Repository of Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb - KIFoREP
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Movement quality in preschool children form Zagreb kindergartens
No full textMotorička znanja su usavršeni motorički zapisi smješteni u središnjem živčanom sustavu, kojima je moguće savladati prostor, savladati prepreke, savladati otpore i manipulirati objektima. Razvoj motoričkih znanja ima potencijal pozitivno utjecati na cjeloviti razvoj, zdravlje i dobrobit djece i mladih. Smatra se kako razvijenost biotičkih motoričkih znanja današnje djece nije zadovoljavajuća. Cilj ovog istraživanja je utvrditi razlike u lokomotornim i manipulativnim zadacima izmeĎu dječaka i djevojčica i razliku motoričke izvedbe s godinama. Uzorak ispitanika je 117 entiteta koji su polaznici zagrebačkih dječjih vrtića, dobi od 3 do 6 godina. Test koji je korišten za procjenu razine motoričkih znanja je drugo izdanje „Test of Gross Motor Development“ - TGMD-2, a sastoji se od dvije grupe podtestova iz kojih je vidljiva podjela na lokomotornu i manipulativnu skupinu motoričkih vještina. Dobiveni podaci obraĎeni su u programu Microsoft Excelu 2013 i Statistica v.13 (TIBCO Statistica Inc, OK, USA). Korištenjem faktorske analize varijance (Two way - Anova) i Post-hoc Bonferroni testa utvrĎene su razlike (p<0.05) u pojedinom motoričkom znanju. Glavni rezultati istraživanja su pokazali povezanost izmeĎu starosti i motoričke izvedbe. Vidljiv je porast rezultata, uz odreĎena odstupanja. Djevojčice su bolje u izvedbi zadataka koji zahtijevaju skok, dok su dječaci bolji u manipulaciji objektima. Statistički značajna razlika je utvrĎena izmeĎu šestogodišnjih djevojčica u odnosu na sve mlaĎe djevojčice u skoku u dalj (p<0.05). Kod zadataka manipulacije objektima u odnosu na dob takoĎer su postojala odreĎena odstupanja. UtvrĎena je statistički značajna razlika (p<0.05) izmeĎu šestogodišnjih dječaka u odnosu na četverogodišnje djevojčice i dječake i šestogodišnje djevojčice u zadatku bacanja lopte. Odstupanja u rezultatima, odnosno pad, umjesto očekivanog linearnog porasta s godinama, možemo pripisati ubrzanoj fazi rasta, ekstremno slabim rezultatima pojedinaca te manjku dječje koncentracije i/ili motivacije za izvedbu samog zadatka. Odgojno-obrazovne ustanove trebaju poticati motorički razvoj djece, koji uključuje vodstvo kineziologa.Motor skills are advanced motor records located in the central nervous system, which we use overcome space, obstacles, resistance and manipulate objects. The development of motor skills has the potential to positively affect the overall development, health and well-being of children and young people. It is considered that the development of biotic motor skills of today's children is not satisfactory. The aim of this study was to determine the differences in locomotor and manipulative skills between boys and girls and the difference in motor performance with age. The sample of respondents is 117 entities that are children of Zagreb kindergartens, aged 3 to 6 years. The test used to assess the level of motor skills is the second edition of the "Test of Gross Motor Development" - TGMD-2, and consists of two groups of subtests, locomotor and manipulative group of motor skills. The obtained data were processed in Microsoft Excel 2013 and Statistica v.13 (TIBCO Statistica Inc, OK, USA). Differences (p<0.05) were determined using factor analysis of variance (Two way - Anova) and Post-hoc Bonferroni test. The main results of the study showed an association between age and motor performance. There is an increase in the results, with some deviations. Girls are better at performing tasks that require a jump, while boys are better at manipulating objects. A statistically significant difference was found between six-year-old girls compared to all younger girls in the long jump (p<0.05). There were also some deviations in the tasks of manipulating objects in relation to age. A statistically significant difference (p<0.05) was found between six-year-old boys compared to four-year-old girls and boys and six-year-old girls in the task of throwing the ball. Decline in results,, instead of the expected linear increase with age, can be attributed to the accelerated phase of growth, extremely poor results of individuals and lack of children's concentration and / or motivation to perform the task. Educational institutions should encourage children's motor development, which includes the guidance of a kinesiologist
METHODS OF DEVELOPING THE SKILL OF RECEIVING AND PASSING A BALL IN FOOTBALL UNDER 18 YEARS
No full textPrimanje i dodavanje lopte sastavni su dijelovi nogometne igre. Te vještine omogućuju nogometašu da brzo, efikasno i svrsishodno organiziraju napad svoje ekipe sa glavnim ciljem, a to je postizanje pogodaka. S obzirom da je danas lako doći do informacija odnosno do velikog broja različitih vježbi za učenje samog primanje lopte kod djece. U nogometu postoje kategorije u koje djeca pripadaju sa obzirom na godine. Tako imamo početnici, pioniri, kadeti, juniori, seniori i veterani. Detaljnije o kategorijama objašnjeno je u radu. Kako djeca stare odnosno povećavanju nogometni „staž“ od početnika pa sve do seniora tako i treneri moraju otežavati odnosno nadograđivati vježbe kako bi se vještine usvojiti, usavršiti i automatizirati da bi se što uspješnije primijenile u različitim situacijama nogometne igre. Cilj ovog rada je da bio opisati vježbe pomoću kojih se djeca uče primanje lopte određenim djelom stopala, zatim pravilnu tehniku udaranja lopte odnosno dodavanja, te prikazati postupno nadograđivanje vježbi za razvoj tih vještina.Receiving and passing the ball are integral parts of the football game. These skills enable the footballer to quickly, efficiently and purposefully organize the attack of his team with the main goal, which is to score goals. Since today it is easy to get information or a large number of different exercises for learning to receive the ball in children. In football, there are categories to which children belong according to age. So we have beginners, pioneers, cadets, juniors, seniors and veterans. More details on the categories are explained in the paper. As children age or increase their football "experience" from beginners to seniors, so coaches must make it harder or upgrade exercises in order to acquire, improve and automate skills to be applied as successfully as possible in different situations of the football game. The aim of this paper was to describe the exercises by which children learn to receive the ball with a certain part of the foot, then the correct technique of hitting the ball or passing, and show the gradual upgrading of exercises to develop these skills
ACUTE EFFECTS OF CLASSIC MASSAGE AND FOAM ROLLER MASSAGE ON FLEXIBILITY OF LEG MUSCLES AND JUMPING ABILITY IN PHYSICALLY ACTIVE INDIVIDUALS
No full textKlasična masaža i masaža pjenastim valjkom vrlo često su korištene tehnike od strane sportaša, za zagrijavanje prije treninga ili natjecanja, te za oporavak nakon istog. Te dvije tehnike masaže imaju različitu primjenu; klasičnu masažu karakterizira pasivna primjena, dok se masaža pjenastim valjkom provodi aktivno. Cilj rada je ustanoviti razlike u akutnim učincima klasične masaže i masaže pjenastim valjkom na fleksibilnost mišića nogu i skočnost tjelesno aktivnih osoba. Na uzorku od 9 tjelesno aktivnih ispitanica provelo se inicijalno testiranje skočnosti i fleksibilnosti nogu, potom masaža (klasična ili masaža pjenastim valjkom) te odmah nakon finalno testiranje skočnosti i fleksibilnosti nogu. U prvom se dolasku testirao učinak jedne masaže, a drugi puta preostali oblik primjene masaže. Fleksibilnost mišića stražnje strane nogu provjerila se testovima pretklon trupa raznožno i pretklon trupa s ispruženim spojenim nogama uz pomoć klupice. Skočnost se provjerila testovima sunožni skok s i bez pripreme. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju da obje tehnike masaže, bez obzira na različitu primjenu, dovode do poboljšanja fleksibilnosti. Što se tiče skočnosti, u praćenim varijablama uočen je bolji učinak masaže pjenastim valjkom u odnosu na klasičnu masažu samo u jednom pokazatelju SJ-a. U budućim je istraživanjima potrebno dodatno istražiti mehanizme adaptacije lokomotornog sustava na različite vrste masaže, kako u vidu promjena u fleksibilnosti i skočnosti, tako i u vidu promjena u izvedbi specifičnih zadataka vezanih za pojedini sport.Classic massage and foam roller massage are frequently used techniques by athletes, for warming up before training or competition, and also for recovery. Those two massage techniques have different applications; classic massage is characterized by passive application, while foam roller massage is performed actively. The aim of this paper is to establish the differences in the acute effects of classic massage and foam roller massage on flexibility of leg muscles and jumping ability in physically active individuals. On a sample of 9 physically active female participants, an initial test of jumping and flexibility of the legs was performed, then a massage (classic or foam roller massage) and immediately after the final testing of jumping and flexibility of the legs. In the first visit, the effect of one massage was tested, and in the second visit, the remaining form of massage application was tested. The flexibility of the muscles of the back of the legs was checked with trunk flexion with spread legs and stand and reach test. Jumping ability was tested with the countermovement jump and squat jump. Results indicate that both massage techniques, regardless of the different application, lead to improved flexibility. As for jumping ability, in the monitored variables, a better effect of massage with a foam roller compared to classic massage was observed only in one indicator of SJ. In future research, it is necessary to further investigate the mechanisms of adaptation of the locomotor system to different types of massage, both in the form of changes in flexibility and jumping ability, and in the form of changes in specific tasks related to a particular sport
ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH TERMS DESIGNATING TECHNICAL ELEMENTS IN FIGURE SKATING
No full textCilj je ovog istraživanja bio analizirati englesko nazivlje tehničkih elemenata u umjetničkom klizanju s obzirom na njegovu složenost, i to prema kategorijama disciplina. Također su analizirane i pokrate kojima se označavaju nazivi tehničkih elemenata. Uzorak entiteta za analizu složenosti naziva obuhvaćao je 684 engleska naziva tehničkih elemenata, od osnovnih do svih njihovih varijacija. Broju pokrata naziva tehničkih elemenata u svim njihovim varijacijama pridružene su i oznaka za težinu i točnost izvedbe, stoga je u tom dijelu istraživanja uzorak entiteta bio veći, te je sadržavao 863 entiteta. Kruskal-Wallisovom analizom varijance utvrđeno da je među kategorijama disciplina postojala statistički značajna razlika, u učestalosti naziva s obzirom na njihovu složenost – u kategoriji kombinacija disciplina pojedinačnog klizanja, sportskih parova i plesnih parova bilo je statistički značajno najmanje vrlo složenih (višerječnih) naziva tehničkih elemenata. Što se pokrata tiče, izrazito su bile česte one od pet i šest znakova, a sličnu su učestalost imale i pokrate od devet znakova.The aim of this research was to analyse English terms designating technical elements in figure skating as for the complexity of terms with regard to discipline categories. Abbreviations designating the terms designating the technical elements were also scrutinized. The sample for the analysis of the complexity of terms was comprised of 684 English names of technical elements, from the basic ones to all their variations. The designations for difficulty and accuracy of performance were added to the number of abbreviations – consequently the sample size in this analysis section was larger and consisted of 863 cases. Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance was used to identify a statistically significant difference among the discipline categories in the frequency of terms with respect to their complexity. Namely, there were significantly the least number of very complex (more than three words in a term) terms designating technical elements in the category involving the combination of singles, pair skating and ice dance. As for the abbreviations, those consisting of five and six signs were very frequent, and those containing nine signs followed
utjecaj umora na kinematičke parametre osnovnih košarkaških vještina – dodavanje, šutiranje i vođenje lopte
No full textPurpose: The main aim of this doctoral thesis was to determine the influence of fatigue on kinematic parameters in basketball fundamental skills. Within this doctoral thesis, five independent studies (Study 1-passing, Study 2, Study 3, and Study 4-shooting, Study 5-dribbling) were investigated. Study 1 set out to exam the influence of fatigue on kinematic parameters and accuracy in basketball passing. Study 2 aimed to assess the influence of fatigue on kinematic parameters and accuracy in female basketball shooting. Study 3 set out to determine the influence of progressive physiological load on kinematic parameters and accuracy in young male basketball shooting. Study 4 aimed to compare the kinematic parameters of 2-point and 3-point jump shots and ascertain the differences between elite male under 16 and 18 and female under 16 and 18 basketball players. Study 5 set out to investigate the influence of fatigue on kinematic parameters and the speed in basketball dribbling. Methods: In study 1, Eleven Croatian basketball players who are members of the youth national program (age: 18.36 ± 0.67 years; height: 192.32 ± 9.98 cm; weight: 83.35 ± 11.19 kg; body fat: 15.00 ± 4.40%, arm span: 194.34 ± 10.39 cm) participated in the study. 3D motion analysis
using inertial sensor technology (Xsens suit) was used to analyze the kinematic parameters of push passing; a radar gun was used to determine ball speed; heart rate and blood lactate concentration were used to identify fatigue and non-fatigue condition. In study 2, thirty-two professional female basketball players volunteered to take part in the study (age: 22.11 ± 4.92 years; height: 173.99 ± 7.06 cm; weight: 67.89 ± 5.65 kg). The Xsens suit and smart ball were used for measuring the kinematic parameters. A shooting machine was used to standardize each pass, directly influencing the shooting efficiency, and to minimize the interference from external factors. To monitor the fatigue level, the blood lactate concentration and rating of perceived exertion were conducted during the testing. In study 3, one player (age: 17.36 years) who is a member of the Croatian U18 Men’s National Team was evaluated as a case study. To measure kinematic parameters during the jump shot, the SIMI Motion system with eight cameras and a smart ball were used. The progressive physiological loads were determined by blood lactate concentration. Forty-eight young male and female basketball players participated in study 4. To assess the kinematic parameters of 2-point and 3-point shooting, Xsens suit was used with the addition of a smart ball. In study 5, fourteen Croatian senior basketball players excluding power forwards and centers (age: 21.16 ± 3.43 years; height: 188.81 ± 6.88 cm; weight: 87.81 ± 6.06 kg; body fat: 13.34 ± 3.52 %) participated in the study. Each player performed two types of change of direction with dribbling: front change of direction and spin move. Xsens suit and Novel pressure insoles were used to measure the kinematic and kinetic
parameters respectively. Heart rate and blood lactate concentration were employed to monitor players’ fatigue level. Results: In study 1, there was significant difference in angular velocities of shoulder (p = 0.01), elbow (p = 0.04), and wrist (p = 0.01), ball speed (p = 0.00), pelvis position (p = 0.00), and velocity of the pelvis in X-axis (p = 0.00) between fatigue and non-fatigue condition. Additionally, the passing accuracy significantly decreased when players were under the influence of fatigue (p = 0.01). In study 2, the results demonstrated that there were no significant differences in angular velocities of ankle, knee, and hip joints between fatigue and non-fatigue condition. Conversely, differences in angular velocities of elbow (p = 0.036) and wrist (p =
0.002) were detected. Furthermore, the results showed that the release height and entry angle of the ball significantly decreased under the influence of fatigue. Moreover, the shooting accuracy did not noticeably decrease when players were under the influence of fatigue. In study 3, the obtained results indicated certain differences in angular velocities of the upper and lower extremities regarding different fatigue levels, as well as in the height at the moment of releasing the ball under the influence of progressive fatigue. In study 4, players in male categories shot for 2-point with a higher center of mass difference in the vertical direction, with higher release shoulder angle, and with a higher entry angle of the ball when compared to female categories
(p < 0.001). In the 3-point shooting, there were differences between male and female categories in the shoulder angle when releasing the ball (p < 0.001). In the players’ shooting speed, there were differences between U16 male vs U18 female and U16 female vs U18 female (p = 0.02) players. Male categories shot 3-point shots with a smaller center of mass difference in the
horizontal direction when compared to 2-point shots (p < 0.001). The entry angle was higher in successful shooting attempts compared to unsuccessful shooting attempts when shooting for 3-point (p = 0.02). Player shooting speed was higher in all categories (except U18 female) when shooting for 3-point (p < 0.001). In study 5, in terms of the front change of direction, the results demonstrated that the maximum angular velocitiesin knee joint (p=0.028), wrist joint (p=0.007), and maximum force (p=0.004) significantly decreased under the influence of fatigue; the pelvis position and minimum angle in knee joint were higher under the influence of fatigue compared to the non-fatigue condition, but there was no significant difference. In terms of the spin move, the results showed that there were significant differences in pelvis velocity (p=0.000), maximum angular velocity in knee joint (p=0.020), and first step velocity (p=0.010); however, no significant difference was detected in the pelvis position, minimum angle in the knee joint and maximum force. Importantly, the dribbling speed significantly decreased in the fatigue condition (p=0.002).Conclusions: In general, fatigue has negative influence on kinematic parameters and players performance in basketball fundamental skills. To be specific, (1) The major conclusion drawn from study 1 showed that fatigue affects the kinematic parameters and accuracy in basketball passing. The findings of this study suggest that players need to adopt the correct motor structure of passing to create an automatism during the training process of learning. Additionally, coaches need to conduct as many drills as possible in situational conditions that are similar to the conditions during the basketball game. As a result, the players’ passing performance will ultimately not change even under the influence of fatigue. (2) The results of study 2 indicated that elite female basketball players can maintain the efficiency through readjusting the neuromuscular system to make a successful jump shot when they were under the influence of fatigue. Furthermore, the results of current study showed that the release height and entry angle of the ball significantly decreased under the influence of fatigue, suggesting that coaches need to include in the training process exercises that are similar in terms of fatigue and performance to the situational conditions during the game as these two variables play an important role in determination of the shooting accuracy. (3) The major conclusion drawn from study 3 was that fatigue impacts certain changes in the kinematic parameters of the jump shot in terms of young male players. The angular velocities of joints in the lower extremities noticeably increased, while the mentioned parameters in the upper extremities decreased when physiological load increased. Additionally, the height of releasing the ball decreased. Despite the changes in the above-mentioned parameters, the action performed on the ball remained unchanged, considering that the shooting speed, as well as the angle at which the ball entered the basket, demonstrated no changes. Even though the action performed on the ball did not alter from the biomechanical standpoint, the reduction of shooting accuracy under the influence of a higher level of fatigue still suggests that certain deviations occurred in the overall pattern of performing the examined motor skill. Therefore, coaches are required to design appropriate training sessions to resist the influence of fatigue on jump shot performance. (4) The results of study 4 showed that female and male basketball players used different shooting techniques. Additionally, players in male categories shot with a higher center of mass difference in the vertical direction, with a higher release shoulder angle, and with a higher entry angle of the ball.Moreover, the entry angle of the ball increases in all categories when shooting for 3-point, which means that players need more time for 3-point shots after receiving a pass when compared to 2-point shots. Therefore, the players are using excessive movements to optimize the shooting technique when shooting for 3-point. Basketball coaches and players should work to minimize the kinematic differences between 2-point and 3-point shots to increase the successfulness of shooting from longer distances. (5) The major conclusion drawn from study 5 is that fatigue affects the kinematics and kinetics of basketball dribbling. Additionally, the dribbling speed significantly decreased when the players were under the influence of fatigue. From the result point of view, the higher pelvis position, the lower angular velocity in knee and
wrist joint, and the lower force when the players are under the influence of fatigue may induce that they are not able to take advantage of the defender successfully. Additionally, the decrease of the dribbling speed under the influence of fatigue will cause the players’ inability to pass by the defender quickly during the fast break and transition period, which consequently makes them lose the opportunity of scoring. Therefore, the findings of this study suggest that coaching staff is required to design appropriate training sessions to optimize players’ ability to resist fatigue when dribbling in real game speed conditions.Svrha: Glavni cilj ovog doktorskog rada bio je utvrditi utjecaj umora na kinematičke parametre u temeljnim košarkaškim vještinama. Unutar ovog doktorskog rada izvedeno je pet neovisnih istraživanja (Istraživanje 1 – dodavanje lopte, Istraživanje 2, Istraživanje 3 i Istraživanje 4 – šutiranje i Istraživanje 5 – vođenje lopte). Istraživanje 1 je imalo za cilj ispitati utjecaj umora na kinematičke parametre i točnost dodavanja u košarci. Istraživanje 2 imalo je za cilj procijeniti utjecaj umora na kinematičke parametre i točnost šutiranja u ženskoj košarci. Istraživanje 3 imalo je za cilj utvrditi utjecaj progresivnog fiziološkog opterećenja na kinematičke parametre mladih košarkaša i njihovu točnost u šutiranju. Istraživanje 4 imalo je
za cilj usporediti kinematičke parametre skok šutova za 2 i 3 poena i utvrditi razlike između elitnih košarkaša do 16 i 18 godina i košarkašica do 16 i 18 godina. Istraživanje 5 je imalo za cilj istražiti utjecaj umora na kinematičke parametre i brzinu košarkaškog driblinga.Metode: U istraživanju 1, jedanaest hrvatskih košarkaša koji su članovi nacionalnog programa
za mlade (dob: 18,36 ± 0,67 godina; visina: 192,32 ± 9,98 cm; težina: 83,35 ± 11,19 kg; postotak potkožnog masnog tkiva: 15,00 ± 4,40%, raspon ruku: 194,34 ± 10,39 cm) sudjelovali su u istraživanju. Za analizu kinematičkih parametara dodavanja lopte jednom rukom guranjem korištena je 3D analiza kretanja pomoću inercijske senzorske tehnologije (Xsens odijelo); za određivanje brzine lopte korišten je radarski pištolj; otkucaji srca i koncentracija laktata u krvi korišteni su za identifikaciju stanja nakon opterećenja (umor) i stanja prije opterećenja (bez umora). U istraživanju 2 su dobrovoljno sudjelovale trideset i dvije profesionalne košarkašice (dob: 22,11 ± 4,92 godina; visina: 173,99 ± 7,06 cm; težina: 67,89 ± 5,65 kg). Za mjerenje kinematičkih parametara korišteni su Xsens odijelo i pametna lopta. Košarkaški top korišten je
za standardiziranje svakog dodavanja, kao izravan utjecaj na učinkovitost šutiranja, i za minimiziranje smetnji od strane vanjskih čimbenika. Kako bi se pratila razina umora, tijekom ispitivanja mjerena je koncentracija laktata u krvi i subjektivna procjena opterećenja. U istraživanju 3, jedan igrač (dob: 17,36 godina) koji je član hrvatske U18 muške reprezentacije
promatran je kao studija slučaja. Za mjerenje kinematičkih parametara tijekom skok šuta korišten je SIMI Motion sustav s osam kamera i pametnom loptom. Progresivna fiziološka opterećenja određena su koncentracijom laktata u krvi. Četrdeset i osam mladih košarkaša i košarkašica sudjelovalo je u istraživanju 4. Za procjenu kinematičkih parametara šutiranja za 2
i 3 poena korišteno je Xsens odijelo s dodatkom korištenja pametne lopte. Četrnaest hrvatskih košarkaša seniora, isključujući krilne centre i centre (starost: 21,16 ± 3,43 godine; visina: 188,81 ± 6,88 cm; težina: 87,81 ± 6,06 kg; postotak potkožnog masnog tkiva: 13,34 ± 3,52 %) sudjelovalo je u istraživanju 5. Svaki je igrač izveo dvije vrste promjene smjera s vođenjem lopte: prednju promjenu smjera i promjena s okretom. Za mjerenje kinematičkih i kinetičkih parametara korišteni su odijelo Xsens i ulošci za mjerenje sile pritiska Novel. Otkucaji srca i koncentracija laktata u krvi korišteni su za praćenje razine umora igrača. Rezultati: U istraživanju 1 postojala je značajna razlika u kutnim brzinama ramena (p = 0,01), lakta (p = 0,04) i zgloba šake (p = 0,01), točnosti (p = 0,01), brzine lopte (p = 0,00 ), položaja zdjelice (p = 0,00) i brzine zdjelice na X-osi (p = 0,00) između stanja prije i nakon opterećenja. Osim toga, smanjila se točnost dodavanja kada su igrači bili pod utjecajem umora. U istraživanju 2, rezultati su pokazali da nema značajnih razlika u kutnim brzinama skočnog zgloba, koljena i kuka. Suprotno tome, otkrivene su razlike u kutnim brzinama lakta (p = 0,036) i zgloba šake (p = 0,002). Nadalje, rezultati su pokazali da se visina izbačaja i kut upada lopte značajno smanjuju pod utjecajem umora. Štoviše, preciznost šutiranja nije se naočigled smanjivala kada su igrači bili pod utjecajem umora. U istraživanju 3, dobiveni rezultati ukazuju
na određene razlike u kutnim brzinama gornjih i donjih ekstremiteta s obzirom na različite razine umora, kao i u visini u trenutku puštanja lopte pod utjecajem progresivnog umora. U studiji 4, igrači u muškim kategorijama šutirali su za 2 poena s višom razlikom centra težišta tijela u okomitom smjeru, s većim kutom izbačaja u ramenu i s većim kutom ulaska lopte u
usporedbi sa ženskim kategorijama (p < 0,001). U šutiranju za 3 poena uočene su razlike između muške i ženske kategorije u kutu ramena pri izbačaju lopte (p < 0,001). U brzini šutiranja postojale su razlike između košarkaša U16 i košarkašica U18 te između košarkašica U16 i U18 (p = 0,02). Muške kategorije šutirale su za 3 poena s manjom razlikom centra težišta tijela u horizontalnom smjeru u usporedbi s šutovima za 2 poena (p < 0,001). Ulazni kut bio je veći u uspješnim pokušajima šutiranja u usporedbi s neuspješnim pokušajima šutiranja za 3 poena (p = 0,02). Brzina šutiranja bila je veća u svim kategorijama (osim košarkašica U18) pri šutiranju za 3 poena (p < 0,001). U istraživanju 5, u kontekstu prednje promjene smjera, rezultati su pokazali da su se maksimalne kutne brzine u zglobu koljena (p=0,028), zglobu šake (p=0,007)
i maksimalne sile (p=0,004) značajno smanjile pod utjecajem umora; položaj zdjelice i minimalni kut u zglobu koljena bili su veći nakon opterećenja (pod utjecajem umora) u odnosu na stanje prije opterećenja, ali nije bilo značajne razlike. Što se tiče promjene s okretom, rezultati su pokazali da postoje značajne razlike u brzini zdjelice (p=0,000), maksimalnoj kutnoj
brzini u zglobu koljena (p=0,020) i brzini prvog koraka (p=0,010); međutim, nije otkrivena značajna razlika u položaju zdjelice, minimalnom kutu u zglobu koljena i maksimalnoj sili. Važno je da se brzina vođenja lopte značajno smanjila u stanju pod utjecajem umora (p=0,002). Zaključci: Općenito, umor negativno utječe na kinematičke parametre i performanse igrača u osnovnim košarkaškim vještinama. Konkretno, (1) Rezultat istraživanja 1 pokazao je da umor utječe na kinematičke parametre i točnost dodavanja lopte jednom rukom guranjem u košarci. Rezultati ovog istraživanja pokazuju da igrači trebaju usvojiti ispravnu motoričku strukturu dodavanja kako bi se tijekom trenažnog procesa učenja stvorio automatizam. Nadalje, treneri trebaju provesti što više vježbi u situacijskim uvjetima koji su slični uvjetima tijekom
košarkaške utakmice. Kao rezultat toga, učinak dodavanja igrača u konačnici se neće promijeniti čak ni pod utjecajem umora. (2) Rezultati istraživanja 2 pokazali su da vrhunske košarkašice mogu održati učinkovitost kroz prilagodbu neuromišićnog sustava kako bi izvele uspješan skok kada su bile pod utjecajem umora. Nadalje, rezultati trenutne studije pokazali su da su se visina izbačaja i kut upada lopte značajno smanjili pod utjecajem umora. Navedeno sugerira da treneri u trenažni proces trebaju uključiti vježbe koje su prema razini umoru i izvedbi slične situacijskim uvjetima tijekom igre jer ove dvije varijable igraju važnu ulogu u određivanju točnosti šutiranja. (3) Glavni zaključak koji je izveden iz rezultata istraživanja 3 bio je da umor utječe na određene promjene kinematičkih parametara skok šuta kod mladih igrača. Kutne brzine zglobova u donjim ekstremitetima primjetno su se povećale, dok su se navedeni parametri u gornjim ekstremitetima smanjili s povećanjem fizioloških opterećenja. Dodatno se smanjila visina izbačaja lopte. Unatoč promjenama u gore navedenim parametrima, radnja izvedena na lopti ostala je nepromijenjena s obzirom na to da brzina šutiranja, kao i kut
ulaska lopte u koš, nisu pokazivali promjene. Iako se djelovanje na loptu nije promijenilo s biomehaničkog stajališta, smanjenje točnosti šutiranja pod utjecajem više razine umora i dalje sugerira da je došlo do određenih odstupanja u ukupnom obrascu izvođenja ispitivane motoričke sposobnosti. Stoga je potrebno da treneri osmisle odgovarajuće treninge kako bi se igrači oduprli utjecaju umora na izvedbu skok šutova. (4) Rezultati istraživanja 4 pokazali su da su košarkašice i košarkaši koristili različite tehnike šutiranja. Dodatno, igrači su šutirali s većom razlikom središta mase u okomitom smjeru, s većim kutom izbačaja u ramenu i s većim kutom ulaska lopte. Štoviše, kut ulaska lopte povećava se u svim kategorijama kada se šutira za 3 poena, što znači da igračima treba više vremena za šutove za 3 poena nakon primljenog dodavanja u odnosu na šutove za 2 poena. Stoga igrači koriste pretjerane pokrete kako bi optimizirali tehniku šutiranja za 3 poena. Košarkaški treneri i igrači trebali bi raditi na smanjenju kinematičkih razlika između šutiranja za 2 i 3 poena kako bi se povećala uspješnost šutiranja s većih udaljenosti. (5) Glavni zaključak koji je izveden iz studije 5 bio je da umor utječe na kinematiku i kinetiku košarkaškog vođenja lopte. Dodatno, brzina vođenja lopte značajno se smanjila kada su igrači bili pod utjecajem umora. S točke gledišta rezultata, viši položaj zdjelice, niža kutna brzina u zglobu koljena i zglobu šake, te niža sila pod utjecajem umora mogu dovesti do toga da igrači ne mogu uspješno iskoristiti prednost nad obrambenim igračem. Dodatno, smanjenje brzine vođenja lopte pod utjecajem umora dovest će do toga da igrači tijekom faza protunapada i tranzicije neće moći brzo proći pored obrambenog igrača, što posljedično dovodi do toga da gube priliku za postizanje pogotka. Stoga, rezultati ovog istraživanja sugeriraju da treneri trebaju osmisliti odgovarajuće treninge kako bi optimizirali sposobnost igrača da izdrže utjecaj umora pri vođenju lopte u realnim uvjetima igre
TREND ANALYSIS OF DEVELOPMENT OF RESULTS IN APNEA DIVING IN SWIMMING DISCIPLINES
No full textOsvrnemo li se na povijest sporta, nema sumnje da su najimpresivnije discipline one koje uključuju probijanje poznatih ljudskih granica. Ronjenje na dah kao sport evoluirao je u tolikoj mjeri da su mnogi profesionalni ronioci uspjeli postići rezultate koji su se prije desetak godina smatrali nemogućim, stoga su nadmašena predviđanja liječnika i stručnjaka u statičnoj apneji, u ronjenju u daljinu te postignute dubine.
Cilj ovog istraživanja je analiza trenda i utvrđivanje krivulje razvoja najboljih rezultata u svijetu profesionalnih ronioca na dah u bazenskim disciplinama u posljednjih 20 godina.
Prikupljeni podaci obrađeni su metodom, algoritmom i programom za analizu trenda programskog paketa Statistica 13.0. Korištena je polinomijalna regresijska analiza kojom je obrađen trend razvoja najboljih rezultata u određenoj godini za svaku disciplinu. Za analizirane discipline prikazane su jednodimenzionalne promjene stanja ronioca kroz godine, na kojima je kroz određeni vremenski period registrirana promjena jedne kvantitativne varijable. Varijable korištene u istraživanju su dinamika bez peraja (DNF), dinamika s perajama (DYN) i statika (STA) kod muškaraca. Podaci su prikupljani sa službenih stranica: Međunarodnih krovnih ronilačkih organizacija - AIDA i CMAS.
Prema podacima dobivenim istraživanjem, može se utvrditi linearan porast rezultata u sve tri discipline (statika, dinamika bez peraja, dinamika s perajama) između 2002. i 2021. godine.If we think of the history of sport, there is no doubt that the most surprising and impressive disciplines are those which involve pushing beyond known human limits. The sport of free diving has advanced in leaps and bounds to such an extent that many of its practitioners have been able to achieve results which were considered impossible just ten or so years ago, thus surpassing the predictions of doctors and experts in static apnoea, free diving distance and depth.
The aim of this research is to analyse the trend and determine the curve of development of the best results in the world of professional divers in pool disciplines in the last 20 years. The research was conducted based on statistical data, which were collected from the official websites of international diving organisations - AIDA and CMAS. Data were processed by the method, algorithm and program for trend analysis of Statistica 13.0 Software package. Polynomial regression analysis was used, which deals with the trend of developing the best results in a given year for each discipline. For the analysed disciplines, one-dimensional changes in the state of divers over the years are presented, in which a change in one quantitative variable was registered over a certain period of time. The variables used in the study are dynamic without fins (DNF), dynamics with fins (DYN) and static apnea (STA) in men competition. According to the data obtained from the research, a linear increase in results can be determined in all three disciplines (statics, dynamics without fins, dynamics with fins) between 2002 and 2021
SPEED AND AGILITY TRAINING BY AGE GROUPS IN HANDBALL
No full textRukomet je jedan od najzahtjevnijih sportova koji od sportaša zahtijeva najvišu razinu u mnogim sposobnostima. Brzina i agilnost jedne su od najvažnijih motoričkih sposobnosti odgovorne za uspjeh u rukometu i nalaze se na vrhu hijerarhijske strukture uspješnosti. U ovom radu analizirana je rukometna igra uz pomoć četiri kineziološke analize: funkcionalnu, strukturnu, anatomsku i biomehaničku. Opisan je i antropološki status u rukometu te je opisano pet njegovih komponenata: funkcionalne, motoričke i kognitivne sposobnosti, morfološke karakteristike i motorička znanja. Također, prikazane su i opisane brzina i agilnost te testovi koji omogućuju njihovu procjenu. Opisane su i vježbe koje se mogu koristiti u radu sa rukometašima i rukometašicama. Na kraju rada navedeni su primjeri treninga za mlađe kadete, kadete i juniore.Handball is one of the most demanding sports that requires athletes to have the highest level in many abilities. Speed and agility are one of the most important motor skills responsible for success in handball and are at the top of the hierarchical structure of success. This work analyzes the handball game with the help of four kinesiological analyzes: functional, structural, anatomical and biomechanical. The anthropological status in handball is also described. Its five components are: functional, motor and cognitive abilities, morphological characteristics and motor knowledge. Also, speed and agility are shown and described, as well as tests that enable their evaluation. Exercises that can be used in working with handball players are also described. At the end of graudation thesis, examples of training for younger cadets, cadets and juniors are given
Effects of recreational alpine skiing on altitudes from 1250 to 2000 m on oxygen transport system
No full textCilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi dovodi li desetodnevni boravak i skijanje na visinama do 2000 metara do promjena na pokazateljima krvi koji su uključeni u sustav prijenosa kisika i eritropoezu. Boravak i trening na nadmorskoj visini često je korištena metoda pripreme vrhunskih sportaša čiji je glavni cilj utjecati na poboljšanje funkcioniranja prijenosnog sustava za kisik putem povećanja broja eritrocita i hemoglobina. Visine na kojima su takva istraživanja provedena su uglavnom veće od 2 i 3 tisuće metara, te traju po nekoliko tjedana (3 i više), jer se smatra da je toliko potrebno za postići utjecaj na vrhunsko treniran organizam. U ovom istraživanju odabran je boravak od 10 dana na visini do 2000 metara s ispitanicima koji su dio rekreativne populacije, upravo kako bi se vidjelo ima li takav boravak utjecaja na osobu koja nije vrhunski sportaš. Eksperimentalna skupina je živjela na visini od 1250 m te 6-7 sati dnevno skijala na visinama do 2000 m, dok je kontrolna skupina živjela svoj uobičajeni svakodnevni život na razini mora (122 m). U dva navrata izvršena je laboratorijska dijagnostika pokazatelja krvi, u razmaku od 12 dana, prvo mjerenje dan prije i drugo mjerenje dan nakon intervencije kod eksperimentalne skupine (N=17, DOB= 21,52, SD=1,06) te u isto vrijeme kod kontrolne skupine koja nije prolazila intervenciju (N=15, DOB= 21,47, SD=1,07). Statističkom obradom podataka (t-test, ANOVA) utvrđeno je da je eksperimentalna skupina pokazala značajnu promjenu u vrijednostima eritropoetina (pad, pThe research objective was to determine if 10 days of alpine skiing at altitudes up to 2000 m can lead to improvements on oxygen transport system blood parameters which are showed by erythropoetic changes. Altitude stay and training is regularly used method for elite athletes training regime and it's aim is to enhance oxygen transport system by raising red blood cell and hemoglobin levels. Altitudes at which such endeavours are usually partaken are higher than 2 or 3 thousand meters above sea level and they last 2, 3 weeks or more. It is considered that such altitude and duration is needed to obtain effects for an elite athlete. It was opted that this research intervention lasts for 10 days and at altitude lower than 2000 meters with subjects who are not elite athletes but active general population, exactly for reason to see if it's possible for them to obtain effects on such „lower altitudes“. Experimental group has lived at 1250 m and skied for 6-7 hours per day at altitudes up to 2000 m, while control group lived their usual everyday life at sea level (122 m). Laboratory measurements were conducted at two occasions, 12 days apart, one day before and one day after the experimental group (N=17, AGE= 21,52, SD=1,06) had their skiing trip. Control group was also measured at the same time (N=15, AGE= 21,47, SD=1,07). Statistical analysis (t test, ANOVA) has shown that experimental group had significant change of erythropoeitin levels (fall,
Association of cardiorespiratory fitness with insulin sensitivity and beta cell function in obese adolescents
No full textPretilost je povezana s inzulinskom rezistencijom i rizikom za razvoj disglikemije. Izrazito pretili adolescenti te oni s visokim udjelom visceralne masti češće razvijaju metaboličke poremećaje. Povezanost kardiorespiratorne sposobnosti s metaboličkim rizikom u osoba s različitim stupnjevima pretilosti nije sustavno proučena. Nedostaju spoznaje o učincima kardiorespiratorne sposobnosti na inzulinsku rezistenciju u adolescenata s visokim stupnjem pretilosti, premda je broj takvih adolescenata u stalnom porastu. Ciljevi ovog istraživanja bili su ispitati povezanost kardiorespiratorne sposobnosti s inzulinskom osjetljivosti i beta staničnom funkcijom u pretilih adolescenata, osobito u onih s teškom i vrlo teškom pretilosti, te istražiti je li ta povezanost uvjetovana isključivo visceralnom pretilosti. U ovom prospektivnom, presječnom istraživanju sudjelovalo je 200 pretilih adolescenata u dobi od 10-18 godina, u kojih je uz antropometrijska mjerenja, određen sastav tijela bioelektričnom impedancijom, učinjen test oralnog opterećenja glukozom te procijenjena kardiorespiratorna sposobnost submaksimalnim testom na pokretnoj traci. Površine visceralnog i potkožnog masnog tkiva izmjerene su odgovarajućim alatima radiološkog sustava, na presječnom prikazu magnetske rezonance abdomena, u 90 pretilih adolescenata. U ispitivanoj populaciji, ustanovljena je slaba negativna korelacija između kardiorespiratorne sposobnosti i homeostatskog modela procjene inzulinske rezistencije (HOMA-IR) te slaba pozitivna korelacija između kardiorespiratorne sposobnosti i indeksa inzulinske osjetljivosti (ISI). Upotrebom univarijatne analize varijance uz Bonferroni korekciju za višestruke usporedbe, utvrđen je statistički značajan glavni učinak kardiorespiratorne sposobnosti na inzulinsku osjetljivost, poglavito uz maksimalni primitak kisika iskazan u odnosu na ukupnu tjelesnu masu. Naknadne analize pokazale su da pretili adolescenti s lošom kardiorespiratornom sposobnosti imaju značajno viši HOMA-IR te niži ISI od adolescenata s dobrom kardiorespiratornom sposobnosti. Uz maksimalni primitak kisika iskazan u odnosu na nemasnu tjelesnu masu, pretili adolescenti s dobrom kardiorespiratornom sposobnosti imali su viši oralni dispozicijski indeks od adolescenata s lošom kardiorespiratornom sposobnosti. Navedeni rezultati potvrđuju pozitivan učinak dobre kardiorespiratorne sposobnosti na inzulinsku osjetljivost i beta staničnu funkciju u pretilih adolescenata. Dvosmjernom analizom kovarijance utvrđeno je da teško/vrlo teško pretili adolescenti imaju viši HOMA-IR od blago pretilih i uz dobru i uz lošu kardiorespiratornu sposobnost. Istovremeno, HOMA-IR se nije razlikovao između teško/vrlo teško pretilih adolescenta s dobrom i blago pretilih s lošom kardiorespiratornom sposobnosti. Ovi rezultati pokazuju da na inzulinsku osjetljivost utječu i stupanj pretilosti i kardiorespiratorna sposobnost. Uz upotrebu omjera površine visceralnog masnog tkiva i kvadrata tjelesne visine kao indikatora visceralne pretilosti, serijom regresijskih analiza potvrđeno je da je povezanost kardiorespiratorne sposobnosti iskazane u odnosu na ukupnu tjelesnu masu i inzulinske osjetljivosti posredovana visceralnom pretilosti. Sveukupno, rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da je za razinu inzulinske rezistencije u pretilih adolescenata, osim stupnja pretilosti važna i kardiorespiratorna sposobnost. Stoga bi procjena kardiorespiratorne sposobnosti trebala predstavljati sastavni dio dijagnostičke obrade, a podizanje kardiorespiratorne sposobnosti važan segment terapijskog pristupa pretilim adolescentima.Obesity is associated with insulin resistance and risk of dysglycemia. Extremely obese adolescents and those with high proportion of visceral fat more often develop metabolic disorders. The association of cardiorespiratory fitness with metabolic risk in individuals with varying degrees of obesity has not been systematically studied. There is a lack of knowledge about the effects of cardiorespiratory fitness on insulin resistance in adolescents with severe obesity, although the number of such adolescents is continuously increasing. The objectives of this study were to investigate the association of cardiorespiratory fitness with insulin sensitivity and beta cell function in obese adolescents, especially in those with severe and morbid obesity, and to explore whether this association relies entirely on visceral adiposity. This prospective, cross-sectional study included 200 obese adolescents, 10-18 years of age, in which anthropometric measurements, bioelectrical impedance for body composition, oral glucose tolerance test and submaximal treadmill test for cardiorespiratory fitness assessment were performed. Visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue areas were measured with appropriate radiological system tools on cross-sectional magnetic resonance images of the abdomen in 90 obese adolescents. In the study population, a weak negative correlation between cardiorespiratory fitness and the homeostatic model of insulin resistance assessment (HOMA-IR) and a weak positive correlation between cardiorespiratory fitness and insulin sensitivity index (ISI) was found. A statistically significant main effect of cardiorespiratory fitness on insulin sensitivity was determined by univariate analysis of variance with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons, especially with maximal oxygen uptake expressed relative to total body mass. Subsequent analyzes showed that obese adolescents with poor cardiorespiratory fitness have significantly higher HOMA-IR and lower ISI than adolescents with good cardiorespiratory fitness. With maximal oxygen uptake expressed relative to lean body mass, obese adolescents with good cardiorespiratory fitness had higher oral disposition index than adolescents with poor cardiorespiratory fitness. These results confirm positive effect of good cardiorespiratory fitness on insulin sensitivity and beta cell function in obese adolescents. The two-way analysis of covariance confirmed that severely/morbidly obese adolescents have higher HOMA-IR than mildly obese, with either good or poor cardiorespiratory fitness. At the same time, HOMA-IR did not differ between severely/morbidly obese adolescents with good and mildly obese with poor cardiorespiratory fitness. These results show that insulin sensitivity is influenced not only by the degree of obesity but also by the level of cardiorespiratory fitness. With the ratio of visceral adipose tissue surface area and body height squared as indicator of visceral obesity, a series of regression analyzes confirmed that the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness expressed relative to total body mass and insulin sensitivity is mediated by visceral obesity. Overall, the results of this study show that cardiorespiratory fitness is important determinant of insulin resistance in obese adolescents, as well as the degree of obesity. Therefore, assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness should be an integral part of diagnostic procedure, while the improvement of cardiorespiratory fitness level should be an important part of therapeutic approach to obese adolescents
METRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NEWLY CONSTRUCTED QUESTIONNAIRE ON THE COMPETENCES OF MOVEMENT IN WATER
No full textSamostalno i sigurno kretanje u vodenom mediju predstavlja jednu od osnovnih ljudskih vještina kretanja, te time uz sebe veže određene rizike. Kao najefikasniji način nošenja s rizikom u vodi, odnosno same prevencije utapanja u vodi, navodi se učenje odnosno stjecanje određenih plivačkih vještina. Upravo takvim pristupom naglašava se važnost edukacije ljudi o sigurnosti u vodi, poticanje svjesnosti pojedinaca na ozbiljnost posljedica ukoliko plivačke vještine nisu kvalitetno usvojene. Ovim istraživanjem nastojali smo konstruirati i validirati mjerni instrument - anketni upitnik za procjenu stava kompetencija kretanja u vodi kroz dvadeset i dvije tvrdnje dobivene mapiranjem znanstvenih istraživanja u tom području te su prikupljene informacije, podatci i mišljenja ispitanika procijenjeni korištenjem Likertove skale slaganja ili neslaganja. Sve tvrdnje podijeljene su u tri podskupine ovisno o vrijednostima njihovih Pearsonovih koeficijenta korelacije, dok je prihvatljiva unutarnja konzistentnost tvrdnji u upitniku potvrđena računanjem vrijednosti Cronbach's alfe. Također eksplorativnom i konfirmatornom faktorskom analziom, u cilju provjeravanja valjanosti pretpostavljenog teorijskog modela provedenog upitnika, utvrđeno je kako su sve multivarijantnih pretpostavki zadovoljene, osim homoskedastičnosti. Preporuka ovog istraživanja je podizanje osviještenosti ispitanika, ali i šire populacije, o važnosti kompetencija plivanja za sigurno kretanje u vodi te o važnosti edukacije od najranije dobi kako bi se negativni ishodi u vidu utapanja u vodi spriječili.Independent and safe movement in the water medium is one of the basic human movement skills, and thus it, this movement also carries certain risks with it. Learning or acquiring certain swimming skills is found as the most effective way to deal with the risk in the water and to prevent drowning in the water itself. This approach emphasizes the importance of educating people about water safety and it is encouraging individuals to be aware of the seriousness of the consequences if swimming skills are not properly learned. With this research, we tried to construct and validate a measuring instrument - a survey questionnaire for assessing the attitude of competences of movement in water through twenty-two statements obtained by mapping scientific research in that area and we collected information, data and opinions of the respondents which we evaluated using a Likert scale of agreement or disagreement. All statements were divided into three subgroups depending on the values of their Pearson correlation coefficients, while the acceptable internal consistency of the statements in the questionnaire was confirmed by calculating the Cronbach's alpha value. Also, through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, in order to check the validity of the assumed theoretical model of the conducted questionnaire, it was determined that all multivariate assumptions were pleased, except for homoscedasticity. The recommendation of this research is to raise the awareness of the respondents, as well as the wider population, about the importance of swimming competences for safe movement in water and about the importance of education from an early age in order to prevent negative outcomes in the form of drowning in water