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Social environment and youth participation in wrestling
No full textCilj istraživanja je utvrditi razinu povezanosti socijalne okoline (roditelji, treneri, vršnjaci) mladih hrvača u odnosu na njihovu razinu zadovoljstva, intrinzičnu motivaciju i posvećenost hrvanju. Uzorak je činilo 172 mladih hrvača od 11 do 17 godina iz većine hrvačkih klubova u Hrvatskoj, koji su podijeljeni u tri dobne skupine, mlađi dječaci hrvači od 11 do 13 (N = 79) stariji dječaci hrvači od 14 i 15 (N=50) i kadeti od 16 i 17 godina (N=43). Korišteni su upitnici koji mjere posvećenost sportu, ukupnu razinu zadovoljstva u sportu, socijalnu orijentaciju i utjecaj roditelja, trenera i vršnjaka, intrinzičnu motivaciju te roditeljsku potporu djeci u sportu. Rezultati su obrađeni diskriminacijskom analizom te kanoničkom korelacijskom analizom. Postavljene su dvije hipoteze: H1: Postoji značajna razlika u socijalnoj motivaciji između različitih dobnih skupina mladih u hrvanju. Diskriminacijska analiza izdvojila je prvu diskriminacijsku funkciju koja je bila statistički značajna na nivou 0,01 (p < 0,01) te je ova hipoteza potvrđena. Najveći doprinos definiranju diskriminacijske funkcije dale su poddimenzije roditeljske potpore, intrinzične motivacije i socijalne orijentacije. Dječaci hrvači se najviše razlikuju u varijablama „percipirana kompetentnost“, „pozitivna potkrepljenja“ i „roditeljska vjerovanja u dobrobit bavljenja sportom“, a najviše se razlikuju mlađi i stariji dječaci hrvači, dok se najstariji hrvači kadeti umjereno razlikuju i od mlađih i od starijih dječaka hrvača. Na pozitivnom polu diskriminacijske funkcije nalazi se mlađa dobna skupina, blizu nule su kadeti, a na negativnom starija dobna skupina. Drugim riječima, mlađim hrvačima važna su roditeljska vjerovanja u dobrobit bavljenja sportom, a karakterizira ih više napora/važnosti i više zadovoljstva u sportu. Starije dječake hrvače karakterizira manje percipirane kompetentnosti, više pritiska/tenzije i manje zadovoljstva u sportu, dok su kadeti umjereni u svemu. H2: Postoji značajna povezanost između posvećenosti hrvanju, razine zadovoljstva, intrinzične motivacije i socijalne orijentacije. Kanoničkom korelacijskom analizom utvrđeno je kako postoji jedan statistički značajan kanonički par na nivou 0,01 te je ova hipoteza potvrđena. Kanonički koeficijent korelacije za kanonički par iznosi, F1 = 0,65, čime se objašnjava 42 % ukupne varijance na nivou značajnosti p < 0,01. Kanoničke faktore prvog i drugog seta varijabli u kanonički par povezuje socijalna orijentacija u obliku prihvaćanja grupe, roditeljska potpora u obliku roditeljskog vjerovanja u dobrobit bavljenja sportom i pozitivnih potkrepljenja te varijable intrinzične motivacije „interes/uživanje“ i „percipirana kompetentnost“. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju kako postoji statistički značajna razlika u socijalnoj motivaciji različitih dobnih skupina mladih hrvača i ističu važnost motivacije za postizanje pozitivnih afektivnih ishoda koje mladi mogu postići u sportu. Ovo istraživanje predstavlja još jedan značajan doprinos razumijevanju odustajanja mladih od hrvanja, što još uvijek nije dovoljno istraženo niti je dobro znanstveno objašnjeno i riješeno te ima širi društveni značaj i izlazi iz okvira akademske zajednice.In order for young people to pursue wrestling as their chosen sport, it is essential for their social environment, namely, their parents, their coach and peers to motivate them. According to numerous previous studies, social orientation is important because it has been proven to be directly associated to satisfaction and intrinsic motivation. In order to remain in wrestling, youth need to feel satisfaction and to positively self – evaluate their own abilities and achievements. Through the positive influence of social environment, youth will perceive wrestling as a source of satisfaction and continue pursuing it. The purpose of this research is to determine the level of connection of the social environment (parents, coaches, peers) of young wrestlers in relation to their level of satisfaction, intrinsic motivation and commitment to wrestling. The survey was conducted among 172 young wrestlers, ages between 11 and 17, who train in different clubs in Croatia. They have been divided in three different age groups, younger wrestlers, boys age 11 to 13 (N = 79) older wrestlers, boys age 14 and 15 (N = 50) and cadets, boys age 16 and 17 (N = 43). For the purpose of this survey the following editions of Croatian questionnaires were used: “Sport Commitment Questionnaire” (Scanlan et al., 1993), modified and translated into Croatian (Crnjac, 2017); “Questionnaire on scale of total satisfaction in sport”, (Scanlan et al., 1993), translated into Croatian and modified (Crnjac, 2017); “Questionnaire on social orientation and influence of parents, coaches and peers” (Stuntz and Weiss, 2003), modified Croatian version (Crnjac, 2017); “Intrinzic Motivation
Inventory – IMI” (Štimac, 2000) and “Questionnaire on parental support for children in sport”
(Bosnar, 2003). Data was processed using the discriminate analysis and the canonical correlation analysis. According to appointed purpose of the research, two hypotheses were set. The first set hypothesis H1 was: There is a significant difference in social motivation between different age groups of youth in wrestling. The discriminant analysis singled out the first discriminant function (eigen–value = 0,42; canonical R = 0,54; Wilks' Lambda = 0,67; Chi–sqr. = 65,47; df = 26,00; p < 0,01), which was statistically significant at the level of 0,01, and that has confirmed our hypothesis. The discriminatory function of social motivation between different age groups of young wrestlers have defined by sub-dimensions of parental support, intrinsic motivation and social orientation. Coaching praise and peer acceptance are also very important to young wrestlers. The biggest contribution to defining the discriminatory function was given by the subdimensions of parental support, intrinsic motivation and social orientation. Boys wrestlers differ the most in the variables "perceived competence", "positive corroboration" and "parental beliefs in the benefits of sports". The younger and older boys wrestlers differ the most, while the oldest cadet wrestlers differ
moderately from both the younger and older boys wrestlers. On the positive side of the
discriminatory function is the younger age group. On the opposite negative side, there is a
older age group, and in the middle of the discriminatory function very close to zero, there is
the oldest age group, the cadets. In other words, for younger wrestlers, parental beliefs in the benefits of playing sports are important, and they are characterized by more effort / importance and more satisfaction in sports. Older boys wrestlers are characterized contrary of younger boys wrestlers, regarding less perceived competence, more pressure / tension, less pleasure in sports and less parental belief in the benefits of playing sports. The oldest age group, the cadets are moderate in everything. In accordance with the aim of the research another hypothesis H2 that has been set up, was: There is a significant correlation between wrestling commitment, satisfaction level, intrinsic motivation, and social orientation. Canonical correlation analysis determined that there is a statistically significant correlation between one canonical pairs at the level of 0,01, and that has confirmed our hypothesis. A relatively high statistical value of the canonical correlation coefficients for the canonical pair was achieved, which is, F1 = 0,65, which explains 42 % of
the total variance at the significance level p < 0,01. The canonical factors of the first and
second sets of variables in the canonical pair are connected by social orientation in the form
of group acceptance, parental support in the form of parental belief in the benefits of sports
and positive reinforcements, and olso variables of intrinsic motivation "interest / enjoyment"
and "perceived competence". The obtained results show that there is a statistically significant
difference in social motivation between different age groups of young wrestlers and they
point out the importance of motivation for achieving positive affective outcomes that young
people can achieve in sports. Satisfaction in sport strongly correlates with commitment to sports (0,78). Most respondents think that peers’ wrestlers want to be friends with them and that they like to spend time with them. They feel that their parents are extremely proud of them being in
wrestling, that their parents are supportive, that their parents think that other athletes are good
company for them, and they know that their parents think that wrestling is good for their
health. For coaches, most respondents say that they are very satisfied when they are doing
well in wrestling, that they are positive and it is important for them to be encouraged and
praised by their coaches. Intrinsic motivation as perceived competence and effort/importance, as well as parents' beliefs in the benefits of playing sports, proved to be the dominant factor, with joint activities outside of training and praise from their coaches. It is also clear that there is a very strong correlation between commitment to sport and satisfaction in sport. Moderate positive correlation connects the variable of the subdimension of intrinsic motivation, "interest/enjoyment" and the variable of the subdimension of social orientation "group acceptance". In addition, a negative correlation was found between the subdimension of intrinsic motivation "interest / enjoyment" and the dimension of satisfaction in sports and commitment to sports, which could mean that boys wrestlers feel less satisfaction when they feel effort in training and competitions. The obtained results show that there is a statistically significant difference in social motivation between different age groups of young wrestlers and emphasize the importance of motivation for achieving positive affective outcomes that young people can achieve in sports. This research represents another significant contribution to the understanding the reasons for giving–up wrestling among young athletes, which is still not sufficiently researched or well scientifically explained and resolved, and has a wider social significance and exits beyond the academic community. Considering that the reasons for giving–up sports among young athletes is a socially important problem that is recognized in the world, and manifests itself in the most developed sports countries, any research of this type and in this area is a significant path in its development. This research is another step towards defining the level of connection of the social environment of young wrestlers and their level of satisfaction, intrinsic motivation and commitment to wrestling sport
Characteristics and advantages of hiking as recreational activities
No full textOvim diplomskim radom nastoje se prikazati značajke i prednosti planinarenja kao rekreacijske aktivnosti. U radu su predstavljene mnogobrojne dobrobiti planinarenja, od sprječavanja kroničnih bolesti do poboljšanja lokomotornog i dišnog sustava. Dokazano je da planinarenje ima pozitivan učinak na krvni tlak, kolesterol, kardiovaskularni sustav, zdravlje kostiju i općenito imunološki sustav. Najočitije dobrobiti planinarenja su poboljšanje tjelesne i kardiovaskularne kondicije, kao i smanjenje tjelesnih masti aerobnim vježbanjem. Psihološke prednosti planinarenja uključuju poboljšanje vlastitog osobnog samopouzdanja i vještina timskog rada. Stoga su u radu razmotrene i objašnjene karakteristike planinarenja, prikazan utjecaj planinarenja na zdravlje te razlozi zbog kojih se ljudi odlučuju na planinarenje. U radu je opisana planinarska oprema te planinarska infrastruktura neophodna za kvalitetno odvijanje planinarskih aktivnosti.This thesis seeks to present the features and benefits of hiking as a recreational activity. This thesis presents the many benefits of hiking, from the prevention of chronic diseases to the improvement of the locomotor and respiratory systems. Hiking has been proven to have a positive effect on blood pressure, cholesterol, the cardiovascular system, bone health and the immune system in general. The most obvious benefits of hiking are the improvement of physical and cardiovascular fitness as well as the reduction of body fat through aerobic exercise. The psychological benefits of hiking include improving one’s personal self-confidence and teamwork skills. Therefore, this study discusses and explains the characteristics of hiking, the impact of hiking on health and the reasons why people decide to go hiking. This thesis describes hiking equipment and infrastructure necessary for the quality of hiking activities
CORRELATION BETWEEN PLANTAR FOOT PRESSURE VARIABLES AND SWIMMING RESULTS IN 100 METERS CRAWL
No full textHodanje i stajanje spadaju u najzastupljenije aktivnosti koje čovjek provodi veći dio svojega života iako u posljednje vrijeme sve više svjedočimo novom, sedentarnom načinu života. Samim time proveli smo studiju kako bismo utvrdili povezanost između hoda, odnosno stajanja i varijabli dobivenih analizom tih dviju aktivnosti uz pomoć pedobarografske platforme Zebris tipa FDM 1.5. te rezultata u plivanju, točnije disciplini 100 metara kraul u 25-metarskom bazenu. Hod i stajanje te praćenje plantarnoga centra pritiska stopala predstavnici su dinamičke i statičke ravnoteže te su iz njih korelirane varijable s rezultatom 100 metara kraul izraženim u stotinkama sekunde. Uzorak ispitanika predstavlja 15 aktivnih plivača starijih od 18 godina, prosječne dobi (20,27±2,19) godina iz zagrebačkih plivačkih klubova. Za metodu obrade podataka korišten je Spearmanov koeficijent korelacije. Normalnost distribucije dobivenih varijabli u studiji procijenjena je Kolmogorov-Smirnovljevim (K-S) testom i Lilliefors testom normalnosti distribucije na razini pogreške zaključivanja p ≤ 0,05 %. Od ukupno 11 analiziranih varijabli (duljina centra pritiska stopala, prosječna brzina centra pritiska stopala, devijacija stopala X, devijacija stopala Y, duljina pritiska lijevoga stopala na podlogu, duljina pritiska desnoga stopala na podlogu, opterećenje preko lijevoga stopala, opterećenje preko desnoga stopala, antero-posteriorna pozicija stopala, lateralna simetrija stopala, maksimalna brzina linije hoda, odnosno nagaza), tri od navedenih pokazale su se kao statistički značajne uz statističku sigurnost ≥ 95 %. Pod skupinu statistički značajnih varijabli spadaju duljina pritiska desnoga stopala na podlogu, lateralna simetrija stopala i maksimalna brzina linije hoda, odnosno nagaza. Autor sugerira proširivanje uzorka ispitanika te detaljnije analize triju statistički značajnijih varijabli u odnosu na plivačku disciplinu 100 metara kraul.Walking and standing are among the most common activities in which a person spends most of his life, although lately we are increasingly witnessing a new sedentary way of life. Thus, we encouraged the study to determine the relationship between gait, standing and variables obtained by analyzing these two activities using the pedobarographic platform Zebris type FDM 1.5. and results in swimming, more precisely the discipline of 100 meters freestyle in a 25-meter pool. Walking and standing, monitoring the plantar center of pressure in these actions are representatives of dynamic and static balance, and the variables from static and dynamic balance are correlated with the result of 100 meters freestyle expressed in hundredths of a second. The sample of respondents represents 15 active swimmers over the age of 18 years, with an average age (20.27 ± 2.19) years from swimming clubs in Zagreb. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used for the data processing method. The normality of the distribution of the obtained variables in the study was assessed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test and the Lilliefors test of the normality of the distribution at the level of inference error p≤ 0.05. Out of a total of 11 analyzed variables (center of pressure path length, center of pressure average velocity, deviation X, deviation Y, length of gait line left, length of gait line right, single support line left, single support line right, antero-posterior position, lateral symmetry, maximal gait line velocity) three proved to be statistically significant with statistical safety ≥95%. The group of statistically significant variables includes: the length of gait line right, lateral symmetry, the maximal gait line velocity. The author suggests expanding the sample of respondents and a more detailed analysis of 3 statistically significant variables in relation to the swimming discipline 100 meters freestyle
PIRIFORMIS SYNDROME IN RUNNERS
No full textMišić piriformis je snažan i čvrst mišić koji povezuje bedrenu kost, odnosno femur, sa sakrumom, odnosno križnom kosti. Sindrom mišića piriformis je stanje koje se događa zbog kompresije ili iritacije ishijadičnog živca koja je uzrokovana pritiskom mišića piriformisa. Sindrom mišića piriformisaa se javlja zbog preopterećenja, ali i njegova slabost i atrofija mogu iritirati živac, kao i primjerice dugotrajno sjedenje. Fizičke aktivnosti su često uzrok zbog kojeg se javlja sindrom, a to se posebno odnosi na trčanje. Kod trčanja se sindrom može javiti zbog mikrotraume ili makrotraume. Mikrotrauma se odnosi na prekomjernu upotrebu mišića, a makrotrauma se odnosi na ozljede poput padova i slično. U daljnjem tekstu je opisan kineziterapijski program i postupci kojim se utječe na prevenciju i liječenje navedenog sindroma.The piriformis is a strong and solid muscle that connects the femur with the sacrum. Piriformis syndrome is a condition that occurs due to compression or irritation of the sciatic nerve caused by pressure ofthe piriformis muscle. Piriformis syndrome occurs due to overload, but its weakness and atrophy can also irritate the nerve, as can prolonged sitting. Physical activity is often the cause of the syndrome, and this is especially true for runners. When running, the syndrome can occur due to microtrauma or macrotrauma. Microtrauma refers to overuse of muscles, and macrotrauma refers to injuries like falls etc. This study was to investigate the influence of a specific, kinesiotherapy-based rehabilitation program on the m.piriformi
CHANGES IN THE RESULT OF A 30-15 INTERMITTENT FITNESS TEST AFTER THE PREPARATORY PERIOD OF THE CROATIAN NATIONAL HANDBALL TEAM FOR THE HEARING-IMPAIRED
No full textOsnovni cilj ovog rada je analiziranje promjena u rezultatu 30-15 intermittent fitness testa nakon odrađenih priprema Hrvatske rukometne reprezentacije gluhih. Uzorak ispitanika činilo je šesnaest seniorskih gluhih rukometaša Hrvatske reprezentacije. (n=16, 28,6±5,83 godina, 183,9±5,03 cm, 88,3±10,87 kg). Na prvom testiranju ostvarena prosječna brzina testiranja VIFT1 iznosila je 18,4 km/h±1,49. Nakon testiranja određene su homogene skupine, kako bi sportaši mogli šta kvalitetnije odraditi visoko intenzivna trčanja koja su ih očekivala u pripremama. Jedna grupa rukometaša, oni koji nisu bili u mogućnosti odrađivati rukometne treninge, odradili su dodatnih 6 treninga koji su se sastojali od četiri intervala na 70-75%vIFT u trajanju od četiri minute, sa dvije i pol minute aktivnog odmora. Od dana 28.5. do dana 15.6.2021. godine, Hrvatska rukometna reprezentacija gluhih odradila je 23 treninga, od kojih je 10 bilo kondicijskih, 13 TE-TA treninga, te 4 prijateljske utakmice. Za razvoj aerobnog kapaciteta i anaerobnih kapaciteta, odnosno treninga koji su mogli utjecati na rezulatat u intermittent fitness testu određena su tri protokola treninga, podjeljenih u 10 kondicijskih treninga i četiri utakmice. U prvom periodu priprema provodio se protokol jedan, odradila su se četiri treninga, a treninzi su se sastojali od dvije serije za igrače koji su bili uključeni u sustav natjecanja, te od tri serije za igrače koji nisu bili uključeni u sustav natjecanja sa po dvanaest intervala rada u trajanju od 15 sekundi i intervala odmora u trajanju od 15 sekundi, na brzinama od 95% (dva treninga) i 100% ( dva treninga) od VIFT. Svaki trening je uključivao promjene smjerova. Drugi protokol za razvoj i održavanje anaerobnih kapaciteta sastojao se od tri intervalna sprint treninga koja su se provodila na kraju TE-TA dijela treninga. Protokol se sastojao od šest intervala od kojih se svaki sastojao od 240 metara (6x40m) trčanja submaximalnim intenzitetom, odnosno približno na 110-120% v30-15 IFT. Treći protokol sastojao se od tri treninga ponavljanog sprinta, a konstruiran je tako da su se na kraju TE-TA dijela treninga trčalo 6 kontri maksimalnim intenzitetom u dvije serije, te povratkom u obranu također maksimalnim intenzitetom, nakon čega bi slijedio odmor od 40-50 sekundi. Na drugom testiranju ostvarena prosječna brzina testiranja VIFT2 iznosila je 19,8 km/h±1,29. Nakon ponovljenog testiranja vidljiva povećanja u aritmetičkoj sredini od 1,4 km/h, odnosno 7,1% u VIFT.The main aim of this paper is to analyse the changes in the results of the 30-15 intermittent fitness test, after the completion of the preparation period of the Croatian handball team for the hearing-impaired. The sample consisted of sixteen senior deaf handball players from the Croatian national team. (n = 16, 28.6 ± 5.83 years, 183.9 ± 5.03 cm, 88.3 ± 10.87 kg). For the first test, the average VIFT1 test speed was 18.4 km / h ± 1.49. After the testing, similar ability groups were determined, so that the athletes could perform the high-intensity runs that awaited them in the preparations. One group of handball players, who were not able to do handball training, they did six more trainings, which consisted of four intervals on 70-75%vIFT in duration of four minutes, with two and half minutes active rest. From 28.5.2021 until 15.6.2021, the Croatian handball team of the hearing-impaired performed 23 training sessions, of which 10 were fitness-based, 13 TE-TA training sessions, and 4 friendly matches. For the development of aerobic and anaerobic capacities, e.g. training exercises that could affect the results in the intermittent fitness test, three training protocols were determined, divided into ten fitness training sessions and four matches. In the first period of preparation, protocol one was implemented, four training sessions were conducted, and these sessions consisted of two rounds for players who were included in the competition, and three rounds for players who were not included in the competition. There were 12 session intervals of 15 seconds and a rest interval of 15 seconds, at speeds of 95% (two workouts) and 100% (two workouts) of VIFT, and each workout included changes of direction. The second protocol for the development and maintenance of anaerobic capacity, consisted of three interval sprint trainings that were conducted at the end of the TE-TA part of the training. The protocol consisted of six intervals, each of which consisted of 240 metres (6x40m) of running at submaximal intensity, or approximately 110-120% v30-15 IFT. The third protocol consisted of three repeated sprint workouts, and was constructed so that, at the end of the TE-TA part of the training, six counter attacks were run at maximum intensity in two rounds, then a return to the defense position, also at maximum intensity, followed by a 40-50 second break. In the second round of testing, the achieved average speed of the VIFT2 test was 19.8 km / h ± 1.29. After repeated testing, visible increases in the arithmetic mean of 1.4 km / h, or 7.1% in VIFT were noted
SPECIFICITIES OF FUNCTIONAL REHABILITATION AFTER ACL INJURY IN SOCCER PLAYERS ACCORDING TO THEIR PLAYING POSITION
No full textNogomet je danas jedan od najpopularnijih sportova u svijetu u koji se svakim danom povećava količina uloženih materijalnih sredstava. S više novca koji se ulaže u nogomet, marketing i broj ljudi koji nogomet prate, sve su veći i zahtjevi prema nogometašima. Ozljedei sei definirajui kaoi svai oštećenjai tkivai nastalai ui određenomi ii ograničenomi vremenskomi razdoblju,i ai najčešćei sui ozljedei mišićno-koštanogi sustava.i Zglobi koljenai imai svojui nezamjenjivui funkcijui ui nogometu,i sudjelujei ui svakomi pokretui ii njegovai aktivnosti jei neophodnai ui svakomi dijelui nogometnei utakmicei ilii treninga,i pai jei logičnoi dai ui tomi zglobui ležii velikii broji ozljeda.i Odi najčešćihi ozljedai koljena,i ui svimi medicinskimi ii sportskimi publikacijama,i najčešćei citiranai ozljedai jei puknućei prednjegi križnogi ligamenta.Football is today one of the most popular sports in the world, in which the amount of invested material resources is increasing day by day. As the funds invested in football, marketing and the amount of people who follow it increase, so do the demands placed on footballers. Injuries are defined as any tissue damage caused in a specific and limited time, and the most common are injuries to the locomotor system. The knee joint has its indispensable function in football, it participates in every movement and its activity is indispensable in every part of a football match or training, so it is logical that a large number of injuries are in that joint. Of the most common knee injuries, in all medical and sports articles, the most frequently mentioned injury is rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament
Injuries, prevention programmes and implementation context in Croatian football
No full textOsnovni cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi točan broj, težinu i tip ozljeda u 1. Hrvatskoj nogometnoj ligi na treningu i utakmicama. Sekundarni cilj je bio utvrditi implementacijski kontekst, odnosno stajališta igrača prema prevencijskim programima i učestalost provedbe istih, utvrditi faktore koji doprinose i koji sprečavaju provedbu prevencijskih programa. Uzorak ispitanika sastojao se od 340 nogometaša iz klubova u 1. HNL prosječne kronološke dobi 24,22 ± 3,95 godina. Prikupljanje podataka je provedeno prospektivnim putem gdje je zadužena osoba za pojedini klub upisivala podatke svaka dva tjedna u bazu podataka. Upisivali su se podaci o izloženosti kao i incidenciji ozljeda igrača na treninzima i utakmicama. Osim izloženosti, prikupljeni su podaci o antropometrijskim mjerama ispitanika kao i o stajalištima prema prevencijskim programima te pozitivnim i negativnom faktorima na provedbu istih. Obrada podataka je provedena statističkim paketom SPSS 20. Za sve antropometrijske mjerne parametre izračunati su deskriptivni statistički postupci (mod, median, standardna devijacija, izgled distribucije). Također je izračunana izloženost igrača na utakmicama/treningu kao i incidencija ozljede igrača na 1000 sati izloženosti na utakmicama/treningu. Učestalost i postoci odgovora na pitanja o stavovima prema prevencijskih programima su dobiveni iz kategorijskih podataka (Crosstabulationtables). Povezanost nezavisnih i zavisnih varijabli je utvrđena primjenom logističkih regresijskih analiza. Zavisna varijabla se transformirala u binomnu (ozlijeđen/neozlijeđen) odnosno multinomijalnu (neozlijeđen/lakša ozljeda/teža ozljeda). Također je izračunat omjer izgleda (oddsratio), i pripadajući 95% interval (95% CI). Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da je ukupna izloženost igrača bila 47835 sati. Od toga je izloženost na utakmicama iznosila 2640 sati (5.51%), odnosno 264 sata po ekipi. Ukupna izloženost ekipa na treningu je iznosila 45195 sati (94.48%), odnosno 4519.5 sati po ekipi. Incidencija ozljeda na utakmicama je iznosila 60.22/1000h ozljeda dok je incidencija na treningu iznosila 15.4 ozljeda na 1000h izloženosti. Od svih ozljeda, na ozljede donjih ekstremiteta se odnosilo 76.9% svih zabilježenih ozljeda. Prema ozlijeđenom dijelu tijela je utvrđen visok postotak ozljeda glave/lica dok su prema tipu ozljede najzastupljenija bila nagnječenja/hematomi, nakon kojih slijede rupture mišića/prenaprezanja i uganuća/ozljede ligamenata. Istraživanjem se utvrdilo da je broj ponovljenih ozljeda u klubovima 1. HNL mnogo viši od europskog prosjeka. Također je utvrđeno da je veći broj ozljeda zadobiven traumom dok je manji broj ozljeda nastao preopterećenjem. Nije potvrđena hipoteza da slabije rangirani klubovi imaju statistički značajno više ozljeda, ali razlika svejedno postoji između klubova koji su završili prvenstvo na vrhu tablice u odnosnu na najlošije rangirane klubove. Dokazana je statistički značajna povezanost između ozljeda glave/lica s dužim vremenskim periodom izbivanja s terena kao i povezanost dužeg vremenskog perioda izbivanja i ozljede koljena. Ozljede tog tipa su definirane kao teške. Ozljeda trbuha je također povezana u usporedbi s dužim vremenskim periodom izbivanja sa terena. Dokazana je statistički značajna povezanost između klubova koji redovito provode prevencijske programe s manjom incidencijom ozljeda u odnosu na klubove koji ne provode prevencijske programe. Najveći broj ispitanika smatra da su igrači sami odgovorni za prevenciju ozljeda, nakon čega slijedi glavni trener dok su prema ispitanicima najmanje odgovorni liječnici, fizioterapeuti i kondicijski treneri. Kada se pogleda vrijednost značajnosti regresijskog koeficijenta za model 'ukupan broj dana izbivanja (jedan do osam ; devet i više) i promatrane klubove, utvrđeno je kako nema statistički značajne povezanosti u navedenom modelu (p=>0.05). Vrijednost regresijskog koeficijenta za ponovljene ozljede također nije statistički značajan (p=>0.05), te se na temelju toga zaključuje kako nema statističke značajnosti između ponovljenih ozljeda i ukupnog broja dana izbivanja. Prema stajalištima najveći stupanj slaganja ispitanika o prevencijskim programima je zabilježen kod pitanja; ozljede donjih ekstremiteta mogu skratiti profesionalnu karijeru nogometaša, zatim nogometni igrači su pod velikim pritiskom zadobivanja ozljeda donjih ekstremiteta. Najniži stupanj slaganja je zabilježen kod pitanja; vježbe ravnoteže mogu prevenirati ozljede donjih ekstremiteta, zatim trčanje/trčkaranje u fazi hlađenja mogu prevenirati ozljede donjih ekstremiteta. Većina odgovora se razlikuje u odnosu na druga istraživanja koja su citirana u ovom radu. Kao pozitivne faktore provedbe prevencijskih programa ispitanici su naveli kako prevencijski programi moraju biti zabavni i nogometno specifični, da se provode duži vremenski period te da se odvijaju na više lokacija. Kao negativni faktori utvrđeni su nedostatak opreme, nedostatak vremena i neadekvatan nadzor za provedbu programa. Dokazano je da je broj ozljeda u 1 HNL na utakmicama i treninzima značajno veći u odnosu na klubove koji pripadaju elitnim Europskim klubovima. Osim specifičnog vremenskog perioda u kojem se istraživanje provodilo, za vrijeme pandemije COVID 19, nema drugih vanjskih čimbenika koji su mogli utjecati na dobivene rezultate. Bitno je naglasiti da treba veći vremenski period utrošiti na edukaciju samih igrača i njihovih stručnih timova, kao i na bolje tehničko materijalne uvjete na terenu jer ispunjenjem tih pretpostavki provedba prevencijskih programa će biti kvalitetnija. Ovim istraživanjem se utvrdilo koji su to pozitivni faktori koji utječu na provođenje prevencijskih programa te ih treba implementirati u svakodnevni trenažni proces u svakom klubu. Smanjenjem broja ozljeda 1. HNL će postati konkurentnija i jača liga nego što je to u ovom trenutku.The main goal of this research was to determine the exact number, severity, and type of injuries in the 1st Croatian Football League in training and matches. The secondary goal was to determine the attitudes of players towards prevention programs and the frequency of their implementation, to determine the factors that contribute to and prevent the implementation of prevention programs. The sample of respondents consisted of 340 football players from clubs in the 1st HNL with an average chronological age of 24.22 ± 3.95 years. Data collection was carried out in a prospective way, where the person in charge of a particular club entered data into the database every two weeks. Data on exposure as well as the incidence of player injuries in training and matches were entered. In addition to exposure, data were collected on anthropometric measures of respondents as well as on attitudes towards prevention programs and positive and negative factors on their implementation. Data processing was performed with the SPSS 20 statistical package. Descriptive statistical procedures (mode, median, standard deviation, distribution appearance) were calculated for all anthropometric measurement parameters. The exposure of players in matches / training as well as the incidence of player injury per 1000 hours of exposure in matches / training was also calculated. The frequency and percentages of responses to questions about attitudes toward prevention programs were derived from Crosstabulation tables. The relationship between independent and dependent variables was determined by applying logistic regression analyzes. The dependent variable was transformed into binomial (injured / uninjured) or multinomial (uninjured / minor injury / severe injury). The odds ratio was also calculated, and the corresponding 95% interval (95% CI). The results of the research showed that the total exposure of the players was 47,835 hours. Of that, the exposure in matches was 2640 hours (5.51%), or 264 hours per team. The total exposure of teams in training was 45195 hours (94.48%), or 4519.5 hours per team. The incidence of injuries in matches was 60.22 / per 1000h of injuries while the incidence of training was 15.4 injuries per 1000h of exposure. Of all injuries, lower extremity injuries accounted for 76.9% of all recorded injuries. According to the injured part of the body, a high percentage of head/face injuries was found, while according to the type of injury, bruises/hematomas were the most common, followed by muscle ruptures/strains and ligament sprains/injuries. The research established that the number of repeated injuries in clubs in the 1st HNL is much higher than the European average. It was also found that a greater number of injuries were sustained by trauma while a smaller number of injuries were caused by overload. The hypothesis that lower-ranked clubs have statistically significantly more injuries has not been confirmed, but the difference still exists between clubs that finished the championship at the top of the table compared to the worst-ranked clubs. There was a statistically significant association between head/face injuries with a longer period of absence from the field as well as an association between a longer period of absence and a knee injury. Injuries of this type are defined as severe. Abdominal injury is also associated with a longer period of absence from the field. There was a statistically significant association between clubs that regularly implement prevention programs with a lower incidence of injuries compared to clubs that do not implement prevention programs. Most of the respondents believe that the players are responsible for injury prevention, followed by the head coach, while according to the respondents, doctors, physiotherapists, and fitness trainers are the least responsible. When looking at the value of the significance of the regression coefficient for the model's total number of absence days (1-8; 9 and more) and the observed clubs, it was found that there is no statistically significant correlation in this model (p => 0.05). The value of the regression coefficient for repeated injuries is also not statistically significant (p => 0.05), and on this basis, it is concluded that there is no statistical significance between repeated injuries and the total number of absence days. According to the views, the highest degree of agreement of the respondents on prevention programs was recorded in the question; lower extremity injuries can shorten a professional footballer’s career, then football players are under a lot of pressure to get lower extremity injuries. The lowest degree of agreement was recorded in the question; balance exercises can prevent lower extremity injuries, then running/jogging in the cooling phase can prevent lower extremity injuries. Most of the answers differ from other studies cited in this paper. As positive factors in the implementation of prevention programs, the respondents stated that prevention programs must be fun and football-specific, that they are implemented for a longer period, and that they take place in several locations. Lack of equipment, lack of time, and inadequate supervision for the implementation of the program were identified as negative factors. It has been proven that the number of injuries is in 1 HNL in matches and training significantly higher compared to clubs belonging to elite European clubs. Apart from the specific time period in which the research was conducted, during the COVID-19 pandemic, there are no other external factors that could affect the results obtained. It is important to emphasize that more time should be spent on educating players and their professional teams, as well as on better technical and material conditions on the field, because fulfilling these assumptions of proven prevention programs will be better. This research has identified positive factors that affect the implementation of prevention programs and should be implemented in the daily training process in each club. By reducing the number of injuries, 1. HNL will become a more competitive and stronger league than it currently is
The role of glycogen in sports training
No full textCilj ovog rada je opisati bioenergetske, fiziološke i nutricionističke značajke mišićnog glikogena te njihov utjecaj na adaptaciju organizma u procesu provedbe sportskog treninga. Glikogen ima integralnu ulogu u regulaciji procesa za dobivanje energije za rad, od direktnog supstrata za mišićnu kontrakciju do strukturalnih značajki u vidu proteina koji se nalaze unutar molekule glikogena i koji određuju dinamiku potrošnje i obnove glikogena tijekom i nakon trenažnog opterećenja. Različite anatomske lokacije glikogena unutar mišićnih vlakana preferencijalno će biti korištene ovisno o intenzitetu trenažnog rada, što će imati direktan utjecaj na ukupan volumen rada koji će biti moguće odraditi unutar određenog intenziteta rada. Nakon trenažnog opterećenja nutricionistički i hormonalni aspekti preuzimaju glavnu ulogu u procesu obnove mišićnog glikogena. U tom pogledu, nutricionistički pristup poglavito je vezan uz potrebne količine ugljikohidrata u odnosu na razinu iscrpljenosti mišićnog glikogena te vremenski okvir tijekom kojeg je potrebno postići optimalnu razinu obnove. Ostali aspekti nutricionističkih intervencija imaju manju ulogu od unosa ugljikohidrata, ali u mogu pridonijeti bržoj resintezi glikogena, pogotovo u situacijama kada je potrebna rapidna obnova glikogenskih rezervi. Sa adaptacijskog stajališta, upravo je razina glikogena pred početak i na kraju trenažnog opterećenja glavna odrednica koja će se molekularna signalna kaskada na staničnoj razini dominantno aktivirati, što će programiranim ponavljanjem takvih trenažnih jedinica dovesti do specifične adaptacije organizma, a sve u skladu sa potrebama sportske discipline.The main goal of this paper is to describe the bioenergetic, physiological and nutritional characteristics of muscle glycogen and their influence on the adaptation processes of the human body during conduction of sports training. Glycogen has an integral part in regulating the processes of acquiring energy for work, from being a substrate for muscle contraction to structural features in regard to the proteins that make up the glycogen molecule that determine the dynamics of glycogen consumption and repletion during and after an exercise bout. Different anatomical locations of muscle glycogen within the muscle fiber will be used preferentialy depending on the intensity of work and therefore have major influence on the volume of one can do at a specific intensity before these fibers are glycogen depleted. After the exercise bout, nutritional and hormonal aspects dominate the glycogen repletion phase. In this regard, nutritional goals are mainly centered around adequate intake of carbohydrates in dependence to the level of glycogen depletion and the available timeframe to attain adequate glycogen repletion. Other aspects of nutritional intervention have a smaller impact than carbohydrates but can benefit the process in situations when rapid glycogen resinthesis is needed. From an adaptational standpoint, the absolute values of muscle glycogen before and after an exercise bout determine the dominant molecular signalling cascades that will be activated, which will bring about specific adaptation of the organism through programmed repetition of these training units, all in concordance with the needs of a specific sport discipline
Rehabilitation of persons with Achilles tendinopathy
No full textOzljede Ahilove tetive dijele se na rupture i tendinopatije odnosno sindrom prenaprezanja. Tendinopatija označava degenerativan proces koji se događa u samoj tetivi, a može ga se opisati modelom kontinuuma. Simptomi su zakočenost nakon duljeg mirovanja, pojava otekline ili crvenila, povećanje boli nakon prestanka aktivnosti. Slične simptome imaju i druge ozljede poput burzitisa, Hugalndovog deformiteta stoga je potrebna dijagnostička obradu u vidu slikovnih pretraga od koji je najčešći UZV. Nastanku ozljede pridonosi niz ekstrizičnih i intrizičnih faktora poput sportske obuće, tjelesne mase i drugih. Liječenje tendinopatije je konzervativno koje u prvom redu uključuje primjenu nesteroidnih protuupalnih lijekova u cilju smanjenja boli, dok se rjeđe koriste lokalne infiltracije. Nefarmakološko liječenje uključuje individualno planiranu kineziterapiju, određene fizikalno-terapijske postupke (npr. laser, udarni val, dry needling), kao i edukativne programe sa ciljem prevencije ovih ozljeda.The Achilles tendon is the largest and thickest tendon in the body. Achilles tendon injuries are divided into ruptures and tendinopathies or overuse syndrome. Tendinopathy means a degenerative process that occurs in the tendon itself, and it can be described by the continuum model. Symptoms are stiffness after prolonged rest, the appearance of swelling or redness, increasing pain after activity. Some other injuries, such as bursitis, Hugland's deformity, have similar symptoms, so a diagnostic treatment in the form of imaging tests is needed, the most common of which is ultrasound. A number of extrinsic and intrinsic factors contribute to the injury, such as sports shoes, body mass. Treatment of tendinopathy of is conservative. Pharmacological treatment, including nonsteroidal antinflammatory drugs and occasional local infiltrations, may help to relieve symptoms. In addition to pharmacological treatment, individual programme of kinesitherapy and physical therapy procedures (e.g. laser, shock wave, dry needling ) may have beneficial effect
IDENTIFYING DIFFERENCES IN MOTOR SKILLS BETWEEN JUDO AND TAEKWONDO PLAYERS
No full textMotoričke sposobnosti su od velike važnosti za motoričke izvedbe sportaša u sportskim aktivnostima i natjecanjima. U ovom istraživanju je glavni cilj utvrditi postoji li statistički značajna razlika u motoričkim sposobnostima između judaša i taekwondoaša u dvije dobne skupine. Taekwondo mlađa dobna skupina sastoji se od 11 ispitanika, prosječne dobi 8±1 godina a taekwondo starija dobna skupina se sastoji od 9 ispitanika, prosječne dobi 11,44 ± 0,73 godina. Judo mlađa dobna skupina se sastoji od 8 ispitanika, prosječne dobi 8,75 ±1,49 godina, a starija dobna skupina se sastoji od 16 ispitanika, prosječne dobi 12,31 ± 1,14 godina. Korišteno je 5 testova za procjenu motoričkih sposobnosti: okretnost na tlu za procjenu koordinacije, pretklon u uskom raznoženju za procjenu fleksibilnosti, skok u dalj s mjesta za procjenu eksplozivne snage nogu, bacanje medicinke s prsa (1 kg) za procjenu eksplozivne snage gornjih ekstremiteta te podizanje trupa u 30 sekundi za procjenu repetitivne snage trupa. Za usporedbu grupa ispitanika koristio se T-test (test za nezavisne uzorke) u programskom paketu Statistica. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da postoji statistički značajna razlika u motoričkim sposobnostima između judaša i taekwondoaša u mlađim i starijim dobnim skupinama.Motor skills are of great importance for the motor performance of athletes in sports activities and competitions. The main goal of this research is to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference in motor skills between judoka and taekwondo athletes in two age groups. Taekwondo younger age group consists of 11 subjects, average age 8±1 years and taekwondo older age group consists of 9 subjects, average age 11.44 ± 0.73 years. Judo younger age group consists of 8 subjects, average age 8.75 ± 1.49 years, and older age group consists of 16 subjects, average age 12.31 ± 1.14 years. Five tests were used to assess motor skills: agility on the ground to assess coordination, forward bending in a narrow spread to assess flexibility, long jump from a standing position to assess the explosive power of the legs, throwing a medicine ball from the chest (1 kg) to assess the explosive power of the upper extremities and lifting trunk in 30 seconds to assess repetitive trunk strength. T-test (test for independent samples) in the Statistica software package was used to compare groups of subjects. The results showed that there is a statistically significant difference in motor skills between judoka and taekwondo athletes in the younger and older age groups