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Differences in movement speed and distance covered with regard to choice of movement technique in the preparatory phase of block execution
No full textOdbojka je ekipna sportska igra u kojoj igrači nadmetanjem preko mreže pokušavaju osvojit poen na način da loptu upute u protivnički teren. Blok je prva faza obrane kojom se pokušava postići poen ili otežati protivniku izvođenje napada. Postoje više vrsta bloka, više funkcija bloka kao i više načina dolaska u bloku. U pripremnoj fazi izvođenja bloka igračice se najčešće koriste jednom od tri tehnike koje poznaju, a to su dokoračna, križna i kombinirana tehnika.
U ovom diplomskom radu cilj je bio istražiti postoje li statistički značajne razlike u brzini kretanja i dužini pređene udaljenosti od starta do naskoka u blok s obzirom na izbor tehnike kretanja u pripremnoj fazi izvođenja bloka (dokoračna, križna i kombinirana). Istraživanje je provedeno na 21 igračici u dobi 14,01 ± 0,61 koje su u trenutku testiranja spadale u mlađe kadetsku kategoriju. Igračice su izvele sve tri tehnike kretanja po tri puta u lijevu i desnu stranu. Rezultati dobiveni Anovom pokazuju da postoji statistički značajna razlika u sve četiri testirane varijable, dužini pređene distance u lijevu i desnu stranu kao i u brzini kretanja u lijevu i desnu stranu. Zanimljivo je da je prosječno najduža pređena distanca izmjerena kretanjem kombiniranom tehnikom i to u lijevu stranu 357,23 ± 26,78 centimetara, a u desnu stranu 361,37 ± 29,88 centimetara, dok je prosječno najbrža tehnika bila križna tehnika s vremenom od 0,56 ± 0,07 sekundi u lijevu stranu i 0,55 ± 0,06 sekundi u desnu stranu. Ovi rezultati mogu pomoći trenerima kako bi bilo dobro u mlađe dobnim kategorijama za početka više koristit kombiniranu tehniku, a s vremenom ubrzanja igre više primjenjivati križnu tehniku.Volleyball is a team sport in which players compete over a net to score points by grounding the ball on the opponent's court. A block is the initial defensive action aimed at either winning a point or disrupting the opponent's attack. There are various types of blocks, multiple block functions, and different approaches to blocking. In the preparatory phase of a block, players typically use one of three techniques: step-by-step, cross-over, and combined technique.
This thesis aimed to investigate whether there are statistically significant differences in movement speed and distance covered from the starting position to the blocking jump, depending on the choice of approach technique (step-by-step, cross-over, and combined technique). The study was conducted on 21 female players aged 14.01 ± 0.61 years who were in the younger cadet category at the time of testing. The players performed all three movement techniques three times to the left and right sides. The results obtained from ANOVA showed that there is a statistically significant difference in all four tested variables: distance covered to the left and right sides, and movement speed to the left and right sides. Interestingly, the longest average distance was measured using the combined technique, both to the left (357.23 ± 26.78 cm) and to the right (361.37 ± 29.88 cm), while the fastest technique on average was the cross-over with a time of 0.56 ± 0.07 seconds to the left and 0.55 ± 0.06 seconds to the right. These results can help coaches, suggesting that it would be beneficial for younger age groups to initially use the combined technique more, and as the game speeds up, to apply the cross-over technique more frequently
SPECIFICS OF RESUSCITATION OF ATHLETES
No full textIznenadna srčana smrt događa se kao što sam naziv govori iznenadno i neočekivano. Može se dogoditi bez prethodnih simptoma i upozorenja, ali mogu joj prethoditi aritmije ili bolovi u prsima i drugi simptomi. Kako bi bolje razumjeli iznenadnu srčanu smrt, u nastavku ovog rada objasnit će se epidemiologija, etiologija i prevencija nastanka. Kardiopulmonalna reanimacija je hitni postupak koji se provodi u trenutku nastupanja iznenadne srčane smrti. Nakon navedenog hitnog postupka potrebna je daljnja medicinska pomoć. U ovom radu prikazat će se specifičnosti iznenadne srčane smrti kod sportaša.
Sport ima pozitivne učinke na kardiovaskularno zdravlje isto kao i tjelesna aktivnost uopće. Osim pozitivnih učinka sport može donijeti i određene rizike te su zbog toga sistematski pregledi neophodni. Važni su i specifični kardiološki pregledi kako bi se mogla prevenirati iznenadna srčana smrt ukoliko je to potrebno.
Iznenadna srčana smrt u sportu može se dogoditi tijekom treninga ili sportskog natjecanja. Uzroci mogu biti različiti – od koronarne bolesti, nasljednih bolesti, aritmija do upotrebe nedozvoljenih supstanci. Zbog uvjeta i okolnosti u kojima se sportaši nalaze potrebno je znati specifičnosti kardiopulmonalne reanimacije koja ovisi o brzini intervencije, prisutnosti defibrilatora, obučenosti osoblja, specifičnosti postupka i koja može osigurati rezultate bolje nego u općoj populaciji. Sekundarna prevencija iznenadne srčane smrti sportaša uzima u obzir rizične čimbenike te adekvatnu medicinsku skrb kako bi se spriječila mogućnost recidiva. Važno je provoditi medicinske preglede, kontrolirati rizične čimbenike, educirati se o problemu, pravilno planirati i programirati trenažni proces, koristiti zaštitnu opremu te redovito pratiti zdravstveno stanje sportaša. Rehabilitacija nakon iznenadne srčane smrti podrazumijeva medicinsko praćenje, tjelesnu rehabilitaciju, psihološku i socijalnu podršku te edukaciju. Educirati je potrebno sportaša, ali i skrbnike te osobe zadužene za plan i program trenažnog procesa.Sudden cardiac death occurs as the name suggests suddenly and unexpectedly. It can occur without prior symptoms and warning, but it can precede also by arrhytmias, retrosternal pain and other various symptoms. In order to better understand sudden cardiac death this paper will explain the epidemiology, etiology and prevention of occurrence. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is an emergency procedure that is carried out at the time of sudden cardiac death. After the aforementioned emergency procedure, further medical attention is required. This paper will specifically explain sudden cardiac death in athletes.
Sports have positive effects on cardiovascular health as well as physical activity. In addition to the positive effects, sport can also bring certain risks and therefore systematic examinations are necessary. Specific cardiological examinations are also important so that sudden cardiac death can be prevented if possible.
Sudden cardiac death in sports can occur during training or sports competition. The causes can be different – from coronary artery disease, arrhytmias, hereditary diseases or the use of prohibited substances. Due to the conditions and circumstances in which athletes find themselves, it is necessary to know the specifics of cardiopulmonary resuscitation which will depend on the speed of the intervention, the presence of a defibrillator, the training of personnel, the specifics of the procedure and will ensure better results than in general population. Secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death of athletes takes into account risk factors and adequate medical care to prevent the possibility of relapse. It is important to conduct medical examinations, control risk factors, educate about the problem, proper plan and program of the training process, use protective equipment and regularly monitor the health condition of athletes. Rehabilitation after sudden cardiac death includes medical monitoring, physical rehabilitation, psychological and social support and education. It is necessary to educate athletes, but also caregivers and persons in charge of the plan and program of the training process.
Key word
DETERMINING THE CONSTRUCT VALIDITY OF RATINGS OF PERCEIVED EXERTION AS A METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE INTENSITY OF CONTINUOUS AEROBIC ENDURANCE TRAINING
No full textCilj ovog rada bio je utvrditi konstrukcijsku valjanost kategorija subjektivne procjene opterećenja od 1 do 6 na Borgovoj omjerno-kategorijskoj skali (CR-10) za definiranje intenziteta kontinuiranih treninga aerobne izdržljivosti. 18 mladih i zdravih osoba (spol: 4 žene i 14 muškaraca, dob: 28,9±18,3 godine, visina: 178,5±20,1, tjelesna masa: 81,6±11,8, %masti: 14,41±4,51) dobrovoljno je odradilo 6 treninga kontinuiranog trčanja u trajanju od 20 minuta intenzitetom koji je bio definiran jednom od kategorija subjektivne procjene opterećenja od 1 do 6 te jedan maksimalni progresivni test opterećenja. Provedena je univarijatna analiza varijance za ponovljena mjerenja i post-hoc test kako bi se utvrdila razlika u akutnoj reakciji unutar svakog pojedinog treninga te između kategorija subjektivne procjene opterećenja od 1 do 6. Rezultati pokazuju da varijable primitka kisika, frekvencije srca, brzine kretanja i minutne ventilacije značajno rastu od treninga programiranog na SPO 1 do treninga programiranog na SPO 5. Koncentracija laktata značajno raste od treninga programiranog na SPO 2 do treninga na SPO 5, a brzina kretanja značajno raste kroz svih šest treninga. Analizirane vrijednosti primitka kisika, frekvencije srca, brzine kretanja i minutne ventilacije tijekom treninga na SPO 1 i 2 su ispod vrijednosti aerobnog praga, odnosno unutar umjerene domene intenziteta kroz svih 20 minuta treninga, tijekom treninga na SPO 3 i 4 su između aerobnog i anaerobnog praga, odnosno unutar teške domene intenziteta te tijekom treninga na SPO 5 i 6 su iznad anaerobnog praga, odnosno u žestokoj domeni intenziteta. Borgova omjerno-kategorijska skala subjektivne procjene opterećenja (CR-10) ima karakteristike koje omogućuju da ispitanici vježbaju različitim intenzitetom pri svakoj od kategorija subjektivne procjene opterećenja od 1 do 6. Također, može se koristiti za određivanje intenziteta kontinuiranih treninga aerobne izdržljivosti u skladu s umjerenom, teškom i žestokom domenom intenziteta.The aim of this study was to determine the construct validity of ratings of perceived exertion categories from 1 to 6 on the Borg category-ratio scale (CR-10) for defining the intensity of continuous aerobic endurance training. Eighteen young and healthy individuals (gender: 4 women and 14 men, age: 28.9±18.3 years, height: 178.5±20.1 cm, body weight: 81.6±11.8 kg, % body fat: 14.41±4.51) voluntereed to execute six continuous running training sessions lasting 20 minutes at an intensity defined by one of the subjective rating categories from 1 to 6, as well as one maximal incremental exercise test. A univariate analysis of variance for repeated measures and a post-hoc test were conducted to determine the difference in acute responses within each individual training session and between the subjective rating categories from 1 to 6. The results show that the variables of oxygen uptake, heart rate, velocity, and minute ventilation significantly increase from the training programmed at RPE 1 to the training programmed at RPE 5. Lactate concentration significantly increases from the training programmed at RPE 2 to the training at RPE 5, and velocity significantly increases across all six training sessions. The analyzed values of oxygen uptake, heart rate, velocity, and minute ventilation during training at RPE 1 and 2 are below the aerobic threshold, indicating moderate intensity domain throughout the 20-minute sessions. During training at RPE 3 and 4, these values fall between the aerobic and anaerobic thresholds, indicating heavy intensity domain, while during training at RPE 5 and 6, they are above the anaerobic threshold, indicating severe intensity domain. The Borg category-ratio scale for subjective rating of perceived exertion (CR-10) has characteristics that allow participants to exercise at different intensities within each of the subjective rating categories from 1 to 6. Additionally, it can be used to determine the intensity of continuous aerobic endurance training in accordance with the moderate, heavy and severe intensity domains.
Keywords
Determining the validity of rating of perceived exertion to prescribe intensity in high-intensity interval training
No full textSubjektivna procjena opterećenja (SPO) je subjektivna mjera često korištena za propisivanje intenziteta kontinuiranih treninga. Metoda SPO također se pokazala valjanom za propisivanje intenziteta visoko-intenzivnih intervalnih treninga (VIIT) kod različitih populacija. Ciljevi ovog istraživanja bili su istražiti konstrukciju valjanost SPO za određivanje intenziteta VIIT-a koristeći kriterij „zlatnog standarda“; odrediti optimalnu kategoriju SPO za propisivanje VIIT-a i istražiti obrazac prilagodbe intenziteta, tj. brzine trčanja, tijekom sesija VIIT-a propisanih putem SPO.
U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 17 studenata Kineziološkog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu prosječne dobi 24,2±5 godina. Ispitanici su proveli maksimalni progresivni test opterećenja i tri sesijeVIIT-a. Sesije su se sastojale od provođenja 3 × 3 minute trčanja intenzitetom definiranim na subjektivnoj procjeni opterećenja 6, 7 i 8 prema Borgovoj kategorijsko-omjernoj skali raspona 0-10, ispresijecanih s 2 minute pasivnog oporavka. Tijekom trenažnih sesija mjerene su vrijednosti srčanodišnih parametara i brzine trčanja, a po završetku treninga izmjerena je koncentracija laktata u krvi. Univarijatna analiza varijance za ponovljena mjerenja i Tukey post hoc analiza korištene su za testiranje razlika između VIIT sesija i pojedinačnih razlika između izmjerenih parametara.
Rezultati su pokazali da se VIIT pri SPO 6 značajno razlikuje u vremenu provedenom ≥90%VO2max, vršnoj i prosječnoj brzini, vršnom i prosječnom primitku kisika, vršnoj i prosječnoj minutnoj ventilaciji te koncentraciji laktata u krvi od VIIT-a pri SPO 7 i SPO 8. Osim u prosječnoj minutnoj ventilaciji nije bilo statistički značajne razlike između treninga pri SPO 7 i SPO 8. Iako je srčanodišni odgovor bio maksimiziran pri SPO 7, zbog velikih metaboličkih i lokomotornih zahtjeva, sugerira se da VIIT pri SPO 6 pruža optimalan sveukupni fiziološki odgovor.Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) is a subjective measure of intensity often used for prescription of continuous endurance exercise. The RPE method also appears valid for prescription of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in various populations. The aims of the study were to investigate the prescriptive validity of the RPE for HIIT sessions using “gold standard” criterion; to determine the optimal RPE category for HIIT prescription and to investigate the pattern of intensity, i.e. running velocity, adjustments during RPE-prescribed HIIT sessions.
Seventeen students from the Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, at the age of 24,2 ± 5 participated in this research. They performed incremental exercise test and three sessions of HIIT. The sessions consisted of 3 x 3 minute running defined at RPE intensities of 6, 7 and 8 from Borg category-ratio-10 scale interspersed with 2 minute passive rest. During sessions cardiorespiratory parameters and running speeds were monitored and after training blood lactate concentration was measured. Analysis of variance for repeated measures and Tukey post hoc test were used for testing defferences between HIIT sessions and between individual differences among measured parameteres.
Results showed that HIIT performed at RPE 6 is significantly different at the time spent at ≥90%VO2max, peak and mean speed, peak and mean heart rate, peak and mean oxygen uptake, peak and mean minute ventilation and blood lactate concentration in comparison to HIIT performed at RPE 7 and RPE 8. Althought cardiorespiratory response is maximized during HIIT at RPE 7, because of high metabolic and locomotor stress, it is suggested that HIIT at RPE 6 provides optimal overall physiologial response
Pedagogical dimension and coach competence
No full textSport je postao sveprisutan u čovjekovom životu i sve više djece se uključuje u sportske aktivnosti što je dobar znak jer sport i redovita rekreacija imaju pozitivan utjecaj na djetetov psihosomatski razvoj. Upravo zbog toga se javlja potreba za provjerom kompetencija koje trener kao glavni model djece posjeduje. U sportu, osim igre i zabave, djeca razvijaju socijalne vještine, radne navike te učinke zdravog načina života. U kojem obliku će se djeca razvijati u sportu ovisi o pedagoškoj kompetenciji trenera.
Trener je zadužen za izradu i provedbu sportskih programa, oblikovanje psihosocijalnog iskustva sportaša, motivaciju i emocionalnu atmosferu djece. Kao važan dio pedagoškog djelovanja navodi se doživljaj kontrole, dobar odnos s sportašima te dobar osjećaj u pedagoškom djelovanju. Trener bi trebao svoje znanje, sposobnosti i vještine prilagoditi u funkciju svog djelovanja i svojim osobinama ličnosti biti primjer ostalima što je vrlo zahtjevna uloga.
Pedagošku kompetenciju je potrebno kontinuirano unaprjeđivati i usavršavati. Zahtjeva konstantnu samoprocjenu sebe i svog pedagoškog djelovanja.Sport has become ubiquitous in people's lives, and an increasing number of children are engaging in sports activities, which is a positive sign because sports and regular exercise have a beneficial impact on a child's psychosomatic development. Therefore, there is a need to assess the competencies possessed by coaches, who serve as the main role models for children. In sports, besides fun and games, children develop social skills, work habits, and the effects of a healthy lifestyle. The formative process that children undergo in sports depends on the pedagogical competence of the coach.
The coach is responsible for designing and implementing sports programs, shaping athletes' psychosocial experiences, motivating them, and creating a positive emotional atmosphere for children. Key elements of effective pedagogical action include experiencing control, maintaining a good relationship with athletes, and feeling fulfilled in their pedagogical work. A coach should adapt their knowledge, abilities, and skills to fulfill their role and set an example for others, which is a demanding task.
Pedagogical competence needs to be continuously improved and refined. This requires constant self-assessment of the coach's actions and performance in their pedagogical role
The efectiveness of different models of teaching beginners in sailing
No full textOsnovni cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi učinkovitost različitih modela poduke osnovnih elemenata tehnike jedrenja kod početnika. Istraživanje je provedeno u razdoblju od 2015. do 2018. godine na redovitoj nastavi jedrenja u okviru predmeta Sportovi na vodi u korčulanskom arhipelagu (otok Badija). Konačni odabrani uzorak činilo je 200 studenata (104 studenta i 96 studentica) Kineziološkog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Temeljni uvjet sudjelovanja bio je da je ispitanik početnik i da nikada prije nije jedrio. Studenti su jedrili na četiri identične jedrilice tipa „Scholtz 22“ (6,70 metara), podijeljeni u četiri posade. U svakoj posadi bila su tri ili četiri studenta-ice i demonstrator. Korištenjem faktorskog dizajna 2x2x2 definiralo se osam modela poduka s obzirom na tri aspekta te se takvim načinom također omogućilo smanjenje šumova izazvanih različitim vremenskim uvjetima (vjetrovni uvjeti, maritimni uvjeti). Unutar nastavnog programa modeli poduke razlikovali su se s obzirom na prisutnost promjena u metodičkom, materijalnom i kadrovskom aspektu te je to definiralo tri faktora (faktor kadar, faktor metodika, faktor plutače). Promjena u kadrovskom aspektu odnosila se na promjenu demonstratora između posada, ona u metodičkom aspektu na redoslijed učenja postavljanja i ugađanja jedara, dok su se u materijalnom aspektu koristili poligoni plutača. Studenti – početnici podučavali su se sedam dana po 90 minuta tijekom prijepodnevnih sati, dok se teorija jedrenja slušala svakodnevno 30 minuta u poslijepodnevnim satima. Video zapis bio je napravljen „Gopro“ kamerom na praktičnom ispitu iz jedrenja po završetku sedmodnevnog programa. Praktični ispit bio je jednak za sve ispitanike bez obzira na provedeni program. Glavni kriterij u istraživanju predstavljale su ocjene ispitanika. Razinu naučenosti osnovnih elemenata tehnike jedrenja procijenila su tri ocjenjivača temeljem video zapisa ocjenama od 1 do 5 na Likertovoj skali. Ocjenjivana su četiri osnovna elementa tehnike jedrenja (prihvaćanje, letanje, otpadanje, kruženje) na tri radna mjesta (kormilar, škotista glavnog jedra, škotista prečke). Svaki ispitanik bio je ocjenjen s ukupno 12 ocjena. Prije odlaska na praktičnu nastavu, u Zagrebu, izmjerene su dvije morfološke karakteristike, visina tijela (ATV) i masa tijela (ATM) kojima je opisan opći uzorak ispitanika. Izuzetno visoka razina objektivnosti, pouzdanosti i homogenosti ocjenjivača utvrdila se Pearsonovim koeficijentom korelacije, Cronbachovom alfom i faktorskom analizom. Za sve kriterijske varijable (elementi tehnike jedrenja/radna mjesta) izračunali su se centralni i disperzivni parametri. Temeljem srednjih vrijednosti ocjena svih elemenata tehnike jedrenja i radnih mjesta, a usporedbom između modela poduka, utvrdilo se da konvencionalni model poduke i eksperimentalni model poduke u kojem je bio
primijenjen samo kadrovski aspekt imaju niže ocjene u odnosu na eksperimentalne modele poduka gdje su se primjenjivali programski ili materijalni aspekt ili kombinacija programskog, materijalnog i kadrovskog aspekta. Analizom glavnih komponenata reducirao se broj kriterijskih varijabli te se utvrdilo da tri radna mjesta u velikoj mjeri opterećuju to jest opisuju i definiraju pojedinu glavnu komponentu odnosno element tehnike jedrenja (prihvaćanje, letanje, otpadanje, kruženje). Utjecaj primijenjenih modela poduke na ukupnu razinu naučenosti osnovnih elemenata tehnike jedrenja kod početnika testirao se faktorskim MANOVA testom te se analizom utvrdilo da su faktori kadar, metodika, plutače i interakcija faktora metodika i plutače statistički značajni i utječu na količinu usvojenog znanja tehnike jedrenja. Analiza uspješnosti po faktorima za svaki zasebno element tehnike jedrenja testirala se faktorskim ANOVA testom. Analizom se utvrdilo da kod svakog pojedinačno elementa tehnike jedrenja (prihvaćanja, letanja, otpadanja, kruženja) zasebno primjena redoslijednog učenja postavljanja i ugađanja jedara kao i primjena plutača pozitivno utječu na količinu usvojenog znanja na svim radnim mjestima, dok promjena demonstratora između posada negativno utječe odnosno umanjuje uspjeh na svim radnim mjestima. Analizom uspješnosti se također utvrdilo da postoji interakcija između primjene redoslijednog učenja postavljanja i ugađanja jedara i primjene plutača samo kod elemenata tehnike letanje i kruženje te da kao takva pozitivno utječe na uspjeh.he basic research aim was to determine the effectiveness of different models of teaching the basic elements of the sailing technique for beginners. The research was conducted from 2015 to 2018 during regular sailing teaching which is part of the subject Water Sports. The location where the research was carried on was the island of Korčula archipelago (the Badija island). The final chosen sample consisted of 200 students (104 male and 96 female students) of the Faculty of Kinesiology of the University of Zagreb. The essential precondition for the participation in the research was that the participants had to be beginners who no previous sailing experience. Students sailed on four identical sailing boats of the type “Scholtz 22” (6.70 metres), and they were divided into four crews. Each crew had three or four (male or female) students and a teaching demonstrator. The use of the factor model 2x2x2 led to the definition of eight teaching models with regard to three aspects, which also enabled the diminution of disturbances caused by different weather conditions (wind and maritime conditions). Within the teaching programme the teaching models differed with regard to the presence of changes in the methodological, material and staff aspect, by which three factors were defined (teaching demontrator factor, methodology factor and buoy factor). The change in the staff aspect regarded the change of teaching demonstrators among crews, the change in the methodological aspect regarded the order of learning, as well as setting and trimming the sails, whereas the change in the material aspect regarded the use of buoys as teaching aids. Students – beginners were instructed in a period of seven days per 90 minutes, and the instructions were conducted in the morning. Students had attended the subject course Sailing Theory at the Faculty in Zagreb followed by 30 minutes of practice held every afternoon. The video footage was recorded by the “Gopro” camera during the practical exam in sailing after the completion of the seven-day programme. The practical exam was the same for all the participants, regardless of the programme conducted. The main criterion in the research was represented by the grades the participants gained. The level to which the basic sailing technique elements have been learned was assessed by three reviewers based on the video footage. They graded students with grades 1 to 5 on a Likert scale. Four basic elements of the sailing technique (close-hauling, tacking, bearing away and jibing) at three crew sailing positions on the boat (helmsman, mainsail trimmer and jib trimmer) were graded. Each participant was evaluated with a total of 12 grades. The general description of the sample of participants included the measurement of two anthropometric characteristics, namely height and weight. Those were
measured in Zagreb before departure to practical teaching. The Pearson correlation coefficient, Cronbach alpha and factor analysis indicated an extremely high level of objectivity, reliability and homogeneity of the reviewers. The central and dispersive parameters were calculated for all the criterion variables (elements of the sailing technique/sailing positions). Based on the mean values of the grades gained in elements of the technique and sailing positions, and comparing the teaching models, it was determined that the conventional teaching model and the experimental teaching model which only applied the staff aspect obtained lower grades compared to experimental teaching models which applied the programme or material aspects, or a combination of the programme, material and staff aspect. The analysis of the main components reduced the number of criterion variables, leading to the conclusion that three sailing positions represented a heavy burden, i.e. described and defined a certain main component or element of the sailing technique (close-hauling, tacking, bearing away and jibing). The effect of the applied teaching models on the overall level to which the basic elements of the sailing technique have been acquired by beginners was tested by the MANOVA test; the analysis showed that the factors staff, methodology, buoys and the interaction of the factors methodology and buoys were statistically significant and that they affected the quantity of the sailing technique knowledge. The analysis of success per factors for each independent element of the sailing technique was tested using the factor ANOVA test. The analysis established that for each independent element of the sailing technique (close-hauling, tacking, bearing away and jibing), only the employment of the sequential learning of how to set and adjust the sails, and only the employment of buoys had a positive effect on the quantity of acquired knowledge on all sailing positions, whereas the change of teaching demonstrators among crews had a negative effect, i.e. diminished success at all sailing positions. The success analysis also determined that there was an interaction between sequential learning of how to set and trim the sails and the employment of buoys only for the techniques tacking and jibing, and that as such it had a positive effect on success
RETROSPECTIVE RESEARCH ON INJURIES OF CONTEMPORARY DANCE HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
No full textOvim radom prikazan je razvoj tehničkih elemenata po senzibilnim fazama mlađih dobnih kategorija nogometaša. Učenje tih elemenata je metodički, od faze početnog usvajanja u najmlađim kategorijama sve do automatizacije tih elemenata. Analizirani su i grafički prikazani tehnički elementi po senzibilnim fazama te su detaljno objašnjeni elementi potrebni za savladavanje taktičkih zahtjeva nogometne igre.This diploma thesis presents development of tehnical elements through the sensitive stages of young football players. Learning this elements has to be methodical, from the phase of initial training in the youngest age to the automatization these elements. The technical elements of the younger age categories of football players are also analyzed and graphically presented, and the technical elements needed to master the tactical requirements of the football game are explained in detail
INDIVIDUAL TRAINING PROCESS WITH PLAYERS IN OUTSIDE POSITIONS
No full textOsim što se nalazi među najpopularnijim i najdinamičnijim sportskim timskim igrama na svijetu, košarka je jedan izrazito komplekan i dinamičan sport koji od igrača, bez obzira na kojoj poziciji igrali, zahtjeva izvođenje brojnih, različitih pokreta i aktivnosti. Kako bi ih igrači uspjeli usavršiti i postali kvalitetniji potrebno je prije svega mnogo individualnog rada koji će u konačnici doprinijeti boljoj timskoj igri. Također, bez dobre međusobne suradnje igrača potonje navedena rečenica neće biti moguća u praksi. Naglasak u radu je na vanjskim igračima i njihovom individualnom trenažnom procesu koji je usmjeren na razvijanje njihovih specifičnih sposobnosti kroz izvođenje i mnogobrojno ponavljanje određenih vježbi. U svemu tome, u današnjoj suvremenoj košarci, im uvelike mogu pomoći također i moderna pomagala, odnosno njihova primjena u trenažnom radu.In addition to being among the most popular and dynamic sports team games in the world, basketball is an extremely complex and dynamic sport that requires players, no matter on which position they play, request a performance of many various movements and activities. In order for the players to be able to improve them and become quality players it is necessary, first of all a lot of individual work which will in the end to contribute to the better team game. Also, without a good cooperation of the players, the latter sentence can will be not a possible in the praxis. An accent in this work is on the outside players and theirs individual training process which is directed to expanded of theirs specific abilities through performances and numerous repetitions of certain exercises. In all of that, in today's contemporary basketball, greatly can help a modern technology to them, apropos their use in the training process
PATELLAR TENDINOPATHY
No full textPatelarni tendinitis je jedno od najučestalijih oštećenja lokomotornog sustava u sportovima skakačke i trkačke prirode u kojima su ekstenzitet i frekvencija treninga visoki. Velik je broj faktora rizika za nastanka patelarnog tendinitisa koji se dijele na ekstrinzične (vanjske) i intrinzične (unutarnje). Na njegovu pojavu ipak najviše utječe količina i dužina treninga u odnosu na vrstu sporta kojim se bavimo. Najvažniji čimbenici u liječenju sportaša s tendinopatijom patele jesu naučiti ih kako promijeniti opterećenje u skladu sa simptomima te procijeniti i modificirati unutarnje i vanjske čimbenike koji mogu doprinijeti preopterećenju. Ovisno o stupnju ozljede se primjenjuju različite fizikalne metode i kineziterapija. U kineziterapiji najčešće se upotrebljavaju vježbe istezanja, jakosti i propriocepcije. Posebna pozornost tijekom kineziterapijskih programa je usmjerena na ekscentričnu fazu čučnja. Koncentrične i pliometrijske vježbe se na početku izbjegavaju, a kasnije se postupno uključuje kako bi se sportaš pripremio za povratak svakodnevnim trenažnim aktivnostima. Rehabilitaciju je moguće provoditi kroz tri faze gdje prva faza obuhvaća modulaciju boli i upravljanje opterećenjem s fokusom na izometrijske vježbe i fleksibilnost, druga faza obuhvaća vježbe jačanja i progresiju opterećenja u kojoj se najviše koriste ekscentrične kontrakcije, a treća i zadnja faza obuhvaća funkcionalno jačanje mišićnih struktura i povratak u sport.Patellar tendinopathy is one of the most frequent damages of the locomotor system in sports of a jumping and running nature in which the extent and frequency of training are high. There are a large number of risk factors for the occurrence of patellar tendinopathy, which are divided into extrinsic (external) and intrinsic (internal). However, its appearance is mostly influenced by the amount and length of training in relation to the type of sport we play. The most important factors in the treatment of athletes with patellar tendinopathy are teaching them how to modify loading according to symptoms and to assess and modify internal and external factors that may contribute to overloading. Depending on the degree of injury, different physical methods and kinesitherapy are applied. Stretching, strength and proprioception exercises are most often used in kinesitherapy. Special attention during kinesitherapy programs is focused on the eccentric phase of the squat. Concentric and plyometric exercises are initially avoided and later gradually incorporated to prepare the athlete to return to daily training activities. Rehabilitation can be carried out through three phases, where the first phase includes pain modulation and load management with a focus on isometric exercises and flexibility, the second phase includes strengthening exercises and load progression in which eccentric contractions are mostly used, and the third and last phase includes functional strengthening of muscle structures and return to sports
Relationships of morphological characteristics, specific motor skills and kinematic parameters in relation to the dynamics of sprinting in 10 to 12 year-old youth
No full textOvo se istraživanje bavi problemom proučavanja fenomena sprinterskog trčanja kod djece u dobi od 10 do 12 godina. Ovim se istraživanjem utvrdilo koje faze u dinamici trčanja na 50 metra postoje kod djece uzrasta od 10 do 12 godina te kakva je povezanost varijabli kinematičkih parametara, varijabli specifičnih motoričkih sposobnosti i morfoloških obilježja s natjecateljskom uspješnosti u trčanju na 50 metara. Istraživanje je utvrdilo kakav je utjecaj varijabli kinematičkih parametara, varijabli specifičnih motoričkih sposobnosti i morfoloških obilježja na natjecateljsku uspješnost u trčanju na 50 metara. Također su utvrđene i razlike između dječaka i djevojčica u navedenim varijablama.
Za potrebe istraživanja, uzorak je obuhvatio 93 djevojčice i 75 dječaka, učenica i učenika četvrtih i petih razreda osnovnih škola u Sarajevu. Prilikom mjerenja, prosječna starosna dob djevojčica iznosila je 10,81 (±0,71), s visinom tijela od 146,4 (±7,37) cm, i tjelesnom masom od 39,9 (±8,64) kg. S druge strane, prosječna starosna dob dječaka bila je 10,68 (±0,75), visina tijela 145,1 (±6,37) cm, a tjelesna masa 38,4 (±7,34) kg.
Standardnim mjernim protokolima u kineziologiji mjereni su parametri dinamike trčanja (9 varijabli), kinematički parametri maksimalne brzine sprinterskog trčanja (4 varijable), specifične motoričke sposobnosti (14 varijabli) i morfološka obilježja (17 varijabli).
Na temelju prikupljenih rezultata, izračunati su osnovni opisni parametri, analizirane su metrijske karakteristike funkcija specifičnih motoričkih sposobnosti i morfoloških obilježja. Potom se multiplom regresijskom analizom utvrdila povezanost analiziranih funkcija s natjecateljskom uspješnosti u trčanju na 50 m. Utjecaji morfoloških obilježja i točno određenih motoričkih sposobnosti na kinematičke parametre najveće brzine trčanja analizirani su kanoničkom analizom. Utvrđene su i razlike između uzoraka dječaka i djevojčica univarijatnom analizom varijance i diskriminativnom analizom.
Rezultati ovog sveobuhvatnog istraživanja uspješno su potvrdili većinu postavljenih istraživačkih hipoteza. Identificirane su četiri ključne faze sprinterskog trčanja kod dječaka i djevojčica u dobi od 10 do 12 godina i to: faza akceleracije ili startnog ubrzanja, faza postizanja i održavanja submaksimalne brzine, faza optimalne brzine trčanja te faza deceleracije. Zapaženo je da duljina trajanja navedenih faza varira i nisu jednake kod djevojčica i dječaka. Razlike se očituju u fazama održavanja submaksimalne brzine trčanja i optimalne brzine trčanja.
Regresijskom analizom utvrđeno je kako i kod dječaka i kod djevojčica postoji veoma visoka povezanost uspješnosti trčanja na 50 m i kinematičkih parametara maksimalne brzine trčanja i to u sljedećim varijablama:
kod dječaka: duljina koraka (p < 0,00), trajanje kontakta (p < 0,02) i trajanje faze leta (p < 0,04) koji objašnjavaju 87% varijance
kod djevojčica: duljina koraka (p < 0,00), trajanje kontakta (p < 0,00) i trajanje faze leta (p < 0,00) koji objašnjavaju čak 94% varijance kriterijske varijable
Frekvencija koraka nije se pokazala statistički značajnom niti kod dječaka niti kod djevojčica. Duljina koraka je ključni parametar u trčanju na 50 metara kod dječaka i djevojčica uzrasta od 10 do 12 godina.
I kod dječaka i kod djevojčica faktori uspješnosti u trčanju na 50 metra je faktor eksplozivne snage donjih ekstremiteta dominantno horizontalno – cikličkog karaktera te faktor voluminoznosti, koji je predstavljen postotkom masti koja označava balastnu masu koja negativno utječe na uspješnost u trčanju na 50 metara.
U svim dobivenim područjima dinamike trčanja na 50 metara kod dječaka, duljina koraka je ključni parametar, dok se frekvencija javlja u fazama trčanja submaksimalnom brzinom i optimalnom brzinom. Test skok iz čučnja sa pripremom ima statistički značajnu povezanost sa većinom segmenata trčanja na 50 m. Nisu dobivene statistički značajne povezanosti morfoloških obilježja s rezultatom trčanja na 50 m kod dječaka.
Test vrijeme prelaska 20 metara unilateralnim skokovima na desnoj nozi i skok iz čučnja sa pripremom ključni su parametri u većini analiziranih faza kod djevojčica te u prostoru morfoloških obilježja manje količine potkožnog masnog tkiva.
Kanoničko-korelacijskom analizom utvrdio se utjecaj pojedinih faktora. Kod dječaka, ispitanici s boljom eksplozivnom snagom nogu postižu kraći kontakt s podlogom i dulji korak u fazi maksimalne brzine. Nivo eksplozivne snage tipa bacanja i skokova kod dječaka prouzrokuje i veću frekvenciju trčanja. Kod djevojčica faktor eksplozivne snage donjih ekstremiteta povezan je s trajanjem kontakta i duljinom koraka. Djevojčice s boljom eksplozivnom snagom nogu postižu kraći kontakt s podlogom i dulji korak u trčanju maksimalnom brzinom.
Utvrđeno je također da se dječaci i djevojčice statistički značajno razlikuju u promatranim kinematičkim parametrima sprinterskog trčanja maksimalnom brzinom, specifičnim motoričkim sposobnostima i morfološkim obilježjima.
Potvrđeni su i nalazi istraživanja da djeca mlađeg školskog uzrasta ne mogu održati svoju maksimalnu brzinu trčanja u sprintu nakon 40 m.
Rezultati ovog istraživanja pružaju uvid u element sprinterskog trčanja kod djece i mogu pomoći u osmišljavanju programa prilagođenih točno određenim sportskim aktivnostima za mlađe sportaše. Kroz istraživanje identificiran je set konkretnih motoričkih testova i morfoloških karakteristika koje mogu poslužiti za rano otkrivanje sportskih talenata. Ova disertacija predstavlja jedno od prvih istraživanja te vrste na području Bosne i Hercegovine, a dobiveni rezultati pružaju značajne uvide koji će biti korisni u unaprjeđenju selekcijskih procesa i razvoju novih modela identifikacije djece nadarene za sprint.The central subject of this doctoral dissertation is the analysis of sprint running among boys and girls aged 10 to 12 years. The dissertation investigates the relationships and connections between running dynamics, kinematic parameters of maximum running speed, morphological characteristics, and specific motor abilities in the context of success in the 50-meter run for both sexes of the specified age.
For the purposes of the research, the sample included 93 girls and 75 boys, all fourth- and fifth-grade elementary school students in Sarajevo. At the time of measurement, the average age of the girl was 10.81 (±0.71), with a body height of 146.4 (±7.37) cm, and a body weight of 39.9 (±8.64) kg. On the other hand, the average age of the boys was 10.68 (±0.75), body height 145.1 (±6.37) cm, and body mass 38.4 (±7.34) kg.
Through the research, the subjects were subjected to measurements in order to determine the morphological characteristics (17), specific motor abilities (14), dynamic (9) and kinematic parameters (4) of the maximum speed of sprint running. Using the telemetry system for electronic measurement "Brower", the times of individual running segments were recorded on a 50-meter section, while data on the kinematic parameters of running were collected through the Opto jump system (Microgate, Bolzano, Italy) on a length of 20 meters. Specific motor abilities and morphological characteristics were measured using standard measurement protocols in kinesiology.
Based on the collected results, we calculated the basic descriptive parameters, analyzed the differences between the samples by univariate analysis of variance and discriminant analysis. A multiple regression analysis was also performed to analyze the relationships of individual variables according to the results of running 50 m. Correlations between morphological characteristics, specific motor abilities and kinematic parameters of maximum running speed were analyzed by canonical analysis.
The results of this comprehensive research successfully confirmed the basic research hypothesis. Four key phases of sprint running in boys and girls of younger school age have been identified, namely: the acceleration phase or starting acceleration, the phase of reaching and maintaining submaximal speed, the phase of optimal running speed, and the deceleration phase. It has been noted that the duration of the mentioned stages varies between girls and boys. It was also determined that boys and girls differ significantly in morphological characteristics, kinematic parameters of sprint running, and in specific motor skills.
Regression analysis showed that in both boys and girls there is a very high correlation between the success of the 50 m run and the kinematic parameters of the maximum running speed in the following variables:
for boys: stride length (p < 0.00), contact time (p < 0.02) and flight phase duration (p < 0.04) which explain 87% of the variance
for girls: step length (p < 0.00), contact time (p < 0.00) and flight phase duration (p < 0.00) which explain as much as 94% of the variance of the criterion variable
Step frequency was not statistically significant in either boys or girls. Stride length is a key parameter in the 50m run for boys and girls aged 10 to 12 years.
In both boys and girls, the factors of success in running 50 meters are the factor of explosive power of the lower extremities of a dominantly horizontal - cyclic character, and the voluminous factor, which is represented by the percentage of fat, which indicates ballast mass, which negatively affects success in running 50 meters.
In all obtained segments of boys' 50m running dynamics, stride length is the key parameter, while frequency is significant in submaximal and optimal speed running phases. The vertical jump test from a static position has a statistically significant association with all segments of the 50 m run. No statistically significant associations of morphological features with the result of the 50 m run were obtained in boys.
Time of unilateral jumps over 20 meters with right leg and the countermovement jump with hands are key parameters in most of the analyzed phases in girls, and in the area of morphological characteristics, a less subcutaneous fat tissue.
Canonical-correlation analysis determined the influence of individual factors. In boys, test subjects with better explosive leg strength achieve shorter contact with the ground and a longer step in the maximum speed phase. The level of explosive strength of the type of throwing and jumping in boys also causes a higher frequency of running. In girls, explosive power factor of the lower extremities is related to the duration of contact and step length. Girls with better explosive leg strength achieve shorter contact with the ground and a longer stride in running at maximum speed.
Research findings that children of younger school age cannot maintain their maximum running speed in a sprint after 40 m have been confirmed.
The results of this research provide insight into aspects of sprinting in children and can help in creating programs adapted to specific sports activities for younger athletes. Through the research, a set of specific motor tests and morphological characteristics were identified that can be used for early detection of sports talents. This dissertation represents one of the first research
of its kind in the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the obtained results provide significant insights that will be useful in the improvement of selection processes and the development of new models for the identification of sprint talented children