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PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND STRESS - A BIDIRECTIONAL RELATIONSHIP
No full textStres je sastavni dio života koji bitno utječe na njegovu kvalitetu. I dok stres uobičajeno percipiramo kao nešto loše, hormoni stresa su zapravo našim davnim precima bili nužni za preživljavanje. Nailazimo na mnogobrojne definicije ovoga pojma, no summa summarum stres možemo definirati kao skup tjelesnih i psihičkih promjena koje nastaju kao posljedica vanjskih i unutrašnjih stresora koji remete homeostatsku ravnotežu organizma. Uzimajući u obzir da je stres nužan dio svakodnevice, od važnosti nam je shvatiti i savladati adaptaciju na stres, što je pod nadzorom tzv. stresnog sustava koji obuhvaća složene stanične, molekularne i neuroendokrine strukture i procese. Način nošenja sa stresorima pod velikim je utjecajem okolišnih čimbenika, kao i crta ličnosti te genetike. Reakcija na stresore nije uvijek negativna, odnosno postoji i pozitivna strana stresa koja potiče bolje adaptacijske procese u organizmu. S druge strane, negativna posljedica djelovanja stresa može biti maladaptacija, tj. bolest, što je i dio rasprave u ovome radu. Redovito umjereno vježbanje može biti važan čimbenik u ublažavanju negativnog učinka kroničnog stresa na zdravlje kroz optimizaciju fizioloških promjena izazvanih kratkotrajnim ili akutnim odgovorom na stres. Isto tako i intenzitet vježbanja pokazao se kao ključan faktor u subjektivnoj percepciji stresa osoba koje vježbaju umjerenim intenzitetom u odnosu na one osobe koje uopće ne vježbaju.Stress is an integral part of life, which significantly affects its quality. And while we usually perceive stress as something bad, stress hormones are precisely those that our ancient ancestors needed to survive. We come across many definitions of this term, but summa summarum stress can be defined as a set of physical and mental changes that occur as a result of external and internal stressors that disrupt physiological balance of the organism. Given that stress is a necessary part of everyday life, it is important for us to understand and master adaptation to
stress, which is controlled by the so-called stress system that encompasses complex cellular, molecular, and neuroendocrine structures and processes. The way an individual will deal with stressors is heavily influenced by environmental factors, as well as personality traits and genetics. The reaction to stressors is not always negative, i.e., there is a positive side of stress, which has the task of causing better adaptation. On the other hand, the negative consequences of exposure to stress can cause maladaptation, i.e., disease, which is part of the discussion in this paper. Regular moderate exercise can be an important factor in mitigating the negative effect of chronic stress on health through optimizing physiological changes caused by short-term or acute stress responses. Likewise, exercise intensity has been shown to be a key factor in the subjective perception of stress by people who exercise at a moderate intensity compared to those who do not exercise at all
Analysis of fitness level of preparation of recreational alpine skiers
No full textAlpsko skijanje specifična je tjelesna aktivnost koja se na rekreacijskoj razini odvija oko deset dana tijekom zimskih mjeseci. Preduvjet sigurnijeg uživanja u ljepotama planinskog krajolika za sve sportaše, osobito rekreativce jest kvalitetna kondicijska priprema. Naime, alpsko skijanje predstavlja veliki tjelesni napor, zahtijevajući od rekreativaca visoku razinu razvijenosti motoričkih (ravnoteža, agilnost, koordinacija, snaga, izdržljivost) i funkcionalnih (aerobna i anaerobna) sposobnost. Stoga, izuzetno je važno posvetiti pažnju bazičnoj i specifičnoj kondicijskoj pripremi za svaki dan proveden na skijaškom terenu. Kondicijskom pripremom se utječe na smanjenje rizika ozljeđivanja, odgađa se reakcija na umor, ubrzava se oporavak nakon skijaškog dana te se razvijaju motoričke i funkcionalne
sposobnosti. Tijekom alpskog skijanja koriste se različite mišićne skupine i to različitom aktivacijom, koje bi svaki skijaš trebao naučiti harmonično aktivirati i funkcionalno kontrolirati. Navedeno dolazi do izražaja pri brzinama i silama koje su prisutne tijekom kontinuiranog izvođenja zavoja u alpskom skijanju. Neadekvatnom i lošom kondicijskom pripremom skijaši rekreativne razine slabe si učinkovitost učenja skijaške tehnike, samim time neće u potpunosti iskoristiti mogućnosti ovog sporta na snijegu te je veća mogućnost od pojave ozljeda. Predmet diplomskog rada provedba je anonimne online ankete s ciljem utvrđivanja koliko se rekreativni skijaši kondicijski pripremaju za skijašku sezonu. U anketnom istraživanju sudjelovalo je ukupno 207 ispitanika od kojih je udio ženskih osoba 41,06% dok je muških osoba 58,94%. Najveći udio ispitanika pripadao je dobnoj skupini od 25 do 30 godina s udjelom od 37,68%. Provedeno istraživanje je pokazalo kontradikcije u stavovima i djelima ispitanika, 88,89% smatra da je kondicijska priprema bitna prije odlaska na skijanje, dok 51,21% ispitanika kondicijski se ne priprema prije odlaska na skijanje.During the winter season, a recreational skier usually spend approximately 10 days enjoying the alpine skiing as specific physical activity. A prerequisite for safe enjoyment of the beauties of alpine landscapes for all athletes, especially recreational athletes, is quality fitness training. Alpine skiing is a great physical effort, therefore recreational athletes are required to develop a high level of motor (balance, agility, coordination, strength, endurance) and functional (aerobic and anaerobic) ability. Each day spent on the ski slope demand the basic and specific fitness preparation.
Fitness training directly reduces the risk of injury, delays the reaction to fatigue, speeds up recovery and develops motor and functional abilities. During alpine skiing, different muscle groups are used with different activations, which every skier must learn to activate
harmoniously and functionally control. This is very important during the continuous performance of turns in alpine skiing. Inadequate and poor fitness preparation of recreational skiers weakens the effectiveness of learning skiing techniques, thus they will not fully enjoy the beauty of sport as well as they are more likely to suffer injuries.
The master thesis included an anonymous online survey with the aim of determining how much recreational skiers are preparing for the ski season. A total of 207 respondents participated in the survey, 41,06% were females and 58,94% were males. The largest share of respondents
belonged to the same age group of 25 to 30 years with a share of 37,68%. The conducted research showed contradictions in the attitudes and actions of the respondents, 88,89% believe that fitness preparation is important before going skiing, while 51,21% of respondents do not prepare fitness before going skiing
EFFECT OF RAPID WEIGHT LOSS IN PROFESSIONAL COMBAT ATHLETES
No full textNagli gubitak tjelesne mase neposredno prije natjecanja često se pojavljuje u borilačkim sportovima kao što su MMA, taekwondo, boks, kickboxing, judo, hrvanje itd. Borci radi natjecanja u nižim težinskim kategorijama žele u što kraćem vremenu smanjiti tjelesnu masu kako bi stekli prednost nad protivnikom. Sve češće i ranije sportaši i sportašice počinju s metodama naglog smanjenja tjelesne mase.
Literaturni podaci govore da 60 do 80 % sportaša i sportašica borilačkih sportova redovito smanjuje tjelesnu masu naglim metodama netom prije natjecanja, u prosjeku izgube 5% tjelesne mase. Najčešće žene i muškarci koriste se metodama dehidracije tijela pomoću: vrućih slanih kupki i sauna uz upotrebu plastičnih ili gumenih odijela, primjenom laksativa i diuretika. Metode kojima se koriste nepovoljno utječu na fiziološke procese u tijelu i kognitivne sposobnosti, važne u borilačkim sportovima koji zahtijevaju koncentraciju, procjenu i vještinu sportaša. Pojavljuju se negativni fiziološki učinci na organizam najčešće u obliku povećanja frekvencije srca u mirovanju, poremećaja termoregulacijskih procesa, poremećaja u radu hormona te utjecaja na respiratorne funkcije. Radi naglog smanjenja tjelesne mase sportaš može osjećati zbunjenost, umor, bijes, depresiju, anksioznost i imati nisko samopouzdanje koje rezultira strahom od ishoda meča. Kako bi se zaštitilo vrhunske sportaše i sportašice u nekim se borilačkim sportovima uvode pravila koja bi smanjila mogućnost naglog smanjenja tjelesne mase te tako zaštitili natjecatelja od primijene opasnih metoda za zdravlje pa i moguće smrti. Neke se studije u svojim istraživanjima zalažu za proglašenje naglog smanjenja tjelesne mase dopingom jer smatraju da metoda narušuje zdravlje sportaša i sportašica, poboljšava sposobnosti i krši sportski duh.Rapid weight loss often appears in martial arts such as: MMA, taekwondo, boxing, kickboxing, judo, wrestling, etc. Fighters want to "lose weight" as soon as possible to compete in lower weight categories to gain an advantage over the opponent. More often and earlier athletes start using methods of rapid weight loss.
Therefore, it is found that 60 to 80% of martial arts athletes regularly lose weight by rapid methods just before the competition, losing an average of 5% of body weight. Most often women and men use methods of dehydration of the body using: hot salt baths and saunas with the use of plastic or rubber suits, laxatives, and diuretics.The methods they use adversely affect physiological processes in the body and cognitive abilities, and these parameters are important in martial arts because they require concentration, assessment, and the skill of the athlete. Problems appear that have negative physiological effects on the body, most often in the form of increased heart rate, damage to thermoregulatory processes, disorders of hormones, and effects on respiratory functions. Because of rapid weight loss, an athlete may feel confused, tired, angry, depressed, anxious, and have low self-confidence which makes it difficult to consider the possibility of winning a match, especially against a top opponent. To protect top athletes, rules are being introduced in some combat sports to reduce the possibility of rapid weight loss and to prevent athletes from dangerous methods and possible death. Some studies in their research advocate declaring a method of rapid weight loss as doping because they believe that the method violates the health of athletes, improves performance, and violates the sporting spirit
Effects of Nordic walking and exercise training with elastic props on the balance of the elderly
No full textProvedeno je istraživanje nad osobama starije životne dobi kako bi se utvrdilo utječu li treninzi nordijskog hodanja i vježbe s gumama na ravnotežu u njihovoj dobi. Naime, program treninga sastojao se od 30 treninga u trajanju od sat vremena. Tjedna frekvencija treninga je bila 3 puta u trajanju od ukupno 10 tjedana što iznosi spomenutih 30 treninga. Prije samog programa provedeno je inicijalno mjerenje ispitanika (n=26). Sa ukupno 6 testova iz kojih je izvedeno 20 parametara (varijabli) testirano je 26 ispitanika, kojima je procijenjena sposobnost ravnoteže. 3 varijable su deskriptivne, a to su: visina ispitanika 159,81 ± 5,41cm, masa ispitanika 73,69 ± 12,74kg i dob ispitanika 68,96 ± 5,45god. Dvadeset varijabli odnosilo se na 6 zadatka za procjenu ravnoteže osoba starije životne dobi. Zadaci koji su bili provedeni su: Star Balance Test s maksimalnim dosegom, Star Balance Test s dosegom od 40cm i održavanje ravnoteže na jednoj nozi u trajanju od 30 sekundi. Rezultati izmjereni inicijalnim mjerenjem bili su uspoređeni s rezultatima finalnog mjerenja koje je bilo provedeno nakon apliciranog desetotjednog programa treninga. Nakon statističke obrade podataka može se zaključiti da u varijablama SBT-MAX-L i SBT-MAX-D postoje poboljšanja koja su i statistički značajna, no u ostalim varijablama na temelju uspoređenih finalnih i inicijalnih mjerenja se može zaključiti da nema promjena već su vrijednosti u prosjeku ostale iste. Rezultati su pokazali da u većini varijabli nisu postignuta značajna poboljšanja što je moguće objasniti činjenicama da su ispitanici koji nisu bili redoviti na treninzima imali iste ili lošije rezultate, odnosno oni koji su bili redoviti na treninzima imali značajan napredak. Može se pretpostaviti da je potreban dulji vremenski period kako bi se ravnoteža poboljšala. Jedno je sigurno, ravnoteža je sposobnost koja je od velike važnosti svakom čovjeku, a posebno osobama starije životne dobi, te bi u budućnosti trebalo poraditi na osmišljavanju specifičnih testova ravnoteže za određenu dob.A study was conducted on the elderly to determine whether nordic walking training and elastic band exercises affect balance at their age. Namely, the training program consisted of 30 training sessions lasting one hour. The weekly training frequency was 3 times for a total of 10 weeks, which is the mentioned 30 trainings. Prior to the program, the initial measurement of respondents was performed (n = 26). With a total of 6 tests from which 20 parameters (variables) were derived, 26 subjects were tested, and their ability to balance was assessed. 3 variables are descriptive, namely: height of respondents 159.81 ± 5.41 cm, weight of respondents 73.69 ± 12.74 kg and age of respondents 68.96 ± 5.45 years. Twenty variables related to 6 tasks for assessing the balance of the elderly. The tasks that were performed were: Star Balance Test with maximum range, Star Balance Test with a range of 40cm and maintaining balance on one leg for 30 seconds. The results measured by the initial measurement were compared with the results of the final measurement that was conducted after the applied ten-week training program. After statistical data processing, it can be concluded that in the variables SBT-MAX-L and SBT-MAX-D there are improvements that are statistically significant, but in other variables based on compared final and initial measurements it can be concluded that there are no changes but values in on average remained the same. The results showed that no significant improvements were achieved in most variables, which can be explained by the fact that respondents who were not regular in training had the same or worse results, respectively those who were regular in training had significant progress. It can be assumed that a longer period of time is required for the balance to improve. One thing is for sure, balance is an ability that is of great importance to every person, especially the elderly, and in the future we should work on designing specific balance tests for a certain age
Relationship of physical activity, sitting and non-ergonomic working conditions with health level of musculoskeletal system in professional bus drivers
No full textPokretačka snaga našega društva radno je aktivan čovjek, a stupanj razine njegova zdravlja od neprocjenjive je važnosti. S tehnološkim i civilizacijskim razvojem suvremenog društva broj ozljeda i nesreća na radnome mjestu konstantno raste, a najizrazitije ozljede vezane su uz mišićno-koštani sustav. Poremećaji mišićno-koštanog sustava utječu na radnike u mnogim zanimanjima uključujući, u zadnjem desetljeću sve više, profesionalne vozače autobusa. Brojne studije rađene u svijetu otkrivaju da gradski vozači autobusa imaju visoku učestalost bolova u mišićno-koštanom sustavu. Cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je utvrditi povezanost tjelesne aktivnosti, vremena sjedenja i neergonomskih radnih uvjeta sa zdravljem mišićno-koštanoga sustava i radnom sposobnošću profesionalnih vozača autobusa. Istraživanje je provedeno na muškim vozačima autobusa s minimalnim radnim stažem od 15 godina u dobi od 40 do 55 godina, zaposlenih u ZET-u s područja grada Zagreba i okolice. Svi vozači bili su
u stalnome radnom odnosu i sposobni za obavljanje poslova vozača autobusa. Uzorak ispitanika činilo je 120 vozača autobusa, od kojih je 5 isključeno iz analize zbog djelomično ispunjenih upitnika, što znači da je analiza provedena na uzorku od 115 vozača autobusa. Svi ispitanici sudjelovali su u istraživanju dobrovoljno i anonimno te su birani sustavnim slučajnim odabirom. Ispitivanja vozača provedena su u prostorijama ZET-ovih garaža u Podsusedu, Dubravi i Velikoj Gorici, a mjerenje položaja tijela i kratki intervjui s njima vođeni su na njihovu radnom mjestu, u autobusu. Podatci su prikupljeni s pomoću sljedećih upitnika: Upitnik o bolovima mišićno-koštanog sustava (engl. The Örebro Musculoskeletal Pain Questionnaire – ÖMPQ), Upitnik za određivanje indeksa radne sposobnosti (engl. Work Ability Index Questionnaire – WAI), Upitnik za procjenu neergonomskih uvjeta rada (SNUR), Upitnik za procjenu izloženosti mišićno-koštanog sustava neergonomskim radnim uvjetima (engl. Rapid
Upper Limb Assessment – RULA), Upitnik za procjenu duljine sjedenja (engl. International Physical Activity Questionnaire – IPAQ). Svaki popunjeni upitnik bio je šifriran te je na taj način osiguravana anonimnost ispitanika. Sve upitnike ispitanici su popunjavali nakon svoje radne smjene. Za mjerenje razine tjelesne aktivnosti korišten je pedometar marke Yamax 200. Za obradu podataka korišten je Spearmanov koeficijent korelacije, regresijska analiza Wilcoxon Rank Sum test, Whiteov test i Box-Cox test. Statistička analiza provedena je korištenjem programskog paketa SAS System (SAS Institute Inc., North Carolina, USA). Na temelju dobivenih rezultata istraživanja zaključuje se da je učestalost bolova mišićnokoštanog sustava dobivena Upitnikom o bolovima mišićno-koštanog sustava (ÖMPQ) prisutna kod 96 % ispitanika, a razina radne sposobnosti vozača autobusa dobivena s pomoću indeksa radne sposobnosti bila je odlična kod 26 (22,6 %) vozača, dobra kod 52 (45,2 %) vozača, umjerena kod 27 (23,5 %) vozača, a loša kod njih 10 (8,7 %). Ispitanici su pokazali da im u radu najviše smetaju neudobna sjedala, zatim neprimjerena temperatura kabine, prekomjerne vibracije, prekomjerna buka, suhoća zraka, smjenski rad, nedovoljno osvjetljenje kabine, prekovremeni rad, dok im najmanje smeta rad noću. Ispitanici u prosjeku provedu dnevno 9,6 sati u sjedećem položaju. Kod većine ispitanika razina mehaničkog i posturalnog opterećenja na poslu (RULA) srednjega je i visokog rizika, dok je razina tjelesne aktivnosti (mjerena pedometrom) u prosjeku iznosila 5091 koraka u danu. Viša razina tjelesne aktivnosti povezana je s višom razinom zdravlja mišićno-koštanog sustava i boljim indeksom radne sposobnosti. Povećanje prosječnog broja koraka u danu za 1000 u prosjeku smanjuje ÖMPQ rezultat za 5,1 % (95%-tni interval pouzdanosti (95% CI): 2,7 %, 7,5 %) te povećava vrijednost WAI indeksa za 0,8 (95% CI: 0,42, 1,25). Također se pokazalo da su lošiji neergonomski uvjeti rada povezani s lošijim zdravljem mišićno-koštanog sustava i lošijim indeksom radne sposobnosti. Jedinično povećanje smetnji uzrokovanih mikroklimatskim i ergonomskim uvjetima na radnome mjestu povezano je s prosječnim povećanjem ÖMPQ rezultata za 18,7 % (95% CI: 11,1 %, 27,0 %) te s prosječnim smanjenjem WAI indeksa za 2,9 (95% CI: -4,06, -1,66), dok je jedinično povećanje smetnji uzrokovanih radnim uvjetima povezano s prosječnim povećanjem ÖMPQ rezultata za 22,0 % (95% CI: 15,1 %, 29,4 %) te s prosječnim smanjenjem WAI indeksa za 2,8 95% CI: -3,87, -1,77). Nije pronađena povezanost između vremena sjedenja i razine zdravlja mišićno-koštanog sustava. Pronađeno je da je tjelesna aktivnost medijator između neergonomskog položaja tijela, mikroklimatskih uvjeta rada i udobnosti sjedala te zdravlja mišićno-koštanog sustava, ali da nije medijator između radnih uvjeta, koji uključuju smjenski, noćni te prekovremeni rad i zdravlja mišićno-koštanog sustava. Ispitivanje povezanosti tjelesne aktivnosti, sjedenja i neergonomskih radnih uvjeta s razinom zdravlja mišićno-koštanog sustava u profesionalnih vozača autobusa trebalo bi poslužiti boljem razumijevanju njihova međusobnog odnosa, posebice u segmentu tjelesne aktivnosti kao medijatora zdravlja mišićno-koštanog sustava. Dobiveni podatci trebali bi također poslužiti kao važan argument oblikovanja budućih javno-zdravstvenih i kinezioloških intervencija za unapređenje zdravlja profesionalnih vozača autobusa-The driving force of our society is the active working population, and the level of its health is of inestimable importance. With the technological and civilizational development of modern society, the number of injuries and accidents at the workplace has been constantly rising, and the most significant injuries are related to the musculoskeletal system. Musculoskeletal disorders affect workers in many occupations, including more and more, in the last decade, the professional bus drivers. Many studies conducted around the world have found that urban bus drivers have a high prevalence rate of musculoskeletal pain. The aim of this study was to determine the association of physical activity, sitting time, and non-ergonomic working conditions with the health of the musculoskeletal system and the working ability of professional bus drivers. The study was conducted on male bus drivers with a minimum of 15 years of working experience, age 40-50 years, employed in ZET in the city of Zagreb and its surrounding areas. All drivers were in permanent employment and capable of performing the duties of bus drivers. The sample included 120 bus drivers, of which 5 were excluded from the analysis due to partially completed questionnaires; therefore the analysis was conducted on a sample of 115 bus drivers. All respondents participated in the survey voluntarily and anonymously and were selected at random. Drivers completed questionnaires on the premises of ZET's garages in Podsused, Dubrava and Velika Gorica, and the measurement of the position of the body and a short interview took place at their workplace, on the bus. Data were collected through the following questionnaires: The Örebro Musculoskeletal Pain Questionnaire (ÖMPQ), the Work Ability Index Questionnaire (WAI), and the Non Ergonomic Working Conditions Assessment Questionnaire (SNUR), Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA), International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Each completed questionnaire was coded thus ensuring the anonymity of the respondents. Respondents completed all questionnaires after their work shifts. A Yamax 200 pedometer was used to measure levels of physical activity. Spearman's correlation coefficient, regression analysis, Wilcoxon Rank Sum test, White's test, and Box-Cox test were used for processing the data. Statistical analysis was performed using the SAS System (SAS Institute Inc., North Carolina, USA). Based on the obtained research results, it was concluded that the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain, obtained through the Musculoskeletal Pain Questionnaire (ÖMPQ), is present in 96% of respondents, and the level of working ability of bus drivers, obtained using the working ability index (WAI-questionnaire), was excellent in 26 (22.6%) drivers, good in 52 (45.2%) drivers, moderate in 27 (23.5%) drivers, and poor in 10 (8.7%).. Respondents reported the greatest distress regarding uncomfortable seats, followed by inappropriate cabin temperature, excessive vibration, excessive noise, air dryness, work in shifts, insufficient cabin lighting and overtime work, while night work was the least distressing. Respondents spend an average of 9.6 hours a day in a sitting position. In most respondents, the level of mechanical and postural load at work (RULA) is of medium and high risk, while the level of physical activity (measured using pedometers) was 5091 steps per day on average. A higher level of physical activity is associated with a higher level of musculoskeletal health and a better work ability index. Increasing the average number of steps per day by 1000 on average reduces the ÖMPQ score by 5.1% (95% confidence interval (95% CI): 2.7%, 7.5%) and increases the WAI index value by 0.8 (95% CI: 0.42, 1.25). Also, poor non - ergonomic working conditions were shown to be associated with poorer musculoskeletal health and poorer work ability index. The unit increase in disturbances caused by microclimatic and ergonomic conditions in the workplace was associated with an average increase in ÖMPQ score of 18.7% (95% CI: 11.1%, 27.0%) and an average decrease in WAI index of 2.9 (95 % CI: -4.06, -1.66), while the unit increase in disturbances caused by working conditions was associated with an average increase in ÖMPQ score of 22.0% (95% CI: 15.1%, 29.4%) and with an average decrease in the WAI index of 2.8 (95% CI: -3.87, -1.77). No association was found between sitting time and level of musculoskeletal health. Physical activity was found to be a mediator between non-ergonomic body position, microclimate working conditions, seat comfort and musculoskeletal health, but is not a mediator between working conditions, which include shift, night and overtime work, and musculoskeletal health. Researching the association between physical activity, sitting and non-ergonomic working conditions and the level of musculoskeletal health in professional bus drivers should serve to better understand their relationship especially in the segment of physical activity as a mediator of musculoskeletal health. The data obtained should also serve as an important argument for shaping future public health and kinesiological interventions to improve the health of professional bus drive
PLAN AND PROGRAM OF WORK IN THE PREPARATION PERIOD OF AN AMATEUR FOOTBALL CLUB
No full textSportska priprema je sustavan proces koji iziskuje odabir odgovarajućih sadržaja kroz godišnji ciklus treninga (kroz pripremni period, natjecateljski period i prijelazni period) time je ispunjena pretpostavka za ostvarivanje željenih rezultata kao i smanjivanje ozljeda nogometaša. Cilj rada je prikazati orijetancijski plan i program rada u trajanju od 6 tjedana za nogometni klub Prečko koji se takmiči u 1.zagrebačkoj ligi.Sports preparation is a systematic process that requires the selection of appropriate content through the annual training cycle (through the preparation period, competition period and transition period) thus fulfilling the prerequisite for achieving the desired results and reducing injuries of football players. The aim of this paper is to present an orientation plan and work program lasting 6 weeks for the football club Prečko, which competes in the 1st Zagreb league
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE MOST SIGNIFICANT STATISTICAL INDICATORS IN DARTS WITH VICTORY AS THE FINAL OUTCOME
No full textU ovome radu istraživali smo povezanost najznačajnijih statističkih parametara te njihovu povezanost s pobjedom kao krajnjim ishodom. Uzorak ispitanika bili su igrači Unibet Premier League 2021 u klasičnom pikadu u igri 501 dvostruki izlaz. Premier League je najveće ligaško natjecanje u pikadu te osigurava nagradu od 250.000 funti za pobjednika što je veliki mamac za stvaranje nove baze igrača, kao i potreba za stalnim napretkom profesionalaca koji se natječu za takve nagrade. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da najveću povezanost s pobjedom ima uspjeh u pogađanju dvostrukih izlaza što je opovrgnulo hipotezu u kojoj smo smatrali da će pogodci iznad 140 bodova imati najveći utjecaj na pobjedu. Preostale dvije varijable „Bacanje u 180“ i „Prosjek 3 strelice“ nisu imale značajniji utjecaj na krajnji ishod. Istraživanje je provedeno na 972 odigrana lega te rezultate koje smo dobili pokazuju veću p vrijednost od 0,05 što nam govori da nisu statistički značajni. Ovo je zasigurno područje koje je potrebno istraživati na većem uzorku kako bismo dobili bolji uvid u statistiku pikado igre. Postoje drugi razni faktori koji imaju utjecaj na ostvarivanje uspjeha u ovoj igri. Zasigurno su to: mentalni aspekt igre (fokus i koncentracija igrača), tehnika izbačaja, prednost bacanja u prvog, pogodak prve strelice u željeno područje ili blizu istog koji služi kao svojevrsni marker za preostale dvije strelice u jednoj rundi i mnogi drugi. Popularnost ovoga sporta konstantno raste, a o tome govore milijuni ljudi koji uživo, preko tv ekrana, prate najveće turnire ovoga sporta, ali i više od desetak tisuća ljudi koji su prisutni u dvoranama.In this paper, we investigated the relationship between the most important statistical parameters and their relationship with victory as the end result. The sample of examinees were Unibet Premier League 2021 players in classic darts in a 501 double out game. The Premier League is the biggest league competition in darts and provides a prize of £ 250,000 for the winner which is a big lure to create a new player base as well as the need for constant improvement of professionals competing for such prizes. The results of the research showed that the greatest connection with the victory has the success in hitting double exits, which refuted the hypothesis in which we thought that hits above 140 points would have the greatest impact on the victory. The remaining two variables "Throw in 180" and "Average 3 arrows" did not have a significant impact on the final outcome. The research was conducted on 972 played legs and the results we obtained show a higher p-value of 0.05, which tells us that they are not statistically significant. This is certainly an area that needs to be explored on a larger sample in order to get a better insight into the darts game statistics. Other various factors have an impact on achieving success in this game. Certainly, these are the mental aspect of the game (focus and concentration of the player), the throwing technique, the advantage of throwing in the first, hitting the first arrow in or near the desired area that serves as a marker for the remaining two arrows in one round and many others. The popularity of this sport is constantly growing, and it is talked about by millions of people who watch live, on TV screens, the biggest tournaments of this sport, but also more than ten thousand people who are present in the halls
RETURN TO SPORT AFTER ARTHROSCOPIC MENISCI SUTURING OPERATION
No full textRupture meniska predstavljaju značajan problem u svijetu sporta jer „udaljavaju“ sportaša od terena i predstavljaju tjelesni i mentalni izazov kojeg nije lako riješiti. Uz rupture meniska također se mogu javiti i pridružene ozljede kao što su: ruptura prednjeg križnog ligamenta, ruptura stražnjeg križnog ligamenta, ruptura medijalnog ili lateralnog križnog ligamenta,...
Trenutna literatura nalaže da je potrebno 4-12 mjeseci intenzivne rehabilitacije kako bi se sportaš vratio u sport. Cilj ove studije je prikazati uspješnost povratka u sport nakon operativnog zahvata šivanja meniskusa.
Uzorak ispitanika uzet je iz povijesti operacija kliničke bolnice „Sveti Duh“ u Zagrebu u razdoblju od 2014. – 2020. godine. Ukupan broj ispitanika je bio 35 od kojih je 7 bilo klasificirano kao nesportaši (rekreativci ili se uopće nisu bavili sportom). Varijable koje su korištene za određivanje uspješnosti povratka u sport su: TEGNERPRE i TEGNERPOST, ACL-RSI, IKDC, dob ispitanika u vrijeme ozljede, vrsta ozljede i pridružene ozljede. Statistička obrada
podataka je uključivala deskriptivnu statistiku i t-test za nezavisne uzorke.
Od 35 ispitanika, 7 ispitanika se nije vratilo u sportsku aktivnost što je u suglasju sa trenutnom literaturom koja nalaže da se oko 80% pacijenata nakon operativnog zahvata šivanja meniska vraća u sport. TEGNER bodovi bili su nešto niži nakon operacije i statistički značajna razlika je vidljiva (7.26 ± 2.03 vs. 6.17 ± 2.2), dok su ostale varijable pokazivale vrlo dobre rezultate što ide u prilog uspješnosti povratka sportu nakon operacije. Pravilna dijagnoza,
kvalitetna operacija i efektivna rehabilitacija te edukacija pacijenta čini se kao dobitna kombinacija za uspješan i brz povratak sportu.Menisci tears represent significant problem in sports because they move athlete away from the field and create physical and mental challenge that is not easy to overcome. Alongside menisci tears, there are certain associated injuries such as: ACL tear, PCL tear, MCL and LCL tear,... Current literature shows that 4-12 months are needed for an athlete to return to sport after operation of menisci. The aim of this study is to determine the efficacy of returning to sport after arthroscopic menisci suturing operation. To determine the sample, history of operations from clinical hospital „Sveti Duh“ in Zagreb have been examined for isolated menisci tears in period from 2014. – 2020. Total number of subjects was 35 out of which 7 of them were not classified as athletes (recreational sport or no sport). Variables that were used to determine efficacy of return to sport are: TEGNERPRE and TEGNERPOST score, ACL-RSI, IKDC, age of the subject when injury occurred, type of injury and associated injuries. Statistical data processing included descriptive statistics and a t-test for independent samples. Out of 35 subject, 7 of them did not return to sport, which supports current literature that yields ~80% efficacy of returning to sport after operation. TEGNER scores were somewhat lower, but statistically significant after operation (7.26 ± 2.03 vs. 6.17 ± 2.2), while other variables have shown good results, which further supports efficacy of menisci operation on return to sport. Correct diagnosis, quality operation and effective rehabilitation, and education of patient seem to be a formula of success when returning to sport after arthroscopic menisci suturing operation
Anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention in basketball
No full textOzljede prednjeg križnog ligamenta (ACL-a) su relativno česte u košarci i u pravilu su teške tj. zahtijevaju kiruršku rekonstrukciju ligamenta i dugotrajni oporavak. Brojni su faktori rizika, a na neke od njih se može utjecati odgovarajućim preventivnim mjerama. Cilj ovog diplomskog rada je obraditi pregled svjetske literature i dati kritički osvrt na istraživanja koja obrađuju problem prevencije ozljeda prednje križne sveze u košarci. Prikazana je građa i funkcija koljena i prednjeg križnog ligamenta, kao i mehanizmi i rizični faktori nastanka ozljede prednjeg križnog ligamenta. Zbog značaja i utjecaja na motoriku, ali psihološke, pa i ekonomske probleme koje predstavlja ozljeda prednjeg križnog ligamenta, te zbog manjka specifičnih programa prevencije, dodatni cilj je prikazati praktični primjer trenažnog programa prevencije ozljeda prednje križne sveze kod košarkašica i košarkaša uzimajući u obzir gore spomenute rizične faktore i specifičnost sporta kao što je košarka, s naglaskom na dio živčano-mišićnog sustava koji je u funkciji prevencije ozljeda ACL-a najbitniji.Injuries of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) are relatively common in basketball and they are usually severe, ie they require surgical reconstruction of the ligament and long-term recovery. There are a number of risk factors, some of which can be addressed through appropriate preventive measures. The aim of this thesis is to review the world literature and give a critical review of research that addresses the problem of prevention of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in basketball. The structure and function of the knee and the anterior cruciate ligament, as well as the mechanisms and risk factors for anterior cruciate ligament injury will are presented. Due to significance and influence on performance, but also on psychological and even economic repercussions of anterior cruciate ligament injury, and the lack of specific prevention program, an additional goal is to present a practical example of a training program for anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention in basketball players. The mentioned risk factors and the specifics of basketball are taken into account, and the emphasis is put on features of the neuromuscular system that are most important in the prevention of ACL injury
EFFECT OF SOME ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS ON RESULTS IN SPRINT RUNNING DISCIPLINES
No full textGlavni cilj ovog diplomskog rada je utvrditi postoji li povezanost između natjecateljskih rezultata i varijabli tjelesne visine, tjelesne težine, indeksa tjelesne mase te dobi ispitanika. Uzorak uzet za izračunavanje povezanosti predstavljaju rezultati 100 najboljih trkača i trkačica svih vremena na tablicama IAAF-a i 10 najboljih hrvatskih trkača i trkačica svih vremena na tablicama HAS-a. Uzorak varijabli čine: natjecateljski rezultati u disciplinama: 100 m, 200 m, 400 m, 100 m prepone, 110 m prepone i 400 m prepone; rezultat, starost, visina tijela, masa tijela ispitanika te je iz njih izračunat postotak indeksa tjelesne mase (ITM). Za analizu rezultata korištena je osnovna deskriptivna statistika i multipla regresijska analiza. Rezultati pokazuju da statistički značajna povezanost analiziranih parametara kod najuspješnijih trkača i trkačica na kratke pruge ne postoji. Analizirajući parcijalne koeficijente korelacije, nije dobivena statistički značajna povezanost, za svjetske niti za hrvatske trkače i trkačice u niti jednoj disciplini kratkih pruga.The main aim of this graduate thesis is to determine whether BMI values, body height, body weight, and age of data subjects cause differences in results. The test sample used to verify the correlation of certain anthropometric characteristics refers to the results of the hundred best runners of all time according to the International Association of Athletics Federations’ (IAAF) statistics, and the ten best runners of all time according to the Croatian Athletic Federation’s (HAS) tables. The research focuses on short distances: 100 m, 200 m, 400 m, 100 m hurdles, 110 m hurdles, and 400 m hurdles. The variable pattern consists of results, age, body height, body mass, and the body mass index (BMI). Results were analyzed using the descriptive statistics and the multiple regression analysis. The results show that there is no statistically significant correlation between the analyzed
parameters in the world’s most successful runners. In addition, by analyzing the partial correlation coefficients, no statistically significant correlation has been obtained for both the international and Croatian runners in sprint running disciplines