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The nurse's role in the care of children with an anaphylactic reaction
No full textAnafilaksija kod djece predstavlja akutnu, sustavnu alergijsku reakciju na određene alergene iz okoline. Alergeni mogu ući u organizam putem kože, inhalacijom, ingestijom ili parenteralno. Kod djece anafilaksija se najčešće javlja zbog hrane, uključujući kikiriki, orašaste plodove, mlijeko, jaja i ribu. Simptomi mogu zahvatiti više organskih sustava, poput kože, dišnog i probavnog sustava, te zahtijevaju hitno liječenje. Uloga medicinske sestre u zbrinjavanju djece s anafilaktičkim reakcijama očituje se u pružanju zdravstvene njege u hitnim situacijama, praćenju vitalnih znakova i osiguravanju pravovremenih intervencija. Ključne odgovornosti medicinske sestre uključuju pravodobno prepoznavanje simptoma, primjenu epinefrina, kontinuirano praćenje psihofizičkog stanja pacijenta, edukaciju obitelji, pravilno vođenje sestrinske dokumentacije te sprječavanje potencijalnih komplikacija. Pravodobna primjena adrenalina je ključna za sprječavanje težih posljedica te
smanjuje rizik od smrtnog ishoda.Anaphylaxis in children is an acute, systemic allergic reaction to certain environmental allergens. Allergens can enter the body through the skin, inhalation, ingestion, or parenterally. In children, anaphylaxis most commonly occurs due to food, including peanuts, tree nuts, milk, eggs, and fish. Symptoms can affect multiple organ systems, such as the skin, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems, and require urgent treatment.The role of the nurse in the management of children with anaphylactic reactions is reflected in providing healthcare in emergency situations, monitoring vital signs and ensuring timely interventions. Key responsibilities of the nurse include the prompt recognition of symptoms, administration of epinephrine, continous monitoring of the patient's physical and psychological condition, family education, proper management of nursing documentation, and orevention of potential complications. Timely administration of adrenaline is crucial to prevent severe consequences and reduce the risk of fatal outcome
Epidemiological characteristics and quality of life in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases in Split Dalmatia county.
No full textCilj: analizirati epidemiološke značajke i kvalitetu života bolesnika s upalnim bolestima crijeva u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji.
Izvori podataka i metode: Istraživanje je provedeno retrospektivnom analizom medicinske dokumen-tacije i upitnika o kvaliteti života 729 pacijenata s dijagnozom upalne bolesti crijeva od 2019. do rujna 2024. godine. Podaci su prikupljeni iz bolničkog informacijskog sustava Kliničkog bolničkog centra Split i obrađeni pomoću deskriptivne statistike, Mann-Whitney U testa i Hi-kvadrat testa.
Rezultati: U Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji stopa prevalencije upalnih bolesti crijeva iznosi 172/100000 stanovnika. Prevalencija Crohnove bolesti je 54/100000 stanovnika te je prisutna u 31,41% bolesnika, dok je prevalencija ulceroznog kolitisa 100/100000 stanovnika i prisutan je u 58,71% bolesnika. Medijan dobi pacijenata bio je 52 godine, dok je medijan trajanja bolesti sedam godina. Žene češće oboljevaju od ulceroznog kolitisa a muškarci od Crohnvoe bolesti, ali su razlike neznačajne. U liječenju Crohnove bolesti se najčešće koristi biološka terapija, a u liječenju ulceroznog kolitisa aminosalicilati. Među aspektima kvalitete života, fizičko, emocionalno i socijalno funkcioni-ranje većine pacijenata je očuvano, iako postoje individualne poteškoće povezane s fizičkim manifes-tacijama bolesti. Kod većine pacijenata postoje poteškoće s umorom te osjećajem iscrpljenosti. Za-ključak: Epidemiološki trenndovi upalnih bolesti crijeva u Splitsko- dalmatinskoj županiji prate tren-dove zapadnih zemalja, unatoč nešto manjim stopama prevalencije. Ove bolesti značajno utječu na kvalitetu života pacijenata, osobito u aspektima fizičke funkcionalnosti i mentalnog zdravlja. Rezultati ukazuju na potrebu za multidisciplinarnim pristupom liječenju koje mora uključivati medicinske, di-jetetske, edukacijske i psihološke elemente. U svim navedenim segmentima, uz liječnika, dijetetičara, psihologa, nezaobilazna je uloga medicinske sestre sa specijalnom edukacijom, znanjima i vještinama iz svih navedenih područja, kao osobe koja je u izravnom i najčešćem kontaktu s pacijentom.Objective: to analyze the epidemiological characteristics and quality of life of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases in Split - Dalmatia County.
Data sources and methods: The study was conducted through a retrospective analysis of medical documenta-tion and questionnaires on the quality of life of 729 patients diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease from 2019 to September 2024. Data were collected from the hospital information system of the Split Clinical Hospital Center and processed using descriptive statistics, Mann – Whitney U test and Chi - square test.
Results: In Split - Dalmatia County, the prevalence rate of inflammatory bowel diseases is 172/100,000 inha-bitants. The prevalence of Crohn's disease is 54/100,000 inhabitants and is present in 31.41% of patients, while the prevalence of ulcerative colitis is 100/100,000 inhabitants and is present in 58.71% of patients. The median age of patients was 52 years, while the median duration of the disease was seven years. Women are more likely to suffer from ulcerative colitis and men from Crohn's disease, but the differences are insignifi-cant. Biological therapy is most often used in the treatment of Crohn's disease, and aminosalicylates are used in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Among the aspects of quality of life, the physical, emotional and social functioning of most patients is preserved, although there are individual difficulties associated with the physi-cal manifestations of the disease. Most patients have difficulties with fatigue and a feeling of exhaustion. Conclusion: Epidemiological trends of inflammatory bowel diseases in Split-Dalmatia County follow the trends of Western countries, despite slightly lower prevalence rates. These diseases significantly affect the quality of life of patients, especially in aspects of physical functionality and mental health. The results indica-te the need for a multidisciplinary approach to treatment that must include medical, dietary, educational and psychological elements. In all the above segments, in addition to doctors, dietitians, psychologists, the role of nurses with special education, knowledge and skills from all the above areas is indispensable, as a person who is in direct and most frequent contact with the patient
Respiratory and movements management during radiotherapy of patients with lung tumors
No full textIntrafrakcijsko kretanje, uzrokovano respiratornim, mišićnim, srčanim i gastrointestinalnim sustavom, predstavlja izazov u radioterapiji, osobito kod tumora pluća. Respiratorno kretanje, koje se javlja zbog cikličnog disanja, može smanjiti točnost isporuke doze, što dovodi do smanjenja učinkovitosti liječenja. Razvijen je niz naprednih tehnika za upravljanje tim izazovima, uključujući obuhvat pokreta, respiratorni „gating“, zadržavanje daha, ublažavanje pokreta te praćenje tumora. Iako tehnike imaju prednosti i nedostatke, napredak u tehnologiji omogućuje preciznije i učinkovitije liječenje. Medicinski tim mora pažljivo odabrati odgovarajuće tehnike prema specifičnim potrebama pacijenta i dostupnim resursima.Intrafraction motion, caused by respiratory, muscular, cardiac, and gastrointestinal systems, presents a challenge in radiotherapy, especially in lung cancer. Respiratory motion, which occurs due to cyclic breathing, can reduce the accuracy of dose delivery, leading to decreased treatment effectiveness. A range of advanced techniques has been developed to manage these challenges, including motion tracking, respiratory gating, breath-holding, motion alleviation, and tumor monitoring. While these techniques have their advantages and disadvantages, advancements in technology allow for more precise and effective treatment. The medical team must carefully select the appropriate techniques based on the patient's specific needs and available resources
Urgent brain and cervical spine CT in traumatized patients - an experinence from Zadar General Hospital
No full textCilj ovog diplomskog rada bio je ispitati dijagnostičku vrijednost kompjutorizirane tomografije (CT) mozga i vratne kralježnice kod traumatiziranih pacijenata, s posebnim naglaskom na iskustva Opće bolnice Zadar. Istraživanje je provedeno retrospektivno, tijekom ljetnih mjeseci 2023. godine, kada je zabilježen povećan broj stranih državljana među pacijentima. Analizirani su nalazi CT pretraga s ciljem utvrđivanja učestalosti patoloških promjena, zastupljenosti politraumatiziranih bolesnika, kao i povezanosti kliničkih simptoma s konačnim nalazom. Rezultati su pokazali da je značajan udio hitno indiciranih CT pretraga dao uredne nalaze, što upućuje na mogućnost preispitivanja kriterija za njihovo izvođenje. Međutim, iako je broj pozitivnih nalaza bio manji, kod dijela pacijenata utvrđena su ozbiljna patološka stanja koja su zahtijevala daljnje zbrinjavanje. CT dijagnostika se tako pokazala ključnim alatom u brzom prepoznavanju potencijalno životno ugrožavajućih ozljeda, osobito u slučajevima bez jasne kliničke slike. Zaključno, rezultati potvrđuju visoku vrijednost CT pretraga u hitnoj neuroradiološkoj obradi traumatiziranih bolesnika, ali istovremeno ukazuju na potrebu za racionalnijom primjenom kroz dosljedno korištenje validiranih kliničkih smjernica.The aim of this master’s thesis was to evaluate the diagnostic value of computed tomography (CT) of the brain and cervical spine in trauma patients, with a particular focus on the experience of the Zadar General Hospital. The study was conducted retrospectively during the summer months of 2023, a period marked by an increased number of foreign patients. CT findings were analysed to determine the frequency of pathological results, the prevalence of polytraumatized patients, and the correlation between clinical symptoms and final radiological findings. The results showed that a significant portion of the emergently indicated CT scans yielded normal findings, suggesting a potential need to reconsider current imaging criteria. However, although the number of pathological findings was lower, some patients were diagnosed with serious conditions requiring urgent intervention. Therefore, CT imaging proved to be a key tool in the rapid identification of potentially life-threatening injuries, especially in cases with inconclusive clinical presentation. In conclusion, the results confirm the high value of CT in emergency neuroradiological assessment of trauma patients, while also highlighting the importance of more rational use through consistent application of validated clinical guidelines
Varicoceles in children; the role of the nurse in treatment - case report
No full textVarikocela je patološko proširenje vena pampiniformnog pleksusa, najčešće s lijeve strane skrotuma, koje
se javlja kod 10–20% dječaka i adolescenata. Iako je najčešće bez simptoma, varikocela može dovesti do
testikularne hipotrofije i smanjene plodnosti u odrasloj dobi. Rano prepoznavanje bolesti temelji se na
kliničkom pregledu i ultrazvučnoj dijagnostici s color dopplerom. Liječenje može biti konzervativno ili
kirurško, ovisno o stupnju bolesti, simptomima i dobi pacijenta. Najčešće korištene metode liječenja
uključuju Ivanissevich tehniku, mikrokirurgiju i laparoskopiju. Medicinska sestra ima neizostavnu ulogu u
svim fazama liječenja, od pripreme djeteta i roditelja za operaciju, intraoperacijske asistencije, do
poslijeoperacijske skrbi i edukacije. Sestrinske intervencije uključuju praćenje vitalnih funkcija, kontrolu
boli, sprječavanje infekcija, poticanje unosa tekućine i hrane te emocionalnu podršku. Prikaz slučaja 15
godišnjeg dječaka operiranog zbog lijevostrane varikocele prikazuje primjer dobre kliničke prakse i
važnosti strukturirane sestrinske skrbi. Multidisciplinarni pristup i jasno definirani plan zdravstvene njege
značajno doprinose pozitivnim ishodima liječenja i kvaliteti života pedijatrijskih pacijenata.Varicocele is a pathological dilation of the veins of the pampiniform plexus, most often on the left side of
the scrotum, occurring in 10–20% of boys and adolescents. Although most often asymptomatic, varicocele
can lead to testicular hypotrophy and reduced fertility in adulthood. Early recognition of the disease is based
on clinical examination and ultrasound diagnostics with color doppler. Treatment can be conservative or
surgical, depending on the stage of the disease, symptoms and age of the patient. The most used treatment
methods include the Ivanissevich technique, microsurgery and laparoscopy. The nurse has an indispensable
role in all phases of treatment, from preparing the child and parents for surgery, intraoperative assistance,
to postoperative care and education. Nursing interventions include monitoring vital signs, pain control,
infection prevention, encouraging fluid and food intake and emotional support. A case report of a 15-year
old boy operated on for a left-sided varicocele provides an example of good clinical practice and the
importance of structured nursing care. A multidisciplinary approach and a clearly defined healthcare plan
significantly contribute to positive treatment outcomes and quality of life for pediatric patients
High-risk HPV infection in SurePath gynecological samples
No full textHPV je glavni uzrok karcinoma cerviksa i vodeći uzrok smrtnosti žena od ginekoloških karcinoma. Rani
probir ključan je za sprječavanje bolesti. Ovaj rad fokusira se na detekciju i genotipizaciju visokorizičnih HPV
infekcija u ginekološkim uzorcima obrađenim SurePath metodom tekućinske citologije uz prikaz kliničkih
slučajeva pacijentica KBC-a Split.HPV is the primary cause of cervical cancer and a leading factor of mortality among women caused
by gynecological cancers. Early screening is crucial for disease prevention. This paper focuses on the detection
and genotyping of high-risk HPV infections in gynecological samples using the SurePath liquid-based cytology
method and presents clinical cases of patients from the University Hospital of Split
The effects of all electromagnetic radiation for diagnostic and interventional purposes on health personnel
No full textDijagnostička i intervencijska radiologija su dvije grane radiologije. Obje
radiologije se koriste pri dijagnosticiraju i liječenju bolesti. No, ionizirajuće zračenje
kako može imati utjecaj na pacijenta, tako može i na zdravstvene radnike koji su
izloženih ionizirajućem zračenju. Elektromagnetska zračenja se dijele na više njih, a ona
koja se koriste u radiologiji su gama i rendgensko zračenje. Neke od negativnih utjecaja
tih vrsta zračenja su nastanak katarakte, raka i bolesti štitnjače. Postoje različiti načini
zaštite od zračenja kojih bi se svaki zdravstveni radnik trebao pridržavati.Diagnostic and interventional radiology are two branches of radiology. Both
branches are used in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Ionizing radiation has a
harmful effect not only on patients but also on healthcare workers exposed to ionizing
radiation. Electromagnetic radiation is divided into several types, and the ones used in
radiology are gamma and X-rays. Some of the negative effects of these types of radiation
include the development of cataracts, cancer, and thyroid diseases. There are various
methods of radiation protection that every healthcare worker should adhere to
Subcapsular splenic hematoma due to infectious mononucleosis: a case report and review of literature
No full textSubkapsularni hematom slezene kao posljedica infektivne mononukleoze, tj. infekcije
Epstein-Barr virusom, rijetka je komplikacija prema literaturnim podacima, međutim na nju treba pomišljati.
Pravovremena dijagnostika prevenira teže, po život ugrožavajuće komplikacije. U dijagnostici i liječenju često
je potreban multidisciplinaran pristup infektologa, mikrobiologa, otorinolaringologa, gastroenterologa
hepatologa, obiteljskog liječnika, radiologa i abdominalnog kirurga uz kontinuiranu pomoć medicinskih
sestara/tehničara.Aim: The aim of this thesis is to present the diagnostic process and therapeutic management of a patient
diagnosed with a splenic subcapsular hematoma as a complication of infectious mononucleosis.
Discussion: This paper presents a case report of a 25-year-old woman who exhibited a typical clinical
presentation of infectious mononucleosis caused by Epstein-Barr virus infection, complicated by the
development of a rare subcapsular atraumatic splenic hematoma.
Conclusion: A subcapsular splenic hematoma as a complication of infectious mononucleosis, i.e.,
Epstein-Barr virus infection, is a rare occurrence according to the literature. However, it should always be
considered as a potential complication. Timely diagnosis is crucial for preventing more severe, life-threatening
outcomes. The diagnostic and therapeutic process often requires a multidisciplinary approach involving
infectious disease specialists, microbiologists, otorhinolaryngologists, gastroenterologists-hepatologists,
general practitioners, radiologists, and abdominal surgeons, along with the continuous support of nurses and
medical technicians
Eating disorders and obesity in school age and adolescence during the Covid 19 pandemic
No full textTijekom pandemije COVID-19, socijalna izolacija, zatvaranje škola i promjene u svakodnevnim rutinama značajno su oblikovale prehrambene navike i tjelesnu aktivnost djece i adolescenata, uzrokujući porast poremećaja prehrane i pretilosti. Online nastava, smanjenje sportskih aktivnosti i ograničeni društveni kontakti stvaraju okruženje sklono nezdravim prehrambenim obrascima. Povećani stres i anksioznost, proizašli iz nesigurnosti uzrokovane pandemijom, dodatno potiču razvoj problema s prehranom među mladima. Zdravstveni stručnjaci naglašavaju potrebu za proaktivnim pristupom, koristeći online resurse za mentalno zdravlje i savjetovanje te promičući edukaciju o zdravim prehrambenim navikama i redovitu tjelesnu aktivnost putem digitalnih platformi. Obiteljima treba pristupiti resursima za pripremu zdravih obroka kod kuće, dok bi škole trebale poticati tjelesnu aktivnost čak i u virtualnom okruženju. Sveobuhvatan pristup, koji uključuje podršku zajednice, obitelji, škole i zdravstvenih stručnjaka, ključan je u očuvanju tjelesnog i mentalnog zdravlja djece i adolescenata tijekom pandemije i nakon nje.During the COVID-19 pandemic, social isolation, school closures, and changes in daily routines have significantly influenced the dietary habits and physical activity of children and adolescents, leading to an increase in eating disorders and obesity. Online learning, reduced sports activities, and limited social interactions create an environment conducive to unhealthy eating patterns. Elevated stress and anxiety, stemming from the uncertainty caused by the pandemic, further contribute to the development of nutritional issues among youth. Healthcare professionals emphasize the need for a proactive approach, utilizing online resources for mental health and counseling, and promoting education on healthy eating habits and regular physical activity through digital platforms. Families should have access to resources for preparing healthy meals at home, while schools should encourage physical activity even in a virtual environment. A comprehensive approach, involving community support, families, schools, and healthcare professionals, is crucial in preserving the physical and mental health of children and adolescents during and after the pandemic
Health Literacy on Vaccination Among Healthcare Professionals
No full textUVOD: Cijepljenje predstavlja jedan od temelja moderne preventivne medicine, zahvaljujući sposobnosti imunološkog sustava da razvije dugotrajan zaštitni odgovor nakon izloženosti patogenima. Time se učinkovito sprječava pojava brojnih zaraznih bolesti, čime se značajno smanjuju morbiditet i mortalitet u globalnoj populaciji. Unatoč velikim koristima, cijepljenje je često praćeno javnom zabrinutošću zbog mogućih nuspojava, što je posebno došlo do izražaja tijekom pandemije COVID-19. Tada su dezinformacije narušile povjerenje u znanost i dovele do smanjenja procijepljenosti, čak i među zdravstvenim djelatnicima.
CILJ: Glavni ciljevi ove studije su ispitati razinu zdravstvene pismenosti o cijepljenju kod zdravstvenih djelatnika i analizirati znanje zdravstvenih djelatnika o važnosti cijepljenja, preporučenim smjernicama i imunološkim mehanizmima kod cijepljenja.
ISPITANICI I METODE: Istraživanje je provedeno tijekom travnja 2025. godine putem online anketnog upitnika među zdravstvenim djelatnicima zaposlenih u KBC-u Split i NZZJZ Splitsko-dalmatinske županije. Prikupljeni su podaci o sociodemografskim obilježjima, stavovima i znanju o cijepljenju. Istraživanje je provedeno uz poštivanje etičkih načela i odobreno od strane nadležnih etičkih povjerenstava.
REZULTATI: Najveći udio ispitanika imao je višu stručnu spremu (62 %), a najzastupljenija dobna skupina bila je između 26 i 35 godina. Ispitanici iz urbanih sredina i primarne zdravstvene zaštite pokazali su višu razinu znanja o cijepljenju. Radni staž također je imao utjecaj, najvišu razinu znanja imali su djelatnici s preko 21 godinu staža te oni s kraćim stažem (0–10 godina), dok su djelatnici s 11–20 godina postigli najslabije rezultate. Unatoč visokom stupnju cijepljenosti ispitanika (94 %), prisutni su mitovi i skepticizam – 14 % se slaže s tvrdnjom o povezanosti cjepiva i autizma, a 35 % zauzima neutralan stav o sigurnosti cjepiva. Također, 26 % ispitanika vjeruje da su djeca koja češće obolijevaju sklonija nuspojavama. Utvrđena je negativna korelacija između vjerovanja u mitove i spremnosti za promociju cijepljenja (r ≈ -0,53).
ZAKLJUČAK: Unatoč visokom postotku osobno cijepljenih ispitanika potrebno je kontinuirano ulagati u edukaciju zdravstvenih djelatnika kroz formalne i neformalne oblike obrazovanja, osobito u sredinama gdje je pristup znanstveno utemeljenim informacijama otežan. Također, ističe se važnost borbe protiv dezinformacija i aktivnog uključivanja zdravstvenih djelatnika u promociju cijepljenja kao javnozdravstvene mjere.INTRODUCTION: Vaccination represents one of the foundations of modern preventive medicine, thanks to the immune system's ability to develop a long-lasting protective response following exposure to pathogens. This effectively prevents the occurrence of numerous infectious diseases, significantly reducing morbidity and mortality in the global population. Despite its substantial benefits, vaccination is often accompanied by public concern regarding possible side effects, which became particularly pronounced during the COVID-19 pandemic. At that time, misinformation undermined trust in science and led to decreased vaccination coverage, even among healthcare professionals.
AIM: The main objectives of this study are to examine the level of health literacy about vaccination among healthcare workers and to analyze their knowledge regarding the importance of vaccination, recommended guidelines, and immunological mechanisms involved in vaccination.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The research was conducted in April 2025 using an online survey among healthcare workers employed at the University Hospital Center Split and the Public Health Institute of the Split-Dalmatia County. Data were collected on sociodemographic characteristics, attitudes, and knowledge about vaccination. The study was carried out in accordance with ethical principles and approved by the relevant ethics committees.
RESULTS: The majority of respondents held a higher professional qualification (62%), and the most represented age group was between 26 and 35 years. Participants from urban areas and primary healthcare settings demonstrated a higher level of vaccination knowledge. Work experience also had an impact; the highest knowledge levels were observed among employees with over 21 years of service and those with shorter tenure (0–10 years), while those with 11–20 years of experience scored the lowest. Despite the high vaccination rate among respondents (94%), myths and skepticism were present—14% agreed with the claim linking vaccines to autism, and 35% held a neutral stance on vaccine safety. Additionally, 26% of participants believed that children who fall ill more frequently are more prone to side effects. A negative correlation was found between belief in myths and willingness to promote vaccination (r ≈ -0.53).
CONCLUSION:Despite the high proportion of personally vaccinated respondents, continuous investment in the education of healthcare workers through both formal and informal training is necessary, especially in settings where access to scientifically based information is limited. Furthermore, the importance of combating misinformation and actively involving healthcare professionals in the promotion of vaccination as a public health measure is emphasized