje uključuje analizu prethodnih studija i dosadašnjih istraživanja te sveobuhvatan upitnik za časnike navigacijske straže i ostale dionike plovidbenog pothvata, kako bi se stekao uvid u stavove i iskustva vezana za planiranje putovanja, vođenje navigacije, izobrazbu i rukovanje navigacijskim informacijskim sustavima te kako bi se identificirali, odnosno potvrdili utjecajni čimbenici na pojavnost postupaka i radnji čija posljedica može biti pomorska nezgoda. Metode analize ljudske pouzdanosti primijenjene su na izvještajima o pomorskim nezgodama, čime su identificirani i klasificirani ključni, raznovrsni uzroci problema vezanih za korištenje navigacijskih informacijskih sustava. Nadalje, analizirani su čimbenici koji utječu na pojavnost ljudskih pogrešaka u zadacima planiranja putovanja i vođenja navigacije u ograničeno plovnim područjima. Provedena procjena rizika navigacijskih zadataka pokazala je mogućnosti njihovog pravovremenog smanjenja. Na temelju rezultata istraživanja razvijeni su modeli planiranja putovanja i vođenja navigacije u ograničeno plovnim područjima, primjenjivi na brodovima i u nastavnim procesima. Testiranje modela provedeno je na nautičkom simulatoru, čime je potvrđena njihova učinkovitost i praktična primjenjivost. Predloženi modeli doprinose povećanju sigurnosti plovidbe i unaprjeđenju obrazovnih procesa u pomorstvu.Planning a maritime voyage and navigating in restricted waters is a complex process whose success depends on many factors, including the interaction between Officers Of the Watch (OOW) and navigation information systems. The Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS) increasingly becomes the primary navigation mean on the navigational bridge. However, human error remains the leading cause of maritime accidents, and improper use of navigation equipment can further increase the risks of undesirable events. The aim of this doctoral thesis is to improve the safety of navigation in restricted waters through the optimized application of navigation information systems. The research includes an analysis of previous studies and existing research, as well as a comprehensive survey for OOW’s and other stakeholders involved in the maritime voyage venture, to gain insights into their attitudes and experiences related to voyage planning, navigation, training, and handling navigation information systems, and to identify or confirm the influential factors behind procedures and actions that could lead to maritime accidents. Human reliability analysis methods were applied to maritime accident reports, identifying and classifying key and diverse causes of problems related to the use of navigation information systems. Furthermore, factors affecting the occurrence of human errors in voyage planning, execution and monitoring tasks in restricted waters were analyzed. The conducted risk assessment of navigation tasks showed opportunities for their timely reduction. Based on the research results, models for voyage planning and execution and monitoring in restricted waters were developed, which are applicable to ships and training processes. The models were tested on a nautical simulator, confirming their effectiveness and practical applicability. The proposed models contribute to increased navigational safety and the improvement of maritime educational processes
A New Method for Volumetric Analysis of Soft‐Tissue Changes Using Three‐Dimensional Imaging in Patients With Periodontitis
No full textAims: To quantify changes in soft-tissue volume induced by non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) in patients with periodontitis and correlate them with clinical parameters and smoking. A new digital approach is investigated because standard periodontal clinical assessment methods are unable to accurately capture volumetric changes. Materials and methods: Thirty-nine subjects with periodontitis aged 27-70 years (median 48; 51% females; 49% smokers) were included. All subjects underwent clinical examination and intraoral scanning at baseline and 8 weeks after NSPT. Digital models were superimposed, and changes in volume were analysed and correlated with clinical parameters. Results: NSPT reduced soft-tissue volume in both smokers and non-smokers (p = 5 mm was the only predictor of volume change when the effects of change in plaque score, smoking status, age and sex were controlled for (p = 0.015). Conclusion: NSPT resulted in comparable reductions in soft-tissue volume for both smokers and non-smokers, which was confirmed by a new digital approach
The role of sports in children with developmental disabilities
No full textU suvremenom društvu otvaraju se sve brojnije mogućnosti za sudjelovanje u obrazovnim, kulturnim i rekreativnim aktivnostima za djecu i mlade. Ipak, djeca s teškoćama u razvoju još se uvijek susreću s ograničenim sadržajem, razumijevanjem i prihvaćanjem, posebice u području sportskih aktivnosti. Ovaj rad prikazuje kako upravo sportske aktivnosti mogu biti glavni medij za stvaranje inkluzivnog okruženja za djecu s teškoćama u razvoju, stvarajući im prilike za holistički razvoj. Cilj rada je i adresirati najučestalije izazove i prepreke s kojima se susreću djeca s teškoćama u razvoju te moguća rješenja. U radu se iznosi uloga sporta u ostvarenju mogućnosti i otkrivanju sposobnosti djece s teškoćama u razvoju što kasnije doprinosi osjećaju pripadnosti, razvoju samopouzdanja i socijalnih vještina. Sport, osim što ima rehabilitacijski učinak, prikazuje se i kao alat za inkluziju, ključan za izgradnju ravnopravnijeg i solidarnijeg društva. Stoga, sport je više od same aktivnosti, on je most prema jednakim mogućnostima za svako dijete.In modern society, there are more and more opportunities for children and young people to participate in educational, cultural and recreational activities. However, children with developmental disabilities still face limited content, understanding and acceptance, especially in the field of sports activities. This paper shows how sports activities can be the main medium for creating an inclusive environment for children with developmental disabilities, creating opportunities for their holistic development. The aim of the paper is also to address the most common challenges and obstacles faced by children with developmental disabilities and possible solutions. The paper presents the role of sport in realizing opportunities and discovering the abilities of children with developmental disabilities, which later contributes to a sense of belonging, the development of self-confidence and social skills. Sport, in addition to having a rehabilitative effect, is also presented as a tool for inclusion, crucial for building a more equal and supportive society. Therefore, sport is more than just an activity, it is a bridge towards equal opportunities for every child
Eton College : Education at an English private school
No full textU ovom radu obrađena je tema privatnih škola s fokusom na privatnu školu Eton i njezinu bogatu tradiciju i akademsku izvrsnost. U uvodu je obrađen povijesni razvoj privatnih škola, a zatim i povijest Etona. Unutarnji sustav Etona u povijesti se sastoji od upravljanja i održavanja nastave, te podjela na niže i više škole. Zatim se u radu napominje i godina upisa koja je u prošlosti bila iznimno niska, te kažnjavanje učenika „batinanjem“. Ovaj rad govori i o glazbenom aspektu obrazovnog programa, načinu odijevanja i školskim časopisima kroz povijest. Zatim se prelazi na kulturu institucije, mreži prijašnjih studenata, razrađuju se tradicije kroz povijest poput dodjela znački i dijeljenja poslastica, te izrada karti svijeta i skrivanje od učitelja po gradu. Eton ima i svoju bogatu tradiciju nadimaka te izraza koje studenti sami osmišljavaju i često koriste. Rad govori i o Lovu na području Etona i o etičkim raspravama koje su dovele do raznih restrikcija u provedbi lova. Te se dotiče kontroverza i kritika poput društvene nejednakosti i zlostavljanja zbog boje kože učenika ili spolne orijentacije. Nadalje se rad posvećuje financijskoj situaciji, odnosno pitanju školarine, stipendija i investicija. I završava usporedbi sa suvremenim stanjem škole i izazovima s kojima se susreće
Illegal maritime migration
No full textProblem ilegalnih pomorskih migracija višestruk je i hitan globalni problem koji uključuje neovlašteno kretanje pojedinaca preko morskih granica pod opasnim i nehumanim okolnostima. Ovaj rad istražuje različite aspekte ilegalne pomorske migracije, kao što su čimbenici koji joj pridonose, njezine posljedice, strategije za borbu protiv te politike i prakse vezane uz kontrolu pomorske granice. Ključni čimbenici koji pokreću ovaj fenomen uključuju ekonomske razlike, politička previranja, društvene veze i učinke klimatskih promjena. Ishodi ilegalne pomorske migracije obuhvaćaju demografske promjene, ekonomske probleme, društvene nemire i sigurnosne prijetnje. Mjere za rješavanje ovog problema uključuju pojačanu sigurnost granica, međunarodnu suradnju, napore u borbi protiv trgovine ljudima i zaštitu prava migranata. Međutim, politike granične kontrole često su pod lupom zbog kršenja ljudskih prava i postavljanja etičkih poteškoća. Zaključno, neophodan je sveobuhvatan i pravedan pristup, onaj koji obuhvaća prevenciju, zaštitu i integraciju migranata uz poštivanje humanitarnih odgovornosti i međunarodnih zakona.The problem of illegal maritime migration is a multifaceted and urgent global problem involving the unauthorized movement of individuals across sea borders under dangerous and inhumane circumstances. This paper explores various aspects of illegal maritime migration, such as the factors that contribute to it, its consequences, strategies to combat it, and policies and practices related to maritime border control. Key factors driving this phenomenon include economic disparities, political turmoil, social ties and the effects of climate change. The outcomes of illegal maritime migration include demographic changes, economic problems, social unrest and security threats. Measures to address this problem include increased border security, international cooperation, anti-trafficking efforts and protection of migrants' rights. However, border control policies are often under scrutiny for violating human rights and raising ethical dilemmas. In conclusion, a comprehensive and just approach is necessary, one II that includes the prevention, protection and integration of migrants while respecting humanitarian responsibilities and international laws
Analog-digital conversion of speech signal
No full textU ovom radu se opisuje analogno-digitalna pretvorba govornih signala. Analogni i digitalni signali su dva glavna oblika signala koja se koriste u elektronici. Analogno-digitalni pretvornici su nužne komponente mnogih digitalnih sustava. Najosnovnija zadaća analogno-digitalnih pretvornika je povezati digitalnu domenu s analognom. Ovaj rad obuhvaća načine pretvorbe analognog signala u digitalni, operacije koje su potrebne kako bi dobili digitalni signal te metode kodiranja govornog signala.This paper describes the analog-to-digital conversion of speech signals. Analog and digital signals are the two main forms of signals used in electronics. Analog-to-digital converters are essential components of many digital systems. The most basic task of analog-to-digital converters is to connect the digital domain to the analog domain. This paper covers methods of converting an analog signal to digital, the operations required to obtain a digital signal, and methods of encoding a speech signa
Efficacy, Toxicity and Effect of Pretreatment Cardiologic Consultation on Outcomes of Ibrutinib Therapy for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia—A KroHem Study
No full textBackground/Objectives: Ibrutinib has revolutionized the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia but has off-target side effects, most notably cardiac. In order to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of ibrutinib treatment, risk factors for adverse outcomes and the influence of pretreatment cardiologic evaluation, KroHem collected data on Croatian patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia treated with this drug. Methods: This is a retrospective survey performed in order to analyze the efficacy and toxicity of ibrutinib in a real-life setting. Patients starting therapy with ibrutinib for chronic lymphocytic leukemia between the time the drug became reimbursable in 2015 and 31 December 2021 were included, irrespective of treatment line. Results: We identified 436 patients fulfilling entry criteria; 404 (92.7%) responded to treatment. Cardiovascular side effects occurred in 25.0% of patients and hemorrhagic in 15.6%. The dose of ibrutinib was permanently reduced in 22.2% of patients. Median follow-up of the cohort was 29 months (IQR 18–41 months), estimated median overall survival 75 months (IQR 36 months–not reached), progression-free survival 54 months (IQR 24–81 months) and time on ibrutinib treatment 44 months (IQR 14–78 months). Factors significantly related to overall survival in multivariate analysis were stage, treatment line and age. Factors significantly related to progression-free survival in multivariate analysis were treatment line, age and pretreatment history or ECG finding of cardiac arrhythmia. Factors significantly related to time on ibrutinib treatment in multivariate analysis were age, pretreatment history or ECG finding of cardiac arrhythmia, and permanent dose reduction for toxicity. Sex, FISH and the presence of arterial hypertension were not independently significantly related to any of these outcomes. Pretreatment cardiologic consultation did not improve time on ibrutinib therapy, progression-free survival, overall survival, risk of stopping treatment due to cardiovascular side effects or risk of cardiovascular or sudden death, neither in the whole cohort nor in the subgroup of patients with and without pretreatment cardiac arrhythmia. Conclusions: Our analysis confirms the efficacy and tolerability of ibrutinib for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Patients older than 75 do significantly less well. Routine pretreatment cardiologic consultation does not improve outcomes and should not be considered part of standard pretreatment assessment without additional proof of its usefulness. Future investigations should aim at identifying predictive factors, mechanisms, and preventive strategies for reducing cardiotoxicity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients taking Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors
Ultra-Processed Diets and Endocrine Disruption, Explanation of Missing Link in Rising Cancer Incidence Among Young Adults
No full textThe global increase in early-onset cancers among adolescents and young adults has happened at the same time as the rise in the consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs). Far beyond their poor nutritional quality, UPFs are increasingly seen as Trojan horses, complex biological agents that interfere with many functions of the human organism. In this review, we utilise the Trojan horse model to explain the quiet and building health risks from UPFs as foods that seem harmless, convenient, and affordable while secretly delivering endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), causing chronic low-grade inflammation, altering the microbiome, and producing epigenetic alterations. We bring together new proof showing that UPFs mess up hormonal signals, harm the body’s ability to fight off harmful germs, lead to an imbalance of microbes, and cause detrimental changes linked to cancer. Important components, such as bisphenols and phthalates, can migrate from containers into food, while additional ingredients and effects from cooking disrupt the normal balance of cells. These exposures are especially harmful during vulnerable developmental periods and may lay the groundwork for disease many years later. The Trojan horse model illustrates the hidden nature of UPF-related damage, not through a sudden toxin but via chronic dysregulation of metabolic, hormonal, and genetic control. This model changes focus from usual diet worries to a bigger-picture view of UPFs as causes of life-disrupting damage. Ultimately, this review aims to identify gaps in current knowledge and epidemiological approaches and highlight the need for multi-omics, long-term studies and personalised nutrition plans to assess and reduce the cancer risk associated with UPFs. Recognising UPFs as a silent disruptor is crucial in shaping public health policies and cancer prevention programs targeting younger people