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Changes in Jump and Sprint Performance Following a Jump Training Intervention in Boys Varying in Biological Age
No full textCilj ovog rada bio je: (1) usporediti utjecaj strukturiranog skakačkoga treninga u trajanju od osam tjedana s utjecajem redovnog programa Tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture na pokazatelje živčanomišićne izvedbe kod dječaka sedmih i osmih razreda osnovne škole različite biološke dobi; te (2) istražiti utjecaj biološke dobi na veličinu učinka strukturiranog skakačkoga treninga tijekom istog vremenskog razdoblja. Izračunom vrijednosti vremenskog odmaka od dobi pri vršnoj brzini prirasta tjelesne visine, za 126 ispitanika određena je biološka dob te su inicijalno podijeljeni u skupinu biološki mlađih (vremenski odmak od dobi pri vršnoj brzini prirasta tjelesne visine 0) ispitanika. Potom su slučajnim odabirom te dvije skupine po biološkoj dobi dalje podijeljene na eksperimentalne odnosno kontrolne skupine. Ispitanici iz eksperimentalnih skupina sudjelovali su u skakačkoj trenažnoj intervenciji dva puta tjedno kroz osam tjedana, dok su ispitanici iz kontrolnih skupina nastavili pratiti redovan program Tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture. Prije početka i po završetku trenažne intervencije procjenjivale su se: visina skoka iz čučnja (cm), visina skoka s pripremom (cm) te indeks reaktivne jakosti (mm/ms) za procjenu skakačke izvedbe; vrijeme sprinta na 20 metara (s) za procjenu sprinterske izvedbe; te izokinetička jakost mišića opružača potkoljenice dominantne noge (vršni moment sile (Nm)) za procjenu jakosti mišića opružača potkoljenice. Po završetku osmotjedne intervencije, obje eksperimentalne skupine ostvarile su značajan napredak u pokazateljima živčanomišićne izvedbe (gdje je p < 0,05; d = 0,28 – 1,00), dok promjene u pokazateljima živčanomišićne izvedbe kod kontrolnih skupina nisu bile značajne (svi p ≥ 0,05; d = -0,14 – 0,15). Serije univarijatnih analiza varijance (ANOVA) za ponovljena mjerenja pokazale su sljedeće: (1) napredak u svim pokazateljima živčanomišićne izvedbe bio je evidentno veći kod dječaka koji su sudjelovali u skakačkoj trenažnoj intervenciji naspram dječaka koji su pratili program Tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture, i (2) razlike u napretku između inicijalnog i finalnog mjerenja između biološki mlađih i biološki starijih ispitanika iz eksperimentalnih skupina uočene su samo za indeks reaktivne jakosti iako je, promatrano kroz analize unutar skupina, u svim
pokazateljima živčanomišićne izvedbe kod biološki mlađih ispitanika primijećen trend većeg napretka u odnosu na biološki starije vršnjake. Rezultati ovog istraživanja pokazali su kako određene važne sastavnice tjelesne pripremljenosti zdravih netreniranih dječaka osnovnoškolskog uzrasta kronološke dobi 12-14 godina mogu biti akutno poboljšane dobro strukturiranom skakačkom trenažnom intervencijom i čini se da biološka dob igra u najmanju ruku ograničenu ulogu u usmjeravanju tih poboljšanja.The purpose of this study was two-fold: (1) to compare the effects of an eight week structured jump training program to the effects of the regular physical education program on measures of neuromuscular performance in boys of different maturity status attending grades 7 and 8 of the elementary school; and (2) to explore the impact of the biological age on the magnitude of the effect of structured jump training program during the same period. Peak high velocity (PHV) maturity offset value was used to determine biological age for one hundred and twenty-six participants who were initially categorized into two maturity groups: a pre-PHV group (age at PHV 0,0). Then, they were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Experimental groups participated in jump training program through eight weeks, while control groups continued with their regular physical education lessons. Squat jump height (cm), countermovement jump height (cm), and reactive strength index (mm/ms) as the indicators of jumping performance; 20-m sprint time (s) as an indicator of sprinting performance, and isokinetic strength of the knee extensors of the dominant leg (peak torque (Nm)) as an indicator of the function of the knee extensor muscles, were assessed pre- and post-intervention. Following the eight-week intervention, both pre- and post-PHV jump training groups made significant gains in measures of neuromuscular performance (where p < 0,05; d = 0,28 – 1,00), while changes in these measures of neuromuscular performance in the control groups were not significant (all p ≥ 0,05; d = -0,14 – 0,15). A series of repeated measures analyses of variance (ANOVA) indicated that: (1) the improvements in all measures of neuromuscular performance were evidently greater in jump training than in control group, and (2) maturity-related differences between jump training groups were observed only for reactive strength index although, based on the within-group analyses, a trend of greater progress in all measures of neuromuscular performance was observed in pre-PHV boys compared to their post-PHV peers). This study proved that certain important components of physical fitness in healthy untrained 12-14-year-old
schoolboys may be acutely enhanced through a well-structured jump training intervention and that maturity seems to at least play a limited role in directing these enhancements
CONSTRUCTION OF SPECIFIC TEST FOR COORDINATION ESTIMATION IN RHYTHMIC GYMNASTICS
No full textRitmička gimnastika je spoj sporta i umjetnosti u kojem je sposobnost koordinacije vrlo visoko pozicionirana u jednadžbi specifikacije uspješnosti. Obzirom da ne postoji dovoljan broj specifičnih testova kojima bi se koordinacija mogla procijeniti, što u selekciji djece potencijalnih ritmičarki, što u praćenju trenažnog procesa, primarna svrha ovoga rada je konstruirati mjerni instrument za evaluaciju koordinacije koji će se primjenjivati specifično za ritmičku gimnastiku. Uzorak na kojem se provodilo testiranje činila su 93 studenta 3. godine integriranog preddiplomskog i diplomskog studija Kineziološkog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu (prosječne dobi 21±1 godine). Uz novokonstruirani test „Echappe“ s vijačom (MKEV), koristila su se još tri testa: okretnost na tlu (MAGONT), preskakanje obruča naprijed (MKOOPO) i poligon natraške (MREPOL). Radi lakše pripreme i vizualizacije dobivenih podataka koristio se Microsoft Excel 365, dok se za statističke analize koristio IBM SPSS Statistics 26, pri čemu aritmetička sredina i standardna devijacija kao deskriptivni pokazatelji, Shapiro-Wilks test za utvrđivanje normalnosti distribucije, Kruskal-Wallis test, uz Bonferroni korekciju, za utvrđivanje valjanosti te Fleissova Kappa za utvrđivanje pouzdanosti, koja se dodatno utvrđivala Spearmanovom Rank korelacijom. Nakon provedenih analiza, rezultati pokazuju kako nema dokaza da test „Echappe“ s vijačom mjeri koordinaciju koja je potrebna za uspjeh u ritmičkoj gimnastici te da su potrebna daljnja istraživanja sa redefiniranim kriterijima koji će pridonijeti poboljšanju i boljim metrijskim karakteristikama testa.Rhythmic gymnastics is a combination of sport and art in which the ability of coordination is very highly positioned in the equation of performance specification. Since there is not a sufficient number of specific tests by which coordination could be assessed, both in the selection of children of potential rhythmic gymnasts, as well as in monitoring the training process, the main purpose of this paper is to construct a coordination assessment test that will be applied specifically to rhythmic gymnastics. The sample consisted of 93 students of the 3rd year of integrated undergraduate and graduate study at the Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb (average age 21 ± 1 year). In addition to the newly constructed test "Echappe" with rope (MKEV), three other tests were used: ground maneuverability (MAGONT), jumping hoop forward (MKOOPO) and back polygon (MREPOL). Microsoft Excel 365 was used to facilitate data preparation and visualization, while IBM SPSS Statistics 26 was used for statistical analysis, with arithmetic mean and standard deviation as descriptive indicators, Shapiro-Wilks test to determine distribution normality, Kruskal-Wallis test, with Bonferroni correction, for validation, and Fleiss Kappa for reliability determination, which was further determined by Spearman’s Rank correlation. After the analysis, the results showed that there is no evidence that the test "Echappe" with a rope measures the coordination required for success in rhythmic gymnastics and that further research is needed with redefined criteria that will contribute to improvement and better metric characteristics of the test
FIELD TESTS FOR EVALUATION OF SOCCER PLAYERS MOTOR SKILLS
No full textVeliki broj nogometnih klubova zbog manjka financijskih sredstava i skromnih uvjeta rada nije u mogućnosti provesti kvalitetnu laboratorijsku dijagnostiku treniranosti nogometaša, stoga posežu za znatno jeftinijim i pristupačnijim testovima koji se provode na terenu. S obzirom da postoji široki spektar dostupnih terenskih testova za evaluaciju motoričkih sposobnosti, često dolazi do teškoća u odabiru onih najprimjerenijih i najefikasnijih. Svaki terenski test ima nekoliko temeljnih pravila i načela kojih se valja pridržavati kako bi rezultati testiranja bili što objektivniji i vjerodostojniji. Cilj diplomskog rada bio je odabrati i detaljno opisati terenske testove za procjenu motoričkih sposobnosti nogometaša koji ne zahtijevaju specifične materijalne uvjete rada ni veća financijska sredstva za njihovu provedbu. Primjenom ovih testova moći će se provoditi postupak utvrđivanja dobrih i loših strana treniranosti nogometaša, preciznija selekcija igrača te kvalitetnije planiranje i programiranje trenažnog procesa.Due to the lack of financial resources and modest working conditions, many soccer clubs are not able to conduct quality laboratory diagnostics for soccer player’s training, so they resort to much cheaper and more affordable tests that are conducted on the field. Given that there is a wide range of field tests available to evaluate motor skills, there are often difficulties in selecting the most appropriate and effective ones. Each field test has several basic rules and principles that must be followed to make the test results as objective and credible as possible. The thesis aimed to select and describe in detail field tests that assess the motor skills of soccer players and that do not require specific material working conditions or huge financial resources for their implementation. By applying these tests, it will be possible to carry out the procedure of determining the good and the bad sides of soccer training, the more precise selection of players, and better planning and programming of the training process
EFFECTS OF COVID-19 INDUCED TRAINING BREAK ON MOTOR AND FUNCTIONAL ABILITIES IN YOUNG SOCCER PLAYERS
No full textPauze od aktivnosti uzrokuju pad razine treniranosti, a time narušavaju motoričke i funkcionalne sposobnosti te povećavaju rizik od ozljeda. Cilj ovoga rada jest ustanoviti da li je pauza uzrokovana pandemijom covid-19 utjecala na značajne promjene u kondicijskim sposobnostima mladih nogometaša. Stanje kondicijske pripremljenosti prije i nakon „zatvaranja“ procijenjene su testovima brzine izvedbom sprinta na 5 m, 10 m i 25 m, agilnosti izvedbom testa 20 yardi, te eksplozivnosti donjih ekstremiteta izvedbom skoka s pripremom (SSP) i skoka iz čučnja (SČ), te aerobne izdržljivosti izvedbom testa 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (30-15IFT). Statistički značajno opadanje od 3,7% zabilježeno je u sprintu 5 m (1,07 ± 0,06 vs 1,11 ± 0,07, p < 0,001), 1,6% u sprintu 10 m (1,82 ± 0,084 vs 1,85 ± 0,07, p < 0,001), 1,4% sprintu 25 m (3,7 ± 0,17 vs 3,75 ± 0,15, p < 0,01), te 3,5% u izvedbi testa 20 yardi (4,54 ± 0,21 vs 4,7 ± 0,28, p < 0,001). Nisu zabilježene statistički značajne promjene u tjelesnoj masi, izvedbi testova skok s pripremom te 30-15IFT-u. Statistički značajan porast zabilježen je samo u izvedbi testa skok iz čučnja – za 2,7% (31,4 ± 4,2 vs 32,26 ± 4,62, p = 0,03). Usporedba dobivenih rezultata sa prijašnjim istraživanjima u kojima je korišten sličan ili jednako dugačak period pauze prikazuje manje opadanje mjerenih sposobnosti uzrokovano covid-19 pauzom u odnosu na prijelazne periode. Osim vježbi jakosti koje sportaši redovito provode, u prijelazni period važno je uključiti i vježbe brzine, akceleracije, mehanike sprinta te promjene smjera i pravca kretanja, obzirom da su opadanja značajna u varijablama u kojima se manifestira eksplozivna jakost tipa sprinta za razliku od eksplozivne jakosti tipa skoka koja ne doživljava značajan pad.Activity breaks cause decrease of the level of physical condition, and therefore disturb motor and cardiorespiratory function and increase the risk of injury occurrence. The main goal of this thesis was to investigate the influence of the covid-19 pandemic-induced break on physical fitness of young soccer players. Physical fitness level of athletes before and after the training cessation was measured with tests of speed by performing sprints of 5m, 10 m and 25 m, agility by performing the 20 yards test (20y), lower extremities explosiveness by performing countermovement jump (CMJ) and squat jump (SJ), and aerobic endurance by performing 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (30-15IFT). Statistically significant decreases occurred in sprint 5 m by 3,7% (1,07 ± 0,06 vs 1,11 ± 0,07, p < 0,001), 1,6% in sprint 10 m (1,82 ± 0,084 vs 1,85 ± 0,07, p < 0,01), 1,4% in sprint 25 m (3,7 ± 0,17 vs 3,75 ± 0,15, p < 0,01) and 3,5% in agility 20y (4,54 ± 0,21 vs 4,7 ± 0,28 p < 0,0001). In body mass, CMJ and 30-15IFT there was no statistically significant decreases in performance. The only test that showed significant increase in performance was the SJ, by 2,7% (31,4 ± 4,2 vs 32,26 ± 4,62, p = 0,03). Comparison of the given results with the previous research that used similar or equal periods of break shows smaller decrease of the measured abilities caused by covid-19 break compared to off-season breaks. Besides the strength exercises that most athletes execute regularly, it is important to implement speed, acceleration, sprint mechanics and change of direction drills in the off-season period, considering the decreases in performance are significant in variables that include horizontal explosiveness such as sprint, unlike the variables that manifest vertical explosiveness such as jumping
MECHANISMS OF THE MOST COMMON INJURIES IN OLYMPIC WEIGHT LIFTING
No full textOlimpijsko dizanje utega ili dizanje utega klasičnim načinom je dinamički sport snage i jakosti koji je već dugi niz godina dio modernih Olimpijskih igara i sve se više ljudi odlučuje baviti ovim sportom diljem svijeta. Ono se dijeli na dvije discipline: trzaj te nabačaj i izbačaj. Tijekom izvedbe ovih disciplina zabilježeni su jedne od najvećih izmjerenih vrijednosti relativne i apsolutne jakosti zabilježene u literaturi. Upravo zbog generiranja maksimalne moguće mišićne sile lako možemo zaključiti da obje discipline djeluju zahtjevno na ljudski organizam, a ponajviše na lokomotorni sustav. Zato se uz ovaj sport vežu i određene ozljede, od kojih su najčešće akutne, kronične te strukturne ili funkcionalne promjene mišićno koštanog sustava. Najčešći uzroci ovih ozljeda su neadekvatna priprema, loša tehnika izvedbe, nedostatak određenih motoričkih sposobnosti, neprimjeren izbor vanjskog opterećenja, nedovoljno zagrijavanje i istezanje, gubitak ravnoteže i umor.Olympic weightlifting or classic weightlifting is a dynamic sport that features strength and endurance. It has been a part of modern Olympic games for years and increasing numbers of people are taking up this sport worldwide. The sport can be separated into two disciplines: the snatch and the clean and jerk. Some of the most drastic values of both relative and absolute strength were recorded precisely in this sport. It is because of the generation of maximum muscle force that both disciplines put a heavy strain on the human organism, especially the locomotor system. That is why certain injuries are easily recognizable as connected to this sport, some of which are acute, chronic and structural or functional changes in the muscoskeletal system. The most common causes of the injuries are inadequate equipment, bad technique, lack of motor skills, inadequate choice of external load, loss of balance and fatigue
THE ROLE OF PARENTHOOD IN EXERCISING CHILDREN'S RIGHTS IN SPORT
No full textMilijuni djece diljem svijeta, različite dobi, interesa, kulture ili rase, masovno se bave sportom. Aktivnošću koja znatno pospješuje psihofizički razvoj djece i pomaže u njihovoj socijalizaciji. Uzimajući u obzir da je dijete prvenstveno osoba, a ne samo sportaš, jasno je koliko je kompleksan sam proces. Bez obzira na razne podjele društva, kada su djeca u pitanju jedno je zajedničko svima – igra. I naravno, uživanje u istoj. Pod utjecajem različitih faktora i okolnosti dogodi se da djeca prestanu uživati u sportu iz raznih razloga ili dolazi do kršenja njihovih dječjih prava. Cilj istraživanja ovoga rada bio je utvrditi kako i na koji način određeni roditeljski odgojni stilovi utječu na dijete sportaša te koliko su velika očekivanja roditelja prema djetetu i njegovoj sportskoj izvedbi. Utvrđena je statistički značajna razlika u očekivanjima prema djeci u dobi od tri godine, te je također utvrđena visoka razina očekivanja prema svoj djeci koja su bila uključena u istraživanje što ukazuje na to u kolikoj mjeri je zastupljen koji roditeljski stil te kakav trag to ostavlja na samo dijete sportaša. Ovim istraživanjem je cilj doprinijeti u educiranju roditelja djece sportaša, objasniti važnost dječjih prava te prevenirati odustajanje mladih od sporta i loše posljedice koje se mogu dogoditi na sportskom putu.Millions of children around the world, of different ages, interests, cultures or races, are involved in sports massively. In an activity that significantly enhances the psychophysical development of children and helps in their socialization. Considering that a child is primarily a person, not just an athlete, it is clear how complex the process itself is. Regardless of the various divisions of society, when it comes to children, one thing is common to all - play. And of course, enjoying it. Under the influence of various factors and circumstances, children stop enjoying sports for various reasons or their children's rights are violated. The aim of the research of this thesis was to determine how and in what way certain parenting styles affects the child of the athlete and how great are the expectations of parents towards the child and his sports performance. A statistically significant difference in expectations towards children at the age of three was found, and a high level of expectations towards all children who were included in the research was also determined, which indicates the extent to which parenting style is represented and what trace it leaves on child athlete. The aim of this research is to contribute to the education of parents of children athletes, to explain the importance of children's rights and to prevent young people from giving up sports and the bad consequences that can happen on the sports path
Kinesitherapy in rehabilitation of Achilles tendon rupture and tendinopathy in football players
No full textCilj ovog rada je opisati i objasniti uzroke i mehanizme nastanka sindroma prenaprezanja i rupture Ahilove tetive u nogometu te objasniti važnost kineziterapije u njezinoj rehabilitaciji. Također je u interesu ovog rada opisati primjer kineziterapijskog programa vježbanja u funkcionalnim fazama rehabilitacije za obje ozljede. Ozljede Ahilove tetive često su praćene sa pojavom boli, oteklinom, i osjećajem ukočenosti. Nerijetko se pojavljuje kod rekreativaca starije životne dobi, ali se javlja i kod sportaša i to češće kod profesionalnih sportaša nego kod igrača iz omladinskog pogona. Neki od rizičnih čimbenika ozljeđivanja tetive jesu: dob, spol, prijašnje ozljede, stil igre, osjećaj umora i krutosti mišića i dr. Ozljede Ahilove tetive mogu se podijeliti na dva osnovna tipa: rupturu i tendinopatiju. Rupture se dijele na parcijalne i potpune, dok se tendinopatija dijeli prema mjestu patologije te može biti insercijska ili neinsercijska. Nakon dijagnosticiranja o kojoj se vrsti ozljede radi odabiru se dvije metode liječenja: operacijsko liječenje ili ne operacijsko odnosno konzervativno liječenje. Osnovni cilj operacijskog liječenja je spajanje tetive, dok je kod neoperacijskog liječenja osnovni cilj smanjenje boli. Nakon odabira metode liječenja, i prema smjernicama terapije izrađuje se plan i program rehabilitacije prema individualnim karakteristikama nogometaša. Posebno mjesto rehabilitacijskog plana zauzimaju terapijske vježbe. Znanstveno je dokazano da se primjenom fizikalne terapije, i terapijskih vježbi postižu najbolji rezultati oporavka. Kontrola opterećenja te praćenje osjeta boli od velikog su značaja pri oporavku nogometaša.The aim of this paper is to describe and explain the causes and mechanisms of overexertion syndrome and Achilles tendon rupture in football and to explain the importance of kinesitherapy in its rehabilitation. It is also in the interest of this paper to describe an example of a kinesitherapy exercise program in the functional stages of rehabilitation for both injuries. Achilles tendon injuries are often accompanied by the apperance of pain, swelling and a felling of stiffness in the tendon. It occurs more often in older recreationist, but it also occurs in the athletes, and more often in professional athletes than in players from the youth drive. Some of the risk factors for tendon injury are: age, gender, previous injuries, style of play, feeling of fatigue and muscle stiffness, etc. Achilles tendon injuries can be divided into two basic types: rupture and tendinopathy. Ruptures are divided into partial and complete, while tendinopathy is divided according to the site of pathology and can be insertional or non-insertional. After diagnosing the type of injury, two methods of treatment are selected: surgical treatment and non-surgical or conservative treatment. The main goal of surgical treatment is tendon fusion, while in non-surgical treatment the main goal is to reduce pain. After selecting the method of treatment, a rehabilitation plan and program is developed according to the individual characteristics of the football players and therapy guidelines A special place in the rehabilitation plan is occupied by therapeutic exercises. It has been scientifically proven that the application of physical therapy and therapeutic exercises achieve the best results in recovery. Load control and monitoring of pain sensation is of great importance in the recovery of football player
SITUATIONAL EXERCISES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPEED SKILLS OF FOOTBALL PLAYERS
No full textU današnje vrijeme u svim sportovim pa tako i u nogometu, za kondicijsku pripremu sportaša i razvoj određenih brzinskih sposobnosti (startna brzina, agilnost, brzina reakcije, eksplozivna snaga u vidu sprinta) zaduženi su kondicijski treneri. U velikom broju slučajeva kondicijski treneri u nogometu nisu bili nogometaši, odnosno njihov sport nije bio nogomet i samim time ne poznaju dovoljno određene specifične vježbe i igre, a pogotovo po pozicijama igrača s kojima bi razvijali te brzinske sposobnosti već koriste vježbe koje nisu specifične za nogometaše. Na taj način oni razvijaju određene brzinske sposobnosti, ali efikasnost na terenu se ne pojavljuje, odnosno ne poboljšava se jer te vježbe nisu specifičnog karaktera za pojedinu poziciju.Nowadays, in all sports, including football, strenght and conditioning coach are in charge of conditioning preparation of athletes and development of certain speed abilities (starting speed, agility, reaction speed, explosive power in the form of sprints). In a large number of cases, strenght and conditioning coaches in football were not footballers, and their sport was not football and therefore they do not know enough specific exercises and games, and especially in the positions of players with whom they would develop these speed abilities, but use exercises that are not specific to football . In that way, they develop certain speed abilities, but the efficiency on the field does not appear, that is, it does not improve because these exercises are not of a specific character for a particular position
DIFFERENCES IN THE DURATION OF ACTIVE AND PASSIVE PHASES BETWEEN INDOOR AND BEACH VOLLEYBALL ON THE SAMPLE OF TOP VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS
No full textCilj ovog diplomskog rada je provjeriti postoji li statistički značajna razlika u prosječnom trajanju aktivne faze „igre“ i prosječnom trajanju pasivne faze „igre“ između dvoranske odbojke i odbojke na pijesku. Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku vrhunskih odbojkaša seniora, tj. po pet utakmica odigranih u dvorani na svjetskom klupskom prvenstvu održanom 2019.g u Betimu te odbojke na pijesku na svjetskom prvenstvu održanom 2019.g. u Hamburgu. Zabilježeno je ukupno 2392 entiteta od kojih je 954 mjereno na utakmicama odbojke na pijesku u 484 aktivnih i 470 pasivnih faza „igre“. Isto tako je 1438 entiteta izmjerenih u dvoranskoj odbojci u 727 aktivnih i 711 pasivnih faza „igre“. Kao prvo prosječno trajanje aktivne faze „igre“ odbojke u dvorani iznosi 5,55s±4,38, a prosječno trajanje pasivne faze „igre“ iznosi 35,27s±25,96. Kao drugo, prosječno trajanje aktivne faze „igre“ odbojke na pijesku iznosi 6,00s±3,44, a prosječno trajanje pasivne faze „igre“ iznosi 33,82s±22,98. Mann Whitney U Test registrirao je statistički značajnu razliku (p=0,00) u varijabli (trajanje aktivne faze „igre“) gdje se pokazalo da je trajanje aktivne faze „igre“ u odbojci u dvorani (Md=3,53, n=727) i (trajanje aktivne faze „igre“) gdje se pokazalo da je trajanje aktivne faze „igre“ u odbojci na pijesku (Md=3,43, n=484), U=140770,00, z=-5,90 s malim utjecajem prema Cohenovom kriteriju (r=0,14). Mann Whitney U test (U=160773,00, z=-1,10) nije pokazao statistički značajnu razliku (p=0,27) u prosječnom trajanju pasivnih faza „igre“ u dvorani i odbojci na pijesku.The aim of this graduate thesis is to check whether there is a statistically significant difference in the average duration of the active phase (time elapsed from server contact with the ball to the end of the point) and the average duration of the passive phase (time elapsed from the end of the previous active phase tothe beginning of thenext active phase) between indoor volleyball and beach volleyball on a sample of top senior volleyball players, based on five games played on the indoor volleyball (World Club Championship in Betim, 2019) and beach volleyball (World Championship in Hamburg, 2019). A total of 2392 active and passive phases were measured, of which 954 were measured at beach volleyball matches (484 active and 470 passive phases) and 1438 entities measured in indoor volleyball (727 active and 711 passive phases). The average duration of the active phase of indoor volleyball is 5.55s±4.38 while the average duration of the passive phase is 35.27s±25.96. The average duration of the active phase of beach volleyball is 6.00s±3.44 while the average duration of the passive phase is 33.82s±22.98. Mann Whitney U Test calculated and showed a statistically significant difference (p = 0.00) in the variable active phase of points played in the hall (Md = 3.53, n = 727) and active phase of points played on the sand (Md = 3.43, n = 484), U = 140770.00, z = -5.90 with little effect according to Cohen's criterion (r = 0.14). The Mann Whitney U test (U = 160773.00, z = -1.10) showed no statistically significant difference (p = 0.27) in the average duration of the passive phases at indoor volleyball and beach volleyball
Paget-Schroetter syndrome in athletes
No full textPaget-Schroetter sindrom ili tromboza uslijed naprezanja, je pojava duboke venske tromboze gornjih ekstremiteta. Sindrom je u općoj populaciji relativno rijedak, no češće se pojavljuje u mlađoj populaciji sportaša i radnika, posebno kod aktivnosti koje zahtijevaju ponavljajuće pokrete podizanja ruke iznad glave. U literaturi se ne nalazi ciljani sistematičan pregled objavljenih radova koji prikazuju slučajeve ovoga sindroma u sportaša. Cilj rada je opis karakteristika Paget-Schroetter sindroma te pregled i sistematičan prikaz radova citiranih u bibliografskoj bazi Medline koji prikazuju slučajeve ovoga sindroma kod sportaša. Prikazano je 35 članaka, te su analizirani i sumirani sljedeći podaci: dob, spol i sportovi kojima su se opisani pacijenti bavili, simptomi zbog kojih su se javili liječniku, tj. klinička slika utvrđena pri liječničkom pregledu, učinjena dijagnostička obrada, provedeno liječenje i rezultat liječenja.Paget-Schroetter syndrome or effort thrombosis, is an example of deep vein thrombosis in upper extremities. This syndrome is relatively rare in the general population, but it occurs more often in younger population of athletes and workers, especially those that engage in activities that require repetitive overhead movements of the arm. There is no targeted systematic review of published articles with case reports of this syndrome in athletes. The aim of the thesis is to describe the characteristics of the Paget-Schroetter syndrome and to review and systematically describe articles cited in Medline that report cases of athletes with this syndrome. Thirty-five articles are analysed, and the following data are summarized: age and sex of the patients, the sports they practiced, symptoms that made them seek medical help, i.e., findings at physical examination, performed diagnostic tests, treatment and its results