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Magnetic resonance in modern radiotherapy - Review
No full textOvaj diplomski rad obrađuje temu integracije tehnologije magnetske rezonancije u suvremenoj kliničkoj praksi radioterapije; istražuje njen potencijal za povećanje preciznosti liječenja, učinkovitosti i ishoda za pacijente. U radu je prikazano kako se MR koristi od simulacije do provedbe radioterapije u stvarnom vremenu. Opisana je registracija MR-a s CT-om, zatim osiguranje kvalitete s posebnim naglaskom na geometrijsku distorziju. U uvodu, opisuje se primjena MR-a za planiranje radioterapije, zatim uloga tijekom liječenja; predstavljene su funkcionalne tehnike snimanja te se opisuje uloga MR-a za kontrolu pokreta. Obuhvaćeni su dozimetrijski zahtjevi i tehnike koje se koriste za zamjenu CT-a te slikovna verifikacija polja zračenja u stvarnom vremenu. Prikazani su prvi rezultati dobiveni na MR-linearnim akceleratorima, gdje su obuhvaćeni tehnički izazovi i trenutni status MR-linearnog akceleratora. Na kraju rada razmatra se buduća uloga magnetske rezonancije u radioterapiji te se donose zaključci na temelju analiza i rezultata različitih stručnih članaka koji se bave istom tematikom.This thesis deals with the topic of the integration of magnetic resonance imaging technology in modern clinical practice of radiotherapy; explores its potential to increase treatment precision, efficiency and patient outcomes. The thesis shows how MRI is used from simulation to the implementation of radiotherapy in real time. MRI registration with CT is described, followed by quality assurance with special emphasis on geometric distortion. The introduction describes the application of MRI for radiotherapy planning, then the role during treatment; functional imaging techniques are presented and the role of MRI for movement control is described. Dosimetric requirements and techniques used to replace CT are covered, as well as imaging verification of the radiation field in real time. The first results obtained on MRI-linear accelerators are presented, where the technical challenges and the current status of the MRI-linear accelerator are covered. At the end of the thesis, the future role of magnetic resonance imaging in radiotherapy is considered, and conclusions are drawn based on the analysis and results of various professional articles dealing with the same topic
Job satisfaction of nurses in operating rooms in relation to workload in KBC Split
No full textUvod: Zadovoljstvo poslom i izgaranje koncepti su koji imaju implikacije na različitim područjima od radnih
mjesta do stanovnika, koji se međusobno nadopunjuju i daju značenje te zauzimaju ključna mjesta u
profesionalnom životu.
Cilj: Ispitati zadovoljstvo medicinskih sestara instrumentarki poslom u operacijskim dvoranama KBC-a Split s
obzirom na radnu opterećenost.
Ispitanici i metode: U provedenom istraživanju sudjelovalo je 50 ispitanika. Istraživanje je provedeno u svim
operacijskim dvoranama KBC-a Split u vremenskom razdoblju od početka travnja do kraja svibnja 2023. godine.
Istraživanjem se ispitivalo zadovoljstvo poslom te radna opterećenost na radnom mjestu. Mjerni instrumenti
korišteni u ovom istraživanju su: sociodemografski upitnik, aJDI upitnik, aJIG upitnik te QWI ljestvica.
Rezultati: Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su visoku razinu sveukupnog zadovoljstva medicinskih sestara u
operacijskim dvoranama KBC-a Split (χ2=14,56; p<0,001), posebno u pogledu odnosa s kolegama (t=5,38;
p<0,001) i radnog okruženja (t=5,37; p<0,001). Radno opterećenje je negativno povezano s razinom
zadovoljstva poslom (r=-0,35; p=0,014). Utvrđena je negativna i statistički značajna povezanost između dobi i
zadovoljstva rada na trenutnom poslu (r=0,40; p=0,004), kao i između dobi i zadovoljstva nadzorom (r=0,398;
p=0,001). Iako nije bilo značajne razlike u zadovoljstvu poslom između operacijskih dvorana (F=1,75; p=0,104),
postojale su razlike u pogledu mogućnosti napredovanja (F=3,30; p=0,003) i nadzora (F=4,01; p<0,001).
Zaključci: Medicinske sestre su u većoj mjeri zadovoljne poslom koji obavljaju. Medicinske sestre općenito
pokazuju visoku razinu zadovoljstva poslom, ističući pozitivne aspekte kao što su odnosi s kolegama i
mogućnost napredovanja. Međutim, istraživanje ukazuje i na izrazito visoko radno opterećenje koje utječe na
njihovo zadovoljstvo poslom. Rezultati istraživanja sugeriraju da radno opterećenje medicinskih sestara ima
negativan utjecaj na njihovo zadovoljstvo poslom. Također, utvrđena je povezanost između sociodemografskih
čimbenika poput dobi i radnog iskustva te zadovoljstva poslom. Nadalje, razlike u zadovoljstvu poslom i radnom
opterećenju primijećene su među različitim operacijskim dvoranama. Ovo ukazuje na potrebu prilagodbe radnih
uvjeta i podrške kako bi se osiguralo zadovoljstvo i dobrobit medicinskih sestara u svim dijelovima bolnice.Introduction: Job satisfaction and burnout are concepts that have an impact in different areas, from the
workplace to the citizen, complementing each other and occupying an important place in professional life.
Aim: To investigate the job satisfaction of instrument nurses in the operating theaters of the KBC Split with
regard to workload.
Subjects and methods: 50 respondents participated in the study. The survey was conducted in all operating
rooms of KBC Split in the period from the beginning of April to the end of May 2023. Job satisfaction and
workload at the workplace were investigated. The measurement instruments used in this survey are: sociodemographic questionnaire, aJDI questionnaire, aJIG questionnaire and QWI scale.
Results: The research results showed high overall satisfaction among nurses in the KBC Split operating rooms
(χ2=14,56; p<0,001), especially in terms of relationships with colleagues (t=5,38; p<0,001) and the work
environment (t=5,37; p<0,001). Workload is negatively correlated with the level of job satisfaction (r=-0,35;
p=0,014). A negative and statistically significant correlation was found between age and job satisfaction at the
current job (r=0.40; p=0.004) and between age and satisfaction with supervision (r=0.398; p=0.001). Although
there was no significant difference in job satisfaction between operating rooms (F=1,75; p=0,104), there were
differences in promotion opportunities (F=3,30; p=0,003) and supervision (F=4,01; p<0,001).
Conclusions: Nurses are more satisfied with their work. Nurses generally show a high level of job satisfaction,
emphasizing positive aspects such as relationships with colleagues and opportunities for advancement. However,
the research also shows that the workload is extremely high, which has an impact on job satisfaction. The
research findings suggest that nurses' workload has a negative impact on their job satisfaction. A correlation was
also found between socio-demographic factors such as age and work experience and job satisfaction. In addition,
differences in job satisfaction and workload were found in the different operating rooms. This shows that
working conditions and support need to be adapted to ensure the satisfaction and well-being of nurses in all areas
of the hospita
Assessment of nutritional intake and needs in patients operated on due to colorectal cancer
No full textCilj: Ispitati unos tekućina i proteina bolesnika operiranih zbog kolorektalnog karcinoma u prvih pet postoperativnih dana. Ispitanici i metode: Prikupljeni su podatci 30 ispitanika operiranih zbog nemetastatskog kolorektalnog karcinoma na Klinici za kirurgiju KBC Split u razdoblju godine dana. Određivan je tjelesni sastav BIA vagom te kontrolirani serumski albumini i proteini predoperativni i peti postoperativni dan. U tom razdoblju vođen je informativni intervju o unosu hrane, tekućine te nutritivne potpore. Rezultati: U odnosu na predoperativni dan, peti postoperativni dan nije utvrđena značajna razlika u tjelesnom sastavu, kao ni vrijednosti laboratorijskih nalaza, osim porasta vrijednosti serumskih albumina. Pacijenti su unosili značajno manju količinu proteina od izračunatih potreba svih pet postoperativnih dana. Unos tekućine bio je najveći prvi, a najmanji peti postoperativni dan. Svih pet postoperativnih dana, količina unesene tekućine bila je manja od izračunatih potreba. Rasprava: Pacijenti nisu unosili dostatnu količinu proteina i tekućine u postoperacijskom razdoblju što se podudara s rezultatima sličnih istraživanja. Smanjen unos tekućine pripisujemo restriktivnoj nadoknadi intravenozne tekućine u sklopu ERAS protokola. Porast vrijednosti serumskih albumina moguć je zbog primjene intravenskih otopina ljudskih albumina kako bi se spriječile postoperativne komplikacije. Zaključak: Unos proteina i bistrih tekućina u prvih pet postoperativnih dana nakon operacije kolorektalnog karcinoma nije u skladu s izračunatim potrebama pacijenata.Objective: Assessment of fluid and protein intake in patients operated for colorectal cancer in the first five postoperative days. Subjects and methods: Data was collected from 30 patients operated for non-metastatic colorectal cancer at the Surgical Clinic, University Hospital of Split over a period of one year. Body composition was determined with a BIA scale, while serum albumins and proteins were analyzed preoperatively and on the fifth postoperative day. During that period, an informative interview was conducted on food, liquid and nutritional support intake. Results: Compared to the preoperative day, on the fifth postoperative day, no significant difference was found in the body composition, as well as the values of the laboratory results, except for the increase in serum albumin values. Patients consumed a significantly lower amount of protein than their calculated needs on all five postoperative days. Fluid intake was highest on the first and lowest on the fifth postoperative day. On all five postoperative days, the amount of fluid intake was less than their calculated needs. Discussion: Patients did not consume a sufficient amount of protein and fluid in the postoperative period, which matches with the results of similar studies. We attribute the reduced fluid intake to restrictive intravenous fluids as part of the ERAS protocol. An increase in the value of serum albumins is possible due to the administration of intravenous solutions of human albumins to prevent postoperative complications. Conclusion: The intake of protein and clear liquids in the first five postoperative days after colorectal cancer surgery is not in accordance with the calculated needs of patients
The role of MR spectroscopy in pediatric neuroradiology - rewiev
No full textSpektroskopija magnetske rezonance (MRS) je neinvazivna dijagnostička metoda koja omogućava analizu kemijskog sastava određenih područja mozga u razlikovanju patoloških promjena poput nasljednih i metaboličkih bolesti, neoplazmi, moždanog udara i infekcija (1). Ova tehnika omogućava procjenu metabolita poput N-acetilaspartata (NAA), glutamata, kolina, mioinozitola i laktata. Navedeni metaboliti omogućavaju diferencijaciju različitih neuroloških poremećaja u pedijatrijskoj neuroradiologiji. NAA se smatra markerom vitalnih neurona te predstavlja najzastupljeniji metabolit u zdravom mozgu (1). Gubitak neurona očituje se smanjenjem razine NAA. Kolin predstavlja marker sinteze i degradacije staničnih membrana te je njegova vrijednost povećana kod tumora, a smanjena kod moždanog udara. Laktat ukazuje na anaerobni metabolizam što je tipično kod nekrotičnih lezija, moždanih udara ili infekcija. MR spektroskopija je metoda koja upotpunjuje standardni MR pregled u pedijatrijskoj neuroradiologiji ne samo u diferencijaciji različitih patoloških stanja mozga već i u praćenju učinkovitosti terapije te u procjeni prognostičkih ishoda bolesti.Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive diagnostic method that enables the analysis of the chemical composition of certain areas of the brain to distinguish between pathological changes such as hereditary and metabolic diseases, neoplasms, stroke and infections (1). This technique enables the evaluation of metabolites such as N-acetylaspartate (NAA), glutamate, choline, myoinositol and lactate. The above metabolites enable the differentiation of various neurological disorders in pediatric neuroradiology. NAA is considered as a marker of vital neurons and is the most abundant metabolite in a healthy brain (1). Neuronal loss is manifested by a decrease in NAA levels. Choline is a marker of synthesis and degradation in cell membranes, and its value is increased in tumors and decreased in stroke. Lactate indicates anaerobic metabolism, which is typical in necrotic lesions, strokes or infections. MR spectroscopy is a method that complements the standard MR examination in pediatric neuroradiology, not only in the differentiation of various pathological conditions of the brain, but also in monitoring the effectiveness of therapy and in assessing the prognostic outcomes of the disease
Direct atherectomy as a method of lesion preparation
No full textAterektomija je medicinski postupak koji se koristi za uklanjanje plaka iz arterija kako bi se obnovio protok krvi, najčešće u perifernim i koronarnim arterijama. Ovaj postupak je posebno koristan kod tvrdokornih kalcificiranih lezija koje se ne mogu lako proširiti balonskom angioplastikom ili stentiranjem. Aterektomija pomaže u smanjenju stenoze (suženja arterija) te može poboljšati dugoročne ishode za pacijente. Također, može imati i određene rizike, uključujući mogućnost disekcije, restenoze i drugih komplikacija.Atherectomy is a medical procedure used to remove plaque from arteries to restore blood flow, most commonly in peripheral and coronary arteries. This procedure is particularly useful for hard, calcified lesions that cannot be easily expanded with balloon angioplasty or stenting. Atherectomy helps reduce stenosis (narrowing of the arteries) and can improve long-term outcomes for patients, but it also carries certain risks, including the potential for dissection, restenosis, and other complications
Mental health of students in Croatia during the COVID-19 pandemic - a systematic review of the literature
No full textUvod: Vrijeme COVID-19 pandemije obilježeno je porastom straha od zaraze, osjećajem usamljenosti i nesigurnosti, socijalnom izolacijom i financijskim brigama. Rezultati sustavnih pregleda i meta-analiza otkrivaju da je pandemija imala značajan negativan utjecaj na mentalno zdravlje ljudi. Uz navedeno, brojne studije upućuju na porast zastupljenosti depresije, anksioznosti i stresa među studentima na globalnoj razini za vrijeme pandemije.
Cilj rada: Prikazati zastupljenost simptoma depresije, anksioznosti i stresa unutar studentske populacije u Hrvatskoj za vrijeme COVID-19 pandemije.
Metode: Sustavni pregled literature učinjen je prema PRISMA smjernicama. Pretraživanje je učinjeno 5. kolovoza 2024. godine pri čemu su korištene četiri elektronske baze podataka: Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science i PsycINFO.
Rezultati: Identificirane su 154 studije, a u konačnici je 5 studija uključeno u sustavni pregled na osnovu uključnih i isključnih kriterija. Radovi koji su uključeni u sustavni pregled, za procjenu mentalnog zdravlja studenata koristili su: Skalu generaliziranog anksioznog poremećaja 7 (engl. General Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale, GAD-7), Upitnik o zdravlju pacijenta 9 (engl. 9-question Patient Health Questionnaire, PHQ-9) i Ljestvicu depresivnosti, anksioznosti i stresa 21 (engl. Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21, DASS-21). Sveukupno, rezultati upućuju na veliku zastupljenost simptoma depresije, anksioznosti i stresa među studentima u Hrvatskoj za vrijeme COVID-19 pandemije.
Zaključak: Među studentima u Hrvatskoj za vrijeme pandemije uočene su visoke razine negativnih emocija. Navedena opservacija naglašava potreba za provođenjem longitudinalnih studija s ciljem istraživanja rizičnih čimbenika depresije, anksioznosti i stresa među studentima. Također, ističe se nužnost razvoja strategija za prepoznavanje mentalnih poremećaja kao i potrebitost implementacije psiholoških i drugih intervencija s ciljem poboljšanja mentalnog zdravlja studenata, neovisno o završetku COVID-19 pandemije.Introduction: The period of the COVID-19 pandemic has been marked by an increase in fear of infection, feelings of loneliness and uncertainty, social isolation, and financial concerns. The results of systematic reviews and meta-analyses reveal that the pandemic has had a significant negative impact on people's mental health. Additionally, numerous studies indicate that the pandemic has significantly increased the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress among students globally.
Aim: To present the prevalence of symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress among the student population in Croatia during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. The search was carried out on August 5, 2024, using four electronic databases: Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and PsycINFO.
Results: A total of 154 studies were identified, and ultimately, 5 studies were included in the systematic review based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The studies included in the systematic review used the following tools to assess students' mental health: the General Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (GAD-7), the 9-question Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). The results of the cross-sectional studies indicate a high prevalence of symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress among students in Croatia during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Conclusion: High levels of negative emotions were observed among students in Croatia during the pandemic. This observation highlights the need for conducting longitudinal studies to investigate the risk factors for depression, anxiety, and stress among students. Additionally, it underscores the necessity of developing strategies for recognizing mental disorders and the need for implementing psychological and other interventions to improve students' mental health, regardless of the end of the COVID-19 pandemic
Impact of exposure to earthquakes and the Covid-19 pandemic on peritraumatic stress of the population
No full textCiljevi: Provedeno istraživanje imalo je sljedeće ciljeve: a) ispitati razlike u peritraumatskom distresu za vrijeme pandemije (subjektivnoj dobrobiti, funkcionalnosti, psihičkim problemima i rizičnim ponašanjima) između stanovnika koji su bili izloženi potresima u Zagrebu i stanovnika koji nisu bili izloženi potresima i b) ispitati mogućnost predviđanja intenziteta peritraumatskog distresa s obzirom na dob, spol, radni status i izloženost potresima.
Metode: Istraživanje je provedeno online tijekom ožujka i travnja 2020. godine za vrijeme prvog vala koronavirusne pandemije i potresa u Zagrebu. U istraživanju se koristi primarni izvor podataka i to anketni upitnik proveden među 1234 ispitanika od toga preko 300 koji su bili izloženi potresima.
Rezultati: Rezultati ovog istraživanja pokazali su da su ispitanici koji su bili istodobno izloženi pandemiji COVID-19 izloženi i potresima su postizali više rezultate na skalama psihičkih problema (t=3,384; p=0,001) i višim razinama peritraumatskog stresa (t=3,29; p=0,001) u odnosu na ispitanike koji nisu bili izloženi potresima. Utvrđeno je da je ženski spol povezan s nižim razinama peritraumatskog stresa (β=3,79; p<0,001), manjom psihološkom dobrobiti (β =0,11; p<0,001) i višim razinama psihičkih problema (β =0,15; p=0,016). Također su više psihičkih problema imale osobe koje nisu imale radnih obveza (β =0,31; p<0,001), dok su osobe koje su bile u radnom odnosu imale više razine funkcionalnosti (β =0,06; p=0,005) i manje rizičnih ponašanja (β =-0,07, p<0.005). Starija životna dob je bila povezana s manjim stupnjevima psihičkih problema, ali i s većim brojem rizičnih ponašanja. Izloženost potresu ukazuje na negativan utjecaj na razinu peritraumatskog stresa (β =2,87; p<0,001) i više psiholoških problema (β =0,23; p<0,001)
Zaključak: Rezultati ovog istraživanja su pokazali kako je potres koji se u Zagrebu dogodio istodobno s vrhuncem COVID-19 pandemije značajno utjecao na povećanje psihološkog distresa i na doživljaj psihičkih problema u većoj mjeri nego u dijelovima u kojima se potres nije osjetio. Kao rizični čimbenici identificirani su istovremena izloženost potresima i pandemiji, ženski spol i nezaposlenost, dok životna dob ima dvostruku učinak: stariji ljudi su iskazivali manje psihičkih problema, ali i više rizičnih ponašanja. Zaposlenost u situacijama izloženosti multiplim stresorima djeluje kao zaštitni čimbenik mentalnog zdravlja, poglavito u smislu smanjenog broja psihičkih smetnji, bolje funkcionalnosti i manje rizičnih ponašanja.Objectives: The conducted research had the following objectives: a) to examine differences in peritraumatic distress during the pandemic (subjective well-being, functionality, psychological problems and risky behaviors) between residents who were exposed to earthquakes in Zagreb and residents who were not exposed to earthquakes and b) to examine the possibility of prediction intensity of peritraumatic distress with regard to age, sex, work status and exposure to earthquakes.
Methods: The research was conducted online during March and April 2020 during the first wave of the coronavirus pandemic and the earthquake in Zagreb. The research uses a primary source of data, namely a questionnaire conducted among 1,234 respondents, of which over 300 were exposed to earthquakes.
Results: The results of this study showed that subjects who were simultaneously exposed to the COVID-19 pandemic and were exposed to earthquakes scored higher on scales of psychological problems (t=3,384; p=0,001) and higher levels of peritraumatic stress (t=3,29; p=0,001) compared to subjects who were not exposed to earthquakes. Female gender was found to be associated with lower levels of peritraumatic stress (β=3,79; p<0,001), lower psychological well-being (β =0,11; p<0,001), and higher levels of psychological problems (β =0,15; p=0,016). Also, people who had no work commitments had more psychological problems (β =0,31; p<0,001), while people who were employed had higher levels of functionality (β =0,06; p=0,005) and fewer risky behaviors (β =-0,07, p<0.005). Older age was associated with lower levels of psychological problems, but also with a greater number of risky behaviors. Exposure to earthquakes showed a negative effect to the levels of peritraumatic stress (β =2,87; p<0,001) and more psychological problems (β =0,23; p<0,001).
Conclusion: The results of this research showed that the earthquake that occurred in Zagreb at the same time as the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic had a significant effect on the increase in psychological distress and the experience of psychological problems to a greater extent than in parts of the country where the earthquake was not felt. Simultaneous exposure to earthquakes and pandemics, female gender and unemployment were identified as risk factors for mental health, while age had a double effect: older people showed fewer psychological problems, but also more risky behaviors. Employment in situations of exposure to multiple stressors acted as a protective factor for mental health, mainly in terms of reduced number of psychological disorders, better functionality and less risky behavior
Differences between Health and Non-Health Science Students in Lifestyle Habits, Perceived Stress and Psychological Well-Being: A Cross-Sectional Study
No full textThe aim of this study was to investigate lifestyle habits in health and non-health science students from the University of Split, Croatia, and to evaluate their association with perceived stress and psychological well-being. We surveyed 783 students during February–March 2021. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was used in the analysis. Health science students spent less time using screens, were sitting less, slept less, but also showed better compliance with the Mediterranean diet compared to non-health science students (10.6% vs. 5.9%). There were no differences in stress and well-being perception between the two study groups. Female gender, lack of sleep, less daily sitting time, anxiety, and lower optimism were associated with higher stress in non-health science students, while anxiousness and more sitting were found to be significant among health students. Well-being among health science students was positively associated with BMI, having had COVID-19, being refreshed after waking up during working days, Mediterranean diet adherence, health perception, optimism, and quality of life, and negatively with TV time and anxiousness. Shorter sleep duration on non-working days, feeling refreshed after waking up on non-working days, higher quality of life and optimism, and lower anxiousness were associated with higher well-being among non-health students. Identifying unhealthy lifestyle habits in students is essential for implementing targeted interventions to better their health outcomes
RADIOLOGY IN VETERINARY MEDICINE
No full textKroz povijest veterine kao i medicine uvijek se nastojao podići standard kako bi životinje imale što bolju medicinsku skrb. Uvijek su postojale i dalje će postojati određene granice u odnosu na medicnu, ali u principu isti faktori utječu na samu kvalitetu slike. Najveći izazov kod snimanja životinja jest što više smanjiti artefakte koji mogu biti uzrokovani pokretom životinje za vrijeme snimanja. Kod velikih životinja kao što su konj ili krava, velika prepreka za pravilno snimanje je i sama veličina životinje, tako da se ona samo rade u stanju velike hitnoće. Prilikom prijelaza sa analognog na digitalno snimanje obično se ne uzimaju novi uređaji zbog financijskih razloga. Redngenska snimanja se mogu podijeliti na: dentalne tehnike ( paralelna tehnika i tehnika raspolovljenog kuta), snimanje apendikularnog skeleta, snimanje perpendikularnog skeleta i snimanje kralježnice. Kao i kod ljudi svaka projekcija zahtjeva određena pravila kao što su položaj životinje, usjmerenje centralne zrake i podešavanje mA i kV. CT i MRI još uvijek nisu standardna praksa kao kod ljudi, nego većinom služe kao potvrda za određenu dijagnozu koja se vidi na rendgenskim projekcijama ili kako bi se proširio opseg pretrage. Ultrazvuk je metoda koja se najčešće koristi uz rendgen. Jednostavnost metode i relativno laka mogućnost ponavljanja je razlog njenog čestog korištenja.Throught the history of veterinary medicine as well as medicine, there has always been an effort to raise the standard so that the animals have the best possible medical care. There have always been certain limitiations when comparing veterinary medicine to human medicine, but in principle the same factors affect the image quality itself. The biggest challenge when imaging animals is to reduce as much as possible the artifacts that can be caused by the movement of the animal during the imaging. In the case of large animals such as a horse or cow, the big obstacle to proper imaging is the size of the animal itself, so they are only done in a state of emergency. When switching from analog to digital imaging, new devices are not usually bought due to financial reasons. X-ray imaging can be divided into: dental techniques ( parallel technique and bisected angle technique), imaging of the appendicular skeleton, imaging of perpendicular skeleton and imaging of the spine. As with humans, each projection requires certain rules such as the position of the animal, the direction of the central beam and the setting of mA and kV. CT and MRI are still not standard practice like in humans, but mostly serve as confirmation for a specific diagnosis seen on X- ray projections or to expand the scope of the examination. Ultrasound is the method that is most often used along with X-ray. The simplicity of the method and the relatively easy possibility of repetition is the reason for its frequent use
Analysis of the success of treatment with assisted reproduction methods for women over 40 years of age, the risks of such pregnancies and midwifery care for pregnant women over 40 years of age
No full textU zemljama diljem svijeta sve je češći trend odgađanja rađanja. Produžetak obrazovanja, izgradnja poslovne karijere, financijska stabilnost, promjene u društvenim normama samo su dio razloga zbog kojeg se mladi parovi okreću ovakvom trendu. Nažalost, podaci pokazuju da se ovakav trend javlja i u Hrvatskoj. Također, sve je veći oslonac na medicinu, koja vremenom sve više napreduje. Iako medicina napreduje, neke stvari ipak nisu popravljive. Ženina plodnost opada s godinama te ona najčešće ovisi o kvaliteti i broju jajnih stanica. Zbog djelovanja različitih čimbenika koji negativno utječu na reprodukcijski potencijal mladih parova današnjice, sve više je onih koji moraju posegnuti za liječenjenjem postupcima medicinski pomognute oplodnje. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 340 žena koje su bile liječenje u Klinici za ženske bolesti i porode u Splitu. Unutar istraživanja podijelili smo ispitanice prema dobi u dvije skupine, iznad i ispod 40 godina starosti. Cilj istraživanja bio je prikazati uspješnost liječenja kod ispitanica starijih od 40 godina u odnosu na ispitanice mlađe od 40 godina te prikazati rizike koje nosi povećana životna dob žene. Neki od rizika trudnoće kod žena starijih od 40 godina su ektopična trudnoća, spontani pobačaj, kongenitalne anomalije, fetalne kromosomske abnormalnosti, gestacijski dijabetes, preeklampsija i dr. Trudnoća je iznimno važan događaj u životu svake žene i stoga je jako bitno upoznati opću populaciju o rizicima odgađanja trudnoće. Razgovor s liječnicima opće medicine, ginekolozima i primaljama uvelike će olakšati parovima razumijevanje problematike te ih podučiti o smanjenju šanse za trudnoću s dobi uopće, a ukoliko se ta trudnoća i ostvari da su rizici za majku i za dijete višestruki. Također je važno od strane zdravstvenih djelatnika parove koji imaju problem što prije uputiti na medicinski pomognutu oplodnju.In countries around the world, the trend of postponing childbearing is becoming more and more common. Extension of education, building a business career, financial stability, changes in social norms are only part of the reasons why young couples turn to this trend. Unfortunately, the data show that this trend is also occurring in Croatia. Also, there is an increasing reliance on medicine, which is progressing more and more over time. Although medicine is progressing, some things cannot be fixed. A woman's fertility decreases with age and it usually depends on the quality and number of eggs. Due to the action of various factors that negatively affect the reproductive potential of today's young couples, there are more and more of those who have to resort to treatment with medically assisted fertilization procedures. 340 women who were treated at the Clinic for Women's Diseases and Childbirth in Split participated in the research. Within the research, we divided the respondents according to age into two groups, over and under 40 years of age. The goal of the research was to show the success of the treatment in subjects over 40 years of age compared to subjects under 40 years of age, and to show the risks that the increased life expectancy of a woman carries. Some of the risks of pregnancy in women over 40 are ectopic pregnancy, spontaneous abortion, congenital anomalies, fetal chromosomal abnormalities, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, etc. Pregnancy is an extremely important event in the life of every woman, and therefore it is very important to inform the general population about the risks. delaying pregnancy. A conversation with general practitioners, gynecologists and midwives will make it much easier for couples to understand the problem and teach them about reducing the chance of pregnancy with age in general, and if this pregnancy does occur, the risks for the mother and the child are multiple. It is also important for health professionals to refer couples who have a problem to medically assisted fertilization as soon as possible