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LONG-TERM EFFECT OF LOWER EXTREMITY INJURIES ON THE MAXIMUM STRENGTH OF UPPER LEG MUSCLES AND PERFORMANCE OF DROP JUMP OF PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL PLAYERS
No full textNogomet je najrasprostranjeniji i jedan od najpopularnijih sportova današnjice. Veliki napori sa sobom nose i određeni rizik od ozljeda kod nogometaša. Najčešće ozljede koje se pojavljuju u nogometu su ozljede mišićno-koštanog sustava. Temeljni cilj ovog istraživanja bio je istražiti postoji li utjecaj prethodnih ozljeda donjih ekstremiteta na maksimalnu jakost mišića natkoljenice te izvedbu propadajućeg skoka nogometaša. Ručnim dinamometrom testirana je maksimalna jakost mišića natkoljenice i izvedba unilateralnog propadajućeg skoka kod 23 nogometaša Prve hrvatske nogometne lige, od kojih je 13 imalo ozljedu donjeg ekstremiteta u posljednjoj sezoni. Provedena je usporedba rezultata prethodno ozlijeđene sa zdravom nogom, kao i zdrave noge ozlijeđenih sa kontrolnom nogom neozlijeđenih ispitanika. Niti u jednom testu nije utvrđena statistički značajna razlika, dok je klinička značajnost utvrđena za većinu. Dobiveni rezultati mogu se protumačiti tako da, ukoliko je ozljeda u potpunosti rehabilitirana te nije bilo preuranjenog povratka treninzima i utakmicama, nema dugoročnog utjecaja na maksimalnu jakost i eksplozivnu snagu tipa skočnosti.Football is the most widespread and one of the most popular sports today. Great efforts entail a certain risk of injuries of football players. The most common injurries that occur in football are injuries of musculosceletal system. The main goal of this research was to investigate whether there is an long term effect of previous injuries of the lower extremities on the maximum strength of the upper leg muscles and drop jump performance of football players. 23 football players of the First Croatian Football League, 13 of whom had a lower extremity injury in the previous season, were tested for maximum strength of the upper leg muscles with hand dynamometer, as well as the performance of unilateral drop jump. A comparison was made between the results of the previously injured and healthy leg, as well as the healthy leg of the injured and control leg of the uninjured. There was no statistically significant difference found in any test, while cliniral difference was found for the majority. The obtained results can be interpeted as having no long term impact of maximum strength and explosive jumping strength, if the injury was fully rehabilitated and return to training and matches was not too soon
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE MARKET VALUE OF PLAYERS AND THEIR PARAMETERS OF SITUATIONAL EFFICIENCY IN THE FOOTBALL GAME
No full textGlavni cilj ovog diplomskog rada je prikazati i analizirati novčanu vrijednost nogometaša Premier lige te parametre situacijske efikasnosti istih u sezoni 2019/2020 godine. U radu su korišteni statistički pokazatelji koji su prikupljeni notacijskom analizom 20 ekipa za 147 nogometaša u najmanje 30 pa do 38 utakmica u sezoni 2019/2020 godine. Također parcijalni cilj ovog rada je utvrditi koji situacijski parametri imaju veći utjecaj na konačan plasman kluba. A parametri situacijske efikasnosti su: pozicija, zgodici (gol postignut iz jedanaesterca, gol postignut iz slobodnog udarca, gol postignut s glavom, gol postignut s lijevom nogom, gol postignut s desnom nogom, golovi po utakmici), nastupi, udarac prema golu, udarac u okvir, asistencija, velike šanse, duge lopte, ubačaji.The main goal of this thesis is to present and analyze the monetary value of Premier League players and the parameters of their situational efficiency in the 2019/2020 season. The paper uses statistical indicators collected by notational analysis of 20 teams for 147 football players in at least 30 to 38 games in the 2019/2020 season. Also the partial goal of this paper is to determine which situational parameters have a greater impact on the final placement of the club. And the parameters of situational efficiency are: position, goals (goal scored from the penalty spot, goal scored from a free kick, goal scored with a header, goal scored with a left foot, goal scored with a right foot, goals per game), appearances, goal kick, kick in the box, assists, high chances, long balls, interceptions
THE IMPORTANCE OF KINESITHERAPY IN REDUCING THE RISK OF POSTTRAUMATIC OSTEOARTHRITIS AFTER ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT INJURY
No full textU ovom diplomskom radu prikazati će se kako se pomoću kineziterapijskog programa može smanjiti utjecaj pojave posttraumatskog osteoartritisa nakon ozljede prednje ukrižene sveze. Osteoartritis koljena nastaje zbog propadanja zglobnih struktura unutar koljenskog zgloba. Mogući razlozi pojave su traume na koljenu, prekomjerna tjelesna težina, životna dob... Pošto točan uzrok oboljenja od osteartritisa nije poznat, liječenje se svodi na saniranje simptoma i smanjenje funkcionalne nesposobnosti. Posttraumatski osteoartritis je podvrsta osteoartritisa. Posttraumatski osteoartritis je progresivni patogeni proces. Njegovo rano otkrivanje od izuzetnog je značaja jer nudi bolje mogućnosti saniranja problema. Što se osteoartritis kasnije otkrije, to su lošije prognoze učinka intervencije. Glavni zadatak kineziterapijskog programa koji je opisan u radu je olakšati bolesniku normalno svakodnevno funkcioniranje u životu i poboljšati kvalitetu njegova života (smanjiti bol, povećati pokretljivost koljena, povećati mišićnu masu na donjim ekstremitetima). Kineziterapijski program je osmišljen u dvije razine, osnovni i napredni. U njemu se nalaze vježbe za jačanje donjih ekstremiteta, vježbe za opseg pokreta, i vježbe stabilizacije. Veliku ulogu u vježbanju imaju unutarnji čimbenici bolesnika, a to se odnosi na volju, želju i motivaciju koju bolesnik ima za vježbanjem, tj. za poboljšanjem vlastitog zdravlja.This thesis will show how the kinesitherapy program can reduce the impact of post-traumatic
osteoarthritis after anterior cruciate ligament injury. Knee osteoarthritis occurs due to the
deterioration of the joint structures within the knee joint. Possible causes are knee trauma,
overweight, age and others. Since the exact cause of osteoarthritis is not known, treatment
comes down to relieving symptoms and reducing functional disability. Posttraumatic
osteoarthritis is a subtype of osteoarthritis. Posttraumatic osteoarthritis is a progressive
pathogenic process. Its early detection is of utmost importance as it offers better remedial
options. The later osteoarthritis is detected, the worse the prognosis of the effect of the
intervention. The main task of the kinesitherapy program described in the paper is to facilitate
the patient's normal daily functioning in life and improve his quality of life (reduce pain,
increase knee mobility, increase muscle mass in the lower extremities). The kinesitherapy
program is designed in two levels, basic and advanced. It includes exercises for strengthening
the lower extremities, exercises for range of motion, and stabilization exercises. An important
role in exercise is played by the patient's internal factors, and this refers to the will, desire and
motivation that the patient has to exercise, ie to improve their own health
PSYCHOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF EATING HABITS IN YOUNG DANCERS AND FIGURE SKATERS
No full textNije sporno da su poremećaji u hranjenju velik problem ne samo u sportu već i u općoj populaciji. Poremećaji hranjenja prije svega su psihički poremećaji od kojih su najzastupljeniji anoreksija nervoza i bulimija nervoza. Kod nekih sportova, primjerice estetskih, zbog specifičnih zahtjeva sporta za vitkim i snažnim tijelom, ti se poremećaji javljaju češće. U ovom radu istraženi su neki psihološki korelati navika hranjenja kod 53 mlade plesačice i klizačice. Utvrđena je statistički značajna pozitivna povezanost u izraženosti simptoma poremećaja u hranjenju s razinom negativnog perfekcionizma (r = 0,34, p = 0,01) te nezadovoljstva tjelesnim izgledom (r = 0,30, p = 0,03). Također, rezultati su pokazali statistički značajnu pozitivnu povezanost razine pozitivnog perfekcionizma s razinom ciljne orijentacije na zadatak i usavršavanje vještina (r = 0,28, p = 0,04) te s ciljnom orijentacijom na ishod i rezultat (r = 0,36, p = 0,01). Uz navedeno pokazalo se da je razina negativnog perfekcionizma statistički značajno pozitivno povezana s razinom nezadovoljstva tjelesnim izgledom (r = 0,04, p = 0,00).It is not disputed that eating disorders are a big problem not only in sports but also in the general population. Eating disorders are primarily mental disorders, the most common of which are anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. In some sports, such as aesthetic sports, due to the specific requirements of sports for a slim and strong body, these disorders occur more often. In this study we investigated some psychological correlates of eating habits in 53 young dancers and figure skaters. A statistically significant positive correlation was found in the severity of eating disorder symptoms with the level of negative perfectionism (r = 0.34, p = 0.01) and dissatisfaction with physical appearance (r = 0.30, p = 0.03). Also, a statistically significant positive correlation was found between the level of positive perfectionism and the level of task (r = 0.28, p = 0.04) and the ego of goal orientation (r = 0.36, p = 0.01). In addition, it was shown that the level of negative perfectionism was statistically significantly positively associated with the level of body dissatisfaction (r = 0.04, p = 0.00)
The effect of organised sport on daily patterns of physical activity and sedentary behaviour in children
No full textSvrha: Cilj ovog opservacijskog istraživanja je utvrditi kako sudjelovanje u organiziranom sportu (konkretno rukometu) utječe na dnevnu razinu tjelesne aktivnosti i vrijeme provedeno pred ekranima.
Metode: U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 20 djece prosječne dobi od 10 godine (SD=1), koja se bave rukometom kao izvan školskom aktivnošću. Uzeti su podaci 20 ispitanika od čega 15 dječaka i 5 djevojčica. Vrijeme provedeno u tjelesnoj aktivnosti, dnevni broj koraka i potrošnju energije pratili smo nosivim uređajem za praćenje tjelesne aktivnosti Fitbit Charge 3 kroz razdoblje od 14 uzastopnih dana i noći, neprekidno tijekom 24 sata. Također, uz sat ispitanici su vodili dnevnik u kojeg su upisivali vrijeme koje su proveli na mobitelu, televiziji i računalu. Studentov T-test za zavisne uzorke koristio se za testiranje razlika u količini tjelesne aktivnosti, broju koraka, potrošnji kalorija i vremenu provedenom pred ekranom za razdoblje kada je bilo treninga i kada nije bilo treninga te između školskog tjedna i vikenda.
Rezultati: Djeca su bila značajno aktivnija tijekom tjedna (446 ± 100 min/dan), u odnosu na vikend (378 ± 82min/dan) (p=0,007), te su aktivnija u one dane kada je bilo trening (476±105 min/dan) u odnosu na dane kada nije bilo treninga (402±78 min/dan) (p<0,001). Rezultati također pokazuju i veliku količinu vremena koje djeca provedu pred ekranima. Tijekom tjedna (120±80 min/dan) djeca manje vremena provedu pred ekranom u odnosu na vikend (183±76 min/dan) (p<0,001). Slične podatke smo dobili i za dane kad je bio trening (111±71 min/dan) u odnosu kad nije bio trening (148±79min/dan) (p<0,001).
Zaključak: Organiziranim sportom možemo utjecati na povećanje količine tjelesne aktivnosti kod djece i adolescenata, te na smanjenje sedentarnog ponašanja, odnosno vremena koje djeca provode ispred ekrana. Zbog sve manjeg vremena koje djeca samostalno provede igrajući se u slobodno vrijeme potrebno je uvesti ih u organizirani sport, te na taj način utjecati na povećanje tjelesne aktivnosti i samim time utjecati na pravilan razvoj, unapređenje zdravlja i prevenciju bolesti.Purpose: The aim of this observational study was to determine how participation in organized sports (specifically handball) affect the daily level of physical activity and time spent in front of screen.
Methods: 20 children with an average age of 10 years (SD=1), who play handball as an after school activity, participated in the research. Data were taken from 20 subjects, of which 15 were boys and 5 were girls. We monitored the time spent in physical activity, daily number of steps and energy consumption with a wearable device for monitoring physical activity over a period of 14 consecutive days and nights, continuously for 24 hours. Participants wore the watch all the time, and only took it of to charge it or for safety reasons if they were engaged in some other physical activity. In addition to the watch, participants kept a diary in which they recorded the time they spent on the mobile phone, television and computer. Student T-test for dependent samples was used to test for differences in amount of physical activity, number of steps, calorie consumption, and screen time between training and nontraining periods and between the school week and weekend.
Results: Children were significantly more active during the week (446±100 min/day), compared to the weekend days (378±82 min/day) (p=0,007), and are more active on those days when there was training (476±105 min/day), compared to the days when there was no training (402±78 min/day) (p<0,001). Analysis also showed a large amount of time that children spend in front of screens. During the weekdays (120±80 min/day), children spent less time in front of the screen compared to weekend days (183±76 min/day) (p<0,001), which can be linked to sedentary leisure time. We obtained similar data for the days when ther was training (111±71 min/day) compared to when there was no training (148±79 min/day) (p<0,001).
Conclusion: Through organized sports, we influence the increase in the amount of physical activity among children and adolescents, and thereduction of sedentary behavior, that is, the time children spend in front of the screen. Due to the decreasing amount of time that children spend independently plaing in their free time, it is necessary to introduce them to organized sports, and in this way infuence the increase in physical activity and thereby influence proper development, improvement of health and prevention of diseases
ATTITUDES OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION PROFESSORS TOWARDS THE IMPLEMENTATION OF LESSONS FOR CHILDREN WITH DIFFERENT DEVELOPMENTAL DIFFICULTIES
No full textUključenje djece s teškoćama u osnovnoškolski i srednjoškolski sustav obrazovanja zahtjeva i teži ka unaprjeđenju kvalitete odgojno obrazovnog procesa za navedene učenike. Kao temeljne prediktore provedbe kvalitetne nastave nedvojbeno se mogu navesti nastavnici. Nastavnici se redovito susreću sa brojnim barijerama i izazovima u nastavi koja uključuju djecu s teškoćama. Stoga će u ovom radu biti ispitane najčešće poteškoće s kojima se profesori riječkih škola susreću u nastavi TZK. Imajući u obzir važnost tjelesne aktivnosti i inkluzivnog obrazovanja za zdrav razvoj djece s teškoćama, istraživanje je za primarni cilj imalo ispitati profesore osnovnih i srednjih škola na području grada Rijeke i uže okolice o raznim pitanjima vezana uz provedbu nastave Tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture koristeći anketni upitnik otvorenog i zatvorenog tipa. Temeljem ovog istraživanja dobio se uvid u cjelokupno stanje i uvjete rada na nastavi TZK. Uz provedeno istraživanje ovaj rad uključuje i teme institucija za djecu s teškoćama na području grada Rijeke kao i analizu pojedinih teškoća sukladno Orijentacijskoj listi vrsta teškoća. Rezultati pokazuju zadovaljavajuću razinu osnovnih kompetencija profesora i visoku razinu motivacije u poslu, ali i nedovoljnu razinu educiranosti o pojedinim teškoćama. Također, rezultati ističu kako su učenici s teškoćama pretežno aktivna u nastavi i kako je vršnjačka podrška poprilično pozitivno ocijenjena. Pokazalo se da velik broj škola ima loše materijalne uvjete rada te da u riječkim školama ne djeluje dovoljan broj asistenata, a oni koji su i zaposleni nisu dovoljno angažirani u nastavi. Dakle, pokazano je kako uvjeti za provedbu nastave TZK nisu u potpunosti dostatna te kako je potrebno poraditi na brojnim segmentima koji direktno ili indirektno utječu na provedbu nastave TZK.The inclusion of children with disabilities in the primary and secondary school education system requires and tends to improve the quality of the educational process for these students. We can undoubtedly identify teachers as the fundamental predictors of the implementation of the quality of teaching. Teachers regularly encounter numerous barriers and challenges in teaching children with disabilities. Therefore, this final paper will examine the most common difficulties faced by Physical and Health Education teachers in Rijeka. By taking into consideration the importance of inclusive education and physical activity for the healthy development of students with disabilities, the goal of this research was to examine primary and secondary school teachers in the area of the city of Rijeka and its immediate surroundings on various issues related to the implementation of Physical and Health Education classes by using an open and closed questionnaire. On the basis of this research, an insight was gained into the overall state and conditions of work at PE classes. In addition to the conducted research, this final paper also includes the topics of institutions for children with disabilities in the area of the city of Rijeka, as well as an analysis of individual disabilities according to the Orientation List of types of disabilities. The results show a satisfactory level of professor's basic competencies and a high level of motivation in work, but also an insufficient level of education about certain difficulties. Likewise, the results point out that students with disabilities are predominantly active in class and that peer support is rated quite positively. It has been shown that a large number of schools has poor material working conditions and that there are not enough assistants in the schools located in Rijeka, and those who are employed are not sufficiently engaged in teaching. Thus, it has been shown that the conditions for the implementation of PE classes are not completely sufficient and that it is necessary to work on numerous segments that directly or indirectly affect the implementation of PE classes
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES FOR ASSASMENT OF TRAIN LEVEL FOR RIOT POLICE
No full textInterventna policija posebna je ustrojstvena jedinica Ministarstva unutarnjih poslova Republike Hrvatske čija je osnovna zadaća izvršavanje policijskih poslova više složenosti. Kako bi mogli izvršavati svoje zadaće policijski službenici interventne policije moraju posjedovati razvijenost različitih bazičnih i specifičnih kondicijskih sposobnosti, tehničko-taktičkih znanja i posebnih vještina. Unaprjeđivanje i održavanje navedenih sposobnosti postiže se sustavnim provođenjem policijske obuke, odnosno treninga. Neizostavni dio provođenja policijske obuke jest i provođenje dijagnostičkih postupaka, kako bi utvrdili eventualne nedostatke u pojedinim funkcionalnim ili motoričkim sposobnostima, planirali i programirali program tjelesne pripreme te vrednovali dosad provedene trenažne sadržaje.Riot police is a special part of Ministry of the interior of Republic Croatia who's basic job is to do official police tasks of higher complexity. To perform official tasks, riot police officers must have high level of basic and specific functional and motor abilities, technical and tactical abilities and special skills. To improve and maintain mentioned abilities, riot police officers have to spend a lot of time in special police training. A very important part of police training is a implementation of diagnostic procedure, to detect possible lack of some functional or motor abilities and to plan and program physical training or evaluation of conducted training
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PLANTAR PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION AND SUCCESSFULNESS IN SHORT FIRE SHOOTING OF POLICE OFFICERS OF THE SPECIAL POLICE OF THE MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA
No full textSvrha: Glavni cilj studije je utvrditi postoji li povezanost između obrasca plantarnog pritiska stopala i uspješnosti u gađanju pištoljem. Metode: Trideset policijskih službenika specijalne policije (N = 30) Antiterorističke jedinice Lučko (prosječna dob 40 ± 6.5 godina, visina 180 ± 5.3 cm, težina 89.2 ± 8 kg) sudjelovalo je u testiranju prilikom gađanja u metu stojeći na platformi Zebris (FDM; GmbH München, Njemačka). Za izračun povezanosti između obrasca plantarnog pritiska stopala i uspješnosti gađanja, koristio se Spearmanov koeficijent korelacije (r). Rezultati: Preciznost gađanja je značajno negativno povezana s vršnim silama stražnjeg (desnog) stopala (pete; N, r = - 0.19, p < 0.001). Kada se vršna sila normalizira za tjelesnu masu (N/kg), preciznost gađanja ostaje negativno povezana s vršnim silama stražnjeg (desnog) stopala (pete; r = - 0.17, p < 0.001). Preciznost gađanja je pozitivno povezana s postotkom relativne sile stražnjeg (desnog) stopala (prstiju; r = 0.11, p < 0.05) te je negativno povezana s relativnim silama stražnjeg (desnog) stopala (pete; r = - 0.11, p < 0.05). Varijable koje statistički značajno povezane s preciznosti u gađanju (r = 0.18, r2 = 3%, f = 4.765, p = 0.009) su vršne sile pete desnog stopala (b = - 0.35, t = - 2.435, p = 0.015) i relativne sile pete desnog stopala (b = 0.01, t = 0.822, p = 0.412, koja nije značajna). Zaključak: Ovim istraživanjem se može potvrditi statistički značajna uloga stražnje (desne) noge u korelaciji s preciznošću u gađanju iz pištolja. Što su relativne sile (%) stražnjeg (desnog) stopala ispod pete više, to će preciznost u gađanju biti manja, a što su relativne sile stražnjeg (desnog) stopala ispod prstiju više, to će preciznost u gađanju biti veća, dok je prednja (lijeva) noga pasivna i podjednako oslonjena na površinu prednjim i stražnjim dijelom stopala.Purpose: The main objective of the study is to determine if there is a correlation between plantar pressure distribution pattern of a foot and the efficiency in pistol shooting. Methods: Thirty police officers (N = 30), members of the Antiterrorist unit Lučko (of average age 40 ± 6.5, height 180 ± 5.3 cm and weight 89.2 ± 8 kg) were tested while standing on the Zebris platform (FDM; GmbH München, Germany) and shooting at the target. Spearman’s coefficient was used to calculate the correlation between plantar pressure distribution pattern of a foot and the efficiency in pistol shooting. Results: Shooting precision is significantly negatively related to the peak forces of the right back foot (heel; N, r = - 0.19, p < 0.001). When the foot force is normalized with the body mass (N/kg), shooting precision remains negatively connected with the right back foot force (heel; r = - 0.17, p < 0.001). Shooting precision is positively related to the percentage of the average right forefoot force (toes; r = 0.11, p < 0.05), as well as it is negatively related to the average right back foot force of the (heel; r = - 0.11, p < 0.05). Variables significantly correlated with pistol shooting are Correlation of the statistically important variables (r = 0.18, r2 = 3%, f = 4.765, p = 0.009) peak right back foot force of the heel (b = - 0.35, t =-2.435, p = 0.015) and variable of the average right back foot force of the heel (b = 0.01, t = 0.822, p = 0.412, which is not significant). Conclusion: This study confirms a significant role of the right leg in the correlation with the precision of the pistol shooting. When average right back foot forces beneath the heel expressed in percentage are higher, the shooting precision will be more inaccurate, whereas when average right forefoot forces beneath the toes are higher, the shooting precision will be higher as well
DETERMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRAINING LOAD AND THE EFFECT OF TRAINING ON PHYSICAL ABILITIES IN FOOTBALL PLAYERS
No full textSistematiziranje i analiziranje rezultata dobivenih u korpusu znanstvenih radova provedenih na
nogometašima omogućio bi bolje razumijevanje veza između trenažnog opterećenja i adaptacija
kondicijskih sposobnosti. Stoga je cilj ovog diplomskog rada prikupljanje svih znanstvenih radova
provedenih na nogometašima, a u kojima je praćeno trenažno opterećenje putem subjektivna procjena
opterećenja treninga (SPOt) te promjene u kondicijskim sposobnostima nakon trenažne intervencije,
te generiranje općih zaključaka i preporuka za praktični rad kondicijskih trenera u nogometu.
Za pretraživanje znanstvenih članaka koristile su se tri najpoznatije elektroničke baze: PubMed,
SPORTDiscus i Web of Science. Ukupno je prikupljeno 475 znanstvenih članaka od čega su 202 bili
duplikati. Nakon pregleda naslova i sažetaka ostalo je 273 članaka od kojih je 192 izbačeno zbog toga
što nisu zadovoljavali postavljene kriterije. Ostalih 81 znanstvenih članaka je pregledano u cijelosti i
samo je 11 članaka zadovoljilo kriterije i uključeni su u pregledni rad.
Rezultati ovog preglednog rada pokazuju kako nema značajne razlike u napretku u
kondicijskim sposobnostima između manjih (~1400 A.J.) i većih (~2900 A.J.) tjedna trenažna
opterećenja po periodima u trenažnom programu. No, previđeni faktor u utjecaju opterećenja na
veličinu napretka u kondicijskim sposobnostima nogometaša je njihovo inicijalno stanje koje ima
značajan utjecaj na veličinu napretka u kondicijskim sposobnostima. Nadalje, kretanje opterećenja na
prijelazu iz perioda u period može imati pozitivne i negativne posljedice na kondicijske sposobnosti.
Tako nešto veće opterećenje tijekom pripremnog perioda (~18%) može imati pozitivne učinke na
napredak u aerobnim sposobnostima i snazi, ali može negativno djelovati na sprinterske sposobnosti.Analysing and systematically reviewing results of research papers regarding football players would enable better understanding of relationships between training load and adaptations of body, leading to development of certain physical abilities. Thus, the aim of this study is to gather and analyse all research papers regarding football players in which, training load was monitored via session-RPE method and changes in physical abilities were documented after training intervention. Based on their review and analysis, objective conclusion and practical applications will be presented and made.
Three most famous and most used electronic databases were used: PubMed, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science. Total of 475 articles were gathered of which, 202 were duplicates. After further examination of titles and abstracts 273 articles were left, while 193 of them were excluded since they did not meet the criteria. Other 81 articles were examined in entirely and only 11 articles met the criteria and were included in systematic review.
After summation of all articles, it seems that both high (~2900 A.J.) and low (~1400 A.J.) weekly training loads during one period seem to produce similar improvements. However, an overlooked factor seems to be initial assessment values, which possibly have a significant effect on physical abilities in football players. Moreover, increases and decreases in training load between the periods may have positive and negative effects on physical abilities of football players. Thus, ~18% higher training load during the pre-season period may have positive influence on aerobic and power performance, while impairing sprint ability
BILATERAL COMPARISON OF ISOKINETIC PARAMETERES 14-16 WEEKS AFTER ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RECONSTRUCTION
No full textJedna od najčešćih ozljeda rekreativnih i profesionalnih sportaša koja zahtijeva operativni zahvat za povratak sportu je ozljeda prednje ukrižene sveze (eng. Anterior cruciate ligament – ACL), a najučestalija je kod kontaktnih sportova s brzim promjenama smjera kretanja kao što košarka, rukomet i nogomet. U ovom istraživanju cilj je bio utvrditi razliku u mišićnoj jakosti između zdrave (neoperirane) i ozlijeđene (operirane) noge, a mjerenje je provedeno između 14. i 16. tjedna nakon rekonstrukcije prednje ukrižene sveze pomoću izokinetičke dinamometrije jer ona predstavlja najpreciznije mjerenje mišićne jakosti u današnjoj praksi. Test se sastojao od 5 ponavljanja na 60 °/' i 15 ponavljanja na 180 °/' na obje noge, a ispitanici su sva ponavljanja izvodili maksimalnim intenzitetom. Utvrđeni su statistički značajni deficiti ozlijeđene noge u jakosti mišića prednje strane natkoljenice u varijablama Obrtni moment, Ukupna količina rada, Prosječna snaga na 180 °/' i 60 °/' u ekstenziji potkoljenice, a statistički značajna razlika u varijabli Ukupna količina rada na obje kutne brzine u fleksiji potkoljenice ukazuje na to da deficiti postoje i u jakosti stražnje strane natkoljenice. Utvrđen je veći pad u jakosti mišića prednje strane natkoljenice nego u jakosti mišića stražnje strane natkoljenice i to je dovelo do statistički značajnog povećanja omjera jakosti prednje naprema stražnjoj strani natkoljenice. Ovi rezultati u skladu su s dosadašnjim istraživanjima fokusiranim na jakost mišića natkoljenice u različitim fazama rehabilitacije nakon rekonstrukcije prednje ukrižene sveze. Zaključeno je kako su utvrđeni deficiti u jakosti klinički značajni i da ispitanici u ovoj fazi rehabilitacije još nisu spremni za specifične obrasce kretanja poput skokova i promjena smjera kretanja. Prilikom povratka sportskim aktivnostima preporuča se provođenje baterije testova koja uključuje testiranje mišićne jakosti, ali i testove koji uključuju skokove i doskoke, promjene smjera kretanja i druge obrasce kretanja specifične sportu kojem se pojedinac vraća nakon rekonstrukcije prednje ukrižene sveze.One of the most common injuries of amateur and professional athletes requiring surgery to return to the sport is an ACL injury, and it is most common in contact sports with rapid changes of direction such as basketball, handball and football. In this study, the aim was to determine the difference in muscle strength 14 to 16 weeks after ACL reconstruction using isokinetic dynamometry as it represents the most accurate measurement of muscle strength in today’s practice. The test consisted of 5 repetitions at 60 ° / ' and 15 repetitions at 180 ° /' on both legs, and the subjects performed all repetitions at maximum intensity. Statistically significant deficits of the injured leg in m. quadriceps femoris strength were found in the variables Peak torque, Total work, Average power at 180 ° / 'and 60 ° /' in extension, and a statistically significant difference in the variable Total work at both angular velocities in flexion indicates that deficits also exist in the strength of the m. hamstrings. A larger decrease in m. quadriceps femoris strength than in m. hamstring strength was found and this led to a statistically significant increase in the ratio of m. hamstring strength to m. quadriceps femoris. These results are consistent with previous research focused on thigh muscle strength at different stages of rehabilitation after ACL reconstruction. It was concluded that the identified deficits in strength are clinically significant and that the respondents in this phase of rehabilitation are not yet ready for specific movement patterns such as jumps and changes in the direction of movement. When returning to sports activities, it is recommended to conduct a battery of tests that include muscle strength testing, but also tests that include jumps and landings, changes in direction and other patterns of movement specific to the sport to which the individual returns after ACL reconstruction