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Congenital heart desects-aspects of midwifery care
No full textSrce je poseban mišić čiji rad možemo opisati kao dvije međusobno povezane pumpe. Jedna pumpa krv kroz pluća dok druga kroz cijelo tijelo do ostalih tkiva. Prosječna težina srca iznosi 200-450g i tijekom života napravi otprilike 3,5 milijardi otkucaja, što bi značilo dnevno oko 100 000. Kod novorođenčadi najčešću skupinu urođenih mana čine upravo problemi i mane rada srca što nazivamo srčane greške. Od 1000 rođene djece 6-7 će imati neku od srčanih greški. Srčane greške ćemo prepoznati najčešće po plavilu djeteta, nedostatku zraka, gubitku svijesti, šumovima na srcu. Srčane greške dijelimo na greške koje uzrokuju cijanozu tj. plavilo djeteta i njih nazivamo cijanotične srčane greške te drugu skupinu necijanotičnih grešaka koje ne uzrokuju cijanozu. Za nastanak srčanih grešaka većinom se radi o genetskoj predispoziciji ili genetskom nasljeđu i zbog nekih drugih utjecaja koji se uglavnom odnose na izloženost teratogenima za vrijeme trudnoće. Za postavljenja dijagnoze srčanih grešaka važnu ulogu imaju primalje koje kontinuirano prate zdravstveno stanje novorođenčeta. Pri procjeni stanja novorođenčeta primalja mora obratiti pažnju na lakoću i brzinu disanja, nepravilnosti kao što je izraziti tremor, konvulzije i neuravnotežena prehrana te ako ih uoči o tome treba obavijestiti neonatologa. Istraživanjem je dokazano da su srčane greške najučestaliji razlog smrti u prenatalnoj i ranoj novorođenačkoj dobi.The heart is a special muscle whose work can be described as two interconnected pumps. One pumps blood through the lungs while the other through the whole body to the other tissues. The average weight of the heart is 200-450g and during life it makes 3.5 billion beats, which would mean 100 000 per day. In newborns, the most common group of congenital defects are problems and defects of the heart, which we call heart defects. Out of 1000 newborn children, 6-7 will have some of the heart defects. We can recognize heart defects most often by the children’s bluishness, shortness of breath, loss of consciousness, heart murmurs. Heart defects are divided into defects that cause cyanosis, i.e. blueness of the child and we call them cyanotic heart defects and another group of non-cyanotic defects that do not cause cyanosis. The occurrence of heart defects is mostly due to genetic predisposition or genetic inheritance and due to some other influences which are mainly related to exposure to teratogens during pregnancy. Midwives, who continuously monitor the health of the newborn, play an important role in the diagnosis of heart defects. When assessing the condition of the newborn, the midwife must pay attention to the ease and speed of breathing, irregularities such as pronounced tremors, convulsions and unbalanced nutrition, and if she notices them, she has to inform the neonatologist. Research has proven that heart defects are the most common cause of death in the prenatal and early neonatal age
DIFFERENCES IN EATING HABITS BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE RECREATIONAL ATHLETES
No full textCilj rada bio je istražiti i ispitati prehrambene navike rekreativnih muških i ženskih sportaša.
Istraživanje je provedeno anketnim upitnikom putem Interneta na ukupnom uzorku od 160 ispitanika, od toga
87 ispitanika muškog spola i 73 ženskog spola u dobi do 46 godina. Rezultati su pokazali kako velika većina
ispitanika, točnije njih 85,6% smatra kako je pravilna prehrana zaista važna, dok je 80,6% ispitanika navelo
kako smatraju da im je potrebna dodatna edukacija o pravilnoj prehrani. Također, nije zabilježena statistički značajna razlika između ženskih i muških rekreativnih sportaša u prehrambenim navikama (p= 0,838).The aim of the Bachelor's Thesis was to investigate and examine the eating habits of recreational
male and female athletes. The research was conducted using a questionnaire via the Internet on a total sample
of 160 respondents, of which 87 were male and 73 were female under the age of 46. The results showed that
the vast majority of respondents, more precisely 85.6% of them believe that proper nutrition is really important,
while 80.6% of respondents stated that they think they need additional education about proper nutrition. Also,
no statistically significant difference was recorded between female and male recreational athletes in eating
habits (p= 0.838)
COMPARISON OF PROARRHYTMOGENICITY OF ATRIAL FIBRILATION ABLATION SYSTEMS: CRYOABLATION AND PULSATING ELECTRIC FIELD ABLATION
No full textCilj:Cilj rada je utvrditi proaritmogenost pri izvođenju postupaka krioablacijom i ablacijom pulsirajućim
električnim poljem (PFA) pri čemu se u istraživanju izdvaja spol ispitanika i dob ispitanika.
Metode: Koriste se primijenjene kvantitativne metode u biomedicini. Za potrebe ovog istraživanja pristupljeno
je bazama podataka KBC Split u elektrofiziološkom kardio laboratoriju. Prikupljeni su podaci o zdravstvenom
stanju i liječenju pacijenata s dijagnosticiranom atrijskom fibrilacijom. Razmatrani su podaci za pacijente koji
su bili podvrgnuti krioablaciji i ablaciji pulsirajućim električnim poljem u razdoblju od 28.02.2021.-28.02.2022.
Za izradu empirijskog dijela diplomskog rada koristila se baza podataka o pacijentima.
Rezultati: Primijećena je statistički značajna razlika u odnosu spola, tako je veći broj muškaraca u odnosu na
žene. Srednja životna dob promatranih pacijenata je 65 godina, pri čemu su stariji pacijenti bili podvrgnuti
krioablaciji u odnosu na postupak ablacije pulsirajućim električnim poljem. Prisutnost proaritmogenosti je 1,04
puta veća kod pacijentica u odnosu na pacijente, dok ispitivanjem razlike u prisutnosti proaritmogenosti s
obzirom na spol pacijenata nije utvrđena. Proaritmogenost je utvrđena kod 20 (16,81%) promatranih pacijenata
kod kojih je primijenjena metoda krioablacije, te je ispitivanjem utvrđeno da kod većine pacijenata neće biti
izazvana proaritmogenost. Proaritmigenost je utvrđena kod 2 (1,38%) promatrana pacijenata kod kojih je
primijenjena PFA metoda, odnosno može se utvrditi da kod većine promatranih pacijenata nije prisutna
proaritmigenost. Prisutnost proaritmogenosti među pacijentima kod kojih je primijenjena PFA metoda je 1,38%,
dok je među pacijentima kod kojih je primijenjena CRYO metoda 16,81%, odnosno za 12,18 puta je veća
prisutnost proaritmogenosti kod pacijenata kod kojih je primijenjena CRYO metoda u odnosu na pacijente kod
kojih je primijenjena PFA metoda. Ispitivanjem je utvrđena prisutnost statistički značajne razlike u prisutnosti
proaritmogenosti.
Zaključci: Utvrđena je češća pojava proaritmogenosti kod promatranih pacijenata kojima je primijenjena metoda
krioablacije u odnosu na pacijente kojima je bio primijenjen postupak PFA. Prisutnost proaritmogenosti među
pacijentima kod kojih je primijenjena PFA metoda je manja dok je pojava proaritmogenosti veća za 12,18 puta
kod pacijenata kod kojih je primijenjena CRYIO metoda u odnosu na pacijente kod kojih je primijenjena PFA
metoda. Ispitivanjem je utvrđena prisutnost statistički značajne razlike u prisutnosti proaritmogenosti.Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the proarrhythmogenicity in performing cryoablation and pulsed
electric field ablation (PFA) procedures, whereby the study singles out the sex of the subjects and the age of the
subjects.
Methods: Applied quantitative methods in biomedicine are used. For the purposes of this research, the databases
of KBC Split in the electrophysiological cardio laboratory were accessed. Data on the health status and treatment
of patients diagnosed with atrial fibrillation were collected. Data for patients who underwent cryoablation and
pulsed electric field ablation in the period from 28.02.2022 to 28.02.2021 were considered.
A database of patients was used to create the empirical part of the thesis.
Results: A statistically significant difference was observed in the sex ratio, thus a higher number of men
compared to women. The mean life expectancy of the observed patients was 65 years, with older patients
undergoing cryoablation compared to the pulsed electric field ablation procedure. The presence of
proarrhythmogenicity was 1.04 times higher in female patients compared to patients, while the difference in the
presence of proarrhythmogenicity with respect to the sex of the patients was not determined by examination.
Proarrhythmogenicity was determined in 20 (16.81%) observed patients in whom cryoablation was used, and the
study found that most patients will not cause proarrhythmia. Proarrhythmia was found in 2 (1.38%) observed
patients in whom the PFA method was used, ie it can be determined that most of the observed patients did not
have proarrhythmia. The presence of proarrhythmogenicity among patients in whom the FPA method was used
is 1.38%, while among patients in whom the CRYO method was used 16.81%, or 12.18 times higher presence of
proarrhythmogenicity in patients who used the CRYIO method in relative to patients in whom the PFA method
was applied. The study revealed the presence of a statistically significant difference in the presence of
proarrhythmogenicity.
Conclusions: A higher incidence of proarrhythmogenicity was observed in the observed patients who received
the cryoablation method compared to the patients who received the PFAP procedure. The presence of
proarrhythmogenicity among the patients in whom the FPA method was used is CRYIO method was applied in
relation to patients in whom PFA method was used. The study revealed the presence of a statistically significant
difference in the presence of proarrhythmogenicity
Molecular diagnosis of Mycoplasma genitalium
No full textCilj rada: Svrha rada je detaljno opisati i objasniti molekularnu metodu za dijagnostiku bakterije
Mycoplasma genitalium u Nastavnom zavodu za javno zdravstvo Splitsko-dalmatinske županije i
metode uzimanja uzoraka za dijagnosticiranje infekcija uzrokovanih bakterijom M. genitalium.
Materijali i metode: Postupak molekularne dijagnostike M. genitalium zasniva se na detekciji i
amplifikaciji nukleinske kiseline korištenjem PCR metode u stvarnom vremenu. U dijagnostičku svrhu
određivanja M. genitalium u Nastavnom zavodu za javno zdravstvo Splitsko-dalmatinske županije
koristi se Cobas z480 analizator i kitovi LightMix Kit Mycoplasma Genitalium koji mogu detektirati 10
ekvivalentnih kopija genoma bakterije. Uzorci su obrisak cerviksa i uretre te prvi mlaz urina. Prije
amplifikacije, uzorci se stavljaju u uređaj za ekstrakciju kako bi se dobila pročišćena nukleinska kiselina
za PCR metodu.
Rezultati: Pozitivan nalaz pretrage na M. genitalium označava prisutnost DNK bakterije u testiranom
uzorku, dok negativan nalaz označava da DNK bakterije nije detektirana u uzorku.
Zaključak: Mycoplasma genitalium je spolno prenosiva bakterija koja najčešće uzrokuje asimptomatske
infekcije. Simptomatske infekcije uključuju pojačani iscjedak iz spolovila, disuriju, bol u donjem dijelu
trbuhu, međumenstrualno krvarenje itd. Sve veći problem predstavlja razvoj rezistencije bakterije na
antimikrobne lijekove. U slučaju infekcije, potrebno je istodobno liječiti i partnere zaraženih osoba.
Neliječene infekcije mogu dovesti do razvoja komplikacija (neplodnost, zdjelična upalna bolest,
ektopična trudnoća, prijevremeni porođaj...).Objectives: The aim of the study is to describe explain in detail the molecular method for the diagnosis
of the Mycoplasma genitalium in the Institute of Public Health of the Split-Dalmatia County and
sampling methods for diagnosing infections caused by the M. genitalium bacteria.
Material and methods: The procedure of molecular diagnosis of M. genitalium is based on the
detection and amplification of nucleic acid using the real-time PCR method. The Cobas z480 analyzer
and the LightMix Kit Mycoplasma Genitalium are used for the diagnostic purpose of determining M.
genitalium in the Teaching Institute of Public Health of Split-Dalmatia County. Kits can detect 10
equivalent copies of the bacterium's genome. Samples are cervical and urethral swabs and the first-void
urine. Before amplification, samples are placed in an extraction device to obtain purified nucleic acid
for the PCR method.
Results: A positive test result indicates the presence of bacterial DNA in the tested sample, while a
negative result indicates that bacterial DNA was not detected in the sample.
Conclusion: Mycoplasma genitalium is a sexually transmitted bacterium that most often causes
asymptomatic infections. Symptomatic infections include increased discharge from the genitals,
dysuria, lower abdominal pain, intermenstrual bleeding, etc. A growing problem is the development of
bacterial resistance to antimicrobial drugs. In case of infection, it is necessary to treat partners of
infected persons at the same time. Untreated infections can lead to the development of complications
(infertility, pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, premature birth...)
Nurse's activities in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases
No full textUnatoč razvoju medicine i učinkovitih metoda primarne i sekundarne prevencije kardiovaskularnih bolesti, one su i dalje vodeći uzrok morbiditeta i rane smrtnosti u razvijenim zemljama te predstavljaju veliki javnozdravstveni problem. Na godišnjoj razini, oko 17,5 milijuna ljudi diljem svijeta umre od kardiovaskularnih bolesti, najčešće od koronarne bolesti srca i cerebrovaskularne bolesti.
Budući da na kardiovaskularne bolesti tijekom života utječu i genetski i potencijalno promjenjivi faktori rizika, prevenciju je potrebno započeti što ranije, već u djetinjstvu. Kontrola čimbenika rizika na koje je moguće utjecati kao što su prehrana, regulacija tjelesne težine, tjelesna aktivnost, konzumacija duhanskih proizvoda i alkohola, kontrola krvnog tlaka i glukoze u krvi te upravljanje stresom, može smanjiti rizik od razvoja kardiovaskularnih bolesti stoga je potrebno intenzivno djelovati na području primarne prevencije.
Medicinske sestre trebaju biti uzor u borbi protiv kardiovaskularnih bolesti jer one imaju ključnu ulogu u prevenciji, dijagnostici i liječenju bolesti. Uz spoj vještina, znanja i stavova koje su stekle svojom dosadašnjom izobrazbom, kardiološke medicinske sestre kroz stalne edukacije razvijaju dodatne kliničke kompetencije. Pomaganje pacijentima da usvoje potrebno znanje i postignu svoje ciljeve smatraju se ključnima za učinkovito promicanje smislene i trajne promjene ponašanja za prevenciju kardiovaskularnih bolesti. Edukacija o bolesti i važnosti prevencije iste pomaže podizanju samopouzdanja ohrabrujući pacijente da postanu svjesni svoje bolesti, poduzmu sve potrebno kako bi se tijek bolesti usporio, a time ujedno i smanjili postotak smrtnosti i invaliditeta te poboljšali kvalitetu života.Despite the development of medicine and effective methods of primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases, they are still the leading cause of morbidity and early mortality in developed countries and represent a major public health problem. On an annual level, about 17.5 million people worldwide die from cardiovascular diseases, most often from coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease.
Since cardiovascular diseases throughout life are influenced by both genetic and potentially changeable risk factors, prevention should be started as early as possible, already in childhood. Control of risk factors that can be influenced, such as diet, weight regulation, physical activity, consumption of tobacco products and alcohol, control of blood pressure and blood glucose, and stress management, can reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, so it is necessary to act intensively on in the field of primary prevention.
Nurses should be role models in the fight against cardiovascular diseases because they play a key role in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the disease. In addition to the combination of skills, knowledge and attitudes acquired through their previous training, cardiac nurses develop additional clinical competencies through ongoing education. Helping patients acquire the necessary knowledge and achieve their goals is considered essential to effectively promote meaningful and lasting behavior change for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Education about the disease and the importance of its prevention helps to raise self-confidence by encouraging patients to become aware of their disease, to do everything necessary to slow down the course of the disease, thereby reducing the percentage of mortality and disability and improving the quality of life
The Importance of Patients Education Before the Paranasal Sinus Surgery
No full textTemelj za uspješan poslijeperacijski oporavak bolesnika predstavlja prijeoperacijska priprema. U radu se provodi istraživanje na temu važnosti prijeoperacijske edukacije bolesnika kod operacije paranazalnih sinusa kako bi se utvrdilo omogućuje li bolju upućenost, kvalitetu života i brzinu poslijeoperacijskog oporavka bolesnika. Mjesto provođenja istraživanja je Klinički bolnički centar Split.The basis for successful postoperative recovery of patients is preoperative preparation. The paper conducts research on the importance of preoperative education of patients in paranasal sinus surgery to determine whether it provides better knowledge, quality of life and speed of postoperative recovery of patients. The place of research is the Clinical Hospital Center Split
Application of radiological methods in forensics
No full textBudući da se radiologija sve više koristi te širi i u druga znanstvena područja primjene, tako se učestalo koristi i u forenzici. U forenzičkim ispitivanjima su svoje mjesto našli rendgen, kompjutorizirana tomografija (CT) i magnetska rezonanca (MR). Sva tri modaliteta se koriste kako bi se utvrdio mogući uzrok i način smrti, kako bi se dobile informacije o oružju, a također pomaže i u rješavanju pitanja o ubojstvu ili samoubojstvu. Zbog učestalog korištenja ovih uređaja, dolazi do sve većih istraživanja u kojima se nastoji poboljšati kvaliteta snimanja, ali i sam način izvedbe snimanja. Radiološki tehnolozi, koji snimaju tijela u forenzičke svrhe, prije svega trebaju biti psihički jaki i neosjetljivi. Osim toga moraju biti kvalificirani za izvođenje snimanja te sposobni snimanje odraditi besprijekorno i bez posljedica za ostatak tima. Isto tako trebaju voditi brigu o pravilnom namještanju tijela te samoj sigurnosti izvođenja pretrage. Radiološki tehnolog mora paziti kako da prilikom snimanja i namještanja pacijenata ne dođe do kontaminacije, te provjeriti eventualne metala u tijelu kako bi se izbjegle neželjene posljedice prilikom snimanja MR. Nadalje, trebaju brinuti da se živim pacijentima ne uskrati hitna pomoć, dok obavljaju radiografska snimanja u svrhu forenzičkog istraživanja. Velika je važnost radioloških tehnologa u istragama masovnih katastrofa, prilikom identifikacije tijela žrtava ili njihovih ostataka. S obzirom na postojanje masovnih katastrofa javlja se veće potreba za mobilnim mrtvačnicama s radiološkim uređajima. Sve navedeno dovodi do pojave sve opsežnijih istraživanja o psihološkom utjecaju forenzičkih istraga na radiološke tehnologe.As radiology is increasingly used and spread to other scientific fields of application, it is also often used in forensics. X-rays, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have found their place in forensic examinations. All three modalities are used to determine the possible cause and mode of death, to obtain information about weapons, and it also helps to address the issue of murder or suicide. Due to the frequent use of these devices, there is increasing research in which efforts are being made to improve the quality of recording, but also the way the recording is performed. Radiological technologists, who record bodies for forensic purposes, should first and foremost be mentally strong and insensitive. In addition, they must be qualified to perform the recording and be able to perform the recording flawlessly and without consequences for the rest of the team. They should also take care of the correct positioning of the body and the safety of the search. The radiologist must be careful not to contaminate patients during imaging and adjustment, and check for any metal in the body to avoid side effects when imaging MR. Furthermore, care should be taken not to deprive living patients of emergency care while performing radiography in favor of forensic research. Radiological technologists are of great importance in the investigation of mass catastrophes, when identifying the bodies of victims or their remains. Given the existence of mass catastrophes, there is a greater need for mobile mortuaries with radiological devices. All of the above implies importance of increasing research on the psychological impact of forensic investigations on radiological technologists
The radiotherapy role in the treatment of tumors in children
No full textRadioterapija predstavlja jedan od važnih modaliteta liječenja djece s zloćudnim novotvorinama. Definira se kao jedan od načina liječenja kako tumora tako i nekih drugih bolesti u kojoj se terapijski učinak postiže primjenom ionizirajućeg zračenja. Osnovni cilj radioterapije je aplikacija maksimalne doze zračenja na tumorsko tkivo uz što bolju poštedu okolnog, zdravog tkiva. Međutim, određena doza zračenja uvijek zahvati i zdravo tkivo, a kao rezultat toga mogu nastati nuspojave na koje u radioterapiji dječjih tumora treba obratiti posebnu pozornost. Zračenje se najčešće provodi x-fotonima, y-fotonima i visokoenergijskim elektronima, a moguće je primijeniti i druge visokoenergijske čestice (npr. protone ili teške ione). Kada se govori o planiranju radioterapijskog liječenja kod djece, ono se kod većine provodi na CT-simulatoru, dok se samo zračenje provodi na linearnim akceleratorima. Specifičnost radioterapije u liječenju tumora dječje dobi je ta što se osim klasičnih fiksacijskih sredstava, koja se koriste i za fiksaciju odraslih pacijenata tijekom provođenja zračenja, u male djece primjenjuje opća anestezija kako bi terapija bila preciznija i učinkovitija.Radiotherapy is one of the important modalities in treating children with malignant neoplasms. It is defined as one of the ways of treating both tumors and some other diseases in which the therapeutic effect is achieved by applying ionizing radiation. The main goal of radiotherapy is the application of the maximum dose of radiation to the tumor tissue with the best possible protection of the surrounding, healthy tissue. However, a certain dose of radiation always affects healthy tissue, and as a result there are many side effects that need special attention in the radiotherapy of pediatric tumors. Radiation is most often performed with x-photons, y-photons and high-energy electrons, and it is possible to use other high-energy particles (eg protons or heavy ions). When it comes to the radiotherapy treatment planning for children, most of it is done on a CT simulator, while the radiation itself is performed on linear accelerators. The specificity of radiotherapy in the treatment of childhood tumors is that in addition to classic fixatives, which are also used to fix adult patients during radiation, general anesthesia is used in small children to make the therapy more accurate and effective
Serological diagnostics of cytomegalovirus
No full textCilj rada: Svrha rada je pojasniti način serološke dijagnostike citomegalovirusa u Nastavnom zavodu za javno zdravstvo Splitsko-dalmatinske županije.
Materijali i metode: Postupak serološke dijagnostike CMV-a je određivanje IgM i IgG protutijela. Prisutnost IgM antitijela ukazuje na akutnu infekciju, a IgG na prošlu infekciju. U dijagnostičku svrhu određivanja CMV-a u Nastavnom zavodu za javno zdravstvo Splitsko-dalmatinske županije koriste se kitovi za određivanje protutijela Abbott Alinity i. Sam analizator je Abbott Alinity i. Metoda kojom određuje protutijela je CMIA. CMIA je skraćeni naziv za kemiluminiscentnu imunokemijsku metodu. Uzorak je serum koji se izdvaja centrifugiranjem krvi. Serum se stavlja u stalak i potom u aparat koji analizira prisutnost protutijela. Rezultati: Serološkim ispitivanjem uzorka pacijenta određena je prisutnost IgG proutijela CMV-a, a odsutnost IgM što ukazuje na preboljenu citomegalovirusnu infekciju.Objectives: The purpose of this bachelor's thesis is to clarify the method of serological diagnosis of cytomegalovirus at the Teaching Institute for Public health of Split-Dalmatia County.
Materials and methods: The procedure of serological diagnosis of CMV includes the detection of IgM and IgG antibodies. The presence of IgM antibodies indicates acute infection while IgG indicates past infection. For the diagnostic purpose, at the Teaching Institute of Public Health of Split-Dalmatia County, kits Abbott Alinity i are used to detect CMV antibody. The analyzer is also called Abbott Alinity i. The method used to determine antibodies is CMIA. CMIA is the abbreviation for the chemiluminescent immunochemical method. The sample is a serum that is extracted by centrifugation of blood. The serum is placed in a rack and then in an analyzer that analyzes the presence of antibodies.
Results: Serological examination of the patient's sample determined the presence of IgG antibodies to CMV, and the absence of IgM, which indicates a past cytomegalovirus infectio
3D representation of body volume by CT
No full textBitan odraz napretka tehnologije posljednjih nekoliko desetljeća vidi se u sve boljim i učinkovitijim tehnikama medicinskog dijagnosticiranja. Poboljšana dijagnostika vodi povećanju broja otkrića patoloških stanja, zato stalno postoji potreba za sve boljim tehnikama. Napredak tehnologije doveo je do razvoja novih trodimenzionalnih tehnika obrade radiološke slike, a rezultat toga je točnija i pouzdanija interpretacija nalaza. Napredniji softveri koji se koriste u računalnoj tomografiji omogućuju promatranje ljudskog tijela u 3D prostoru. CT omogućuje prikaz regije od interesa bez superponiranja struktura sličnih koeficijenata prigušenja, što nije slučaj kod klasičnih rendgenskih projekcija. Razvoj CT uređaja odvijao se u više generacija, a svaka se razlikovala po broju detektora i odnosu između detektora i rendgenske cijevi. Trodimenzionalni prikaz volumena tkiva primjenom različitih algoritama obrade slike široko je prihvaćen te se osim u radiologiji koristi i u drugim granama medicine zbog čega je važan multidisciplinarni pristup svakom pacijentu. Najčešće tehnike koje se koriste u dijagnostici za obradu 3D slika su SSD, MIP i VRT. SSD tehnika bila je prva koja se koristila za trodimenzionalni prikaz struktura tijela, ali zbog nepouzdanosti i mogućeg gubitka podataka zamijenjena je VRT-om. U MIP algoritmima koriste se najviše vrijednosti signala piksela što omogućuje dobar prikaz krvnih žila ispunjenih kontrastnim sredstvom. VRT predstavlja neinvazivnu i standardiziranu metodu koja prikazuje trodimenzionalne odnose snimanih struktura i omogućuje manipuliranje istim kako bi se što kvalitetnije vizualizirale anatomske strukture i razna patološka stanja. Gubitci podataka svedeni su na minimum jer VRT koristi karakteristike gotovo svakog voksela. Dobro poznavanje i razumijevanje različitih algoritama 3D obrade slike važno je ne samo kako bi se nalaz mogao interpretirati, nego i zato da bi se mogla odabrati najbolja metoda za svakog pojedinog pacijenta.A very important aspect of advances in technology in the last couple of decades is reflected in better and more efficient medical diagnosis techniques. Improved diagnostics leads to increased number of discoveries of pathological conditions. That is why there is a constant need for better tecniques. Advances in technology have led to the development of new three-dimensional radiological image processing techniques, resulting in more accurate and reliable interpretations of medical reports. Advanced software used in computed tomography (CT) allows the observation of the human body in 3D space. CT allows the display of a region of interest without superimposing structures of similar Hounsfield values, which is not the case with classical X-ray projections. The development of CT devices took place in several generations, and each generation differed in the number of detectors and the relationship between the detector and the X-ray tube. Three-dimensional display of tissue volume using various image processing algorithms is widely accepted and is used in addition to radiology in other branches of medicine, which is why a multidisciplinary approach to each patient is important. The most common techniques used in diagnostics for 3D image processing are SSD, MIP and VRT. The SSD technique was first used to display body structure in three dimensions, but due to unreliability and possible data loss, it was replaced by VRT. MIP algorithms use the highest values of the pixel signal, which allows a good display of blood vessels filled with contrast. VRT is a non-invasive and standardized method that displays three-dimensional relationships of imaged structures and allows manipulation in order to better visualize anatomical structures and various pathological conditions. Data loss is minimized because VRT uses data set from almost every voxel. Understanding different 3D image processing algorithms allows accurate interpretation of the medical reports as well as choosing the most appropriate method for patients individually