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SATISFACTION OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS WITH CLASS OF PHYSICAL CULTURE DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
No full textU radu se ispitalo zadovoljstvo učenika srednjih škola nastavom tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture tijekom pandemije bolesti COVID-19. Provedena je anketa među učenicima srednjih škola s područja grada Zagreba. Anketom su ispitani generalni stavovi učenika o važnosti tjelesne aktivnosti, o tjelesnoj aktivnosti u sklopu obrazovanja i dr. Rezultati su pokazali prilično veliku razinu svijesti o važnosti tjelesne aktivnosti među učenicima te relativno veliko zadovoljstvo nastavom TZK-a općenito. Nadalje, većina učenika bavi se tjelesnom aktivnošću. Unatoč djelomičnom padu zadovoljstva TZK-om među učenicima tijekom pandemije bolesti COVID-19, ne zamjećuje se pretjerano nezadovoljstvo improviziranom nastavom. Na nastavi TZK-a korištene su brojne mobilne aplikacije poput MapMyRun, Adidas Running, Nike Running, Google Classroom, Zoom, YouTube, Teams, Samsung fitness i dr.The paper aims to examine the satisfaction of secondary school students with PE class during COVID-19 pandemic. A survey was conducted among secondary school students from the city of Zagreb. The survey examined students' general attitudes about the importance of physical activity, about physical activity as part of education, etc. The results showed a fairly high level of awareness of the importance of physical activity among students and a relatively high level of satisfaction with teaching. of PE in general. Furthermore, the majority of students are engaged in physical activity. Despite the partial drop in satisfaction with PE among students during the pandemic, excessive dissatisfaction with improvised teaching is not observed. Numerous mobile applications such as MapMyRun, Adidas Running, Nike Running, Google Classroom, Zoom, YouTube, Teams, Samsung fitness and others were used in PE classes
REHABILITATION AFTER MENISCUS SURGERY
No full textOzljede meniskusa nisu rezervirano isključivo za mlađu ili stariju populaciju. Nažalost, takve ozljede mogu zadobiti svi. Naime, ozljeda meniskusa ponekad i ne zahtijeva operaciju već samo dobro posložen kinezIterapijski plan. Međutim, neke ozljede meniskusa zahtijevaju operacijski zahvat. Ovisno o tipu puknuća, ali i o karakteristika pacijenta, točnije ovisno o njegovoj dobi, spolu i razini aktivnosti, oderđuje se i vrsta operacijskog zahvata koja će se provesti. Rehabilitacija je iznimno važan dio čitavog procesa oporavka. Naime, rehabilitacija predstavlja bitan dio procesa za sve koji prođu operaciju meniskusa, a poglavito za sportaše. Pomno osmišljen kineziterapijski plan može pomoći pacijentu da što prije stane na noge i nastavi sa svojim uobičajenim aktivnostima. Plan se provodi kroz nekoliko faza, najčešće četiri, a nerijetko i šest. Iznimno je važno pravodobno reagirati kada je riječ o puknuću meniskusa. Liječnik mora utvrditi o kakvom je puknuću riječ jer postoji nekoliko tipova puknuća meniskusa. Nakon što se utvrdi o kakvom je tipu puknuća riječ, određuje se i daljnji pristup pacijentu. Neke ozljede mogu proći i bez kirurškog zahvata, no većina ozljeda zahtijeva kirurški zahvat. Ovisno o jačini ozljede, pacijenti mogu biti podvrgnuti operaciji šivanja meniskusa ili pak ADM. ADM se primjenjuje s ciljem otklanjanja odlomljenih dijelova meniskusa, dok se operacija šivanja primjenjuje kao brža i lakša metoda pa se i mnogi sportaši odlučuju upravo za tu metodu. U izradu ovog rada koristiti će se brojni stručni članci i knjige kako bi se problematika što bolje obradila. Kroz analizu postojećih istraživanja i provedenih studija, nastojat će se izvesti i vlastiti zaključak o problemu rada.Meniscus injuries are not reserved exclusively for the younger or older population. Unfortunately, such injuries can be sustained by everyone. Namely, meniscus injury sometimes does not require surgery, but only a well-arranged kinesiotherapy plan. However, some meniscus injuries require surgery. Depending on the type of rupture, but also on the characteristics of the patient, more precisely depending on the age, gender and level of activity, the type of surgery to be carried out is determined. Rehabilitation is an extremely important part of the entire recovery process. Rehabilitation represents an essential part of the process for all those who undergo meniscus surgery, especially for athletes. A carefully designed kinesiotherapeutic plan can help the patient to get on his feet as soon as possible and continue with his usual activities. The plan is carried out through several phases, usually four and often six. It is extremely important to react in a timely manner when it comes to the rupture of meniscus. The doctor has to determine what kind of puncture the word is about because there are several types of meniscus rupture. After the type of rupture is determined, further access to the patient is determined. Some injuries may also undergo surgery, but most injuries require surgical procedure. Depending on the severity of the injury, patients may be subjected to a meniscus sewing operation or ADM. ADM is applied to remove fragmented parts of meniscus, while the sewing operation is applied as a faster and easier method, so many athletes choose precisely this method. Numerous articles and books will be used in making this paper in order to better process the problems. Through the analysis of existing research and conducted studies, we will also try to make our own conclusion on the problem of work
The role of kinesiologist upon completion of the sailing elective in the occupation of skipper
No full textNautika u Hrvatskoj jedna je od perjanica hrvatskog turizma. U prilog tome ide podatak da se trenutno u Hrvatskoj nalazi više od 40% svjetskog čartera. Samim time sve je veća potražnja za skiperima gdje svoj angažman pronalazi veliki dio kineziologa. Međutim, osnovni problem nalazi se u tome što većina skipera danas služi kako bi prevezla brod i goste od točke A do točke B. Upravo širina znanja kineziologa, koja su stekli tijekom studiranja, omogućuju da se izdvoje od ostale populacije skipera. Škola jedrenja, tjelovježba, škola plivanja, osnove preživljavanja samo su jedan mali dio ponude koju mogu ponuditi kineziolozi te postati konkurentniji na skiperskom tržištu rada. Cilj rada je predstaviti dodatne sportske, rekreativne i edukacijske aktivnosti koje kineziolog može provoditi tijekom rada na radnom mjestu skiper.Nautical tourism is one of the key parts of Croatian tourism. The fact that 40% of all the world charter companies are situated in Croatia proves that. Since the need for skippers is growing, a lot of kinesiologists are choosing being a skipper as their career. The main problem here is not using their full potential in that career - they are just transporting the ship, with or without guests, from point A to point B. The extensive knowledge that kinesiologists gain during their studies gives them an opportunity to separate themselves from other skippers. Training in sailing, fitness, swimming, basics of survival are just a small part of what they can offer and how they can become more competitive on the skipper labor market. The goal of this thesis is to present additional sports, recreational and educational activities that a kinesiologist can perform while working as a skipper
THE ROLE AND COMPETENCIES OF THE COACH OF THE UNIVERSAL SPORTS SCHOOL FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF PARENTS
No full textDjeca od najranije dobi za pravilan psihofizički razvoj trebaju imati zadovoljene temeljne ljudske potrebe, među kojima se potreba za kretanjem navodi kao jedna od najvažnijih. (Findak, Delija, 2001).. Izrazito je važno osigurati djeci dovoljan broj motoričkih podražaja koji su u funkciji maksimalne transformacije sposobnosti jer se propuštene prilike u toj dobi u kasnijim životnim razdobljima teško nadoknađuju. Tjelesno vježbanje od najranije dobi ima niz dobrobiti za djetetov razvoj (Berčić i Đonlić, 2009). Glavni ciljevi tjelesnog vježbanja su poticanje skladnog tjelesnog razvoja, uspješno vladanje motorikom, razvoj osjetilnosti i očuvanje djetetova zdravlja. Upravo se iz tih razloga mnoga djeca se uključuju u program univerzalne sportske škole čiji je program namijenjen djeci predškolske dobi od 4. do 7. godine. U ispunjavanju ovih ciljeva treneri zasigurno imaju središnju ulogu. Osim svoje temeljne uloge, a to je promicanje sudjelovanja u sportu i tjelesnoj aktivnosti poboljšanje učinka sportaša i timova, treneri doprinose razvoju sportaša kao ljudi, stvaranju kohezivnih timova i izgradnji zajednica sa zajedničkim interesom. Primarna misija trenera je pomoći sudionicima u sportu da se razviju ne samo kao sportaši, već i kao ljudi. Kako bi ispunio taj cilj, treneru su potrebne funkcionalne kompetencije i kompetencije vezane uz zadatke koje su potkrijepljene znanjem, promišljanjem i iskustvom. Cilj ovog znanstvenog rada bio je odrediti koje su kompetencije trenera uočljive od strane roditelja, a potrebne i važne u radu s djecom te koje to nisu. Rezultatima je utvrđeno kako roditelji prepoznaju važnost uloge trenera i njegovih kompetencija u radu sa djecom te kao najvažnije kompetencije ističu kompetencije iz kategorije „Izgradnja odnosa“.For proper psychophysical development, children should have basic human needs met from the earliest age, among which the need for movement is cited as one of the most important. It is extremely important to provide children with a sufficient number of motor stimuli that serve to maximize the transformation of traits and abilities, because missed opportunities at that age are difficult to make up for later in life. Physical exercise from an early age has a number of benefits for the child's development. The main goals of physical exercise are encouraging harmonious physical development, successful control of motor skills, sensory development and preservation of the child's health. It is precisely for these reasons that many children join programs of universal sports school, which are intended for children of preschool age from 4 to 7 years old. In fulfilling these goals, coaches certainly have a central role. In addition to their core role of promoting participation in sports and improving the performance of athletes and teams, coaches contribute to the development of athletes as people, the creation of cohesive teams, and the building of communities of common interest. The primary mission of coaches is to help participants in sports develop not only as athletes, but also as people. In order to fulfill this goal, the coach needs functional and task-related competencies that are supported by knowledge and reflection. The goal of this scientific work was to determine which competencies of coaches are noticeable by parents, and which are necessary and important in working with children, and which are not. The results showed that parents recognize the importance of the coach's role and his competencies in working with children, and highlight the competencies from the category "Building relationships" as the most important competencies
The relation between the technique and maximum performance in kayaking in adult beginners
No full textCilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi postoji li povezanost između tehnike i maksimalne izvedbe veslanja kajaka kod odraslih početnika. Uzorak ispitanika činili su studenti koji su prošli poduku veslanja kajaka. Po završetku poduke svakom ispitaniku je izmjereno vrijeme maksimalnog veslanja na kratkim dionicama te im je snimljena izvedba tehničkih elemenata start i sprint. Putem video analize ispitanici su ocjenjeni ocjenama od 1 do 5 na likertovoj skali. Korelacijskom analizom utvrđeno je da postoji statistički značajna povezanost između tehnike i maksimalne izvedbe veslanja kajaka kod odraslih početnika što u praksi znači da će oni odrasli početnici koji bolje savladaju tehniku u prosjeku biti i brži od onih odraslih početnika koji savladaju tehniku na nekoj nižoj razini.The aim of this research was to determine whether there is a connection between technique and maximal kayaking performance in adult beginners. The sample of respondents consisted of students who had taken kayaking lessons. At the end of the lesson, the maximum rowing time of each subject was measured on short sections, and their performance of the technical start and sprint elements was recorded. Through video analysis, the respondents were evaluated with grades from 1 to 5 on a Likert scale. Through correlation analysis, it was determined that there is a statistically significant connection between the technique and the maximum kayaking performance of adult beginners, which in practice means that those adult beginners who master the technique better will, on average, be faster than those adult beginners who master the technique on some lower level
Effects Of Sensorimotor Training On Motor Control And Dynamic Balance In Hearing Impaired Handball Players
No full textEffects Of Sensorimotor Training On Motor Control And Dynamic Balance In Hearing Impaired Handball Players Temeljni cilj ovog istraživanja bio je istražiti učinke senzomotornoga treninga na motoričku kontrolu u koljenom zglobu i dinamičku ravnotežu rukometaša s oštećenjem sluha. Sekundarni cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj senzomotornoga treninga na motoričku kontrolu u koljenom zglobu i dinamičku ravnotežu rukometaša s oštećenjem sluha u uvjetima umora. Prema dosadašnjim spoznajama iz područja neurofiziologije, sportskog treninga i motoričke kontrole, postavljene su četiri hipoteze: provedeni senzomotorni trening proizvesti će statistički značajno poboljšanje motoričke kontrole u koljenom zglobu rukometaša s oštećenjem sluha (H1), provedeni senzomotorni trening proizvesti će statistički značajno poboljšanje dinamičke ravnoteže rukometaša s oštećenjem sluha (H2), provedeni senzomotorni trening proizvesti će statistički značajno poboljšanje motoričke kontrole u koljenom zglobu rukometaša s oštećenjem sluha u uvjetima umora (H3) i provedeni senzomotorni trening proizvesti će statistički značajno poboljšanje dinamičke ravnoteže rukometaša s oštećenjem sluha u uvjetima umora (H4). Istraživanje je provedeno na prigodnom uzorku od dvadeset i četiri rukometaša s oštećenjem sluha Zagrebačke županije i Grada Zagreba, muškog spola, prosječne dobi od 28 godina (± 6,3 godine), koji su nasumično raspoređeni ili u kontrolnu (12) ili u eksperimentalnu (12) skupinu. U trenažnom razdoblju od pet tjedana ispitanici eksperimentalne skupine proveli su ukupno 20 trenažnih jedinica senzomotornoga treninga, dok su ispitanici kontrolne skupine nastavili s njihovim uobičajenim aktivnostima. Utjecaj provedenog senzomotornoga treninga na dinamičku ravnotežu i motoričku kontrolu ispitanika procijenjen je zvjezdolikim testom ravnoteže, zadatkom precizne reprodukcije kuta fleksijom potkoljenice i testom brzine kretanja braniča kliznim koracima u dva trokuta. Za sve varijable izračunati su osnovni centralni i disperzivni parametri u inicijalnom i finalnom mjerenju. Promjene između početnog i završnog mjerenja za svaku skupinu ispitanika posebno, provjerene su uz pomoć t-testa za zavisne uzorke. Veličina učinka trenažnih programa procijenjena je Cohenovim indexom veličine učinka. Razlika u promjenama između skupina nakon trenažnog razdoblja u svakoj od zavisnih varijabli, utvrđena je pomoću dvofaktorske analize varijance (grupa x vrijeme) s ponovljenim mjerenjima na jednom faktoru (vrijeme). Razina statističke značajnosti postavljena je na p < 0,05. Istraživanjem je utvrđen pozitivan utjecaj provedenog senzomotornoga treninga na motoričku kontrolu u koljenom zglobu i dinamičku ravnotežu rukometaša s oštećenjem sluha u uvjetima odmora i smanjeni utjecaj umora na motoričku kontrolu u koljenom zglobu i dinamičku ravnotežu rukometaša s oštećenjem sluha. Zaključno, istraživanjem otkriveni lokalni mehanizmi specifične adaptacije na trening i mogućnost odgode utjecaja umora na stabilnost koljena sportaša s oštećenjem sluha predstavljaju značajan znanstveni doprinos području koji proučava prevencijske strategije u smislu smanjenja iznimno često ozlijeđenog koljenog zgloba. Dobiveni rezultati predstavljaju i praktičan doprinos unapređenju planiranja i programiranja prevencijskih strategija u radu sa sportašima s oštećenjem sluha, a pogotovo rukometašima.Purpose: The main goal of this research was to investigate the effects of sensorimotor training on postural control in the knee joint and the dynamic balance of hearing-impaired male handball players. The secondary goal was to investigate the effects of sensorimotor training on postural control in the knee joint and the dynamic balance of hearing-impaired male handball players in conditions of fatigue. According to recent insights in neurophysiology, sports training and motor control, the four main hypotheses were set: the conducted sensorimotor training will significantly improve postural control in the knee joint of hearing-impaired male handball players (H1), the conducted sensorimotor training will significantly improve the dynamic balance of hearing-impaired male handball players (H2), the conducted sensorimotor training will significantly improve postural control in the knee joint of hearing-impaired male handball players in conditions of fatigue (H3) and the conducted sensorimotor training will significantly improve the dynamic balance of hearing-impaired male handball players in conditions of fatigue (H4). Methods: The research was conducted on a suitable sample of twenty-four male handball players with hearing impairment from the city of Zagreb and Zagreb County. They were approximately twenty-eight years of age (± 6,3 years). Before starting the research, a joint meeting was conducted at which the handballers with the hearing impairment were briefed in detail of the research plan as well as the possible risks of their participation. The basic objective of the research was explained, and a detailed description of the experimental plan was given to them. The estimated measurement procedure, fatigue protocol and experimental training programme were also described. After the meeting, the respondents signed a declaration of voluntary consent to the participation in the research. The criteria for the inclusion of participants in the research consisted of: a diagnosed hearing impairment (at least 55 dB on an audiometry test in the better ear), less than 40 years of age and regular handball training (either only within the club system or within the club and through the preparation system for the national team). The exclusion criteria were: acute lower extremity injury within one year before the start of the study, having an overuse syndrome or lumbar pain and having a neuromuscular disorder. After the initial measurement was carried out, the participants were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: control group (K) - 12 participants and experimental group (E) - 12 participants. The conducted research belongs to the category of randomized controlled studies. As a part of the research, the effects of the training programme (sensorimotor training), which lasted for five weeks with a total of 20 training units, were studied. Participants in the experimental group were included in sensorimotor training. Each training unit consisted of an initial ten-minute warm-up (running with tasks and stretching exercises), the main unit that carried out exercises to develop strength, postural control, plyometrics and dynamic balance along with the units for the development of motor control under the specific conditions of handball game. The control group (K) participants did not have any specific sensorimotor training during the five-week training period, however, they continued with their usual activities. Dynamic balance was measured using the star excursion balance test. Dynamic balance measures were the average length on each of the eight directions measured in centimetres, and the calculated total covered area, as an overall measure of the dynamic balance of each leg. Motor control in the knee joint was assessed by the task of accurately reproducing the angle by flexion of the lower leg. The ability to accurately reproduce the angle in the knee joint was assessed through the average deviation produced from the reference angle (Ō), expressed in degrees. Another test for motor control assessment was the defender's movement in two triangles test. The test was carried out using two-stepping right-angled triangles of a 1,5 m long cathetus each. The time spent to cover the given surface forming two triangles (right and left) with slide steps, in milliseconds, was used as an indicator of motor control in a specific handball situation. The examiner described and demonstrated each task, and the participants had enough time to try them out before officially performing them. The fatigue protocol was based on the implementation of four sections of running with tasks of different lengths at maximum speed (2x10m, 2x20m, 2x30m and 2x40m). The tasks included lateral movement at maximum speed with imitation of blocking shots, running with changes in direction of movement and slalom run with the imitation of jump shots. The average duration of the protocol was 90 seconds, and it was repeated four times with two minutes rest in-between repetitions. The total duration of the fatigue protocol was 12 minutes in average. Such a protocol brings the organism to the conditions of maximum glycolysis, which ensures the onset of local fatigue. The state of fatigue of the respondents was checked through lactate measurements (two minutes after the implementation of the fatigue protocol) and through a modified Borg scale for subjective assessment of the state of fatigue (from 1 for slight fatigue to 10 for extreme fatigue). To measure the monitored abilities in rested and fatigued participants, the fatigue protocol was carried out at the initial and final measurement, and the intended tests were carried out before and after the fatigue protocol. The implementation of the fatigue protocol at the initial and final measurements made it possible to check the impact of the conducted sensorimotor training on dynamic balance and motor control in conditions of present or non-present fatigue. For all variables, the basic central and dispersive parameters in the initial and final measurements were calculated. Changes between the initial and final measurements for each group of subjects were checked separately by means of a t-test for dependent samples. The magnitude of the effect of training programmes was estimated by Cohen's effect size index. The difference in changes between groups after the training period, in each of the dependent variables, was determined using two-factor variance analysis (group x time) with repeated measurements on one factor (time). The level of statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: The body weight and consequently the body mass index of participants for both groups, in particular, did not change significantly during the implementation of the five-week experimental sensorimotor training programme. The values of the body weight and body mass index measured at the end of the five-week training period did not differ between groups either (bodyweight p = 0.89; body mass index p = 0.21). As part of the research, motor control in the knee joint was assessed through kinesthesia and agility tasks. The results indicate a certain effect of the conducted sensorimotor training on the motor control of hearing-impaired handball players, assessed through kinesthesia tasks (precise reproduction of the angle in the knee joint). The variables assessing the agility of the participants did not show a statistically significant effect of the performed sensorimotor training (from p = 0.18 to p = 0.14), although the insight into descriptive indicators showed a trend of improving performance in the final measurement. The comparison between the groups, in the results achieved in the initial and final measurements, in motor control indicators (kinesthesia and agility), indicated significant differences in the average deviation produced from the reference angle for the 60° knee joint angle for the preferred (p = 0.03) and unpreferred (p = 0.04) leg. The results also indicate a statistically significant effect of sensorimotor training in eight indicators of the dynamic balance of hearing-impaired handball players. The comparison between the groups, in the results achieved in the initial and final measurements, in dynamic balance pointed to significant intersecting differences in nine directions. The obtained results indicate a certain effect of fatigue on the motor control of hearing-impaired handball players, assessed through agility tasks (the time taken to perform the task of moving in sliding steps in two triangles) and kinesthesia (precise reproduction of the angle in the knee joint), measured on the initial test. The statistically significant effect of fatigue on the monitored variables was found in both experimental and control group participants. The obtained results indicate a certain effect of fatigue on the dynamic balance of handball players with hearing loss, assessed through the task of a star excursion balance test, measured at the initial measurement. The statistically significant effect of fatigue on the assessed variables was found both in the experimental and control group participants. The obtained results do not indicate a significant effect of fatigue on the motor control of handball players with hearing impairment of the experimental group, assessed through agility tasks (the time required to perform the task of moving in sliding steps in two triangles) and kinesthesia (precise reproduction of the angle in the knee joint), on the final measurement. On the other hand, a statistically significant fatigue effect was found in the control group participants in both agility and kinesthesia assessment variables. In the experimental group, there is a clear trend of deterioration of results in almost all the variables in conditions of fatigue, but these changes are not statistically significant. The obtained results do not indicate a significant effect of fatigue on the dynamic balance of handball players with hearing impairment of the experimental group, assessed through the task of a star excursion balance test on the final measurement. On the other hand, in the participants of the control group, a statistically significant effect of fatigue was found in most indicators of dynamic balance. Again, in condition of fatigue, participants of the experimental group tend to achieve worse results in almost all dynamic balance variables, however these changes are not statistically significant. Discussion and conclusions: In team sports, the deterioration of sensorimotor function including balance instability that could have been caused by previous injuries or muscle fatigue is considered a risk factor for injury in athletes. Fatigue can contribute to changing the motor control of the lower extremities subsequently impairing the ability to dynamically stabilize the knee. Nevertheless, the exact mechanism of action of fatigue on knee kinesthesia, dynamic balance and agility in specific sport situations is not fully understood, and the possibility of reducing the influence of fatigue by means of a sensorimotor training has not been explored to date. The results of the conducted study show for the first time a decrease in the acute impact of fatigue on kinesthesia in the knee joint as well as on agility and dynamic balance of trained athletes using sensorimotor training. The results of the impact of sensorimotor training on knee kinesthesia and dynamic balance of athletes convey current knowledge by testifying the targeted adaptation of muscle mechanoreceptors (muscle spindle and Golgi apparatus) to a combination of specific agility exercises, plyometrics, and balance. The fact that the study was conducted on handball players with hearing loss made it possible to test the local nervous adaptation on participants whose adaptation at the level of the auditory receptors was disrupted by the disease. The obtained results point to the fact that to reduce the impact of fatigue on knee joint motor control of trained handball players, the sensorimotor training must last at least five weeks, with a total of 20 training units, and consist of a combination of specific agility, balance and plyometric exercises. In conclusion, the research revealed local mechanisms for the influence of fatigue on the motor control of the knee and the possibility of delaying fatigue as well as a consequent deterioration of knee stability in hearing-impaired athletes representing thus a significant contribution to the scientific field that studies prevention strategies, as well as a practical contribution that improves the planning and programming of prevention strategies of handball players
ACTN 3/R577X, ADRB 3 and ACE polymorphisms in elite athletes in team sports
No full textIstraživanje genoma, skupa podataka koji uz okolišne čimbenike određuje sposobnosti i karakteristike pojedinca, predstavlja najveći napredak i izazov u modernoj znanosti. Posljednjih tridesetak godina svjedoci smo velikog napretka u istraživanju genoma na svim razinama. U kontekstu sporta potvrđena je povezanost više od 200 genskih polimorfizama s motoričkim i funkcionalnim sposobnostima. Svrha ovog istraživanje je bila utvrditi pojavnost genotipova polimorfizma R577X u genu ACTN3, polimorfizma Trp64Arg u genu ADRB3 i insercijsko-delecijskog (Ins-Del) polimorfizma ACE gena kod igrača ekipnih sportova najvišeg natjecateljskog ranga na prostoru Hrvatske. Za navedene genske polimorfizme dosadašnja istraživanja ukazivala su na moguću povezanost s uspjehom u energetski ekstremnim sportovima kao što su power lifting i sprint te, s druge strane, maratonom i sportovima visoke dominacije aerobne izdržljivosti. Podatci o utjecaju navedenih gena u ekipnim sportovima u dosadašnjim istraživanjima bili su nekonzistentni. Uzorak se sastojao od 56 nogometaša, 40 košarkaša i 31 odbojkaša. Pretpostavljeni superioran genotip RR za sposobnost eksplozivnosti i snage polimorfizma R577X ACTN3 gena je bio zastupljen u 37% osoba u selekcioniranom uzorku vrhunskih sportaša. Istraživanje je pokazalo da postoje statistički značajne razlike u distribuciji RR genotipa polimorfizma ACTN3 gena između vrhunskih sportaša sva tri sporta koje smo analizirali u usporedbi s neselekcioniranom općom populacijom iz rada Massada i sur., 2015 koji je prvotno uzet kao referenca kontrolne neselekcionirane opće populacije. S druge strane, razlika nije bila značajna između selekcionirane populacije vrhunskih sportaša ovog rada s općom populacijom iz novije studije koja je geografski idealno odgovarala populaciji vrhunskih sportaša Republike Hrvatske iz ovog rada (Konakli i sur.,2017). Nije primijećena povećana učestalost genotipa Ins /Ins ACE gena niti genotipova Trp/Trp i Trp/Arg ADRB3 gena kod vrhunskih sportaša našeg istraživanja za koje se pretpostavljalo da bi bili učestaliji u sportu s naglašenom aerobnom komponentom. Rezultati su ukazali na statistički značajne razlike 'genskog sportskog indeksa' između nogometaša na pozicijama veznog reda i napada. Na temelju analiziranih podataka zaključeno je da ne postoji statistički značajna razlika u incidenciji određenih polimorfizama između sportaša ekipnih sportova i opće populacije ove regije. Ovo istraživanje otvara pitanje određivanja koeficijenta utjecaja genskih polimorfizama i njihove interakcije na razvoj sportskih sposobnosti i vještina koje determiniraju sportski uspjeh.Genome research, a set of data that together with environmental factors determines the abilities and characteristics of an individual, represents the greatest progress and challenge in modern science. In the last thirty years, we have witnessed great progress in genome research at all levels. In the context of sports, the association of more than 200 gene polymorphisms with motor and functional abilities has been confirmed. The purpose of this research was to determine the occurrence of genotypes of the R577X polymorphism in the ACTN3 gene, the Trp64Arg polymorphism in the ADRB3 gene, and the insertion-deletion (Ins-Del) polymorphism of the ACE gene in players of the highest competitive team sports in Croatia. For the aforementioned gene polymorphisms, previous research has indicated a possible connection with success in energy-extreme sports such as power lifting and sprinting and, on the other hand, with marathons and sports with a high dominance of aerobic endurance. Data on the influence of the mentioned genes in team sports in previous research were inconsistent. The sample consisted of 56 soccer players, 40 basketball players and 31 volleyball players. The presumed superior RR genotype for explosiveness and strength of the R577X ACTN3 gene polymorphism was present in 37% of individuals in a selected sample of elite athletes. The research showed that there are statistically significant differences in the distribution of the RR genotype of the ACTN3 gene polymorphism between top athletes of all three sports that we analyzed compared to the unselected general population from the work of Massad et al., 2015, which was originally taken as a reference of the control unselected general population. On the other hand, the difference was not significant between the selected population of top athletes in this paper and the general population from a recent study, which geographically ideally corresponded to the population of top athletes in the Republic of Croatia from this paper (Konakli et al., 2017). An increased frequency of the Ins /Ins ACE gene genotype or the Trp/Trp and Trp/Arg ADRB3 gene genotypes was not observed in the elite athletes of our study, which were assumed to be more frequent in sports with an emphasized aerobic component. The results indicated statistically significant differences in the 'genetic sports index' between football players in midfield and attacking positions. Based on the obtained data, it was concluded that there is no statistically significant difference in the incidence of studied polymorphisms between team sports athletes and the general population of this region. This research raises the question of the ability to asses the coefficient of influence of gene polymorphisms and their interactions on sport abilities and skills that determine the sports success
IMPACT OF MOTOR SKILLS LEVEL ON THE RESULT IN SPECIFIC JUDO TESTS IN CHILDREN BETWEEN 9 AND 12 YEARS OF AGE
No full textJudo zahtjeva sudjelovanje više motoričkih sposobnosti te nam u njihovoj procjeni pomaže konstruiranje jednodimenzionalnih testova koji prate napredak sportaša. Cilj ovog rada bio je utvrditi postoji li povezanost razine motoričkih sposobnosti procijenjenih preko bazičnih testova i rezultata u kompleksnim/višedimenzionalnim specifičnim judo testovima kod djece između 9 i 12 godina te utvrditi hoće li ta povezanost biti ista za judaše različite kronološke dobi i spola. Uzorak ispitanika sastojao se od 10 dječaka i 10 djevojčica judaša koji treniraju više od tri godine minimalno dva puta tjedno. Uzorak varijabli za procjenu motoričkih sposobnosti sastojao se od tri specifična testa u judu: bacanje 2 skleka 16 ciklusa (BAC2SKL16) za procjenu izdržljivosti, povezani padovi (MSCU) za procjenu koordinacije i naizmjenični ulasci u bacanje ippon seoi nage - Uchi-komi (MSSU) za procjenu brzine te šest bazičnih motoričkih testova: poligon natraške (MAGPOL) za procjenu koordinacije, skok u dalj s mjesta (MESSDM) za procjenu snage, test trčanja 800m (MES800M) za procjenu opće izdržljivosti, Cating 15s (MFRCAT) za procjenu brzine, Flamingo test (FLB) za procjenu ravnoteže i pretklon na klupi (MFLPRK) za procjenu fleksibilnosti. Rezultati su pokazali povezanost bazičnog i specifičnog testa jedino u testu BAC2SKL16, dok rezultati u kompleksnijim testovima MSCU i MSSU ipak ne pokazuju vezu s rezultatima bazičnih jednodimenzionalnih/jednostavnijih testova. Rezultati su pokazali da ne postoji značajna povezanost s obzirom na dob i spol.Judo requires the participation of several motor skills, so constructing one-dimensional tests that monitor the athlete's progress is not an easy task. The aim of this paper was to determine whether there is a connection between the level of motor skills assessed through basic tests and results in complex/multidimensional specific judo tests in children between 9 and 12 years old, and to determine whether this connection will be the same for judokas of different chronological age and training experience. The sample of respondents consisted of 10 boys and 10 girls, judo athletes who have been training for more than 3 years at least 2 times a week. The sample of variables to assess motor skills consisted of three specific tests in judo: throw 2 push-ups 16 cycles (BAC2SKL16) to assess endurance, connected falls (MSCU) to assess coordination and alternating entries in ippon seoi nage throw (Uchi-komi) (MSSU) to assess speed and six basic motor tests: range backwards (MAGPOL) to assess coordination, standing long jump (MESSDM) to assess strength, 800m running test (MES800M) to assess general endurance, Cating 15s (MFRCAT) to assess speed, Flamingo test (FLB) ) to assess balance and leaning forward on a bench (MFLPRK) to assess flexibility. The results showed a connection between the basic and specific tests only in the BAC2SKL16 test, while the results in the more complex MSCU and MSSU tests did not show a connection with the results of the basic one-dimensional/simpler tests. The results showed that there is no significant correlation regard to age and gende
BASIC DANCE STRUCTURES IN LEARNING AND IMPROVING THE MOTORIC SKILLS OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
No full textDjeca predškolske dobi, djeca su od 3-7 godina starosti. Upravo taj period dječjeg razvoja od vitalnog je značaja za razvoj motoričkih vještina. Motorički razvoj je kontinuirani proces koji je najintenzivniji u periodu od rođenja do školske dobi, odnosno šeste ili sedme godine starosti djeteta. Razvojem ravnoteže i koordinacije pri pokretu te ostalih biotičkih motoričkih znanja odnosno prirodnih oblika kretanja, djeci je omogućeno da stječu znanja o svom okruženju. Ukoliko se u ovom periodu razvoja djeteta propuste senzitivne faze razvoja motoričkih vještina, kasnije u životu djeca će propušteno teško ili nikako nadoknaditi. Usvajanje novih motoričkih vještina djece predškolske dobi iznimno je značajno i sa aspekta kognitivnog razvoja, obzirom da je u prvim godinama života djeteta motorički razvoj usko povezan s kognitivnim razvojem.
Ples je jedan od oblika tjelesne aktivnosti koji potiče usvajanje novih motoričkih vještina. Kroz ples djeca razvijaju osjećaj za estetiku, ritmičnost, harmoničnost, kao i za pravilno držanje tijela i usklađenost pokreta sa glazbom.
Za kineziologe je izrazito važno program kinezioloških aktivnosti, osim uzrastu djeteta, prilagoditi i razini motoričkih vještina djeteta te u skladu s tim planirati program rada i ciljano razvijati one vještine kod kojih djeca pokazuju motoričke slabosti. Kineziolozi sustavnim i planskim radom mogu odigrati značajnu ulogu u motiviranju djece da u budućnosti vježbanje usvoje kao naviku i potrebu.The preschool age children are children from 3-7 years old. This period of early development is of vital importance for the development of motoric skills. Motoric development is a continuous process that is most intense in the period from birth to school age, that is, when the child is six or seven years old. By developing balance and coordination during movement and other biotic motoric skills, i.e. natural forms of movement, children are enabled to gain knowledge about their environment. If sensitive phases of motoric skills development are missed during this period of child development, later in life child will have a hard time making up for what was missed, or not at all. The development of new motoric skills by preschool children is also extremely important from the aspect of cognitive development, given that in the first years of a child's life, motoric development is closely related to cognitive development.
Dancing is one form of physical activity that encourages the acquisition of new motoric skills. Through dance, children develop a sense of aesthetics, rhythmicity, harmony, as well as proper body posture and harmony of movement with music.
For kinesiologists, a program of kinesiology activities is extremely important, in addition to the age of the child, the age and level of the child's motor skills, and in accordance with this plan the work program and target development of those skills in which the children show motor weaknesses. Kinesiologists can also play a significant role in motivating children to adopt exercise as a habit and a need in the future
Attractive sports and recreational activities in nature
No full textU suvremenom svijetu tjelesna neaktivnost je jedan od primarnih problema s kojim se susreće ljudski rod. Tjelesna neaktivnost uzrokuje mnoge bolesti, što u konačnici dovodi do smanjene kvalitete života. Informiranjem i kvalitetnom ponudom atraktivnih sportsko rekreacijskih sadržaja moguće je utjecati na povećanje razine tjelesne aktivnosti u populaciji neovisno o dobi. Stoga se u radu prikazuju i opisuju atraktivni sportsko rekreacijski sadržaji u prirodi koji se mogu, redovito ili povremeno, provoditi u svakodnevnom životu. Pored toga, u radu se ukazuje na važnost uključivanja tjelesne aktivnosti u svakodnevni život. U radu su prikazani brojni sportsko rekreacijski sadržaji, poput planinarskih oblika aktivnosti, biciklizma, različite timske i problemske igre, penjanje po stijenama, nordijsko hodanje i mnogi drugi sadržaji.In the modern world, physical inactivity is one of the primary problems faced by humanity. Physical inactivity causes many diseases, which ultimately leads to a reduction in quality of life. By informing and offering a quality offer of attractive sports and recreational activities, it is possible to influence the increase of daily physical activity in the population regardless of age. Therefore, the paper describes and presents attractive sports and recreational activities in nature that can be carried out regularly or occasionally in everyday life. In addition, the paper points out the importance of including physical activity in everyday life. Numerous sports and recreational activities are presented in this paper, such as mountaineering activities, cycling, various team and problem games, rock climbing, nordic walking, and many other activities