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COMPARISON OF REASONS OF ACHIEVED SPORT SUCCESSON SUMMER AND WINTER OLYMPIC GAMES AMONGST BETTER AND WORSE RANKED COUNTRIES
No full textCilj ovog diplomskog rada je utvrditi povezanost u ostvarenom uspjehu i razvijenosti gospodarstva (BDP po stanovniku), površine zemlje te broja njenih stanovnika, a s obzirom na to nalaze li se zemlje pri vrhu ili dnu tablice ostvarenog sportskog uspjeha, zasebno na ljetnim i zimskim Olimpijskim igrama (skraćeno OI) od 2000. do 2020. godine. Na taj način će se utvrditi koje prediktorske varijable najviše utječu na pozitivan ishod, odnosno pobjedu na OI. Uzorak uključen u analizu čine dvije skupine država. U prvu skupinu država uključeno je 10 najuspješnijih država na određenim OI, dok drugu skupinu čine države sa osvojenom jednom medaljom. Pokazatelji razvijenosti ili različitosti zemalja diljem svijeta su: površina neke zemlje, broj njenih stanovnika, iznos BDP-a. Rezultati su pokazali statistički značajnu povezanost za varijablu BDP na svim promatranim ljetnim OI osim u Tokiju 2020. godine. Varijabla površina pokazuje statistički značajnu povezanost na OI od 2000. do 2008., dok varijabla stanovništvo ima veći značaj na novijim izdanjima igara od 2008. do 2020. Za države s jednom osvojenom medaljom nisu dobiveni rezultati na temelju kojih je moguće donijeti određene zaključke. Na zimskim OI nije utvrđena povezanost između mjerenih varijabli i broja osvojenih medalja. Iako većina istraživanja potvrđuje ekonomsku moć države kao važan prediktor uspjeha na olimpijskim igrama, bez uključivanja drugih varijabli ne možemo u potpunosti objasniti uspjeh na OI.The aim of this thesis is to determine the connection between the achieved success at the Olympic Games and the development of the economy (GDP per capita), area of the country and its population size, and in consideration of that whether the countries are at the top or bottom of the achieved sports success table, analyzed separately at the summer and winter Olympic Games from 2000 to 2020. In this way, it will be determined which predictor variables have the most significant impact on a positive outcome, victory in the Olympic Games. The sample included in the analysis consists of two groups of countries. The first group includes the ten most prosperous countries in particular Olympics, while the second group consists of countries with only one medal. Indicators of development or diversity of countries are an area of a country, population, amount of GDP, or PPP (purchasing power parity). The results showed a statistically significant correlation for the GDP variable at all measured Summer Olympics except Tokyo 2020. The area variable shows a statistically significant correlation at the older Olympic Games from 2000 to 2008, while the population variable is more important in newer editions of the 2008 Games up to 2020. No results have been obtained for countries with one medal won on which conclusions can be drawn. No correlation was found between the measured variables and the number of medals won at the Winter Olympics. Although most research confirms the country's economic power as an important predictor of success at the Olympics, without the inclusion of other variables, we cannot fully explain success at the Olympics
ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE TAEKWONDO ATHLETES IN FUNCTIONAL CAPABILITIES
No full textU ovom istraživanju promatrano je fiziološko opterećenje kod taekwondo sportaša na uzorku od 40 taekwondo sportaša. Jednu grupu, činilo je 20 muškaraca prosječne dobi 21,43 ± 3,28 godina, visine 181,32 ± 9,87 cm i tjelesne mase 74,45 ± 12,87 kg. A drugu grupa, činilo je 20 žena prosječne dobi 21,33 ± 2,69, visine 168,84 ± 6,52 cm i tjelesne mase 59,76 ± 7,6 kg. Mjerene su varijable primitak kisika u relativnim i apsolutnim vrijednostima za vrijeme progresivnog testa opterećenja na pokretnom sagu (KF1). Borilački sportovi imaju veliki zahtjev energetskih kapaciteta. Sportaši i sportašice tijekom natjecanja i trenažnog procesa imaju slična opterećenja. No, zbog individualnog pristupa potrebno je poznavati koliki kapacitet imaju jedni i drugi kako bi se moglo pristupiti preciznijem planiranju i programiranju trenažnog procesa. Stoga, svrha istraživanja bila je istražiti kardiorespiratorne varijable funkcionalnih sposobnosti. Zatim, utvrditi hoće li biti pronađena statistički značajna razlika između žena i muškaraca u istima. Kod muškarca, dobivene su relativne vrijednosti 56,43 ± 4,88 ml/kg/min, te apsolutne 4,16 ± 0,56 l/min. A, kod žena, dobivene su relativne vrijednosti primitka kisika 53,10 ± 6,27 ml/kg/min, te apsolutne 3,62 ± 0,82 l/min. Usporedbom muškaraca i žena u navedenim varijablama, p vrijednost je 0,00 u obje varijable. U istraživanju je zabilježena statistički značajna razlika u varijablama primitka kisika između žena i muškaraca. S ovim rezultatima, potvrđena je hipoteza postavljena prije samog istraživanja. Ovim radom utvrdile su se vrijednosti primitka kisika kod hrvatskih taekwondo sportaša. Dobivene spoznaje mogu pomoći u preciznijem planiranju i programiranju trenažnog procesa za razvoj funkcionalnih sposobnosti.In this research, physiological characteristics in taekwondo were observed on a sample of 40 taekwondo athletes. One group consisted of 20 men with an average age 21.43 ± 3.28 years old, height 181.32 ± 9.87 cm, body weight 74.45 ± 12.87 kg. The second group consisted of 20 women with an average age of 21.33 ± 2.69 years old, height 168,84 ± 6,52 cm, body mass 59.76 ± 7.6kg.
Variable relative and absolute oxygen uptake were measured during continuous progressive treadmill test (KF1). Male and female athletes have similar loads during competition and training. No, due to the individual approach, it is necessary to know how much capacity both of them have in order to be able to approach more precise planning and programming of the training process. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to investigate cardiorespiratory variables of functional abilities. Then, establish if there is a statistically significant difference between women and men in the same variables. In men, the measured values of relative oxygen were 56.43 ± 4.88 ml/kg/min, and absolute oxygen intake was 4.16 ± 0.56 l/min. In women, the measured values of relative oxygen 53.10 ± 6.27 ml/kg/min and absolute oxygen intake 3.62 ± 0.82 l/min. By comparing men and women in the mentioned variables, the p value is 0.00 in both variables. In the research, a statistically significant difference was found in the relative and absolute oxygen intake variables between women and men. With these results, the hypothesis set before the research was confirmed. This research established the values of oxygen intake in Croatian taekwondo athletes. This results can help in more precise planning and programming of the training process for the development of functional abilities
State and perspective of recreational sailing for persons with disabilities in Croatia
No full textOsnovni cilj ovog diplomskog rada bio je ispitati mišljenja i stavove osoba s invaliditetom i osoba s teškoćama u razvoju o rekreativnom jedrenju, čime bi se dobila slika trenutačnog stanja i mogućeg smjera budućeg razvoja turizma i jedriličarskih klubova za osobe s invaliditetom. Istraživanje je provedeno u dvije ankete s identičnim pitanjima. Prva anketa bila je namijenjena osobama s invaliditetom koje imaju tjelesna oštećenja, dok je druga bila namijenjena osobama s teškoćama u razvoju, a na pitanja su za njih odgovarali roditelji ili skrbnik. Upitnik je bio javan, te se sastojao od 16 pitanja kojem su građani mogli slobodno pristupiti.. Najveći broj ispitanika dolazi iz Slavonije i Baranje (42 %), riječ je uglavnom o osobama između 25 i 34 godine života (24 %) i 35 do 44 godina života (33 %), osobama koje su većinom završile srednju školu (40 %) te su tjelesno aktivne (87 %).
Uz pomoć rezultata deskriptivne statistike i frekvencije čestica analizirana su mišljenja osoba s invaliditetom i osoba s teškoćama u razvoju. Osobe s invaliditetom i osobe s teškoćama u razvoju u najvećem broju (90 %) podržavaju ideju razvoja rekreativnog jedrenja te od ukupno 107 ispitanika njih 72 (67 %) odlučilo bi se na takvu vrstu aktivnosti ako bi ona bila dostupna u blizini njihova mjesta stanovanja. Ispitanici (48 %) se u potpunosti slažu da trenutačna infrastruktura obalnih područja i marina nije na potrebnoj razini te da je potrebna njihova promjena i prilagodba, a s druge strane, 40 % ispitanika smatra da nema iskustva kako bi mogli odgovoriti na postavljeno pitanje. Većina ispitanika (80 %) nije u prošlosti imala nikakvog iskustva s jedrenjem. Najviše ispitanika (82 %) uopće nije upoznato s time da postoje jedrilice namijenjene osobama s invaliditetom. S obzirom na rezultate može se zaključiti da je trenutačno stanje i poznavanje jedrenja osoba s invaliditetom izrazito loše zbog nepostojanja saveza i klubova koji bi tu aktivnost promovirali i razvijali i da nužna infrastruktura nije na potrebnoj razini. S druge strane, s obzirom na geografski položaj, trenutačnu poziciju nautičkog turizma u Hrvatskoj i, što je najvažnije, neupitnu želju osoba s invaliditetom za sudjelovanjem u takvim aktivnostima, bolja budućnost jedrenja i vodenih sportova općenito ne bi trebala biti upitna.The main purpose of this master’s thesis was to investigate opinions and thoughts of persons with disabilities on the topic of the development of recreational sailing to paint a picture of the current condition and possible new ways of developing the mentioned activities. One survey was created to question people with physical disabilities, while the other was designed for people with developmental disabilities, which were answered by their parents or guardians. The questionnaire was posted publicly, and was consisting of 16 questions to which the respondents were answering freely. The biggest amount of the respondents comes from Slavonija and Baranja (42%), mainly aged between 25 and 34 (24%) and between 35 and 44 (33%), that mainly finished their high school education (40%) and are physically active (87%).
In this thesis, with the help of descriptive statistics and the frequency of the particles, opinions of people with disabilities were analyzed. Most of the people with physical disabilities and people with developmental disabilities that were questioned (90%) support the idea of recreational sailing, while from 107 respondents in total, 72 of them (67%) would practice that kind of activity if it would be available near their place of residence. On the one hand, respondents (48%) fully agree that the current infrastructure of the coastal areas and marinas is not appropriately developed and that there’s a need for improvements, while on the other hand, 40% of respondents claim that they have no knowledge or experience to give a satisfying answer to the mentioned question. Most of the respondents (80%) never had any experience with sailing. Similarly, most of the respondents (82%) is not familiar at all with the existence of sail boats which are designed for the use of people with disabilities. More than a half of the respondents (57%) fully or partially agree that they have good swimming abilities, while 65% of respondents fully disagree that they are developing any fears of water. Given the results, it can be concluded that the current state and knowledge of sailing of people with disabilities is due to the lack of federations and clubs to promote and develop and that the necessary infrastructure is not at the required level. On the other hand, given the geographical location, the current position of nautical tourism in Croatia and, most importantly, the unquestionable desire of people with disabilities to participate in such activities, a better future for sailing and water sports in general should not be questioned
Women in Combat Sports
No full textSport je popularna društvena pojava i jedan od najvećih svjetskih resursa. Tradicija bavljenja sportom u Hrvatskoj duža je od dva stoljeća. Bilo da se radi o masovnom i amaterskom ili o profesionalnom sportu, uz muškarce se u sportove sve više uključuju i žene. Kroz gotovo cijelu povijest vladalo je općeprihvaćeno mišljenje da je svrha žena vezana za brigu o obitelji i kućanstvu. Smatralo se da je sport „muški teritorij“, odnosno mjesto za dokazivanje njihove muževnosti, dok za žene nije priličilo bavljenje istim iz brojnih medicinskih, socijalnih pa čak i estetskih razloga. Iako su se s vremenom izborile za svoje mjesto u „muškom svijetu“, doprinijele sportskim uspjesima u jednakoj mjeri kao i muškarci te osigurale svoj društveni položaj i dalje se osporavaju kao jednako sposobne, a posebice u borilačkim i ekstremnim sportovima. U ovom završnom radu raspravlja se o važnosti rodne ravnopravnosti u svim aspektima sporta i sportskim djelatnostima, od natjecateljske uloge, sudačkih i trenerskih pozicija pa sve do uprave kluba i glavnih upravljačkih tijela za sport. Cilj rada je pobliže opisati odnos patrijarhalnog društva prema ženskom sportu te usporediti podatke koji ukazuju na rodnu neravnopravnost na nekoliko razina: zaradi, dodijeljenim stipendijama, sponzorstvima, medijskoj zastupljenosti, uvjetima rada i slično.Sport is a popular social phenomenon and is one of the world's biggest resources. The tradition of playing sports in Croatia is more than two centuries old. Whether it's mass sport, amateur sport or professional sport, more and more women are becoming engaged in sport. Throughout history the generally accepted view was that the role or purpose of women is tied to family and the household. Sport was always considered „male territory“, a place to prove their masculinity. It was not considered suitable for women to be involved in sport for various medical, social and even aesthetics reasons. Although women eventually created a place for themselves in this „man's world“ and contributed to achievements in sport as much as men did, thus securing their social status, they are still not regarded as equally capable, especially in combat and extreme sports. This thesis discusses the importance of gender equality in all aspects of sport and sportrelated activities, everything from partaking in the actual competition to refereeing and coaching positions, to the front office and major sports governing bodies. The goal of this thesis is to describe in detail the position of women's sports in a patriarchal society to compare data which indicates gender inequality in the following aspects: salaries, awarded scholarships, sponsorships, media representation, working conditions etc
BASIC FIELD HOCKEY TACTICS
No full textHokej na travi vrlo je popularan sport u svijetu, posebice u sjevernijem dijelu Europe i nekim državama Azije. Broj aktivnih klubova hokeja na travi je u tim zemljama velik, što se ne može reći za našu zemlju u kojoj je hokej na travi, nažalost poprilično nepoznat sport. Taktika hokeja na travi se kroz povijest mijenjala kako bi se unaprijedila sama igra te kako bi sport postao atraktivniji i popularniji, stoga će se u ovom radu opisati osnovna taktika. Načini igranja, pravila i razvoj podloge utjecao je na brzinu igre što je dovelo je do razvoja taktike. Uz opis osnovne taktike hokeja na travi opisani će biti se taktički sustavi hokejske igre koji se tiču igre u napadu i igre u obrani te kratki korner. Za učenje tehničko-taktičkih elemenata hokeja na travi, opisan je postupak u trenažnom procesu koji će poslužiti kao kvalitetna podloga hokejskog znanja za sve buduće Kineziologe i trenere hokeja.Field hockey is a very popular sport in the world, especially in the northern part of Europe and several Asian countries. The number of active field hockey clubs in these countries is large, which cannot be said for our country where field hockey is unfortunately a rather unknown sport. The tactics of field hockey have changed throughout history in order to improve the game itself, to make the sport more attractive and popular, so this paper will describe the basic tactics. The ways of playing, the rules and the development base influenced the speed of the game, which led to the development of tactics.In addition to the description of the basic tactics of field hockey, the tactical systems of the hockey game will be described, which concern the game in attack and defense and the short corner. For learning the technical and tactical elements of field hockey, a procedure is described in the training process, which will serve as a quality foundation of hockey knowledge for all future Kinesiologists and hockey coaches
IMPACT OF CHRONOLOGICAL AGE ON CREATING COMPETITION GROUPS OF YOUNG HANDBALL PLAYERS
No full textU rukometu, ali i u pojedinim ekipnim sportovima, datum rođenja primjenjuje se kao osnovni kriterij formiranja natjecateljskih skupina u mlađim dobnim kategorijama. Organizacija natjecanja za mlađe dobne skupine podrazumijeva spajanje dva uzastopna godišta, te se u rukometu u Hrvatskoj do nedavno neparno godište pridruživalo parnom. Ovakvim sustavom, razlike među mladim sportašima dolaze sve više do izražaja, jer se često nalaze u različitom stupnju sazrijevanja, te se mlađi sportaši u svojoj natjecateljskoj skupini najčešće stavljaju u podređeni položaj u odnosu na starije. Taj fenomen, uzrokovan razlikama kronološke dobi poznat je pod nazivom relativna dob, a njegove posljedice opisuju se pod nazivom utjecaj relativne dobi.
Primarni cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi razinu prisutnosti utjecaja relativne dobi među polaznicima istih natjecateljskih, mlađih dobnih skupina s obzirom na kvartal i godinu rođenja, duljinu vremena treniranja, prisutnosti na treninzima, igračkoj poziciji te razumijevanju rukometne igre. Uzorak ispitanika sadrži 107 mladih rukometaša smještenih u trenutno važeće natjecateljske skupine za mlađe dobne kategorije. Za utvrđivanje razlika između skupina rođenih parne i neparne godine obzirom na promatrane varijable primijenio se χ2-test (hikvadrat test) i t-test za nezavisne uzorke sa razinom značajnosti od 0,05. Statistički značajne razlike između parnih i neparnih godišta dobivene su prema kriteriju razumijevanja rukometne igre (p=0,04) te igračkih pozicija (p=0,04). Od ukupno 62 dječaka rođenih parne godine, njih 33 (53,23%) zadovoljava kriterij razumijevanja rukometne igre, odnosno 29 (46,77%) ne zadovoljava. Sa druge strane, od ukupno 45 dječaka rođenih neparne godine, tek njih 15 (33,33%) zadovoljava navedeni kriterij, dok čak 30 (77,77%) ne zadovoljava. Statistički značajnu razliku koja se odnosi na kriterij igračkih pozicija dobivena je među skupinom vanjskih napadača. Od ukupno 40 vanjskih napadača, uključujući i parna i neparna godišta, dobiven je omjer 28 : 12, odnosno 70% naspram 30% u korist parnih godišta. Statistički značajne razlike između parnih i neparnih godišta nisu dobivene prema kriteriju prisutnosti na treninzima (p=0,81), te duljini vremena treniranja (p=0,14).In handball, but also in other team sports, date of birth applies as main criterion for forming competition groups in younger age categories. Competition organization in younger age categories implies merging two consecutive years, and in handball in Croatia until recently the players born in uneven years had been joining to the ones born in even years. With this kind of system, differences between young athletes have become more and more noticeable, because they are often not sharing the same status of maturation, where younger athletes in competition groups are placed in unequal position in regard to older athletes. This phenomenon, caused by chronological age differences is known by the name of relative age, and the consequences are referred to as the relative age effect. The main purpose of this master’s thesis was to determine the level of presence of relative age effect between athletes in same competition groups considering quartal and year of birth, overall length of training time, attendance at trainings, player positions and understanding the handball game. A sample of survey contains considered 107 young handball players placed in currently valid competition groups for younger age categories. Chi-squared tests with significance level of 0,05 were performed to determine if there are significant differences between even and uneven years of birth in relation to the observed variables. Statistically significant differences between the players having even and uneven years of birth were found according to criterion of understanding the handball game (p=0,04) and player positions (p=0,04). From overall 62 boys having uneven year of birth, 33 (53,23%) of them satisfy criterion of understanding the handball game, whereas relatively 29 (46,77%) of them don’t. On the other side, from 45 boys having even year of birth, only 15 (33,33%) of them satisfy the same criterion, relatively 30 (77,77%) of them don’t. Statistically significant difference relating to criterion player positions were found in back attacking positions. From overall 40 attacking back positions, including those having even and uneven years of birth, a ratio of 28 : 12 was obtained in favour of even years, that is 70% in opposition to 30%. Statistically significant differences between those having even and uneven years were not found according to criterion attendance at trainings (p=0,81) and overall length of training time (p=0,14)
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POWER AND SUCCESS IN TESTS OF CHANGE OF DIRECTION
No full textOsnovni cilj ovog znanstveno - istraživačkog rada bio je utvrditi postojanje povezanosti između eksplozivne snage te uspjeha u testovima promjene smjera kretanja uz pomoću testova eksplozivne snage i testova promjene pravca kretanja.
Petnaest muških studenata Kineziološkog fakulteta u Zagrebu, dobi 23,7 ± 1,0godina, visine tijela 181,5 ± 6,3 cm i mase tijela 80,7 ± 7,0kg činilo je uzorak ispitanika ovog istraživanja. Provedena su po tri testa eksplozivne snage podijeljenih na testove horizontalne i vertikalne skočnosti, dva testa promjene smjera kretanja i jedan test brzine. Podaci su nakon testiranja obrađeni u programu Statistica te su izraženi kao standardna devijacija, aritmetička sredina, minimalan i maksimalan rezultat. Pearsonovim koeficijentom korelacije izračunata je povezanost između mjerenih varijabli. Statistički značajna povezanost sa standardnom pogreškom p < 0,05 utvrđena je između varijabli MESCMJ i MAGTT (r = - 0,52), MESCMJD i MAGTT (r = - 0,63), MESCMJND i MAGTT (r = - 0,62), MESSDM i MAGTT (r = - 0,56), MES10m i MAGTT (r = 0,54), MES20m i MAGTT (r = 0,60).
Temeljem rezultata ovog eksperimenta, moguće je zaključiti postojanje statistički značajne povezanosti između eksplozivne snage i uspjeha u testovima promjene pravca kretanja, ali navedena povezanost nije dovoljno jasna te bi navedene sposobnosti trebalo promatrati odvojeno u radu sa sportašima.By using power tests including vertical and horizontal jumping, speed, and tests of change of direction speed, the study seeks to understand the relationship between power and success in tests of direction change. The study included fifteen students from the Faculty of Kinesiology at the University of Zagreb, aged 23,7 ± 1,0 years, with heights of 181,5 ± 6,3 cm and weights of 80,7 ± 7,0 kg. The subjects participated in tests, including jumping, running, and changing directions rapidly. In this study, three power tests of the horizontal and vertical jump variety, two tests of direction change, and one speed test were utilized. After testing, the data were processed in the Statistica program and expressed as standard deviation, arithmetic mean, minimum and maximum result. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to calculate the relationship between the variables that were measured. A statistically significant correlation with a standard error of p < 0,05 was found between the variables MESCMJ and MAGTT (r = - 0,52), MESCMJD and MAGTT (r = - 0,63), MESCMJND and MAGTT (r = - 0,62), MESSDM and MAGTT (r = - 0,56), MES10m and MAGTT (r = 0,54), MES20m and MAGTT (r = 0,60).
Based on the findings of this study, it is possible to conclude that there is a statistically significant relationship between power and success in change of direction tests, but that link is not clear enough, and the mentioned abilities should be assessed separately when working with athletes
TREND ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF MALE PARA SWIMMERS SPORT CLASSES S9 IN FRONT CRAWL STROKE DISCIPLINES IN THE WORLD FROM 2010 TO 2019
No full textKako se znanost o plivanju razvijala, evoluirala je potreba za analizom natjecanja i bezbroj čimbenika koji doprinose vrhunskim izvedbama. Svaki aspekt utrke sportaša, nudi priliku za poboljšanje i stjecanje prednosti u odnosu na druge paraplivače. Trend razvoja rezultata u disciplinama paraplivanja bi pokazao odraz rezultata kroz povijest paraplivanja, ali i predviđanje razvoja rezultata u paraplivanju. Uz to, postoji potencijalna mogućnost za otkrivanjem čimbenika koji bi mogli imati značajan efekt na rezultat u paraplivanju.
Cilj istraživanja je analiza trenda i utvrđivanje krivulje razvoja osam najboljih rezultata u svijetu kod paraplivača klase S9 od 2010. do 2019. u disciplinama 50, 100 i 400 metara kraul tehnikom. Prikupljeni podaci bit će obrađeni programskim paketom Statistica 13.0. Na podacima će se izvršiti deskriptivna statistika, dok će polinomijalnom regresijskom analizom biti obrađen trend razvoja najboljih rezultata u određenoj godini za svaku disciplinu.
Rezultatima polinomijalne regresijske analize, vidljivo je kako osim vremena starta i okreta te broja zaveslaja u utrci, značajan utjecaj na vrijeme utrke ima i način klasifikacije sportaša. Do 2016. godine sustav klasifikacije je davao preveliki naglasak na propulziju, a pridavala se nedovoljna važnost za procjenu otpora plivača te se specifično oštećenje nije uzimalo u obzir. Uvođenjem novog sustava klasifikacije može se primijetiti da postoji značajan napredak u trendu rezultata na 50 metara i 100 metara kraul tehnikom na svjetskoj razini. Više istraživanja je potrebno kako bi se zaključci u ovom istraživanju dodatno potvrdili.As the science around para-swimming evolved, a need for performance analysis emerged, which would show the trend of competition results over the years and factors that could affect performance and thus the overall results. Knowledge about the former would grant one an advantage over opponents and show new ways of performance development. Trend analysis of results would show a reflection of past results and enable us to predicts future results. Moreover, this analysis would enlighten us with possible factor that did and would affect the performance.
The aim of this study was the determination of trend analysis of eight best S9 class results in the world between 2010. and 2019. in three disciplines: 50m, 100m and 400m in front crawl stroke. Acquired data was processed in Statistica 13.0 for Windows where descriptive statistics and plynominal regression analysis was performed to determine the trend analysis of the best eight S9 class front crawl stroke results for each discipline throughout the years.
Results of polynominal regression analysis showed that start time, turn time and number of strokes in a race had significant impact on the total race time. However, an overlooked factor appeared, which turned out to be the classification of para-swimmers. Up until 2016. the system of classification overestimated the propulsion effect and underestimated the water resistance. With new system of classification, trend analysis showed an improvement in results on 50m and 100m of front crawl stroke technique. More research on the subject is needed to reinforce the claims made in this study
Specifics of teaching and training persons with disabilities in alpine skiing
No full textU teorijskom dijelu radu prikazano je opće stanje sporta s invaliditetom – njegova povijest, natjecanja, sportovi za „osobe s invaliditetom“, spomenuti su neki sportaši i sportski radnici koji su pomogli u osnutku mnogih međunarodnih natjecanja i odbora za sportska natjecanja za „osobe s invaliditetom“. Postoje kategorije u alpskome skijanju, i to prema disciplinama, koje su određene isključivo prema stupnju i vrsti invaliditeta. Svaka disciplina zahtijeva svoja specifična pravila, ograničenja, ali i opremu. Nije isto je li na skijaškoj stazi osoba koja slabije vidi ili osoba bez lijeve ruke (a koja savršeno vidi). Svi oni spadaju u „svoju“, posebnu kategoriju. Nadalje, drukčija je metodika treninga, primjerice, za osobe bez obje noge od treninga za osobe bez desne šake, ili za osobe s nekom trećom vrstom invaliditeta.
U istraživačkom dijelu rada, proveli smo elektroničko sinkrono istraživanje u formi intervjua s bivšim hrvatskim zimskim i ljetnim paraolimpijcem, a sada trenerom i sportskim menadžerom, Vinkovčaninom Tomislavom Zadrom, koji nam je potvrdio hipotezu o potrebi za posebnom trenažnom metodologijom za sportaše s invaliditetom. Riječ je, prema znanstvenoj metodologiji, o svrsishodnom uzorku (odabrani uzorak samostalno zadovoljava karakteristike koje su bitne za svrhu rada), a provedeni intervju, koji se nalazi u istraživačkom dijelu rada, standardiziran je i osoban. U radu je korištena recentna domaća i strana literatura čije su postavke i određena teorijska gledišta potvrđena ovim intervjuom.In the theoretical part of the paper, the general state of sports with disabilities is presented - its history, competitions, sports for people with disabilities, and some athletes and sports workers who helped in the establishment of many international competitions and committees for sports competitions for people with disabilities are mentioned. The main goal of the work is to show the history of alpine skiing, from the perspective of skiers with adapted equipment (skiers with multiple types of disabilities). After the presentation of the history, there are chapters and sub-chapters that describe in more detail the training process itself, methodical preparation and all other specifics related to alpine skiing for people with disabilities. There are categories in alpine skiing, according to disciplines, which are determined solely according to the degree and type of disability. Each discipline requires its own specific rules, restrictions, and equipment. It is not the same whether there is a person with poor vision or a person without a left hand (who can see perfectly) on the ski slope. All of them fall into "their own", special category. Furthermore, the training methodology for people without both legs, for example, is different from training for people without a right hand, or for people with a third type of disability.
In the research part of the work, we conducted electronic synchronous research in the form of an interview with the former Croatian winter and summer Paralympian, and now coach and sports manager, Tomislav Zadro from Vinkovci, who confirmed the hypothesis about the need for a special training methodology for athletes with disabilities. According to scientific methodology, it is a purposive sample (the selected sample independently meets the characteristics that are essential for the purpose of the work), and the conducted interview - which is in the research part of the work - is standardized and personal. Recent domestic and foreign literature was used in the paper, whose assumptions and certain theoretical viewpoints were confirmed by this interview
Acute effects of exercise on serum level of irisin
No full textRiječ miokin potječe od grčkih riječi mio (mišić) i kinesis (pokret), a odnosi se na citokine koji se izlučuju iz mišićnih stanica tijekom tjelovježbe. Cilj rada je pregled znanstvenih radova citiranih u bazama podataka Web of Science i Scopus u kojima je proveden neki oblik tjelovježbe i mjerena razina irizina prije i poslije tjelovježbe. Pretragom je pronađeno 195 radova, od kojih je 38 zadovoljilo kriterije te su uključeni u završnu analizu. Pregledom radova utvrđen je pozitivan utjecaj protokola izdržljivosti na razinu irizina u serumu, s naglaskom da viši intenziteti mogu izazvati veći porast irizina u serumu. Kada je riječ o maksimalnim naporima, moguć je privremeni pad razine irizina u serumu. Premalo je radova koji su proveli trening s otporom ili koristili neki sport kao protokol. U budućim istraživanjima potreban je veći broj istraživanja na ženskim ispitanicama, kao i veći broj istraživanja koja bi utvrdila akutni utjecaj treninga s otporom i sportskih igara na razinu irizina u serumu.Word myokine is derived from two greek words; mio (muscle) and kinesis (movement) and refers to cytokines released from myocytes during exercise. The aim of this thesis was to review the scientific articles cited in Web of Science and Scopus databases which implemented any form of exercise and measured serum irisin before and after exercise. Initial search yielded 195 articles, of which 38 were eligible for review and were included in the final analysis. Upon reviewing the articles, it can be concluded that endurance protocols increase serum level of irisin, while higher intensities can produce higher elevation in serum level of irisin. Maximal intensity of exercise can temporarily reduce serum level of irisin. There are too few articles that implemented resistance training or sport as a protocol. Future studies should include more female participants, as well as more studies that would determine acute effects of resistance training and playing sports on serum levels of irisin