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AEROBIC ENDURANCE OF ELITE SWIMMERS AND PARASWIMMERS
No full textPostavljeni cilj ovog istraživačkog rada bio jeautvrditi postoji liastatistički značajna razlikaaizmeđu plivača iaparaplivača u vrijednostima maksimalnogaprimitka kisika (VO2max) općenito te u vrijednostima VO2max u odnosu naatip plivača i FINA i MD bodove. U radu su obrađeni podaci Hrvatskih seniorskih natjecatelja točnije 12 vrhunskih plivača i 12 vrhunskih paraplivača. Uzorak se u svakoj skupini sastojao od 8 muških natjecatelja i 4 ženske natjecateljice. Podaci unutar ovog istraživanjaasu obrađeni uaprogramu Statistica 14.0, a metode korištene uaistraživanju su Studentov T-testaza nezavisne uzorkeai deskriptivna statistika za dobivanje Mediane. Rezultati ovog istraživačkog rada ukazali su na to da postoji statističkiaznačajna razlika u dvjema varijablama, a to su razlika plivača i paraplivača u vrijednostima maksimalnogaprimitkaakisika uz pogreškuap=0,023599 i razlika plivača i paraplivača u vrijednostima VO2max u odnosu na FINA i MD bodove uz pogrešku p=0,008202. Kroz istraživanje je dokazano kako nemaastatistički značajne razlike između plivačaai paraplivača u vrijednostima VO2max u odnosu na tip plivačaauz pogrešku p=0,532708.The goal of thisastudy was toadetermine whetherathere will be a statistically significant difference among swimmers andaparaswimmers in the variables maximal oxygen intake (VO2max) in general and in VO2max values referring to the type of swimmer in relation with FINA and MD points. The data of Croatian senior competitors, specifically 12 elite swimmers and 12 elite paraswimmers, are processed in this research. The sample in each group consisted of eight male competitors and 4 female competitors. The data was statistically processed in Statistica 14.0, and the methodsathat were usedain the studyawere Student's T-test for independentasamples and descriptive statistics to aquire the Median. The outcome of the study showedaa statistically significantadifference in two variables, namely the difference among swimmers and paraswimmers in the values of maximum oxygen intake with p value = 0.023599 and the difference between swimmers and paraswimmers in VO2max values in relation to FINA and MD points with the p value = 0 ,008202. After processing the data, it was determined that thereais no statisticallyasignificant difference among swimmers and paraswimmers in VO2max values inarelation to the typeaof swimmer with the p value = 0.532708
Skiing on artificial ski slope
No full textCilj ovoga rada je istražiti prednosti i nedostatke skijanja na umjetnoj podlozi kroz proučavanje dostupne literature i kroz pregled dosadašnjih istraživanja. Sama ideja i potreba za izgradnjom umjetnih skijaških podloga vezana je uz globalno zatopljenje, te vremenske uvjete na planinama u zimskim mjesecima. Skijaški centri s umjetnim podlogama uglavnom se otvaraju na područjima nepovoljnim za skijanje, što zbog nedovoljne nadmorske visine, što zbog nepovoljnih klimatskih uvjeta, ili kombinacije ta dva slučaja. U uvodnom dijelu rada prikazani su najvažniji podatci o povijesti skijanja i povijesti skijanja na umjetnoj podlozi. U središnjem se dijelu rada analiziraju prednosti i nedostaci skijanja na umjetnim podlogama i uspoređuje se sa skijanjem na prirodnom snijegu, od same podloge za skijanje do tehnika skijanja i potrebne opreme. Glavna i najveća prednost umjetnih skijaških podloga je cjelogodišnja dostupnosti i stalni nepromijenjeni uvjeti. Predstavljeni su i centri za takvo skijanje koji postoje u Hrvatskoj. Trenutno ih je samo dva, ali je pretpostavka da će ih u idućih nekoliko godina biti još novootvorenih. Provedeno je istraživanje na skijalištu Kecerin u Šestinama i na Ski trak simulatoru na Velesajmu u Zagrebu. U završnom se dijelu rada navode najvažniji proizvođači opreme za skijanje na umjetnim podlogama i daje se zaključak.The aim of this work is to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of skiing on artificial surfaces through the study of available literature and through an overview of previous research. The very idea and need to build artificial ski surfaces is related to global warming and the weather conditions on the mountains in the winter months. Ski centers whit artificial surfaces are mostly opened in areas unfavorable for skiing, due to insufficient altitude, unfavourable climatic conditions, or a combination of the two cases. In the introductory part of the work, the most important information about the history of skiing and the history of skiing on artificial surfaces is presented. In the central part of the paper, the advantages and disadvantages of skiing on artificial surfaces are analyzed and compared with skiing on natural snow, from the surface itself, skiing to skiing techniques and the necessary equipment. Tha main and greatest advantage of artificial ski surfaces is the year-round availability and constant unchanged conditions. The centers for such skiing that exist in Croatia were also presented, currently there are only two of them, but it is assumed that there will be more newly opened in the next few years. Research was carried out at the Kecerin ski resort in Šestine and on the Ski track simulator at the Velesajam in Zagreb. In the final part of the paper, the most important manufacturers of equipment for skiing on artificial surfaces are listed and the conclusion is given
WATER THERAPY IN PERSONS WITH CEREBRAL PALSY: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
No full textGlavni cilj rada bio je, pregledom relevantne literature, sažeti sva bitna znanja vezana za korištenje vodene terapije kod osoba s cerebralnom paralizom. Pretragom dviju elektroničkih baza, u razdoblju siječnja i veljače 2021. godine, pronađeno je 110 istraživanja. Nakon koraka provjere naslova i sažetka, u rad je na kraju uvršteno 14 radova. Istraživanja su provjerena za kvalitetu metodološke izrade nakon čega su, čitanjem punog teksta rada, izdvojene bitne informacije o ispitanicima, testovima i rezultatima mjerenja. Unutar analiziranih radova sudjelovalo je ukupno 263 ispitanika oboljelih od cerebralne paralize, oba spola, različite starosti. Pregledom punih tekstova radova, ustanovljeno je kako primjena vodene terapije u vidu liječenja i/ili rehabilitacije kod osoba s cerebralnom paralizom, ima pozitivne učinke na kardiorespiratorni sustav, grube motoričke funkcije (GMFM) i plivačke vještine (WOTA 2; SWIM). Najveće promjene utvrđene su unutar GMFM testa za procjenu grubih motoričkih funkcija, aerobnog kapaciteta te pokretljivosti ispitanika. Također, potvrđena je mogućnost zadržavanja i transfera postignutih napredaka izvan bazena zbog unapređenja funkcionalnih kapaciteta pojedinca. Zbog velike heterogenosti između radova, podatci su kvalitativno interpretirani, a mogući razlozi heterogenosti su različito vrijeme trajanja intervencija, uvjeti provedbe intervencija te različiti testovi korišteni za procjenu inicijalnog i finalnog stanja ispitanika. Nemogućnost zaključivanja proizlazi iz prije navedenih razloga te malog broja istraživanja. Standardizacija bi, po pitanju duljine trajanja intervencije i uvjeta provođenja intervencija, utjecala na smanjenje heterogenosti rezultata. Provođenje randomiziranih kontroliranih studija s predloženim načinom provedbe intervencija, uvećalo bi mogućnost generalizacije.The main purpose of this research was to comprise all knowledge related to use of water therapy in persons with cerebral palsy by reviewing the current relevant literature. A search for literature in 2 different databases was done throughout January and February of 2021. resulting in 110 found studies. Only 14 studies were included in the end after screening and elegibility process. Study quality assessment was performed and after reading full text articles, substantial data regarding testees, tests performed in the studies and outcome measures were extricated. Total of 263 subjects with cerebral palsy, both genders and different age, partook in all 14 studies. Overviewing full text articles, it was confirmed that use of water therapy, for treatment and or rehabilitation, in people with cerebral palsy can benefit both cardiorespiratory system, gross motor function (GMFM) and water skills (WOTA 2; SWIM). Biggest changes were observed in GMFM scores, aerobic capacity and subjects mobility. Furthermore, possibility of retaining and the carry-over effect due to improvment of functional abilities was confirmed. Qualitative interpretation of data was used due to heterogenity between studies. Potential reasons for that might be differences in duration of interventions, conditions in which interventions were pereformed or usage of different tests for evaluating initial and final state of the subjects. The inability to infere is related to aforementioned reasons and really limited number of studies. Standardization process regarding the duration of intervention and conditions in which intervention is done, would reduce result discrepancies. Additionally, use of randomized controlled trials in combination with a suggested way of intervention implementation, would result in increase in posibility to extrapolate the given outcomes
THE EFFECT OF NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION ON SPECIFIC ENDURANCE IN TEAM SPORTS
No full textU okruženju velike konkurencije sportaši često konzumiraju dodatke prehrani kako bi dodatno unaprijedili sposobnosti postignute treningom i poboljšali svoju izvedbu. Ta poboljšanja u sportskoj izvedbi mogu značiti razliku između pobjede i poraza. Nedavna istraživanja upotrebe prehrambenih nitrata i njihove uloge u vaskularnoj funkciji dovela su do toga da postaju progresivno popularnija među sportašima koji pokušavaju poboljšati radnu sposobnost. Tijekom aktivnosti u ekipnim sportovima u kojima se javljaju kratkotrajne visoko-intenzivne aktivnosti isprepletene s kratkim razdobljima oporavka, dokazano je da suplementacija sokom od cikle, bogatom nitratima, može poboljšati fiziološke procese mišićnih vlakana tipa II, čija je regrutacija značajno zastupljena u takvim uvjetima. Suplementacija nitratima dovesti će do brojnih povoljnih učinaka, prvenstveno dušikovog okisda, naročito pri aktivnostima visokog intenziteta i smanjene raspoloživosti kisika.In an environment of high competition athletes often consume dietary supplements to enhance the abilities achieved by training, and improve performance. These improvements in performance, could make the difference between winning and losing. Recent research on the use of dietary nitrates and their role in vascular function has led to their increasing popularity among athletes in search for performance improvement. In team sports, with short-term high-intensity activities intertwined with short recovery periods, it has been shown that beetroot juice supplementation can improve the physiological processes of type II muscle fibres,
predominantly recruited in such activities. Nitrate supplementation will lead to several benefits within the body, primarily through the many functions of nitric oxide, during high intensity activities when the availability of oxygen is reduced and the action of nitrate supplements is enhanced
influence of individual kinesitherapy on lymphedema control during adjuvant radiotherapy after surgical treatment in women with breast cancer - a retrospective analysis
No full textProcjenjuje se da između 20% i 60% bolesnica oboljelih od raka dojke navodi simptome limfedema. Limfedem povezan s rakom dojke karakterizira nakupljanje tekućine u intersticijskim tkivima u ruci, ramenu, vratu ili trupu i pripisuje se oštećenju limfnih čvorova tijekom tretmana karcinoma dojke koji uključuju zračenje i disekciju aksilarnih čvorova. Cilj ovog rada bio je utvrditi postoji li povezanost između kineziterapijskog programa na kontrolu limfedema tijekom adjuvantne radioterapije nakon kirurškog liječenja u žena oboljelih od karcinoma dojke. U ovo retrospektivno istraživanje uključeno je 454 bolesnice oboljelih od karcinoma dojke (prosječne životne dobi 58.01±10.66). Bolesnice su istovremeno primale adjuvantnu radioterapiju i provodile individualno planiranu kineziterapiju, te su ovisno o trajanju terapija podijeljene u četiri skupine (16, 20, 25 i 30). Prosječan broj kineziterapijskih postupaka u ovome istraživanju iznosio je 23.57±5.05. Prije početka individualne kineziterapije prosječna vrijednost indeksa ruke bila je 2.98±3.61 cm, a na kraju je iznosila 2.47±3.26 cm. Prosječna vrijednost razlike početnog i završnog indeksa ruke je iznosila -0.51±1.71 cm. Od ukupnog broja bolesnica njih 424 imalo je limfedem na početku kineziterapijskog programa (93.4%) , a njih 30 nije imalo limfedem (6.6%). Nakon završetka kineziterapijskog programa od ukupnog broja bolesnica njih 398 je imalo limfedem (87.7%), a njih 56 nije imalo (12.3%). Ovo istraživanje pokazalo je korist individualiziranog kineziterapijskog programa u smanjenju limfedema i naglašava važnost protokola multimodalne rehabilitacije kod ove skupine bolesnika.It is estimated that between 20% and 60% of breast cancer patients report symptoms of lymphedema. Lymphedema associated with breast cancer is characterized by accumulation of fluid in the interstitial tissues in the arm, shoulder, neck, or torso and is attributed to lymph node damage during breast cancer treatment involving radiation and axillary node dissection. The aim of this study was to determine whether there is an association between a kinesitherapy program on lymphedema control during adjuvant radiotherapy after surgical treatment in women with breast cancer. This retrospective study included 454 patients with breast cancer (mean age 58.01 ± 10.66). Patients received concomitant adjuvant radiotherapy and individually planned kinesitherapy, and were divided into four groups (16, 20, 25 and 30) according on the duration of therapy. The average number of kinesitherapy procedures in this study was 23.57 ± 5.05. Prior to the start of individual kinesitherapy, the mean value of the hand index was 2.98 ± 3.61 cm, and at the end it was 2.47 ± 3.26 cm. The mean value of the difference between the initial and final index of the hand was -0.51 ± 1.71 cm. Out of the total number of patients, 424 had lymphedema at the beginning of the kinesitherapy program (93.4%), and 30 of them did not have (6.6%). After the completion of the kinesitherapy program, out of the total number of patients, 398 had lymphedema (87.7%), and 56 did not (12.3%). This research showed the benefit of comprehensive kinesitherapy programme in reduction of lymphoedema and emphasizes the importance of multimodal rehabilitation protocol in this group of patients
A comparative study of the specifics of management in kinesiology recreation in relation to other sectors
No full textMenadžment je, između ostalog, sposobnost pozitivnog utjecaja na druge ljude usmjeravanjem aktivnosti tih ljudi tamo gdje će postići optimalne rezultate te u konačnici ostvariti ciljeve organizacije. Osobe koje provode ovaj proces nazivaju se menadžerima. Oni su odgovorni za kreiranje zadataka i uvjeta rada u kojima će svaki pojedinac svojim radom moći doprinijeti ostvarivanju ciljeva. No, navedeno postaje sve teži zadatak. Naime, poduzeća su danas postala splet zahtjevnih odnosa u kojima je relativno teško uspostaviti učinkovitu komunikaciju i stvoriti poticajno okruženje za zaposlene te istovremeno ostvariti željene poslovne rezultate. Upravo ti visoki zahtjevi, odnosno njihovo uspješno ispunjavanje, čine temelj za razlikovanje uspješnih od manje uspješnih menadžera. U ovom radu uspoređena su znanja potrebna za uspješno rukovođenje organizacijom - s jedne
strane u djelatnostima vezanima za kineziološku rekreaciju, a s druge strane u ostalim djelatnostima. To su, prije svega, tehnička, kineziološka, organizacijska, informatička, sociološka znanja te znanja iz psihologije i ophođenja s ljudima. Isto tako, utvrđeno je koliko su ta ista znanja iskorištena na radnom mjestu ispitanika. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da više od polovice svih ispitanika radi 20 % i više od prosječnog radnog dana koji se sastoji od 8 sati, i to prije svega oni na najvišoj razini menadžmenta. Pri tome najveći dio radnog vremena troše na menadžersku funkciju komuniciranje. Gotovo svi ispitanici su suglasni da je menadžment prije svega vještina, a tek onda znanost, odnosno umjetnost. Odlučnost je glavna osobina menadžera prema mišljenju obiju grupa ispitanika. Nakon toga slijedi entuzijazam i snalažljivost, a najniža vrijednost pridaje se kritičnosti. Čimbenici koji utječu na odlučivanje su obrazovanost uopće i za odlučivanje posebno. Obje grupe ispitanika podjednako su pohađale programe obrazovanja i usavršavanja kao što su seminari na fakultetu, obrazovanja u inozemstvu i samostalno proučavanje literature. Pri tome su menadžeri u kineziološkoj rekreaciji vrednovali više stručna znanja u odnosu na menadžere u ostalim djelatnostima koji primarno cijene ekonomska znanja. Isto tako menadžeri u kineziološkoj rekreaciji u manjoj su mjeri pohađali slijedeće vrste programa obrazovanja i usavršavanja: obrazovanje unutar poduzeća, stručna savjetovanja i specifični tečajevi.Na temelju dobivenih rezultata dolazi se do spoznaje kako bi se u obrazovne programe vezane uz kineziološku rekreaciju trebalo više uključiti ekonomska i menadžerska područja jer bez ovih znanja menadžeri u kineziološkoj rekreaciji teško će moći ostvarivati vrhunske poslovne rezultate. Postoje tipovi menadžera u kineziološkoj rekreaciji koji su češće ostvarili zadane poslovne rezultatei i to su bili oni tehničke struke. Komparacija rezultata ove dvije grupe ispitanika daje autoru ovog teksta dodatna saznanja i motivaciju da ustraje u namjeri unapređenja menadžmenta u kineziološkoj rekreaciji, ne samo u odnosu na direktnu konkurenciju, već i na opstanak i ekspanziju na globalnoj sceni.Management is, among other things, the ability to positively influence other people by directing the activities of those people where they will achieve optimal results and ultimately achieve the goals of the organization. The people who carry out this process are called managers. They are responsible for creating tasks and working conditions in which each individual will be able to contribute to the achievement of their goals through their work.But the above mentioned is becoming an increasingly difficult task. Specifically, companies today have become a web of demanding relationships where it is relatively difficult to establish effective communication and create an enabling environment for employees while achieving
the desired business results. It is these high requirements, that is, their successful fulfilment, that form the basis for distinguishing successful from less successful managers. This doctoral thesis compares the knowledge required to successfully manage an organization. The goal was to determine if there are any differences in needed types of knowledge in organizations in recreation sector opposed to ones in other sectors. Tested types of knowledge were technical, kinesiological, organizational, informatics, sociological knowledge, as well as knowledge in psychology and human behaviour. Also, it was determined how much the previously mentioned types of knowledge are actually used in the workplace of the respondents.The results of the survey showed that more than half of all respondents work 20% and more than the average working day, i.e. more than 8 hours a day. This was especially the case for the
highest level of management. Managers spend most of their working time on the managerial function of communication. Almost all respondents agree that management is first of all a skill, and only then science or an art. Determination is a major characteristic of managers in the opinion of both groups of respondents (receration sector organizations and organizations in other sectors). This is followed by enthusiasm and resourcefulness, with the lowest value attached to criticality. Factors that influence decision making are education in general and decision making in particular. Also, both groups equally attended education and training programs such as college seminars, education abroad, and independent literature studies. Managers in kinesiological recreation valued professional knowledge more in comparison with managers in other industries who primarily value economic knowledge. Managers working in recreation attended in-house education, professional counselling, and specific courses to a lesser extent.Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that knowledge regarding economy and management should be included in educational programs related to kinesiological recreation, because without this knowledge managers in kinesiological recreation will find it difficult to achieve top business results. There are types of managers in kinesiological recreation who have more often achieved the set business results and these were managers educated in technical professions. The comparison of the results of these two groups of respondents gives the author of this text additional knowledgeand motivation to persevere in the intention to improve management in kinesiological recreation, not only in relation to direct competition, but also to survival and expansion on the global stage
Relations between weight status, age and physical fitness in active military personnel
No full textManjak tjelesne aktivnosti, neprimjerena prehrana, sjedilački način ţivota i stres čimbenici su koji uzrokuju brojne zdravstvene probleme i vodeći su uzrok prerane smrtnosti. Oruţane snage poseban su dio populacije od koje se zahtijeva odrţavanje optimalnoga zdravstvenog stanja, visoke razine motoričkih i funkcionalnih sposobnosti te tehničke i taktičke pripremljenosti. MeĎutim, prethodno navedene pojave jasno su vidljive i u toj populaciji. Cilj je ovoga istraţivanja prikazati trend promjena statusa uhranjenosti i mišićne i kardiorespiratorne izdrţljivosti u periodu od 2012. – 2017. godine te ispitati moguću povezanost izmeĎu pokazatelja stanja uhranjenosti, varijabli za procjenu mišićne i kardiorespiratorne izdrţljivosti te varijable pušenja kod djelatnih vojnih osoba. U istraţivanju je sudjelovalo 9510 djelatnih vojnih osoba u longitudinalnom šestogodišnjem istraţivanju i 8265 djelatnih vojnih osoba u istraţivanju koje je provedeno 2017. godine. Istraţivanje je obuhvatilo pet varijabli za procjenu stanja uhranjenosti (tjelesna visina, tjelesna masa, opseg vrata, opseg trbuha, opseg kukova), pet testova za procjenu mišićne i kardiorespiratorne izdrţljivosti (sklekovi, pregibi, zgibovi, trčanje 3200 m i trčanje 2400 m) i jedan test za procjenu anaerobne izdrţljivosti (trčanje 270 m). Dobiveni rezultati obraĎeni su metodama deskriptivne statistike, korelacijskom, regresijskom i analizom (ko)varijance te t-testom za nezavisne uzorke. Rezultati ukazuju na to da postoji mala, ali statistički značajna promijena u indeksu tjelesne mase i rezultatima većine motoričkih testova u šestogodišnjem razdoblju. Nadalje, dobivena je statistički značajna, ali niska povezanost većine antropometrijskih i pušačkih varijabli te varijabli za procjenu izdrţljivosti. Rezultati ukazuju i na nisku, ali statistički značajnu multiplu korelaciju izmeĎu izvedenih indeksa (Indeks tjelesna mase i Indeks rizičnosti tipa pretilosti) te opsega trbuha u većini provedenih testova. Dobivene su statistički značajne razlike izmeĎu pušača i nepušača u izdrţljivosti kod muškaraca, dok je kod ţena dobivena statistički značajna razlika u testovima: sklek, pregib i trčanje 2400 m. ProvoĎenje istraţivanja doprinijelo je novim spoznajama o prevalenciji pretilosti i pušenja, mišićnoj i kardiorespiratornoj izdrţljivosti te je ukazalo na njihove relacije, čime su se stvorile pretpostavke za uvoĎenje korektivnih mjera u kineziološke planove i programe namijenjene djelatnim vojnim osobama.Lack of physical activity, inadequate nutrition, sedentary lifestyle and stress are the factors that cause numerous health problems and the leading cause of premature mortality in people. The Armed Forces are a special part of the population that is required to maintain optimal health status, high levels of motor skills and functional ability, and technical and tactical preparedness. However, despite the above-mentioned, the specified occurrences are clearly visible. The aim of this study is to present a trend of changes in nutritional status and muscular and cardiorespiratory endurance over a six-year period and to examine the possible correlation between nutritional status indicators, variables for muscular and cardiorespiratory endurance assessment, and smoking variables in active duty military personnel. The research involved 9510 active duty military personnel in a six-year longitudinal study together with 8265 active military personnel in the 2017 study. The study included five variables in order to assess nutritional status (body height, body mass, neck circumference, waist circumference, hip circumference) and six tests to assess muscular and cardiorespiratory endurance, depending on the military personnel categories (push-ups, sit-ups, pull-ups, 3200 m run, 2400 m run and 270 m run). The obtained results were processed by methods of descriptive statistics, correlation and regression analysis, (co) variance analysis and t-test for independent samples. The results indicate that there is a small, statistically significant change of the body mass index and the results obtained in most motor tests over a six-year period. Furthermore, the correlation between most anthropometric variables and variables for the assessment of muscular and cardiorespiratory endurance and smoking variables was obtained. It is statistically significant, but small. The results also show a moderately high and statistically significant multiple correlation between derived indices (BMI and WHR (waist-hip ratio) and abdominal circumference and neck circumference in all tests performed. Statistically significant differences were obtained between smokers and non-smokers in muscular and cardiorespiratory endurance in men, while in women, a statistically significant difference was obtained in push-ups, sit-ups, and the 2400m run tests. The results also indicate gender differences between smokers and non-smokers in the tests performed. The research contributed to new findings on the prevalence of obesity and smoking, muscular and cardiorespiratory endurance, and indicated their correlation, thus creating the preconditions for the introduction of corrective measures and their possible implementation in kinesiological plans and programs intended for active service members. Considering the results obtained and the problems identified, it is essential that muscular and cardiorespiratory endurance and nutritional status indicators be systematically monitored, with the aim of preventing and educating members about the negative impact of overweight and smoking on the health of individuals and fitness of the military system
HANDBALL PLAYERS´ SPECIFIC MOTOR SKILLS ACCORDING TO THEIR PLAYING POSITIONS
No full textRukomet je sport u kojemu dobra izvedba ovisi o razvijenosti motoričkih sposobnosti igrača. Uspjeh se u rukometu ostvaruje tako da svaki igrač odrađuje zadatke koje od njega zahtjeva pozicija koju igra. Ti se zahtjevi s vremenom mijenjaju i zbog toga je pravilno planiran i programiran trening vrlo važan u razvoju motoričkih sposobnosti igrača s obzirom na poziciju koju igra, ali i s obzirom na njegovu dob. Cilj je ovog istraživanja utvrditi postoji li statistički značajna razlika u motoričkim sposobnostima rukometašica prema poziciji koju igraju. Uzorak ispitanica sastojao se od 59 perspektivnih igračica koje su nastupale za hrvatske klubove (dob = 14,01±05 godina, tjelesna visina = 165,4±6,14 cm, tjelesna masa = 57,52±6,93 kg). Svaka je ispitanica mjerena u 12 motoričkih testova. Za procjenu agilnosti to su: koraci u stranu (MAGKU), kretanje unutar dva trokuta (MAG2TR) i 93639OK s okretom za 180 stupnjeva (MAG90OK), za procjenu eksplozivne snage tipa sprinta: trčanje na 5m, 10m i 20m (MES5m, MES10m, MES20m) te za procjenu eksplozivne snage tipa skoka: skok u vis s pripremom (MESCMJ), skok u dalj s mjesta (MESSDM), Sarget 1 skok s mjesta (MESSAR1), skokovi iz stopala – visina, snaga i vrijeme kontakta i podloge (MESRJ, MESRJPa, MESRJRt). Rezultati dobiveni univarijantnom analizom varijance pokazuju da su dobivene statistički značajne razlike u pet varijabli. Kod maksimalne brzine kretanja s okretom za 180 stupnjeva (MAG9OK) najbolje rezultate postižu krilne, zatim vanjske te potom kružne igračice. Kada govorimo o maksimalnoj brzini kretanja na 5m (MES05m), maksimalnoj brzini kretanja na 10m (MES10m) te maksimalnoj brzini kretanja na 20m (MES20m), najbolje rezultate ponovno postižu krilne, zatim vanjske pa tek onda kružne igračice. Konačno, u testu maksimalne visine skoka s pripremom (MESCMJ) najbolje su krilne igračice, potom kružne pa vanjske igračice. Navedeni rezultati, u kojima su vidljive razlike u motoričkim sposobnostima igračica prema poziciji koju igraju, pokazuju da trening mora biti usmjeren razvoju motoričkog potencijala svakog igrača, kako bi se kasnije mogao nadograđivati, a igrač doseći vrhunsku razinu.Handball is a sport in which a good performance depends on the development of the player´s motor skills. Success is in handball achieved in a way that every player does the tasks required of him, based on the position he plays. These requirements change over time, therefore properly planned and programmed training is very important in the development of the player's motor skills, taking into consideration the position they play, as well as their age. The aim of this study was to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference in the handball players´ motor skills, according to the position they play. The sample consisted of 59 promising players who played for Croatian clubs (age = 14.01±05 years, body height = 165.4±6.14 cm, body weight = 57.52±6.93 kg). Each player was examined in 12 motor tests. To assess agility: steps to the side (MAGKU), movement within two triangles (MAG2TR) and 93639OK with 180 degrees turn (MAG90OK), to estimate the explosive power of the sprint type: running at 5m, 10m and 20m (MES05m, MES10m, MES20m) and for the explosive power jump type assessment: high jump with preparation (MESCMJ), long jump from place (MESSDM) Sarget 1 jump from place (MESSAR1), foot jumps – height, power and time of contact and base (MESRJ, MESRJPa, MESRJRt). The results obtained by univariant analysis of variance show that statistically significant differences have been displayed in five variables. Firstly, the maximum speed of movement with a turn of 180 degrees (MAG9OK) is the one where the best results are achieved by wing, then backs players, and then pivots. When it comes to the maximum speed of movement at 5m (MES05m), maximum speed of movement at 10m (MES10m) and maximum speed of movement at 20m (MES20m), the best results, again, are achieved by wing, then backs and lastly, pivots. Finally, the test maximum height of the preparation jump (MESCMJ) has resulted in wing players being the best, followed by pivots, and then back players. To conclude, these results prove that the differences in the players´ motor skills based on the position they play are visible and prominent. That means that the training must be aimed at the development of the motor potential of each player, which can gradually be upgraded, while the player can reach the top level of his performance
The acute effect of caffeine from different sources on vertical jump performance
No full textCilj ovog randomiziranog, dvostruko slijepog, placebom kontroliranog istraživanja s ukriženim ustrojem bio je utvrditi akutni utjecaj kofeina iz žvakaćih guma i iz gelova na visinu vertikalnog skoka opisanog skokom s pripremom (eng. countermovement jump, CMJ) i skokom bez pripreme (eng. squat jump, SJ). Uzorak ispitanika se sastojao od 17 muškaraca (dob (aritmetička sredina ± standardna devijacija) 22,9±1,6 godina, tjelesna visina 183,3±5,0 cm, masa tijela 83,3±10,6 kg) koji su iskusni u treningu s otporom. Tijekom 6 dolazaka u laboratorij, ispitanici su se upoznali sa protokolom istraživanja i mjeren im je rezultat visine vertikalnog skoka pri uvjetima uzimanja kofeina od 300 mg i rezultat u kontrolnim uvjetima. Rezultati su pokazali da je došlo do statistički značajne razlike (p<0,001) izmeĎu rezultata pri uvjetima konzumacije kofeina i uvjetima bez konzumiranja kofeina. Primjenom kofeinskih žvakaća u izvedbi skoka s pripremom dobivena je statistički značajna razlika (p<0,001; +5,7%) u odnosu na kontrolno mjerenje. Uporabom gela s kofeinom, takoĎer, dolazi do statistički značajne razlike u odnosu na kontrolno mjerenje (p=0,01; +4,0%). MeĎutim ne postoji statistički značajna razlika u visini vertikalnog skoka s pripremom izmeĎu uvjeta uzimanja kofeinske žvakaće i kofeinskog gela (p=0,48; +1,6%). Prilikom izvedbe skoka iz čučnja, korištenjem žvakaćih guma sa kofeinom, dobivena je statistički značajna razlika (p=0,03; +3,9%) u odnosu na rezultate kontrolnog mjerenja. Konzumacija gela, takoĎer, pokazuje statistički značajnu razliku (p=0,01; +4,9%) u izvedbi skoka iz čučnja u usporedbi sa kontrolnim mjerenjem. No, ni ovdje ne postoji statistički značajna razlika (p=1,00; -0,9%) rezultata visine skoka iz čučnja izmeĎu dva kofeinska izvora. Zaključeno je kako je svejedno iz kojeg izvora se konzumira kofein jer će u oba slučaja doći do poboljšanja rezultata visine vertikalnog skoka. Muškarcima koji su iskusni u treningu s otporom, može se preporučiti konzumacija ili kofeinskih žvakaća ili gelova, 10 minuta prije treninga radi akutnog poboljšanja rezultata vertikalnog skoka.The aim of this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-sectional study was to determine the acute effect of caffeine from chewing gums and gels on the height of the vertical jump described by the countermovement jump (CMJ) and the squat jump (SJ). The sample consisted of 17 men (age (arithmetic mean ± standard deviation) 22.9 ± 1.6 years, body height 183.3 ± 5.0 cm, body weight 83.3 ± 10.6 kg) who were experienced in resistance training. During 6 visits to the laboratory, the subjects were introduced to the research protocol and their vertical jump height was measured under caffeine intake conditions of 300 mg and the result under control conditions. The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference (p<0.001) between the results under caffeine consumption conditions and caffeine-free conditions. The use of caffeinated chewing gum in the performance of the jump with preparation resulted in a statistically significant difference (p<0.001; +5.7%) in relation to the control measurement. The use of caffeine gel also resulted in a statistically significant difference compared to the control measurement (p=0.01; +4.0%). However, there is no statistically significant difference in the height of the vertical jump with preparation between the conditions of taking caffeine chewing gum and caffeine gel (p=0.48; +1.6%). When performing a squat jump, using caffeinated chewing gum, a statistically significant difference (p=0.03; +3,9%) was obtained in relation to the results of the control measurement. Gel consumption also showed a statistically significant difference (p=0.01; +4.9%) in the performance of the squat jump compared to the control measurement. However, there is no statistically significant difference (p=1.00; -0.9%) in the squat jump height between the two caffeine sources. It was concluded that it does not matter from which source caffeine is consumed because in both cases there will be an improvement in the results of the vertical jump height. Men who are experienced in resistance training may be advised to consume either caffeine chewing gum or gels, 10 minutes before training to acutely improve the results of the vertical jump
ONLINE EXERCISE MARKET IN FITNESS CENTRES IN CROATIA
No full textPrema istraživanju Europske komisije (European Commission, 2018:39) trećina (32 %) stanovnika Europske unije koji vježbaju, u tjelesne se aktivnosti uključuju na način da to čini kod kuće. U čak devet zemalja to je najzastupljeniji odgovor, među kojima je i Hrvatska (50 % onih koji vježbaju čini to kod kuće). Jedan dio ovog odgovora zasigurno se odnosi na tzv. online vježbanje. Pod tim oblikom vježbanja podrazumijeva se da nije potreban dolazak na točno određeno mjesto radi vježbanja (fitnes centar), nego je moguće vježbati kod kuće uz trenerovo praćenje. Iako sve popularniji način vježbanja, pitanje je koliko fitnes centara zapravo nudi takvu uslugu, te koliko ona pridonosi radu nekog fitnes centra. Osim toga, brojni su se poslodavci morali okrenuti tom načinu rada tj. realizaciji programa vježbanja, a zbog krize uzrokovane koronavirusom. Bez obzira na to jesu li do toga trenutka bili pristaše online vježbanja ili nisu, kako bi uspjeli spasiti posao, morali su se okrenuti tom načinu rada. S druge pak strane, i korisnici su prihvatili takvu uslugu jer su se i sami našli u situaciji da im je kretanje bilo onemogućeno.
Temeljni je cilj ovoga rada prikazati koliko je, i kako, „online vježbanje“ kao usluga prisutno u fitnes centrima u Hrvatskoj. Osim toga, cilj je ukazati na tržišne mogućnosti korištenja takva oblika vježbanja kao dodatne ponude u fitnes centrima, i to na primjeru fitnes centra „Project Health“.According to a survey by the European Commission (2018:39), a third (32 %) of the European Union population that engages in physical activity, does so at home. In nine countries, this is the most common answer, including Croatia, where 50 % of those exercising, do it at home. One part of this answer certainly refers to the online exercise. This form of exercise implies that it is not necessary coming to a specific place to perform workout (fitness centre), but it is possible to exercise at home with the supervision of a trainer. Although it is an increasingly popular way to exercise, the question is how many fitness centres actually offer this service, and how much this service actually contributes to the work of one fitness centre. During previous period, many fitness centres had to be closed due to quarantine as the world was affected by the crisis caused by the COVID-19 virus. As a result, many employers have turned to online practice to save their business. Although up to that point they may not have been supporters of online exercise, they had to turn to it in order to be able to save their jobs. Users also accepted this service because they found themselves in a situation where their movement was limited.
The basic goal of this paper is to show how much online exercise as a service is present in fitness centres and in what way across Croatia. In addition, the goal is to point out the market opportunities to use this form of exercise as an additional offer in fitness centres, on the example of the fitness centre „Project Health“