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    Nursing care of patients with eating disorders - case report

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    CILJ RADA: Cilj je ovoga završnog rada prikazati zbrinjavanje i skrb za bolesnika s poremećajem hranjenja u procesu zdravstvene njege i sestrinske skrbi. Prizakat će se sestrinski postupci i načini na koji se bolesnika prima u bolnicu, planira zbrinjavanje bolesnika te provodi i evaluira sestrinska skrb oboljeloga od poremećaja prehrane. Prikazom slučaja detaljno će se opisati i analizirati slučaj bolesnika s poremećajem prehrane, uključujući povijest bolesti, kliničku sliku te tijek liječenja u vidu sestrinske dijagnoze i zdravstvene njege. RASPRAVA: Bolesnica N. N. na Kliniku za psihijatriju Kliničkoga bolničkog centra Split primljena je zbog suicidalnih misli i poremećaja prehrane s vodećom dijagnozom prema F 50.01 (anoreksija nervoza). Unazad dvije godine počinje s postupnom kalorijskom redukcijom u svrhu gubitka tjelesne mase. S vremenom sve više mršavi, pred dolazak u bolnicu TT 43 kg i TV 167 cm. Prikazom slučaja prepoznati su tekući problemi bolesnice te su izdvojene sestrinske dijagnoze u svrhu osiguranja kvalitetne sestrinske skrbi. ZAKLJUČAK: Poremećaji hranjenja, poput anoreksije nervoze, često su rezultat kombinacije bioloških, psiholoških i socijalnih faktora. Efikasno liječenje poremećaja hranjenja zahtijeva integrirani pristup koji uključuje medicinsku, psihološku i nutricionističku podršku. Upravo uloga medicinske sestre u oporavku može značajno doprinijeti kvalitetnijemu liječenju. Svojim stavom kroz empatiju i oslonac te nadasve profesionalno nazdziranje procesa oporavka medicinska sestra predstavlja osobu koja svojim kompetencijama čini zdravstvenu skrb adekvatnom.RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of this bachelor thesis is to present the treatment and care for patients with eating disorder in the process of health care and nursing care. Nursing procedures and methods of admitting a patient to the hospital, planning patient care, and implementing and evaluating nursing care for a patient with an eating disorder will be presented. The case report will describe and analyze in detail the case of a patient with an eating disorder, including the medical history, clinical picture and course of treatment in the form of nursing diagnosis and health care. DISCUSSION: Patient N. N. was admitted to the Psychiatry Clinic of the Split Clinical Hospital Center due to suicidal thoughts and eating disorder with the leading diagnosis under F 50.01 (anorexia nervosa). Two years ago, she started with a gradual caloric reduction in order to lose body weight. Over time, she loses more and more weight, before arriving at the hospital BW 43 kg and BH 167 cm. The case report identified the patient's ongoing problems and identified nursing diagnoses for the purpose of ensuring quality nursing care. CONCLUSION: Eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa, are often the result of a combination of biological, psychological and social factors. Effective treatment of eating disorders requires an integrated approach that includes medical, psychological and nutritional support. It is precisely the role of the nurse in recovery that can significantly contribute to better quality treatment. With her attitude through empathy and support and above all professional supervision of the recovery process, the nurse represents a person who, with her competences, makes health care adequate

    Utilization of brain imaging methods in the diagnostic workup of lung cancer

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    Ovaj rad imao je za cilj ponuditi uvid u korisnost i korištenje slikovnih metoda prikaza mozga pacijenata oboljelih od raka pluća dijagnosticiranih u Općoj bolnici Dubrovnik u periodu od 2021. do 2022. godine. Rak pluća patohistološki dijelimo na 2 glavne skupine: NSCLC (nesitnostanični rak pluća) koji čini oko 85% slučajeva oboljelih od raka pluća i SCLC (sitnostanični rak pluća) koji čini oko 15% slučajeva oboljelih od raka pluća. Glavnim čimbenikom za razvoj raka pluća smatra se pušenje. SCLC je mnogo agresivnija vrsta raka pluća kojeg karakterizira slabija diferencijacija tumorskih stanica i lošija klinička slika. NSCLC je obično manje osjetljiv na terapiju zračenjem i kemoterapiju nego SCLC, ali u usporedbi s NSCLC, SCLC je agresivniji sa kraćim vremenom udvostručenja, većim udjelom rasta i ranijim razvojem metastaza. Radiološka dijagnostika igra iznimno važnu ulogu u otkrivanju, praćenju i liječenju bolesnika s rakom pluća. Pravovremena dijagnoza raka u ranom stadiju ključni je čimbenik poboljšanja prognoze bolesnika s rakom. Stručne onkološke smjernice preporučuju inicijalno radiološko oslikavanje mozga CT-om ili MR-om mozga u svih bolesnika dijagnosticiranih sa stadijem II ili višim stadijima raka pluća. Usprkos smjernicama, prvenstveno zbog logističkih razloga, nedostatka resursa, često se u kliničkoj praksi inicijalna slikovna dijagnostika mozga primjenjuje većinom kod simptomatskih bolesnika. Prisustvo moždanih presadnica pri dijagnozi značajno utječe na strategiju liječenja i prognozu bolesnika. U našem uzroku od sveukupno 107 bolesnika oboljelih od raka pluća, učinjena je inicijalna slikovna dijagnostika mozga (CT/MR mozga) kod 40 od 73 bolesnika (54,8%) sa NSCLC-om te kod 19 od 25 bolesnika (76%) sa SCLC-om. Inicijalna slikovna dijagnostika (CT/MR) mozga učinjena kod naših bolesnika u navedenom periodu otkrila je prisustvo moždanih presadnica kod čak 31.6% bolesnika sa SCLC-om što je u skladu s literaturnim podacima prema kojima čak 80% bolesnika sa SCLC-om ima dokazane moždane metastaze prisutne u roku od dvije godine od postavljanja dijagnoze. Moždane metastaze utvrđene su kod 37,5% oboljelih od NSCLC-a te možemo reći da je učestalost bolesnika sa NSCLC-om s prisutnim moždanim metastazama nešto viša u odnosu na literaturne podatke prema kojima su inicijalno u 20% bolesnika s NSCLC-om prisutne presadnice mozga, a učestalost raste i do 50% s vremenom. Zaključno, inicijalna slikovna dijagnostika mozga neizostavan je dijagnostički postupak u većine bolesnika s rakom pluća.The aim of this paper was to offer an insight into the usefulness and use of imaging methods for brain imaging of lung cancer patients diagnosed at the General Hospital Dubrovnik in the period from 2021 to 2022. Lung cancer is pathohistologically divided into 2 main groups: NSCLC (non-small cell lung cancer), which accounts for about 85% of lung cancer cases, and SCLC (small cell lung cancer), which accounts for about 15% of lung cancer cases. Smoking is the main risk factor for developing lung cancer. SCLC is a much more aggressive type of lung cancer that is characterized by weaker tumor cell differentiation and a worse clinical picture. NSCLC is usually less sensitive to chemotherapy and radiation therapy than SCLC, but compared to NSCLC, SCLC is more aggressive with a shorter doubling time, higher growth rate, and earlier development of metastases. Radiological diagnostics play an extremely important role in the detection, monitoring and treatment of patients with lung cancer. Timely diagnosis of cancer at an early stage is a key factor in improving the prognosis of cancer patients. Expert oncology guidelines recommend initial radiological imaging of the brain with MR or CT of the brain in all patients diagnosed with stage II or higher stages of lung cancer. Despite the guidelines, primarily due to logistical reasons and lack of resources, initial imaging of the brain is often used in clinical practice mostly in symptomatic patients. The presence of brain implants at the time of diagnosis significantly affects the treatment strategy and prognosis of the patient. In our case, out of a total of 107 patients with lung cancer, initial brain imaging (CT/MR of the brain) was performed in 40 out of 73 patients (54.8%) with NSCLC and in 19 out of 25 patients (76% ) with SCLC. The initial imaging diagnostics (CT/MR) of the brain performed in our patients in the mentioned period revealed the presence of brain metastases in as many as 31.6% of patients with SCLC, which is in accordance with literature data, according to which as many as 80% of patients with SCLC have proven brain metastases present within two years of diagnosis. Brain metastases were found in 37.5% of NSCLC patients, so we can say that the frequency of NSCLC patients with brain metastases is somewhat higher compared to literature data, according to which metastases are initially present in 20% of NSCLC patients brain, and the frequency increases up to 50% over time. In conclusion, initial imaging of the brain is an indispensable diagnostic procedure in most patients with lung cancer

    Impact of systemic lupus erythematosus on quality of life: a review

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    Autoimunološke bolesti predstavljaju složenu skupinu poremećaja u kojima imunološki sustav, koji inače štiti tijelo od infekcija i bolesti, počinje napadati vlastite stanice i tkiva. U zdravom organizmu, imunološki sustav prepoznaje i uništava strane tvari poput bakterija, virusa i drugih patogena. Sistemski eritemski lupus (SEL) je kronična autoimuna bolest koja zahvaća više organa i organskih sustava, uključujući kožu, zglobove, bubrege, srce, pluća i mozak. Bolest nastaje kada imunološki sustav pogrešno napada vlastita tkiva, uzrokujući upalu i oštećenje organa. Etiologija SEL-a nije potpuno razjašnjena, no smatra se da su genetski čimbenici, okolišni i hormonalni čimbenici te imunološki poremećaji ključni u razvoju bolesti. Zbog svega navedenog, bolest uvelike utječe na kvalietetu života oboljelih. Upravljanje SEL-om zahtijeva multidisciplinarni pristup koji uključuje redovite medicinske preglede, prilagođeno liječenje i pažljivo praćenje nuspojava. Pravovremena dijagnoza i individualizirani terapijski plan ključni su za smanjenje rizika od komplikacija i poboljšanje kvalitete života pacijenata.Autoimmune diseases represent a complex group of disorders in which the immune system, which normally protects the body from infections and diseases, begins to attack its own cells and tissues. In a healthy organism, the immune system recognizes and destroys foreign substances such as bacteria, viruses and other pathogens. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SEL) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects multiple organs and organ systems, including the skin, joints, kidneys, heart, lungs, and brain. The disease occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks its own tissues, causing inflammation and organ damage. The etiology of SEL is not fully elucidated, but it is believed that genetic factors, environmental and hormonal factors, and immune disorders are crucial in the development of the disease. Management of SEL requires a multidisciplinary approach that includes regular medical examinations, tailored treatment and careful monitoring of side effects. Timely diagnosis and an individualized therapeutic plan are key to reducing the risk of complications and improving the quality of life of patients

    Case report of a child with cerebrovascular stroke

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    Uvod: Cerebrovaskularni inzult (CVI) je teško neurološko oštećenje, udruženo sa značajnim morbiditetom i mortalitetom,u djecespada među prvih deset uzroka smrti, predstavlja ozbiljan zdravstveni izazov koji zahtijeva preciznu dijagnozu i cjelovito liječenje. Uzroci CVI-a kod djece uključuju arteriopatije, embolije i tromboze, a pravovremena identifikacija i liječenje su ključni za uspjeh terapije. Cilj: Prikazati zbrinjavanje djeteta s cerebrovaskularnim inzultom (CVI) i ulogu medicinske sestre, od trenutka zaprimanja na hitni dječji prijem, preko izvođenja svih dijagnostičkih i terapijskih postupaka te zbrinjavanja na Klinici za dječje bolesti Zavoda za neurologiju. Zaključak: Medicinske sestre igraju ključnu ulogu u skrbi za ove pacijente, uključujući praćenje vitalnih funkcija, neurološkog statusa te pružanje potpore u osnovnim aktivnostima i rehabilitaciji. Edukacija sestara u ovoj oblasti omogućuje im da bolje prepoznaju i upravljaju komplikacijama te pruže emocionalnu i informativnu podršku obiteljima. Uloga medicinske sestre obuhvaća i koordinaciju s multidisciplinarnim timom te edukaciju roditelja. Integriranim pristupom i suradnjom svih sudionika u skrbi, može se značajno poboljšati kvaliteta života i dugoročni ishod za djecu s CVI-jem.Objective:Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) in children, though rare, presents a significant health challenge that requires precise diagnosis and comprehensive treatment. Causes of CVA in children in clude arteriopathies, embolisms, and thromboses, with timely identification and treatment being crucial for successful therapy. Aim: Show the care of a child with cerebrovascular insult (CVI) and the role of a nurse, from the moment of admission to the children's emergency room, through the performance of all diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and care at the Clinic for Children's Diseases of the Department of Neurology. Conclusion:Nursesplay a pivotal role in the care of these patients, including monitoring vital signs, neurological status, and providing support in daily activities and rehabilitation. Education in this field enables nurses to better recognize and manage complications and offer emotional and informational support to families. The nurse’s role also involves coordinating with a multidisciplinary team and educating parents. An integrated approach and collaboration among all care participants can significantly improve the quality of life and long-term out comes for children with CVA

    Frequency and causes of stillbirths in the Republic of Croatia in the last ten years

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    Cilj: Utvrditi, usporediti i prikazati učestalosti i uzroke u Republici Hrvatskoj u posljednjih deset godina. Prikazati sličnosti, odnosno razlike Europe u odnosu na ostale dijelove svijeta. Prikazati ulogu medicinske sestre/tehničara u procesu mrtvorođenog djeteta. Metode: U ovom istraživanju korišteni su podaci iz Hrvatsko zdravstveno-statističkog ljetopisa za dostupne godine unutar posljednjih deset godina od 2013.-2023.godine. Korišteni su statistički prikazi i podaci na Europskoj razini, iz baze Europeristata koji pokazuju najvišu, odnosno najmanju stopu mrtvorođenosti u Europskim zemljama. Uzeti su i korišteni statistički podaci i izvješća na globalnoj razini; pri čemu su korišteni sekundarni podaci iz najpoznatijih i najkvalitetnijih baza i članaka. Rezultati: U posljednjih deset godina imamo evidentirano i registrirano 399.408 poroda, s ukupno 406.261 ukupno rođenim djetetom. Od toga je 404.531 živorođeno, a 1730 mrtvorođeno. Na temelju analize sekundarnih podataka, utvrđeno je da je najviša stopa smrtnosti u Republici Hrvatskoj bila u 2017.godini,a najmanja u 2021.godini. Najčešći uzrok mrtvorođenosti prema MKB klasifikaciji unutar deset godina je P00-P04 komplikacija u trudnoći, dok je najmanji nezrelost. Hrvatska je rangirana na visokoj ljestvici prema godišnjoj stopi mrtvorođenosti u Europskim zemljama, najčešći europski uzrok mrtvorođenosti je također komplikacija u trudnoći. Najčešći globalni uzrok su kongenitalne malformacije, a najveća stopa mrtvorođenosti je u subsaharskoj Africi i južnoj Aziji. Tome zasigurno ide u prilog ograničen pristup zdravstvenoj skrbi , smanjeno obrazovanje majki, te drugi socioekonomski čimbenici. Stope mrtvorođenosti su samim tim veće u ruralnim područjima koja su ograničena svemu gore navedenom. Zaključci: Mrtvorođenost je jedan od vodećih javnozdravstvenih problema. U Hrvatskoj imamo smanjenje stope mrtvorođenosti, ali i opće stope nataliteta. Europa i svijet također bilježe smanjenje stope mrtvorođenosti. Medicinska sestra/tehničar ovdje ima važnu ulogu. Ona sudjeluje u cjelokupnom sustavu antenatalne zaštite koji je zakonski reguliran; promovira zdrav način života u trudnoći, savjetuje poželjne i nepoželjne aktivnosti. Ona potiče trudnice na kvalitetnu njegu, skrb te odlazak na redovite antenatalne preglede radi praćenja razvoja ploda, te kako bi se na vrijeme otkrile i liječile eventualne komplikacije. Medicinska sestra/ tehničar je osoba koja je najviše uz roditelje i samu trudnicu te na sustavan, personaliziran, empatičan pristup pruža emocionalnu i odgovarajuću skrb, te prilagođava proces zdravstvene njege prema potrebama korisnika, odnosno roditeljaObjective: To determine, compare and present the prevalences and causes in the Republic of Croatia in the last ten years. To show the similarities or differences of Europe in relation to other parts of the world. To show the role of a nurse / technician in the process of stillbirth. Methods: In this study, data from the Croatian Health and Statistical Yearbook were used for the available years within the last ten years from 2013 to 2023. Statistical representations and data at the European level, from the Europeristat database, were used, which show the highest, i.e. the lowest stillbirth rate in European countries. Statistics and reports on a global scale were taken and used; where secondary data from the most well-known and high-quality databases and articles were used. Results: In the last ten years, we have recorded and registered 399,408 births, with a total of 406,261 children born. Of these, 404,531 were live births and 1730 were stillbirths. Based on the analysis of secondary data, it was determined that the highest mortality rate in the Republic of Croatia was in 2017, and the lowest in 2021. The most common cause of stillbirth according to the ICD classification within ten years is P00-P04 complication in pregnancy, while the smallest is immaturity. Croatia is ranked on a high scale according to the annual stillbirth rate in European countries, the most common European cause of stillbirth is also a complication in pregnancy. The most common global cause is congenital malformations, with the highest stillbirth rates in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. This is certainly supported by limited access to health care, reduced maternal education, and other socio-economic factors. Stillbirth rates are therefore higher in rural areas that are limited by all of the above. Conclusions: Stillbirth is one of the leading public health problems. In Croatia, we have a decrease in the stillbirth rate, but also in the general birth rate. Europe and the world are also seeing lower stillbirth rates. A nurse/technician plays an important role here. It participates in the entire system of antenatal protection that is regulated by law; promotes a healthy lifestyle during pregnancy, advises desirable and undesirable activities. She encourages pregnant women to quality care, care and go for regular antenatal examinations to monitor the development of the fetus, and to detect and treat possible complications in time. A nurse / technician is a person who is most closely with the parents and the pregnant woman herself and provides emotional and appropriate care in a systematic, personalized, empathetic approach, and adapts the health care process according to the needs of the user, i.e. parent

    Differences and role of CT and MR of the pelvis in the staging of malignant diseases

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    Kod staginga malignih procesa u zdjelici najčešće korišten modalitet je MR. MR daje ključne informacije za dijagnozu bolesti zbog odlične kontrastnosti mekotkivnih struktura te različitih mogućnosti snimanja, kao što su multiparametrijski MR ili funkcionalne slike. CT i UZV se također koriste, ali imaju određena ograničenja. U zdjelici se nalaze brojni organi kao što su jajnici, maternica, testisi, rektum ili prostata. Svaki od navedenih organa može razviti određeni proces, bio on maligan ili benigan. Iz tog razloga koriste se razni modaliteti snimanja kako bi se omogućio što bolji proces liječenja i što bolja kvaliteta života pacijenata.When staging malignant processes in the pelvis, the most commonly used modality is MRI. MRI provides key information for disease diagnosis due to the excellent contrast of soft tissue structures and various imaging options, such as multiparametric MRI or functional images. CT and US are also used, but have certain limitations. There are many organs in the pelvis such as the ovaries, uterus, testicles, rectum or prostate. Each of the mentioned organs can develop a specific process, malignant or benign. For this reason, various imaging modalities are used to enable the best possible treatment process and the best possible quality of life for patients

    The influence of biomechanical features of the foot on the pelvis and spine

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    Biomehanika stopala proučava kretanje, strukturu i funkciju stopala te njihov utjecaj na cjelokupnu mehaniku tijela. Fokusira se na način na koji stopalo apsorbira udarce, održava ravnotežu i prenosi sile tijekom hodanja i stajanja. Biomehaničke karakteristike stopala imaju značajan utjecaj na zdjelicu i kralježnicu jer stopala predstavljaju temelj ljudskog tijela i prvi kontakt s podlogom. Biomehanika stopala je ključna za pravilno funkcioniranje cijelog tijela. Načini na koje stopalo utječe na zdjelicu i kralježnicu uključuju: pronaciju, supinaciju, dužinu nogu, mišićnu aktivnost i stabilnost, raspodjelu težine, apsorpciju šoka, posturalne adaptacije i obuću. Deformiteti stopala su strukturne nepravilnosti koje mogu utjecati na funkciju stopala i uzrokovati bol ili nelagodu. Oni mogu biti urođeni ili stečeni te mogu utjecati na kosti, mišiće, ligamente i tetive stopala. Najčešći deformiteti stopala uključuju: razmaknuto stopalo, hallux valgus, ravno stopalo, pronirano stopalo, udubljeno stopalo, pes equinus, uvrnuto stopalo, plantarni fasciitis i calcar calcanei. Problemi u strukturi ili funkciji stopala mogu izazvati kompenzacijske promjene koje negativno utječu na zdjelicu i kralježnicu. Prevencija i korekcija ovih problema putem ortopedskih uložaka, pravilne obuće i ciljanih vježbi mogu pomoći u održavanju zdravlja i funkcionalnosti mišićno-koštanog sustava.Foot biomechanics studies the movement, structure and function of the feet and their influence on the overall mechanics of the body. It focuses on the way the foot absorbs shock, maintains balance and transfers forces during walking and standing. The biomechanical characteristics of the feet have a significant impact on the pelvis and spine because the feet represent the foundation of the human body and the first contact with the ground. The biomechanics of the feet are essential for the proper functioning of the entire body. Ways the foot affects the pelvis and spine include: pronation, supination, leg length, muscle activity and stability, weight distribution, shock absorption, postural adaptations, and footwear. Foot deformities are structural irregularities that can affect foot function and cause pain or discomfort. They can be congenital or acquired and can affect the bones, muscles, ligaments and tendons of the feet. The most common foot deformities include: splayfoot, hallux valgus, flatfoot, pronated foot, clubfoot, pes equinus, twisted foot, plantar fasciitis, and calcar calcanei. Problems in the structure or function of the feet can cause compensatory changes that negatively affect the pelvis and spine. Prevention and correction of these problems through orthopedic insoles, proper footwear and targeted exercises can help maintain the health and functionality of the musculoskeletal system

    The procedure for collecting plasma and platelets by apheresis at the Department of Transfusion Medicine University Hospital Center Split for a period of two years (2021-2022.)

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    Uvod: Koncentrat trombocita i plazma dobiveni postupkom afereze specijalizirani su krvni pripravci prikupljeni od jednog darivatelja koristeći uređaje za aferezu koji selektivno izdvajaju te komponente dok se ostale vraćaju darivatelju. Postupak traje 60-90 minuta i nadzire ga medicinska sestra koja prati vitalne znakove i funkcioniranje uređaja. Tijekom postupka mogu se pojaviti neželjene reakcije poput alergija i hemodinamskih poremećaja. Također pripravak može biti proglašen nesukladnim prema parametrima kontrole kvalitete i makroskopskim pregledom pripravka. Cilj rada: Analizirati ulogu medicinske sestre u prikupljanju plazme i trombocita putem afereze, uključujući pregled provedbe i kontrole kvalitete u Zavodu za transfuzijsku medicinu KBC Split za 2021.-2022. godinu. Istražiti pojavu neželjenih reakcija i nesukladnih pripravaka te prikazati popratnu dokumentaciju vezanu uz nesukladnosti. Materijali i metode: Retrospektivno istraživanje provedeno je na 575 darivatelja krvnih sastojaka postupkom afereze u KBC-u Split u razdoblju od 2021. do 2022. godine, koristeći deskriptivnu statistiku. Ispitanici su uključeni na temelju ispunjavanja kriterija za darivanje, dok su isključeni oni s nepotpunom dokumentacijom o prijavi neželjenih reakcija. Svi sudionici potpisali su informirani pristanak nakon što su bili detaljno informirani o ciljevima, metodama i mogućim rizicima istraživanja. Rezultati: U 2022. godini zabilježen je pad broja davatelja trombocita i plazme postupkom trombafereze u odnosu na 2021. godinu. Smanjenje broja proizvedenih koncentrata trombocita prikupljenih postupkom trombafereze je u skladu s odlukom o usmjeravanju korištenja navedenih pripravka za potrebe pedijatrije te je proizvodnja usklađena s potrošnjom. Udio davatelja koji se odbije nakon liječničkog pregleda je 9,7% u 2021. i 12,5% u 2022. godini. Blago povećanje broja odbijenih davatelja bilježi se zbog strožih kriterija za prihvaćanje davatelja (broj trombocita, promjene u diferencijalnoj krvnoj slici). Analiza podataka pokazuje da je postupak afereze generalno siguran i povezan s niskom stopom neželjenih reakcija i nesukladnosti. Od ukupnog broja obrađenih pripravaka (575), njih 4% (25) je proglašeno nesukladnim. Lipemija pripravka je razlog nesukladnosti koncentrata trombocita proizvedenih postupkom trombafereze u 30% prijavljenih nesukladnosti. Ostatni leukociti su razlog nesukladnosti u 40% prijavljenih nesukladnosti. Greške setova za trombaferezu su razlog nesukladnosti u 20% prijavljenih slučajeva. Kolaps davatelja kao razlog nesukladnosti naveden je samo u jednom slučaju u obje godine što govori u prilog hipotezi o velikoj sigurnosti postupka trombafereze. Zaključak: Trombafereza je siguran postupak s malim udjelom neželjenih reakcija i nesukladnosti. U Zavodu za transfuzijsku medicinu KBC Split udio nesukladnih pripravaka je 4%. Nesukladnosti se iznimno rijetko bilježe za vrijeme postupka (20% prijavljenih nesukladnosti) i najčešće su pripravci nesukladni prema parametrima kontrole kvalitete. Kontinuirano praćenje i poboljšanje kontrolnih postupaka i obuke mogu smanjiti nesukladnosti i poboljšati rezultate.Introduction: Platelet concentrate and plasma obtained through apheresis are specialized blood products collected from a single donor using apheresis devices that selectively extract these components while returning others to the donor. The procedure takes 60-90 minutes and is supervised by a nurse who monitors vital signs and the functioning of the device. Adverse reactions, such as allergies and hemodynamic disturbances, may occur during the procedure. Additionally, the product may be deemed non-compliant based on quality control parameters and macroscopic inspection. Aim: The objective of this study is to analyze the role of nurses in the collection of plasma and platelets through apheresis, including a review of the process and quality control at the Department of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Split, during the years 2021-2022. The study also investigates the occurrence of adverse reactions and non-compliant products and presents documentation related to these non-compliances. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 575 blood component donors undergoing apheresis at the Blood Transfusion Medicine Institute of KBC Split for 2021-2022., utilizing descriptive statistics. Participants were included based on eligibility criteria for blood component donation, while those with incomplete documentation regarding adverse reaction reporting were excluded. All participants signed informed consent after being thoroughly informed about the study's objectives, methods, and potential risks. Results: In 2022, a decrease in the number of platelet and plasma donors via apheresis was noted compared to 2021. The reduction in platelet concentrates collected via apheresis aligns with a decision to direct these products for pediatric use, with production adjusted to match consumption. The proportion of donors rejected after medical examination increased from 9.7% in 2021 to 12.5% in 2022, reflecting stricter acceptance criteria (platelet count, changes in differential blood count). Data analysis shows that the apheresis procedure is generally safe, with a low incidence of adverse reactions and non-compliance. Of the 575 processed products, 4% (25) were deemed non-compliant. Lipemia in the platelet concentrate accounted for 30% of reported non-compliance cases. Residual leukocytes were the reason for non-compliance in 40% of reported cases, and errors with the apheresis sets were responsible for 20% of non-compliance. Donor collapse was reported as a reason for non-compliance in only one case across both years, supporting the hypothesis of the procedure’s high safety profile. Conclusion: Apheresis is a safe procedure with a low rate of adverse reactions and non-compliance. At the Blood Transfusion Medicine Institute of KBC Split., the proportion of non-compliant products is 4%. Non-compliance is rarely recorded during the procedure (20% of reported cases), with most products deemed non-compliant based on quality control parameters. Continuous monitoring and improvement of control procedures and training may reduce non-compliance and improve outcomes

    Communication with parents of children treated in the intensive care unit

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    Komunikacija s roditeljima djece na intenzivnom liječenju je ključna za pružanje podrške i smanjenje stresa u kriznim situacijama. Medicinske sestre i zdravstveni radnici moraju redovito i jasno informirati roditelje o stanju djeteta, koristeći razumljiv jezik i objašnjavajući rezultate testova, planove liječenja i sve promjene u terapiji. Osim pružanja informacija, važno je aktivno slušati roditelje, prepoznati njihove emocionalne reakcije i odgovarati na njihove brige. Roditelji često doživljavaju poteškoće s hranjenjem, spavanjem i osjećaju krivnju te emocionalne uspone i padove tijekom boravka djeteta na intenzivnoj njezi. Stalna podrška i razumijevanje od strane medicinskog osoblja mogu pomoći u upravljanju tim izazovima i osigurati bolju kvalitetu skrbi i partnerstvo između roditelja i zdravstvenog tima. Cilj ovog rada je istražiti specifičnosti skrbi i komunikacije u jedinicama intenzivnog liječenja djece, s naglaskom na ulogu zdravstvenog osoblja u pružanju sveobuhvatne podrške djeci i njihovim roditeljima.Communication with parents of children in intensive care is crucial for providing support and reducing stress in crisis situations. Nurses and healthcare professionals must regularly and clearly inform parents about the child's condition, using understandable language and explaining test results, treatment plans, and any changes in therapy. In addition to providing information, it is important to actively listen to parents, recognize their emotional responses, and address their concerns. Parents often experience difficulties with feeding, sleeping, and feelings of guilt, as well as emotional highs and lows during their child’s stay in intensive care. Continuous support and understanding from the medical staff can help manage these challenges and ensure better quality of care and partnership between parents and the healthcare team. The aim of this work is to explore the specifics of care and communication in pediatric intensive care units, with a focus on the role of healthcare professionals in providing comprehensive support to children and their parents

    Education of patients and their families after a stroke by nurses

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    Sestrinska edukacija predstavlja ključni element u procesu oporavka pacijenata nakon moždanog udara. Edukacija pruža pacijentima i njihovim obiteljima važne informacije i vještine za učinkovito upravljanje stanjem, sprječavanje komplikacija i poboljšanje kvalitete života. Edukacija obuhvaća nekoliko ključnih aspekata: tjelesnu aktivnost, prehranu, prevenciju plućnih infekcija i komplikacija dugotrajnog mirovanja, prepoznavanje simptoma ponovnog moždanog udara i upravljanje emocionalnim izazovima. Obitelj igra vitalnu ulogu u procesu oporavka, jer omogućava pacijentima podršku, upravljanje potrebama i prepoznavanje komplikacija. Kontinuirana sestrinska podrška i praćenje napretka pacijenata su ključni za uspješan oporavak. Redovito prilagođavanje edukacije prema promjenama u stanju pacijenta osigurava njezinu učinkovitost. Rad sadržava i istraživanje statističkom metodom 118 otpusnih pisama pacijenata koji su boravili na Klinici za neurologiju u Kliničkom bolničkom centru Split 1.1.2024.-29.2.2024. kako bi vidjeli postotak edukacije od strane liječnika prema pacijentima i obitelji u svrhu prevencije recidiva moždanih udara. Zaključno, sestrinska edukacija ne samo da poboljšava rezultate liječenja, već i doprinosi kvalitetnijem životu pacijenata, osnažujući ih i njihove obitelji da aktivno sudjeluju u procesu oporavka i samopomoći.Nursing education is a key element in the recovery process of patients after a stroke. Education provides patients and their families with important information and skills to effectively manage the condition, prevent complications, and improve quality of life. The education includes several key aspects: physical activity, nutrition, prevention of lung infections and complications of long-term rest, recognition of symptoms of repeated stroke and management of emotional challenges. The family plays a vital role in the recovery process, as it provides patients with support, management of needs and recognition of complications. Continued nursing support and monitoring of patient progress are critical to successful recovery. Regular adjustment of education according to changes in the patient's condition ensures its effectiveness. The paper also includes research using the statistical method of 118 discharge letters from patients who stayed at the Neurology Clinic in the Clinical Hospital Center Split January 1, 2024-February 29, 2024. to see the percentage of education by doctors to patients and families for the purpose of preventing the recurrence of strokes. In conclusion, nursing education not only improves treatment results, but also contributes to a better quality of life for patients, empowering them and their families to actively participate in the recovery and self-help process

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