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The role of stereotactic body radiation therapy in lung cancer treatment
No full textRak pluća bolest je sve veće prevalencije i vodeći uzrok smrtnosti među malignim bolestima u svijetu. Razni su
faktori rizika koji dovode do nastanka njenih podvrsta, od kojih se svakoj može pristupiti s ciljem izlječenja. Uz
individualan pristup svakom pacijentu, koristeći razne terapije i metode može se postići uništenje tumorskog i
očuvanje zdravog tkiva. U ovom radu objašnjava se metoda koja radi upravo po tom principu – stereotaksijska
tjelesna radioterapija. Od CT simulacije pa do isporuke zračenja, opisan je detaljan pristup radiološkog tehnologa
i multidisciplinarnog tima kako bi ostvarili najbolji mogući ishod za pacijenta.Lung cancer is a disease of increasing prevalence and the leading cause of death among malignant diseases in the
world. There are various risk factors that lead to the emergence of its subtypes, each of which can be approached
with the aim of cure. With an individual approach to each patient, various therapies and methods can be used to
achieve tumor destruction and preservation of healthy tissue. This paper explains a method that works on exactly
this principle – stereotactic body radiotherapy. From CT simulation to radiation delivery, a detailed approach of
the radiological technologist and multidisciplinary team is described in order to achieve the best possible outcome
for the patient
Radiation doses used during computed tomography of children
No full textKompjutorizirana tomografija (CT) digitalna je slikovna tehnika, koja predstavlja najveći napredak
u radiologiji, nakon otkrića rendgenskih zraka. Najčešće indikacije za snimanje CT-a u djece su: traume, onkološka
dijagnoza i stadij bolesti, neurološke bolesti te bolesti prsnog koša i srca. Glavni nedostatak CT-a je visoka doza
ionizirajućeg zračenja za pacijenta. Doza zračenja na CT-u iskazuje se u obliku CT indeksa doze i umnošku duljine
doze. Djeca su posebna skupina pacijenata i zahtijevaju adekvatnu pripremu prije samog snimanja. U odnosu na
odrasle djeca su osjetljivija na ionizirajuće zračenje, zbog velike količine vode u tijelu i velikog broja stanica koje
se dijele. Djevojčice su osjetljivije na zračenje od dječaka. Zračenje se akumulira u tijelu djece i kasnije kroz život
može doći do posljedica, većinom je to pojava raka. Oštećenje gena ionizirajućim zračenjem može dovesti do
različitih deformiteta potomaka. Doze zračenja za svaku regiju tijela su različite. Starija djeca primaju veće doze
zračenja, zbog većih proporcija tijela. Istraživanja su pokazala da najviše zračenja djeca prime pri CT-u abdomena
i zdjelice te da postoje razlike u dozama između različitih država. Kontrastna sredstva dodatno povećavaju dozu
zračenja. Optimizacijom protokola, smanjenjem nepotrebnih pretraga i edukacijom liječnika i radioloških
tehnologa moguće je smanjiti doze zračenja.Computed tomography (CT) is a digital imaging technique that represents the greatest advance in
radiology since the discovery of X-rays. The most frequent indications for CT scans in children are trauma,
oncological diagnosis and stage of disease, neurological diseases, diseases of the chest and heart. The main
disadvantage of CT is the high dose of ionizing radiation for the patient. The radiation dose on CT is expressed in
the form of a CT dose index and dose length product. Children are a special group of patients and require adequate
preparation before the scan. Compared to adults, children are more sensitive to ionizing radiation, due to the large
amount of water in the body and the large number of dividing cells. Girls are more sensitive to radiation than boys.
Radiation accumulates in children's bodies and can have consequences later in life, most often the appearance of
cancer. Gene damage by ionizing radiation can lead to various deformities in offspring. Radiation doses for each
region of the body are different. Older children receive higher doses of radiation, due to their larger body
proportions. Research has shown that children receive the most radiation during CT scans of the abdomen and
pelvis, and that there are differences in doses between different countries. Contrast agents further increase the
radiation dose. By optimizing protocols, reducing unnecessary examinations, and educating physicians and
radiologic technologists, it is possible to reduce radiation doses
Analysis of bacterial superinfections of patients with SARS COV2 infection in the "Fourth wave" treated in Intesive care unit of the University Hospital of Split
No full textCilj: Cilj ovog istraživanja je analizirati bakterijske superinfekcije kod bolesnika oboljelih od infekcije SARS-CoV2 u "četvrtom valu" liječenih u jedinici intenzivnog liječenja Kliničkog bolničkog centra Split.
Metode: Podaci su prikupljani uvidom u pisani protokol kretanja bolesnika, povijesti bolesnika u informacijskom sustavu (BIS) i podatcima mikrobioloških testiranja i rezultata. Prikupljeni su i analizirani podaci o broju hospitaliziranih bolesnika, broju mikrobioloških pretraga, broju pozitivnih mikrobioloških uzoraka na bakterijske uzročnike, te podatci o vrsti uzročnika.
Rezultati: Za potrebe istraživanja analizirano je sveukupno 3764 mikrobiološka uzorka od 500 pacijenata. Kod analize mikrobioloških uzoraka aspirata bronha potvrđeno je 12 bakterijskih slučajeva od ukupno 52, a u analizi 792 uzorka aspirata traheje potvrđena su 483 bakterijska slučaja (60,96 %). Analizom podataka mikrobioloških uzoraka krvi potvrđen je 281 (28,24%) slučaj bakterija u analizi krvi iz SVK, te 209 (21,46%) u mikrobiološkoj analizi krvi iz periferije. Za potrebe ove analize je uzet 951 nalaz urina, te je utvrđeno da je 87 uzoraka urina bilo pozitivno na bakterijske mikroorganizme (9,15%).
Zaključak: Udio bakterijskih superinfekcija je najučestalije bio potvrđen u rezultatima mikrobiološke analize aspirata traheje. Druga istraživanja na temu bakterijskih superinfekcija su pokazala da razvijene i bogate zemlje imaju manju stopu zbog metoda prevencije i kvalitetnije zdravstvene skrbi. Uloga medicinske sestre/tehničara u sprječavanju VAP-a, infekcija intravaskularnih katetera i urinskih katetera se pokazala neupitno važnom u sprječavanju bakterijskih superinfekcija u JIL-u.Aim: The objective of this research is to analyze bacterial superinfections in patients suffering from SARS-CoV2 infection in the "fourth wave" treated in the intensive care unit of the Split Clinical Hospital Center.
Methods: Data were collected by reviewing the written patient protocol, patient history in the information system (HIS) and microbiological testing data and results. Data were collected and analyzed on the number of hospitalized patients, the number of microbiological examinations, the number of positive microbiological samples for bacterial pathogens, and data of the type of pathogen.
Results: A total of 3,764 microbiological samples from 500 patients were analyzed for research purposes.In the analysis of microbiological samples of bronchial aspirate, 12 bacterial cases out of a total of 52 were confirmed, and in the analysis of 792 samples of tracheal aspirate, 483 bacterial cases (60.96%) were confirmed. The analysis of microbiological blood samples confirmed 281 (28.24%) cases of bacteria in the blood analysis from the CVC, and 209 (21.46%) in the microbiological analysis of the blood from the periphery. For the purposes of this analysis, 951 urine samples were taken, and it was determined that 87 urine samples were positive for bacterial microorganisms (9.15%).
Conclusion: The proportion of bacterial superinfections was most often confirmed in the results of microbiological analysis of tracheal aspirates, and other research on the topic of bacterial superinfections showed that developed and rich countries have a lower rate due to prevention methods and better healthcare. The role of the nurse/technician in preventing VAP, infections of intravascular catheters and urinary catheters has been proven to be unquestionably important in preventing bacterial superinfections in the ICU
The influence of lifestyle determinants and habits on the perception of stress and psychological well-being of the general adult population in the Split-dalmatian County: Cross-sectional study
No full textCilj: Glavni cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati utjecaj životnog stila i navika na razinu stresa i mentalno blagostanje ispitanika.
Metode i ispitanici: Presječno istraživanje je provedeno u razdoblju od travnja do srpnja 2024. godine. Za prikupljanje podataka je korištena dvostruka metoda anketiranja i to izravno anketiranje pomoću papiranate ankete i on-line anketiranje metodom snježne grude. Uzorak ispitanika N=753 sačinjavala je opća odrasla populacija Splitsko-dalmatinske županije. Upitnik u ovom istraživanju se sastojao od nekoliko odjeljaka te je obuhvaćao sljedeće sastavnice: (i) opći demografski podatci, (ii) tjelesna aktivnost, (iii) navike spavanja, (iv) prehrambene navike, (v) Indeks konzumiranja mediteranske prehrane, (vi) upitnik PSS 10, (vii) Warwick-Edinburgh subjektivna skala blagostanja (WEMWBS), (viii) ljestvice samoprocjene: zdravlja, kvalitete života, osjećaja sreće, osjećaja tjeskobe, optimizma prema budućnosti, potrebe za dodatnom edukacijom o uravnoteženoj prehrani te zadovoljstvu dobivenih informacija od strane liječnika i medicinskih sestara / tehničara.
Rezultati: Rezultati multivarijantne linearne regresije utvrđivanja povezanosti doživljenog psihološkog stresa i ispitivanih varijabli ukazuju kako je u statistički značajnoj pozitivnoj korelaciji sa stresom: ženski spol (β=0,110; 95% CI 0,515-1,9190, P=0,001), brojem međuobroka tijekom neradnih dana (β=0,092; 95% CI -0,002-0,891; P =0,051), samoprocjenjenim osjećajem tjeskobe (β= 0,308; 95% CI 0,441-0,714; P ˂0,001), zadovoljstvom informacijama od strane liječnika (β=0,085; 95%CI 0,036-0,250, P =0,009), a u statistički značajnoj negativnoj korelaciji s vrijemenom provedenim za računalom (β=-0,069; 95%CI -0,207 - 0,008, P =0,034), pridržavanjem uravnotežene prehrane (β=-0,124; 95%CI -0,390 - 0,110, P ˂0,001), WEMWBS zbrojem (β=-0,086; 95% CI -0,091- 0,001, P =0,050), samoprocjenim osjećajem sreće (β=-0,158; 95%CI -0,575-0,134; P =0,002). Također, rezultati multivarijantne linearne regresije povezanosti blagostanja i ispitanih čimbenika ukazuju na statistički značajnu pozitivnu korelaciju blagostanja sa: samoprocjenim osjećajem sreće (β=0,192; 95%CI 0,472-1,166; P ˂0,001), optimizmom prema budućnosti (β =0,373; 95%CI 1,293-1,923, P ˂0,001), samoprocjenjenom koristi od dodatne edukacije (β=0,068; 95% CI 0,042-0,404, P =0,016) te zadovoljstvom informacijama od liječnika (β=0,058; 95% CI 0,012-0,355; P =0,036), a u statistički značajnoj negativnoj korelaciji s: vremenom provedenim za gledanje TV-a (β=-0,090; 95% CI-0,840- -0,212; P =0,001), PSS zbrojem (β=-0,069; 95%CI-0,244- -0,018; P =0,023) i samoprocjenom osjećaja tjeskobe (β=-0,199; 95%CI -0,931- -0,484; P ˂0,001).
Zaključak: Rezultati ovog istraživanja ukazuju kako je potrebno uložiti dodatne napore u provedbu različitih intervencija s ciljem poboljšanja prehrambenih navika populacije u smjeru promicanja i poticanja zdravih životnih navika, što bi rezultiralo zaštitom zdravlja populacije.Objective: The main objective of this research was to examine the influence of lifestyle and habits on the stress level and mental well-being of the respondents.
Methods: Cross-sectional studywas conducted in the period from April to July 2024. A double method of surveying was used for data collection, direct surveying using a paper survey and online surveying using the snowball method. The sample of examinees N=753 consisted of the general adult population of Split-Dalmatia County. The questionnaire in this research consisted of several sections and included the following components: (i) general demographic data, (ii) physical activity, (iii) sleeping habits, (iv) eating habits, (v) Mediterranean diet serving score, (vi ) PSS 10 questionnaire, (vii) Warwick-Edinburgh subjective well-being scale (WEMWBS), (viii) self-assessment scales: health, quality of life, feelings of happiness, feelings of anxiety, optimism toward the future, need for additional education on balanced nutrition and satisfaction with the information received by doctors and nurses.
Results: The results of the multivariate linear regression to establish the association between the perceived stress and the examined variables indicate that there is a statistically significant positive association with female gender (β=0.110; 95% CI 0.515-1.9190, P=0.001), the number of snacks during non-work days (β=0.092; 95% CI -0.002-0.891; P =0.051), self-assessed feeling of anxiety (β= 0.308; 95% CI 0.441-0.714; P ˂0.001), satisfaction with information from the doctor (β=0.085; 95 %CI 0.036-0.250, P =0.009), and in a statistically significant negative association with time spent at the computer (β=-0.069; 95%CI -0.207 - 0.008, P =0.034), adherence to a balanced diet (β=-0.124; 95%CI %CI -0.390 - 0.110, P ˂0.001), WEMWBS sum (β=-0.086; 95% CI -0.091- 0.001, P =0.050), self-reported feeling of happiness (β=-0.158; 95%CI -0.575-0.134; P =0.002). Also, the results of the multivariate linear regression of the association between well-being and the examined factors indicate a statistically significant positive correlation of well-being with: self-assessed feeling of happiness (β=0.192; 95%CI 0.472-1.166; P ˂0.001), optimism towards the future (β =0.373; 95% CI 1.293-1.923, P ˂0.001), self-estimated benefit from additional education (β=0.068; 95% CI 0.042-0.404, P =0.016) and satisfaction with information from the doctor (β=0.058; 95% CI 0.012-0.355; P = 0.036), and in a statistically significant negative correlation with: time spent watching TV (β=-0.090; 95% CI-0.840- -0.212; P =0.001), PSS total (β=-0.069; 95%CI-0.244 - -0.018; P =0.023) and self-assessment of anxiety (β=-0.199; 95%CI -0.931- -0.484; P ˂0.001).
Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that it is necessary to invest additional efforts in the implementation of various interventions with the aim of improving the dietary habits of the population in the direction of promoting and encouraging healthy lifestyle habits, which would result in the protection of the population's health
Endovascular treatment of peripheral arterial disease
No full textPeriferna arterijska bolest (PAD) je kronična, progresivna bolest koja često ostaje nedijagnosticirana, a najčešće je uzrokovana aterosklerozom. Kao rezultat ove bolesti dolazi do smanjenog protoka krvi u arterijama, što uzrokuje kroničnu ishemiju tkiva. PAD može biti komplicirana i trombotičkim ili embolijskim događajima koji dodatno ugrožavaju zdravlje i funkciju zahvaćenih organa. Endovaskularne metode liječenja periferne arterijske bolesti uključuju minimalno invazivne zahvate koji koriste katetere i instrumente unutar krvnih žila kako bi obnovili protok krvi. Najčešće se koriste za liječenje suženja ili blokada u arterijama, osobito u nogama. Najčešće korištene metode uključuju angioplastiku, stentiranje, aterektomiju i trombolizu.Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) is a chronic, progressive condition that often remains undiagnosed and is most commonly caused by atherosclerosis. As a result of this disease, blood flow in the arteries is reduced, leading to chronic tissue ischemia. PAD can be complicated by thrombotic or embolic events that further threaten the health and function of the affected organs. Endovascular treatment methods for peripheral arterial disease include minimally invasive procedures that use catheters and instruments within the blood vessels to restore blood flow. These methods are most commonly used to treat narrowing or blockages in the arteries, especially in the legs. The most commonly used methods include angioplasty, stenting, atherectomy, and thrombolysis
Specificity and Frequency of Irregular Antibodies to Erythrocyte Antigens in Blood Donors at the Department of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Split 2020 - 2024
No full textTransfuzijska medicina je posebna grana medicine koja se bavi transfuzijama krvi, od prikupljanja do
primjene. S obzirom da je krv lijek isključivo biološkog podrijetla, transfuzijska djelatnost uvelike ovisi o
dobrovoljnim darivateljima krvi. Dobrovoljni darivatelj krvi je svaka zdrava osoba koja daruje krv, plazmu ili stanične
komponente krvi prema načelima dobrovoljnosti, besplatnosti, solidarnosti i anonimnosti. Da bi svaka donirana doza
krvi bila ispravna i provjerena, provode se serološka i imunohematološka laboratorijska ispitivanja. U obavezne
imunohematološke testove spadaju određivanje ABO i Rh(D) krvne grupe te pregledni testovi pretraživanja iregularnih
protutijela/indirektni antiglobulinski test (IAT). Cilj ovog rada bio je utvrditi specifičnost i učestalost antieritrocitnih
protutijela koristeći panele za identifikaciju iregularnih protutijela kod dobrovoljnih davatelja krvi u Zavodu za
transfuzijsku medicinu KBC Split u razdoblju od 01. siječnja 2020. do 31. prosinca 2024. godine. Tijekom navedenog
razdoblja bilo je potvrđenih 56 pozitivnih IAT-a među ukupno 103,072 donirane doze krvi i 10 različitih vrsta
otkrivenih protutijela. Najučestalije protutijelo koje se otkrilo na temelju pozitivnog IAT-a bilo je prirodno anti- Lea
sa pojavnošću od 37,5% (21 od 56). Drugo po redu, slijedi protutijelo anti-M, također prirodno protutijelo, sa
učestalošću od 28,6% (16 od 56), dok se sva ostala protutijela javljaju u 1,8% (1 od 56) do 5,4% (3 od 56). Rezultati
ovog istraživanja prikazani su grafički i tablično.Transfusion medicine is a special branch of medicine that deals with blood transfusions, from collection
to application. Since blood is a medicine of exclusively biological origin, transfusion activity largely depends on
voluntary blood donors. A voluntary blood donor is any healthy person who donates blood, plasma or cellular blood
components according to the principles of voluntariness, gratuitousness, solidarity and anonymity. In order for each
donated blood dose to be correct and verified, serological and immunohematological laboratory tests are performed.
Mandatory immunohematological tests include determination of ABO and Rh(D) blood groups and screening tests for
irregular antibodies/indirect antiglobulin test (IAT). The aim of this study was to determine the specificity and
frequency of antierythrocyte antibodies using panels for the identification of irregular antibodies in voluntary blood
donors at the Department of Transfusion Medicine, KBC Split in the period from January 1, 2020 to December 31,
2024. During the specified period, 56 positive IATs were confirmed among a total of 103,072 donated blood doses
and 10 different types of antibodies detected. The most frequent antibody detected based on a positive IAT was natural
anti-Lea with an incidence of 37.5% (21 out of 56). Second in order is the anti-M antibody, also a natural antibody,
with an incidence of 28.6% (16 out of 56), while all other antibodies occur in 1.8% (1 out of 56) to 5.4% (3 out of 56).
The results of this study are presented graphically and in tables
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN RADIOLOGICAL ROBOTICS
No full textUmjetna inteligencija (UI) u radiološkoj robotici donosi značajne promjene u medicinskoj dijagnostici i terapiji, omogućujući brže, točnije i sigurnije postupke. Automatizacija analize medicinskih slika i precizno izvođenje minimalno invazivnih zahvata ključne su prednosti ove tehnologije. UI također doprinosi personaliziranoj medicini prilagođavanjem terapija svakom pacijentu i prediktivnoj analizi, što omogućuje rano prepoznavanje zdravstvenih rizika. Robotski sustavi smanjuju opterećenje radiologa, dok integracija UI-a s elektroničkim zdravstvenim sustavima omogućuje bolje upravljanje podacima pacijenata i optimizaciju radnih procesa. Unatoč izazovima poput visokih troškova, tehničkih ograničenja i etičkih pitanja, budućnost ove tehnologije obećava daljnji napredak kroz razvoj autonomnih sustava i njihovu prilagodbu specifičnim potrebama zdravstvenih ustanova. Umjetna inteligencija postaje ključan partner medicinskog osoblja, donoseći pacijentima sigurniju, bržu i kvalitetniju zdravstvenu skrb.Artificial intelligence (AI) in radiological robotics is transforming medical diagnostics and therapy by enabling faster, more accurate, and safer procedures. Key advantages include automated analysis of medical images and the precise execution of minimally invasive interventions. AI also supports personalized medicine by tailoring therapies to individual patients and predictive analytics, allowing for early identification of health risks. Robotic systems reduce the workload of radiologists, while integrating AI with electronic health records improves data management and workflow efficiency. Despite challenges such as high costs, technical limitations, and ethical concerns, the future of this technology promises further advancements through the development of autonomous systems and their adaptation to the specific needs of healthcare institutions. Artificial intelligence is becoming a vital partner for medical professionals, offering patients safer, faster, and higher-quality healthcare
NURSING CARE OF INFECTIONS AFTER CESAREAN SECTION
No full textCarski rez je kirurški način dovršetka poroda kojim se dijete putem laparotomije i histerotomije vadi kroz trbušnu stijenku. Kao i svaki kirurški zahvat i carski rez nosi veliku mogućnost morbiditeta i mortaliteta. Jedna od značajnijih komponenata morbiditeta je infekcija rane nakon carskog reza. Da bi se smanjila učestalost nastanka infekcije potrebno je provesti intervencije prije samog zahvata. Najvažnije intervencije bile bi edukacija trudnice vezano za postupke oko carskog reza, priprema kože i rodnice za carski rez te obavezna primjena antibiotske profilakse. Postoje određene predispozicije za nastanak infekcija i tu spadaju pušenje, povećan ITM, dijabetes mellitus. Nakon poroda carskim rezom nužno je potrebno babinjači pružiti odgovarajuću zdravstvenu i sestrinsku skrb koja bi smanjila rizik za nastanak infekcija kao i ostalih mogućih komplikacija.Cesarean section is a surgical method of completing childbirth in which the baby is born through the abdominal wall through laparotomy and hysterotomy. Like any surgical procedure, cesarean section carries a high risk of morbidity and mortality. One of the components of morbidity is wound infection after cesarean section. In order to reduce the effect of morbidity factors, it is necessary to carry out interventions before the procedure itself, such as educating the pregnant woman, preparing the skin and vagina, and administering antibiotic prophylaxis. There are certain predispositions for the development of infections, such as smoking, increased BMI, and diabetes mellitus. After childbirth, the nurse needs to provide appropriate health care to a woman who gave birth by cesarean section that will reduce the risk of infections as well as possible further complications
Advantages and disadvantages of breastfeeding in modern society
No full textUvod: Dojenje u modernom društvu predstavlja važnu temu koja objedinjuje medicinske, socijalne i kulturne aspekte. S jedne strane, majčino mlijeko nudi neprocjenjive zdravstvene prednosti za dijete, uključujući optimalnu prehranu, jačanje imuniteta i poticanje emocionalne povezanosti s majkom.
Cilj: Cilj ovog rada je ispitati stavove, iskustva i izazove majki u vezi s dojenjem, s naglaskom na socijalne, emocionalne i praktične aspekte. Analizom anketnih podataka nastoji se sagledati percepcija dojenja, razina podrške, utjecaj profesionalne pomoći, zakonodavstva, tehnologije i medija na odluke majki.
Rasprava: Rezultati pokazuju da su ispitanice visoko svjesne prednosti dojenja, pri čemu velika većina podržava dojenje u javnosti i ističe njegove zdravstvene i emocionalne koristi za dijete. Iako većina majki nije imala profesionalnu podršku, smatraju da bi bolja institucionalna i zakonska potpora, uključujući informiranje i infrastrukturu, dodatno olakšala dojenje.
Zaključak: Na temelju provedenog istraživanja može se zaključiti da među ispitanicama postoji snažna svijest o važnosti i prednostima dojenja, kako za dijete tako i za majku. Većina ih dojenje smatra najboljim oblikom prehrane, emocionalno korisnim i prirodnim činom koji zaslužuje društvenu i institucionalnu podršku. Ipak, istaknute su i brojne prepreke, poput nedostatka profesionalne pomoći, fizičke zahtjevnosti te nedovoljne prilagodbe radnog okruženja.Introduction: Breastfeeding in modern society is an important topic that combines medical, social and cultural aspects. On the one hand, breast milk offers invaluable health benefits for the child, including optimal nutrition, strengthening immunity and fostering emotional bonding with the mother.
Objective: The aim of this paper is to examine mothers' attitudes, experiences and challenges regarding breastfeeding, with an emphasis on social, emotional and practical aspects. The analysis of survey data aims to examine perceptions of breastfeeding, levels of support, and the influence of professional help, legislation, technology and media on mothers' decisions.
Discussion: The results show that the respondents are highly aware of the benefits of breastfeeding, with the vast majority supporting breastfeeding in public and highlighting its health and emotional benefits for the child. Although most mothers did not have professional support, they believe that better institutional and legal support, including information and infrastructure, would further facilitate breastfeeding.
Conclusion: Based on the research conducted, it can be concluded that there is a strong awareness among the respondents about the importance and benefits of breastfeeding, both for the child and the mother. Most of them consider breastfeeding to be the best form of nutrition, emotionally beneficial and a natural act that deserves social and institutional support. However, numerous obstacles were also highlighted, such as the lack of professional help, physical demands and insufficient adaptation of the work environment
Diagnostic imaging and treatment of carotid-cavernous fistulas
No full textKarotidno-kavernozne fistule (KKF) predstavljaju patološke vaskularne komunikacije između karotidne arterije (najčešće unutarnje karotidne arterije) i kavernoznog sinusa. Ove fistule mogu biti traumatske ili spontane, a klinička slika uključuje simptome poput egzoftalmusa, pulsirajućeg šuma, crvenila oka, diplopije i povišenog intraokularnog tlaka. Brza i precizna dijagnostika ključna je za sprječavanje trajnih neuroloških, vaskularnih i očnih komplikacija. Radiološke metode, posebno neinvazivne tehnike kao što su CT angiografija i MR angiografija, omogućuju inicijalnu evaluaciju, dok je digitalna subtrakcijska angiografija (DSA) zlatni standard za potvrdu dijagnoze i planiranje terapije. Endovaskularno liječenje predstavlja osnovu terapijskog pristupa, s ciljem zatvaranja fistulozne komunikacije uz očuvanje prohodnosti karotidne arterije. Koriste se različite tehnike, uključujući primjenu odvojivih balona, spirala, stentova i tekućih embolizacijskih materijala. Pravovremeno prepoznavanje i adekvatno liječenje KKF značajno poboljšava prognozu i smanjuje rizik od trajnih oštećenja vida i neuroloških deficita.Carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCF) are pathological vascular communications between the carotid artery (most often the internal carotid artery) and the cavernous sinus. These fistulas can be traumatic or spontaneous, and the clinical picture includes symptoms such as exophthalmos, pulsating noise, eye redness, diplopia, and increased intraocular pressure. A quick and accurate diagnosis is essential to prevent permanent neurological, vascular and eye complications. Radiological methods, especially non-invasive techniques such as CT angiography and MR angiography, enable initial evaluation, while digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is the gold standard for confirming the diagnosis and planning therapy. Endovascular treatment is the basis of the therapeutic approach, with the aim of closing the fistulous communication while preserving the patency of the carotid artery. Various techniques are used, including the use of detachable balloons, coils, stents, and liquid embolization materials. Timely recognition and adequate treatment of CCF significantly improves the prognosis and reduces the risk of permanent visual impairment and neurological deficits