Repository of Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb - KIFoREP
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DEVELOPMENT OF BASKETBALL PASSING ELEMENTS ACROSS DIFFERENT AGE CATEGORIES
No full textU ovom završnom radu obrađuje se razvoj tehnike dodavanja u košarci kroz različite dobne skupine, s posebnim naglaskom na biomehaničke, motoričke i kognitivne čimbenike koji utječu na kvalitetu i učinkovitost dodavačkih izvedbi. Kroz analizu osnovnih oblika dodavanja – dodavanja iz mjesta, dodavanja u pokretu i različitih varijacija poput dodavanja od poda i direktno – prikazan je njihov značaj u različitim fazama sportskog razvoja. Posebna pažnja posvećena je metodičkom pristupu poučavanju dodavanja, uzimajući u obzir senzitivne faze razvoja djece, morfološke i motoričke specifičnosti te prilagođenost tehničkih zahtjeva uzrastu. Također su prikazane najčešće pogreške pri učenju tehnika dodavanja te primjeri vježbi prilagođenih različitim dobnim skupinama. Rad ističe važnost individualiziranog i postupnog pristupa u procesu usvajanja tehnike dodavanja kako bi se osigurao čvrst tehnički temelj za daljnji sportski razvoj
ORPHEUS Conference 2025 : Adapting Academia: Navigating PhD Programs amidst World Crises and Changes: Book of Abstracts
No full textThe ORPHEUS 2025 Conference, held from 10 to 12 April 2025 in Cavtat, Croatia, brings together a vibrant international community of researchers, scholars, PhD students, and professionals dedicated to enhancing the quality of doctoral education in biomedicine and health. Organized under the title Adapting Academia: Navigating PhD Programs amidst World Crises and Changes, this year's conference underscores the urgent need for resilient and adaptive research training capable of addressing complex global challenges. Hosted by the University of Zagreb’s Faculty of Kinesiology, this event celebrates the 20th anniversary of the ORPHEUS organization, originally co-founded by the University of Zagreb. The inclusion of kinesiology as a relevant domain within ORPHEUS reflects a growing recognition of the essential role that the scientific study of human movement plays in health, disease prevention, rehabilitation, high-performance sport, and overall well-being—particularly in light of today’s increasingly sedentary lifestyles
SHARENTING IN SPORTS
No full textOvo istraživanje bavi se fenomenom sharentinga u sportu, koji je danas globalni trend među roditeljima, a na to posebno utječe sve brži razvoj tehnologije i društvenih mreža. Provedeno je kvalitativno istraživanje čiji je cilj bio utvrditi razloge zbog kojih majke provode sharenting u sportu, odnosno dijele sportske uspjehe svoje djece na društvenim mrežama te koje je njihovo mišljenje i znanje o posljedicama takvog sadržaja. Za potrebe ovog istraživanja korišten je polustrukturirani individualni intervju proveden prema Protokolu za vođenje intervjua. Ispitanice su bile šest majki djece koja se redovito bave sportom. Razgovori su zvučno snimani te transkribirani pomoću alata aTrain i dodatno ručno provjereni. Nakon što su podaci prikupljeni i analizirani metodom analize sadržaja, provedeno je kodiranje i identifikacija tema programom QDA Miner Lite. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da majke sharentingom u sportu nastoje pružiti djeci emocionalnu podršku i iskazati ponos zbog bavljenja i sudjelovanja u sportu pri čemu im je najvažnije da je dijete sretno i zadovoljno s onime što radi. Sportski uspjeh ne gledaju kroz rezultate, nego kroz cjelokupni proces emotivnog i socijalnog razvoja djece u sportu. Sharenting u sportu majkama služi kao digitalna uspomena na lijepe trenutke provedene s djecom u sportu, ali i kao način da obitelj i prijatelji koji nisu fizički prisutni, budu uključeni u sportske aktivnosti djece. Kroz privatne postavke profila na društvenim mrežama nastoje kontrolirati dijeljeni sadržaj i ograničiti ga na obitelj i bliske prijatelje. Sharenting provode unatoč zabrinutosti za privatnost djece na društvenim mrežama, uz svjesnost o potencijalnim negativnim posljedicama takvog ponašanja. Rezultati ovog istraživanja mogu poslužiti kao temelj za daljnja istraživanja o sharentingu i edukaciju roditelja o sigurnom korištenju društvenih mreža kako bi pronašli uravnotežen pristup između dijeljenja sadržaja o djeci na društvenim mrežama i očuvanja privatnosti djece.This research deals with the phenomenon of sharenting in sports, which is today a global trend among parents, which is particularly influenced by the increasingly rapid development of technology and social networks. A qualitative study was conducted with the aim of determining the reasons why mothers sharent in sports, i.e. share their children's sports successes on social networks, and what their opinions and knowledge are about the consequences of such content. For the purposes of this research, a semi-structured individual interview was used, conducted according to the Interviewing Protocol. The respondents were six mothers of children who regularly play sports. The conversations were audio-recorded and transcribed using the aTrain tool and additionally checked manually. After the data was collected and analyzed using the content analysis method, coding and theme identification was carried out using the QDA Miner Lite program. The research results showed that mothers try to provide their children with emotional support and express pride in playing and participating in sports by sharenting in sports, with the most important thing for them being that their child is happy and satisfied with what they are doing. They do not look at sports success through results, but through the entire process of children's emotional and social development in sports. Sharenting in sports serves mothers as a digital memory of the beautiful moments spent with their children in sports, but also as a way for family and friends who are not physically present to be involved in their children's sports activities. Through private profile settings on social networks, they try to control the shared content and limit it to family and close friends. They carry out sharenting despite concerns about children's privacy on social networks, with awareness of the potential negative consequences of such behavior. The results of this research can serve as a basis for further research on sharenting and education of parents on the safe use of social networks in order to find a balanced approach between sharing content about children on social networks and preserving children's privacy
Limited ankle mobility as a risk factor for ankle injury
No full textGležanj je, u usporedbi s koljenom, kukom ili ramenom mali zglob, ali podnosi značajne sile prilikom aktivnosti poput hodanja, trčanja ili skakanja. Zbog svoje građe i učestalog podnošenja velikih mehaničkih opterećenja podložan je ozljedama. Najčešće se ozljeđuju ligamenti gležnja, ali može doći i do fraktura te preopterećenja tetivnih struktura čime dolazi do tendinopatija ili ruptura tetiva. Brojni su intrinzični i ekstrinzični rizični čimbenici za nastanak ozljede gležnja. Ograničena mobilnost gležnja, odnosno opseg pokreta u talokruralnom zglobu, navodi se kao jedan od mogućih rizičnih čimbenika. Ograničena dorzifleksija utječe i na ozljede viših dijelova lokomotornog sustava. Cilj rada je opisati dosadašnje spoznaje o ograničenoj mobilnosti gležnja kao rizičnom faktoru njegove ozljede. Mobilnost zglobnog sustava općenito je važna zbog funkcionalnosti pokreta. Funkcionalni pokret omogućuje efikasno izvođenje pokreta s manjom mogućnošću ozljeđivanja. Ozljede gležnja jedne su od najčešćih ozljeda u sportu, ali u i svakodnevnom životu. Ligamentarne ozljede gležnja, koje su najčešće, često se u sportskoj populaciji ne shvaćaju dovoljno ozbiljno što rezultira preranim povratkom na teren, a to posljedično povećava mogućnost ponovnog ozljeđivanja. Preventivni program za smanjenje mogućnosti ozljeđivanja gležnja uključuje vježbe jačanja, proprioceptivne vježbe i vježbe za razvoj ravnoteže te vježbe kojima se utječe na razvoj opsega pokreta. Vježbe za razvoj opsega pokreta podrazumijevanju vježbe opuštanja napetih mišića, vježbe istezanja te vježbe mobilnosti i mobilizacije.The ankle is, by structure, a small joint, but it endures significant forces during activities such as walking, running, or jumping. Due to its structure and frequent bearing of high mechanical loads, it is prone to injuries. The most commonly injured are the ankle ligaments, but fractures and overloading of tendon structures can also occur, leading to tendinopathies or tendon ruptures. There are numerous intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors for the occurrence of ankle injuries. Limited ankle mobility, i.e., the range of motion in the talocrural joint, is mentioned as one of the possible risk factors. Limited dorsiflexion also affects injuries of higher parts of the locomotor system. The aim of this paper is to describe current knowledge about limited ankle mobility as a risk factor for its injury. Joint mobility in general is important due to the functionality of movement. Functional movement enables efficient execution of motion with a lower chance of injury. Ankle injuries are among the most common injuries in sport, but also in everyday life. Ligamentous injuries of the ankle, which are the most frequent, are often not taken seriously enough in the sports population, which results in a premature return to the field, and this consequently increases the possibility of re-injury. A preventive program to reduce the possibility of ankle injury includes strengthening exercises, proprioceptive exercises, and exercises for developing balance, as well as exercises that influence the development of range of motion. Exercises for developing range of motion include exercises for relaxing tense muscles, stretching exercises, and mobility and mobilization exercises
INJURIES AND PREVENTION OF ANKLE INJURIES IN EMERGENCY POLICE OFFICERS
No full textHrvatska policija suočava se s rastućim izazovima u održavanju fizičke spremnosti svojih
službenika, osobito interventnih policajaca, koji su često izloženi visokim fizičkim naporima i
stresnim situacijama. Nedostatak minimalnih standarda i redovitog testiranja otežava praćenje i
održavanje njihove kondicije. Poseban problem predstavljaju ozljede gležnja koje se javljaju među
policajcima zbog prirode njihovog posla, uključujući nasilne sukobe, brze fizičke reakcije,
nepredvidive terene i dugotrajne aktivnosti. Ozljede gležnja, koje uključuju uganuća, istegnuća i
prijelom, često utječu na radnu sposobnost i kvalitetu života policajaca. Istraživanja pokazuju da
su ove ozljede među najčešćim tipovima ozljeda među policajcima, što naglašava potrebu za
specifičnim mjerama prevencije i rehabilitacije. Trenutno ne postoji definirana zdravstvena i
kondicijska politika ili strategija za praćenje fizičke spremnosti policajaca tijekom obuke. Ovaj
rad analizira najčešće vrste ozljeda gležnja među interventnim policajcima, istražuje uzroke i
okolnosti koje dovode do tih ozljeda te razmatra postojeće strategije prevencije i rehabilitacije.
Cilj je identificirati najbolje prakse koje mogu smanjiti rizik od ozljeda i poboljšati oporavak, čime
se doprinosi unapređenju zdravlja i sigurnosti policajaca. Razumijevanje ovih aspekata ključna je
za osiguranje maksimalne spremnosti i učinkovitosti interventnih policajaca u obavljanju njihovih
kompleksnih i zahtjevnih zadataka.The Croatian police is facing growing challenges in maintaining the physical fitness of its officers,
especially emergency police officers, who are often exposed to high physical efforts and stressful
situations. The lack of minimum standards and regular testing makes it difficult to monitor and
maintain their fitness. Ankle injuries are a particular problem among police officers due to the
nature of their work, including violent confrontations, rapid physical reactions, unpredictable
terrain and prolonged activities. Ankle injuries, which include sprains, strains and fractures, often
affect police officers' ability to work and quality of life. Research shows that these injuries are
among the most common types of injuries among police officers, which highlights the need for
specific prevention and rehabilitation measures. Currently, there is no defined health and fitness
policy or strategy for monitoring the physical fitness of police officers during training. This paper
analyzes the most common types of ankle injuries among emergency police officers, investigates
the causes and circumstances that lead to these injuries, and considers existing prevention and
rehabilitation strategies. The goal is to identify best practices that can reduce the risk of injury and
improve recovery, thereby contributing to improving the health and safety of police officers.
Understanding these aspects is key to ensuring the maximum readiness and efficiency of
emergency police officers in performing their complex and demanding tasks
The role of physical education in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals
No full textGlobalni ciljevi održivog razvoja predstavljaju 17 međusobno povezanih ciljeva koje su usvojile sve zemlje članice Ujedinjenih naroda 2015. godine kako bi se osigurala održiva budućnost za ljude i planet. Ovih 17 ciljeva se detaljno razrađuje kroz 169 specifičnih ciljeva. Tjelesna i zdravstvena kultura može pridonijeti njihovom ostvarivanju. Kroz ovaj diplomski rad je pokazano da je u nastavu moguće integrirati 25 od 169 ciljeva održivog razvoja. Neki od modela koji su primjenjivi u nastavi Tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture za ostvarivanje globalnih ciljeva održivog razvoja su suradničko učenje, model sportskog obrazovanja te model osobne i društvene odgovornosti. Uz to, posljednjih godina pojavili su se i novi modeli poput avanturističkog učenja, zdravstvenog odgoja ili samostalne izrade nastavnih pomagala. Predstavljeni su i problemi s kojima se predmet suočava te je predloženo njihovo rješavanje kroz reviziju kurikuluma, reorijentaciju perspektive učenja i preispitivanje koncepta zdravlja i dobrobiti. Također, istaknuta je uloga sveučilišta i društveno korisnog učenja u obrazovanju budućih učitelja Tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture kako bi se nastavni proces usmjerio prema globalnim ciljevima održivog razvoja. Na kraju su istaknute neke od prepreka u ostvarivanju ciljeva, kako na globalnoj razini, tako i u Tjelesnoj i zdravstvenoj kulturi.The Sustainable Development Goals represent 17 interconnected goals adopted by all United Nations member states in 2015 to ensure a sustainable future for people and the planet. These 17 goals are further detailed through 169 specific targets. Physical education can contribute to their achievement.. This thesis demonstrates that it is possible to integrate 25 out of the 169 specific targets into teaching. Some of the models applicable in physical education for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals include cooperative learning, sports education model, and model of personal and social responsibility. In addition, recent years have seen the emergence of new models such as adventure learning, health education, and the self-construction of materials. The paper also presents challenges faced by the subject and suggests solutions through curriculum revision, reorientation of learning perspectives, and a reconsideration of the concept of health and well-being. Furthermore, the role of universities and service learning in the education of future physical education teachers is emphasized, with the aim of aligning the teaching process with the Sustainable Development Goals. Finally, some of the barriers to achieving the goals are highlighted, both at the global level and within physical education
FITNESS PREPARATION FOR POLICE SPORTS COMPETITIONS
No full textPolicijska sportska natjecanja održavaju se na svjetskoj i kontinentalnoj razini. Izvođenje svih natjecateljskih disciplina postavlja iznimne zahtjeve na kondicijske kapacitete policajaca. Takvi zahtjevi upućuju policajce i njihove starješine na osmišljavanje sustava sportske pripreme. Budući da policajci, osim pripreme za natjecanja, svakodnevno obavljaju redovite i izvanredne policijske zadaće, otvaraju se brojni organizacijski i stručni izazovi. Rješenja za takve izazove obradit će se u ovom diplomskom radu. Glavni cilj rada je predstaviti sustav sportske pripreme jednog uspješnog policajca sportaša za međunarodna policijska sportska natjecanja s naglaskom na analizu natjecateljskih disciplina, dijagnostiku karakteristika policajca sportaša, metodičke posebnosti i konkretne programe sportske pripreme.Police sports competitions are held at both global and continental levels. The performance of all competitive disciplines places exceptional demands on the fitness capacities of police officers. These demands require police officers and their superiors to develop a comprehensive system of sports preparation. In addition to preparing for competitions, police officers must also perform regular and extraordinary police duties daily, presenting numerous organizational and professional challenges. Solutions to these challenges will be addressed in this thesis. The primary goal is to present a sports preparation system for a successful police officer participating in international police sports competitions, with a focus on analysing competitive disciplines, diagnosing the characteristics of an athlete police officer, methodological specifics, and tailored sports preparation programs
Differences in coordination assessment tests between majorettes and rhythmic gymnasts
No full textMažoret ples i ritmička gimnastika konvencionalno-estetske su sportske aktivnosti koje objedinjuju umjetnost i sport te je kod njih sposobnost koordinacije iznimno važna za uspješnost u izvedbi. Budući da oba sporta zahtijevaju visoku razinu koordinacije, cilj ovoga rada je usporediti sportašice navedenih sportova u testovima za procjenu opće koordinacije i koordinacije u ritmu. Uzorak ispitanika na kojem se provodilo testiranje činilo je 17 mažoretkinja, pripadnica Prvih riječkih mažoretkinja, te 17 ritmičkih gimnastičarki različitih zagrebačkih klubova seniorskoga uzrasta, prosječne dobi 19 ± 0,70 godina. Za uzorak varijabli koristilo se šest testova, od kojih tri za procjenu opće koordinacije i tri za procjenu koordinacije u ritmu. Za testiranje opće koordinacije korišteni su testovi: provlačenje i preskakivanje (MBKPOP), poligon natraške (MREPOL) i okretnost na tlu (MAGONT), dok su za testiranje koordinacije u ritmu provedeni testovi: neritmičko bubnjanje (MKRBUB), udaranje po horizontalnim pločama (MKRPLH) i bubnjanje nogama i rukama (MKRBNR).
Podatci su obrađeni programom Statistica (verzija 14.0.0.15), pri čemu su kao deskriptivni pokazatelji korišteni aritmetička sredina, standardna devijacija te minimalna i maksimalna vrijednost, dok se za provjeru normalnosti distribucije podataka uporabio Shapiro-Wilkov test. Za usporedbu rezultata između dviju grupa koristio se Mann-Whitneyjev U test. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da između ritmičkih gimnastičarki i mažoretkinja u pet testova za procjenu koordinacije postoji statistički značajna razlika.Majorette dance and rhythmic gymnastics are conventionally aesthetic sports activities which combine art and sport, where the ability to coordinate is of the utmost significance for successful performance. Furthermore, meanwhile both sports require a high level of coordination, the aim of this paper is to compare athletes from the aforementioned sports tested for assessing general coordination and coordination in rhythm. The sample of subjects on whom the testing was conducted consisted of seventeen majorettes from the First Rijeka Majorettes and seventeen rhythmic gymnasts from various Zagreb clubs of senior age with an average age of 19 ± 0.70 years. Six tests were used for the sample of variables, three of which assessed general coordination and three assessed coordination in rhythm. The following tests were used to test general coordination: pulling and skipping (MBKPOP), backward polygon (MREPOL) and on the ground agility (MAGONT), while the tests used to test rhythmic coordination were non-rhythmic drumming (MKRBUB), hitting horizontal boards (MKRPLH) and drumming with feet and hands (MKRBNR).
The Statistica program (version 14. 0.0.15) was used for data processing, with the arithmetic mean, standard deviation and minimum and maximum values as descriptive indicators. Moreover, the Shapiro – Wilk test was utilized for determining the normality of data distribution. The Mann – Whitney U test was employed to compare the results between the two groups. The results of the study showed that there was a statistically significant difference between rhythmic gymnasts and majorettes in five tests for assessing coordination
CLASSIFICATION OF PLYOMETRIC EXERCISES BY INTENSITY
No full textCilj ovog diplomskog rada bio je na temelju dostupne literature ponuditi novu klasifikaciju sadržaja pliometrijskog treninga prema kriteriju intenziteta. Pliometrija je trenažni modalitet koji utilizira ekscentrično-koncentrični režim rada mišića u primarnu svrhu razvijanja eksplozivne jakosti. Dosadašnji eksperimentalni nacrti istraživanja usmjeravali su se na traženje unificirane mjere intenziteta za ovaj tip operatora. Pregledom relevantnih istraživanja utvrdilo se da je to gotovo nemoguće, ali da su evidentni različiti obrasci. Skupine sličnih sadržaja su ponavljano postizale visoke vrijednosti intenziteta u sličnim mjerama što ih je razlikovalo od ostalih koje su visoke vrijednosti postizale u drugima. Kombinirajući obrasce ponašanja intenziteta s teorijskim osnovama funkcioniranja i adaptacija na pliometrijske pokrete predložen je novi sustav odabira sadržaja. Kvadrantni sustav podrazumijeva četiri različite vrste pliometrijskog intenziteta, a porast intenziteta unutar svake vrste definiran je s četiri principa. Intenzitet je podijeljen prema osima sile i vremena i formirao je 4 kvadranta koji imaju fokus na maksimiziranje sile, minimiziranje vremena, ekstrinzične zadatke i maksimalnu utilizaciju ciklusa istezanja i skraćivanja mišića. Principi su višestruko potvrđeni u literaturi a sastoje se od principa kompleksnosti, uključenosti ruku, lateralnosti i horizontalnosti. Na odluke o odabiru sadržaja koristeći sustav moraju utjecati u prvom redu informiranost o vježbaču i analiza njegovih potreba. Uvođenjem kvadrantnog sistema za klasifikaciju sadržaja u različite grupe intenziteta i utvrđivanjem principa porasta intenziteta u pojedinim grupama cilj ovog diplomskog rada je ispunjen. Ova teoretska osnova trebala bi pomoći u praktičnom odabiru sadržaja u trenažnim, rehabilitacijskim i ostalim planovima i programima kako bi im podigla kvalitetu i efektivnost.The aim of this thesis was to offer a new classification of plyometric exercises based on the intensity criterion by reviewing available literature. Plyometric training is a training modality that utilizes the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) for the primary purpose of developing explosive power. Previous experimental research designs have focused on searching for a unified measure of intensity for this training modality. A review of the relevant research found this is almost impossible but also found that different intensity patterns are evident. Groups of similar exercises repeatedly achieved high values of intensity in similar measures which distinguished them from others that achieved high values in others. By combining patterns of intensity behavior with theoretical bases of and adaptations to plyometric movements, a new exercise selection system is proposed. The quadrant system implies four different types of plyometric intensity, and the increase in intensity within each type is defined by four principles. Intensity is divided according to the force and time axes' and formed 4 quadrants that focus on force maximization, time minimization, extrinsic tasks and maximum SSC utilization. The principles have been repeatedly confirmed in literature and consist of the principles of complexity, upper extremity involvement, laterality and horizontality. Decisions on the selection of content using the system must be influenced primarily by information about the athlete or patient and needs analysis. By introducing a quadrant system for classifying content into different intensity groups and determining the principles of increasing intensity in individual groups, the goal of this thesis has been achieved. This theoretical basis should help in the practical selection of exercises in training, rehabilitation and other types of plans and programs in order to increase their quality and effectiveness
Effect of different physical excercise programs on motor skills and abilities of preschool children
No full textGlavni cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je utvrditi učinke programa fine motorike u odnosu na program krupne motorike (višestrani program) na tjelesnu aktivnost, motorička znanja i sposobnosti djece predškolske dobi. Parcijalni cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi učinke programa vježbanja na cjelokupan razvoj djeteta. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 151 dječaka i djevojčica od 5 do 7 godine, te njihovi roditelji i odgojiteljice iz dva nasumično izabrana dječja vrtića u gradu Zagrebu. U uzorak su ušla samo djeca, roditelji i odgojitelji koji su odradila inicijalno i finalno mjerenje (N=120). Dječji vrtići su izabrali po tri grupe koje su sudjelovale u istraživanju. U eksperimentalnoj grupi 1 (N=43) provodio se višestrani program vježbanja, u eksperimentalnoj grupi 2 (N=44) program fine motorike a treća grupa bila je kontrolna (N=33). Na samom početku istraživanja roditelji su ispunili “Netherlands Physical Activity Questionnaire” (NPAQ), upitnik o tjelesnoj aktivnosti i sedentarnim aktivnostima njihova djeteta. Također roditelji i odgojitelji vrtićkih grupa čija su djeca sudjelovala u istraživanju su ispunili „Parent's Evaluations of Children's Developmental Status“ (PEDS), vezan za procjenu razvojnog statusa djece. Za vrednovanje motoričkih znanja i sposobnosti djece predškolske dobi uključene u istraživanje korištene su dvije baterije testova „Test of Gross Motor Development – Second Editon“ (TGMD-2) i „Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency – SeconEdition (BOT-2). Mjerenje sa svim navedenim upitnicima i testovima je provedeno na početku i na kraju eksperimentalnog postupka.
Rezultati su pokazali da su djeca u eksperimentalnoj grupi 1, nakon provedene intervencije višestranog programa, ostvarila značajno bolje rezultate u testovima za procjenu motoričkih znanja (ukupnom motoričkom kvocijentu TGMD-2 testa i standardiziranim lokomotornim znanjima TGMD-2 testa). U navedenoj grupi nisu ostvareni značajni efekti u motoričkom indeksu BOT-2 testa, već isključivo brojčani napredak. Nakon provedene intervencije fine motorike u eksperimentalnoj grupi 2 nisu ostvareni značajno bolji rezultati u testovima za procjenu finih motoričkih znanja (fina motorička integracija i fina motorička preciznosti BOT-2 testa). Kontrolna grupa ostvaruje napredak u motoričkom indeksu BOT-2 testova između inicijalnog i finalnog mjerenja. Razina tjelesne aktivnosti se nije značajno mijenjala ni u jednoj grupi između dvije točke mjerenja. Naime, značajan pad sedentarnih aktivnosti zabilježen je samo u grupi fine motorike nakon finalnog mjerenja. Nadalje, niti jedna grupa ne bilježi značajne promjene u razvojnom statusu djece procjenom odgojitelja. Procjenom roditelja zabilježene su značajne promjene u razvojnom statusu djece, točnije utvrđen je pad razine zabrinutosti nakon provedenih intervencija u grupi višestranog programa
i programa fine motorike. Ovo istraživanje je omogućilo vrednovanje učinka dvaju različitih programa (višestranog program i programa fine motorike) na motorička znanja i sposobnosti djece, te na razinu tjelesne aktivnosti, sedentarnih aktivnosti te cjelokupnog razvoja djece predškolske dobi.The main goal of this research was to determine the effects of the fine motor skills program in relation to the gross motor skills program (multilateral program) on physical activity, motor skills and abilities of preschool children. The partial goal of this research was to determine the effects of the exercise program on overall child development. The study involved 151 boys and girl aged 5 to 7, and their parents and educators from two randomly selected kindergartens in the city of Zagreb. The sample included only children, parents and educators who completed the initial and final measurements (N=120). Each kindergarten chose three groups that participated in the research. A multilateral exercise program was implemented in experimental group 1 (N=43), a fine motor program in experimental group 2 (N=44) and the third group was a control group (N=33). At the very beginning of the research, parents completed the "Netherlands Physical Activity Questionnaire" (NPAQ), a questionnaire about their child's physical activity and sedentary activities. Also, parents and educators of kindergarten groups that children participated in the research completed the "Parent's Evaluations of Children's Developmental Status" (PEDS), related to the assessment of children's developmental status. The motor skills and abilities of preschool children included in the research were tested by two sets of tests "Test of Gross Motor Development - Second Edition" and "Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency - Second Edition "(BOT-2). The measurement with all the mentioned questionnaires and tests was conducted on at the beginning and at the end of the experimental procedure.
The results showed that the children in experimental group 1, after the intervention of the multilateral exercises program, achieved significantly better results in tests for assessing motor skills (gross motor quotient of the TGMD-2 test and standardized locomotor skills of the TGMD-2 test). In the mentioned group, there were no significant effects in the motor index of the BOT-2 test, but only a numerical improvement. After the fine motor intervention in experimental group 2, no significantly better results were achieved in the tests for assessing fine motor skills (fine motor integration and fine motor precision of the BOT-2 test). The control group makes progress in the motor index of the BOT-2 tests between the initial and final measurements. The level of physical activity did not change significantly in any group between the two measurement points. Namely, a significant decrease in sedentary activities was registered only in the fine motor skills group after the final measurement. Furthermore, no group recorded significant changes in the children's developmental status as assessed by educators. The assessment of the parents recorded significant changes in the developmental status of the
children, more specifically, a decrease in the level of concern was determined after the interventions in the group of the multilateral exercises program and the fine motor program. This research enabled the evaluation the effect of two different programs (a multilateral exercises program and a fine motor program) on children's motor skills and abilities, as well as on the level of physical activity, sedentary activities, and the overall development of preschool children