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GUIDELINES FOR SAFE TRAINING OF CHILDREN WITH ASTHMA
No full textOvaj rad se bavi problematikom astme kod djece te ulogom tjelesne aktivnosti u njenom upravljanju i kontroli. Astma je složena bolest čija etiologija uključuje interakciju genetskih, osobnih i okolišnih čimbenika. U liječenju astme, osim uzimanja propisanih lijekova, važne su i nefarmakološke mjere, koje uz izbjegavanje okolišnih čimbenika uključuju i promociju tjelesne aktivnosti. U prvom dijelu rada prikazana je općenito epidemiologija, etiologija, patofiziologija i klasifikacija, dijagnostika, liječenje astme te edukacija koja je bitna ne samo za djecu i roditelje, već i za sportske liječnike i kineziologe. Drugi dio rada bavi se upravljanjem i kontrolom astme pomoću tjelesne aktivnosti i vježbanja. Ovo podrazumijeva prikaz dobrobiti tjelesne aktivnosti i vježbanja na djecu oboljelu od astme, ali i prikaz literature o bronhokonstrikciji izazvanoj vježbanjem s astmom. Zaključno, rad donosi preporuke o vrsti treninga i sportskih aktivnosti prema dobrobitima i riziku u koje se djeca astmatičari mogu i trebaju uključiti. Preporuke za kineziologe tiču se i prepoznavanja mogućeg astmatskog napada kod djeteta, organizacije treninga, odnosno njegovih dijelova, kao i intenziteta, trajanja i učestalosti treninga. Kineziolozi u svom radu trebaju biti upoznati s prikazanim preporukama i smjernicama kako bi prepoznali mogući rizik od pojedine tjelesne i sportske aktivnosti te kako bi djecu s astmom na siguran način uključili u odgovarajuću.This review paper addresses the issue of asthma in children and the role of physical activity in its management and control. Asthma is a complex disease whose etiology involves the interaction of genetic, personal, and environmental factors. In the treatment of asthma, in addition to taking prescribed medications, non-pharmacological measures are important, which include avoiding exposure to tobacco smoke, air pollution, allergens, and promoting physical activity. The first part of the paper presents a general overview of the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, classification, diagnosis, treatment of asthma, and education which is important not only for children and parents, but also for sports doctors and kinesiologists. The second part of the paper deals with the management and control of asthma using physical activity and exercise. This involves presenting the benefits of physical activity and exercise on children suffering from asthma, as well as presenting literature on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction with asthma. In conclusion, the paper provides recommendations on the type of training and sports activities according to the benefits and risks in which children with asthma can and should be involved. Recommendations for kinesiologists also concern the recognition of a possible asthma attack in a child, the organization of training, i.e., its parts, as well as intensity, duration, and frequency of training. Kinesiologists in their work should be familiar with the presented recommendations and guidelines in order to recognize the possible risk of individual physical and sports activities and to safely include children with asthma in the appropriate ones
THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT RESISTANCE TRAINING REST INTERVALS ON MUSCLE STRENGTH AND THICKNESS, AS WELL AS THE PENNATION ANGLE AND FASCICLE LENGTH
No full textOsnovni cilj disertacije bio je usporediti učinke jednakih programa treninga s otporom različitih trajanja intervala odmora na debljinu mišića, jakost i arhitekturu mišića. Vezano uz ovaj opći cilj, postavljena je opća istraživačka hipoteza: jednaki programi treninga s otporom s različitim trajanjem intervala odmora imati će različiti utjecaj na debljinu mišića, jakost i arhitekturu mišića.
Tako postavljen opći cilj raščlanjen je na tri specifična cilja: vrednovati specifične učinke jednakih programa treninga s otporom različitih trajanja intervala odmora na: 1) debljinu mišića; 2) maksimalni mehanički izlaz jakosti (vršni moment sile) donjih i gornjih ekstremiteta pri sporim (60 °/s) i brzim (120 °/s) mišićnim akcijama; te 3) arhitekturu mišića (duljinu i kut pružanja snopova mišićnih vlakana).
Prigodni uzorak ispitanika bile su mlade, zdrave i tjelesno aktivne muške osobe, studenti Kineziološkog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu (n = 26) koji su slučajnim odabirom podijeljeni u: 1) eksperimentalnu skupinu treninga s otporom s pauzom između serija u trajanju od jedne minute, i 2) eksperimentalnu skupinu treninga s otporom s pauzom između serija u trajanju od tri minute.
Svaka od eksperimentalnih skupina bila je podvrgnuta programiranom progresivnom treningu s otporom tri puta tjedno kroz osam tjedana koji je uključivao sedam vježbi. Intenzitet je odgovarao opterećenju od 70% 1RM u svakoj vježbi što je omogućilo 12 ponavljanja po seriji izvedenih do točke trenutnog koncentričnog mišićnog otkaza. Ukupni relativni volumen treninga s obzirom na 1RM progresivno se povećao i bio je izjednačavan između grupa. Jedina akutna programska varijabla koja se razlikovala između eksperimentalnih grupa bila je trajanje intervala odmora između serija.
Rezultati su pokazali kako osmotjedni trenažni programi jednako povećavaju vršni i normalizirani vršni moment sile, debljinu mišića, i kut penacije, bez obzira na duljinu trajanja intervala odmora. Samo je grupa s dužim intervalom odmora značajno povećala duljinu snopova mišićnih vlakana. Sveukupno, rezultati ove disertacije ne podržavaju postavljenu opću hipotezu, već sugeriraju da, kada je cilj treninga maksimiziranje mišićne jakosti, intervali odmora budu "dovoljno dugi" da omoguće zadržavanje visokih intenziteta opterećenja tijekom svake serije. Kada je cilj treninga postići hipertrofiju mišića, čini se kako su i dugi i kratki intervali odmora učinkoviti za povećanje mišićne hipertrofije pod uvjetom da su programi treninga s otporom koji se provode velikog trenažnog volumena. I konačno, oba trenažna procesa, bez obzira na trajanje intervala odmora dovode do povećanja kuta penacije, ali samo dulji intervali odmora dovode do značajnog porasta duljine snopova mišićnih vlakana.The main goal of the dissertation was to compare the effects of equal resistance training programs with different durations of rest intervals on muscle thickness, strength, and muscle architecture. Related to this general goal, a public research hypothesis was made: equal resistance training programs with different durations of rest intervals will affect muscle thickness, strength, and architecture differently.
The general goal set is broken down into three specific objectives: to evaluate the particular effects of equal training programs with a resistance of different durations of rest intervals on 1) muscle thickness; 2) maximum mechanical strength output (peak moment of force) of the lower and upper extremities during slow (60 °/s) and fast (120 °/s) muscle actions; and 3) muscle architecture (length and angle of extension of bundles of muscle fibers).
The appropriate sample of subjects were young, healthy, and physically active men, students of the Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb (n = 26) who were randomly divided into: 1) an experimental group of resistance training with a one-minute break between sets, and 2) an experimental group of resistance training with a three-minute break between sets.
Each experimental group underwent programmed progressive resistance training three times a week for eight weeks, including seven exercises. The intensity corresponded to a load of 70% 1RM in each exercise, which allowed 12 repetitions per set performed to the point of instantaneous concentric muscle failure. Total relative training volume concerning 1RM increased progressively and was equalized between groups. The only acute program variable that differed between experimental groups was the rest interval duration between sets.
The results showed that eight-week training programs equally increased peak and normalized peak moment of force, muscle thickness, and pennation angle, regardless of the rest interval length. Only the group with a longer rest interval significantly increased the length of muscle fiber bundles. Overall, the results of this dissertation do not support the stated general hypothesis but rather suggest that when the goal of training is to maximize muscle strength, the rest intervals should be "long enough" to allow high load intensities to be maintained during each set. When training aims to achieve muscle hypertrophy, long and short rest intervals are effective for increasing muscle hypertrophy, provided the resistance training programs performed are of high training volume. Finally, regardless of the rest interval duration, both training processes increase the pennation angle. However, only longer rest intervals lead to a significant increase in the length of muscle fiber bundles
Latent structure of interest regarding sports amongst high school students with different sports experience
No full textUvod: Osnovni cilj ovog istraživanja je utvrditi interes srednjoškolskih učenika trećih i četvrtih razreda trogodišnjih i četverogodišnjih programa prema sportu s obzirom na njihovo iskustvo u bavljenju sportom. Sukladno cilju postavljene su četiri direktivne hipoteze koje pretpostavljaju da će postojati statistički značajna razlika na faktorima interesa učenika prema sportu s obzirom na sportsko iskustvo, srednjoškolski program, znanje o sportu i iskustvo roditelja u sportu.
Metode: Glavnom istraživanju prethodilo je predistraživanje na uzorku 131 polaznika Kineziološkog fakulteta u Zagrebu kako bi se učinila provjera novokonstruiranog testa znanja o sportu. Istraživanjem je obuhvaćeno 1184 učenika (muških) trećih i četvrtih razreda te jednog petog razreda, polaznika trogodišnjih i četverogodišnjih programa, odnosno jednog petogodišnjeg srednjoškolskog programa, na području Istarske županije. Za odgovore na postavljene hipoteze korištene su varijable koje su ispitanicima bile predložene u obliku forme upitnika, točnije, upitnik općih podataka, upitnik znanja o sportu (Benassi i Bosnar, 2017), PS2 upitnik interesa prema sportovima (Prot i Bosnar, 1999) i skala postignuća roditelja/staratelja u sportu. Latentna struktura interesa prema sportu odredila se analizom glavnih komponenti s promax transformacijom glavnih osovina. Na grupama definiranim hipotezom korištena je kanonička diskriminativna analiza. Kako bi se objasnila kriterijska varijabla testa znanja o sportu, primijenjena je višestruka regresijska analiza.
Rezultati: Provjera mjernih svojstava testa znanja o sportu pokazala je zadovoljavajuće karakteristike, posebno u verziji od 27 čestica (AS=16,4; SD=4,5; K-S test=0,06215, p˂0,01), što pokazuje da ovako formirana Skala uspješno identificira i diskriminira one koji imaju puno znanja i one koji malo znaju o sportu. Najviša prosječna ocjena u PS2 upitniku interesa prema sportovima zabilježena je za automobilizam i motociklizam (3,67), a najniža za ritmičku gimnastiku (1,54). Analiza glavnih komponenti (PCA) izlučila je 5 promax faktora koji zajedno objašnjavaju 47,92 % ukupne varijabilnosti. Na temelju izdvojenih sportova, promax faktori interpretiraju se kao sportovi na otvorenom, borilački sportovi i sportovi snage, „bazični“ sportovi i sportovi s izraženom estetskom komponentom, sportovi s loptom i reketom te sportovi preciznosti. Razlike na faktorima interesa grupa definiranih sportskim iskustvom, srednjoškolskim programom, znanjem o sportu i iskustvom roditelja u sportu utvrđene su kanoničkom diskriminativnom analizom. Višestruka regresijska analiza utvrdila
je značajnu povezanost ukupnog rezultata znanja o sportu s četiri od pet promax faktora, pri čemu sportovi s loptom i reketom daju osnovni doprinos ovoj višestrukoj korelaciji. Na osnovi rezultata potonjih dviju analiza zaključujemo da su sve četiri postavljene hipoteze u potpunosti potvrđene.
Zaključak: Dobiveni podatci otkrivaju široku lepezu sportova prema kojima ispitanici gaje svoje preferencije, preciznije sportovima kojima bi se htjeli baviti. Sportski interesi naših srednjoškolaca koji su ponajprije usmjereni na „muške“ i dijelom „neutralne“ sportove potvrđuju između ostalog i važan značaj rodnog stereotipiziranja u području sporta. Jasno definirani promax faktori pokazuju da srednjoškolci završnih razreda trogodišnjih i četverogodišnjih programa imaju prilično stabilnu strukturu sportskih interesa. Glavna prednost rada jest što su prikupljeni i analizirani rezultati interesa prema sportu na reprezentativnom uzorku, dobivenom na području čitave jedinice regionalne samouprave. Stoga se dobiveni rezultati ovog istraživanja mogu generalizirati i u odnosu na mladu populaciju u Hrvatskoj. U sljedećem koraku razvoja testa znanja o sportu trebalo bi formirati proširenu ljestvicu čime se osigurava i veća pouzdanost. Također, preporuča se nadopuniti Protovu PS2 skalu novim sportovima.Introduction: A number of studies investigating interests toward sport activities, especially among the youth, have reported that interests vary with regard to demographic characteristics (sex, age, residence), type and location of school, the local environment (community), lifestyle, season, parental support, socio-economic status, exposure to the media and numerous other factors. Research conducted among adolescents about their participation in sports and interest in sport in Croatia and on the global level have shown a strong significance of gender stereotyping. The advancement in gender equality in this area is hindered by the social constructs of femininity and masculinity according to which sport is often linked with “masculine” characteristics such as body strength, resistance and speed, as well as exceptional competitive spirit. The basic objective of this research is to determine the interest in sport expressed by third and fourth grade secondary school students attending three- and four-year programmes with regard to their experience in practicing sports. In line with this objective, four directive hypotheses have been set:
Hypothesis 1. H1: There will be a statistically significant difference in the students’ factors of
interest in sport regarding their sport experience.
Hypothesis 2. H1: There will be a statistically significant difference in the students’ factors of
interest in sport regarding the secondary school programme.
Hypothesis 3. H1: There will be a statistically significant difference in the students’ factors of
interest in sport regarding their knowledge of sports.
Hypothesis 4. H1: There will be a statistically significant difference in the students’ factors of
interest in sport regarding their parents’ sport experience.
Methods: The main research was preceded by a pre-research done on a sample of 131 students (59.4% male and 40.6% female) attending the fourth year of the full-time study and the first year of the part-time specialist study at the Faculty of Kinesiology of the University of Zagreb in the academic year 2015/2016. Its aim was to assess the newly designed test on knowledge of sports. Considering the obtained assessment results, the original version of the questionnaire about knowledge of sports underwent four minor changes in questions number
1, 4, 7 and 30. The research included 1,184 students (male) attending third and fourth grades, as well as one fifth grade, of three- and four-year and one five-year secondary school programme in the Istria County. The answers to the set hypotheses were variables offered to examinees in the form of a questionnaire (paper – pencil), more precisely the general data questionnaire, the knowledge of sports questionnaire (Benassi and Bosnar, 2017), the PS2 questionnaire about interests in sports (Prot and Bosnar, 1999) and the scale of parents/guardians’ sport achievement. In the first step the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, minimal and maximal value of results and distribution of results were determined. The normality of distribution of the total results of the variable knowledge of sports was established by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (K-S test). The latent structure of interests in sport was determined by the principal components analysis (PCA) with the promax transformation of the principle axes. The canonical discriminant analysis was used for groups defined by the hypothesis. The multiple regression analysis was applied to explain the criterion variable of the knowledge of sports test.
Results: The assessment of the measuring characteristics of the test on knowledge of sports showed satisfactory characteristics, especially in the version comprising 27 items (AS=16,4; SD=4,5; K-S test=0,06215, p˂0,01), which indicates that a scale so formed can successfully identify and discriminate those having vast knowledge of sports and those with poor knowledge of sports. The highest average grade in the PS2 questionnaire of interests in sports was noted for car racing and motorcycling (3.67), whereas the lowest was obtained for rhythmic gymnastics (1.54). The principal components analysis singled out five promax factors which jointly explain 47.92% of the total variability. Based on the sports which have been singled out, the promax factors are interpreted as outdoor sports, martial arts and strength sports, “basic” sports and sports with a distinguished aesthetic component, ball and racket sports and precision sports. To narrow down the variables to five significant factors resembles former studies’ results and represents a good base for further research. Differences in the factors of interests for groups which are defined by sports experience, secondary school programme, knowledge of sports and parents’ experience of sports have been determined by the canonical discriminant analysis. In groups defined by sports experience, the analysis found two statistically significant discriminant functions. The structure of the first discriminant function is mostly contributed by ball and racket sports and precision sports, but the athletes’ interests are more directed toward ball and racket sports, whereas non-athletes are more inclined toward precision sports. The structure of the second discriminant function is
mostly contributed by martial arts, strength sports, basic sports and sports with a distinguished aesthetic component which athletes practising other sports show more interest in. Non-athletes and football players show the least interest in these sports. Group centroids have shown that the first discriminant function differentiates the non-athletes’ group and the group of athletes practicing other sports, especially football players, while the other discriminant function differentiates the group of athletes practising other sports and the group of non-athletes and football players. Considering the secondary school programme, the canonical discriminant analysis established one statistically significant discriminant function. The structure of the discriminant function is mostly contributed by ball and racket sports, and precision sports with a positive sign, as well as martial arts, strength sports and outdoor sports with a negative sign. The position of group centroids reveals that the discriminant function makes a significant differentiation of the group of students attending the three-year secondary school programme and students attending the four-year (and five-year) secondary school programme. The main difference in the differentiation of groups is made by martial arts, strength sports, and ball and racket sports. To answer the third hypothesis, the canonical discriminant analysis found a statistically significant discriminant function whose structure is mostly contributed by ball and racket sports, the only ones with a positive sign. The locations of group centroids on the discriminant function show a clear distinction among groups, especially among pupils with good or poor knowledge of sports. According to the values of group centroids it can be concluded that the group of students having good knowledge of sports assessed ball and racket sports higher, whereas those students having poorer knowledge of sports made a completely different assessment. The canonical discriminant analysis found one statistically significant discriminant analysis for the last, fourth hypothesis, and for both experiences (mother’s and father’s). The structure of the first discriminant function for the mother’s experience is mostly contributed by students with the highest interest in ball and racket sports and students with the highest interest in basic sports and sports with a distinguished aesthetic component, both with a positive sign. The structure of the first discriminant function for the father’s experience is mostly contributed by students with the highest interest in ball and racket sports with a negative sign. Group centroids show that the first discriminant function (mother’s experience) differentiates the group of students whose mothers did not practice any sport and the group of students whose mothers were members of a national team. The position of group centroids for the group of recreational players, school and club athletes, and competitors on the state or interstate level is close to the null value. Regarding the fathers’ experience, group centroids show that the first discriminant function differentiates the group of students whose fathers also did not practice any sport on any level
and the group of students whose fathers competed on the state and interstate level. The position of centroids for recreational, school and club athletes, competitors on the regional level and national representatives is close to the centre, both on the positive and negative side of the discriminant function. The group of students whose mothers were national representatives is mostly discriminated from the group of students whose mothers did not do any sports by ball and racket sports, basic sports and sports with a distinguished aesthetic component. The group of students whose fathers were non-athletes is mostly discriminated from the group of students whose fathers competed on the state and interstate level by ball and racket sports. The multiple regression analysis established a significant correlation between the total result of the knowledge of sports and four out of five promax factors, ball and racket sports making the basic contribution to this multiple correlation, while outdoor sports do not have a significant value. Based on the results obtained by the last two analysis it can be concluded that all the four set hypotheses are completely confirmed.
Conclusion: The obtained results reveal a wide range of sports for which examinees indicate their preference, i.e. they indicate the sports they would like to practice. Our secondary school students’ sports interests are primarily directed toward “male” and partially “neutral” sports confirming, among other things, the high significance of gender stereotyping in the field of sports. The clearly defined promax factors show that secondary school leavers in both three- and four-year programmes have a pretty stable structure of sports interests. The main advantage of this research is that the results of interests in sports have been collected and analysed on a representative sample obtained in the area of a whole local government unit. Therefore, the results obtained in this research can be generalised to the whole youth population in Croatia. The next step in the construction of a test on knowledge of sports should include the formation of an extended scale. Indeed, it is difficult to construe any general knowledge test with a small number of questions, which has also been confirmed by other research whose tests consisted of a hundred or more items. The higher the number of items, the higher the reliability. More precisely, to obtain a coefficient of 0.80, the scale should be expanded to 35 questions, whereas for alpha coefficient values of 0.85, the scale should consist of 49 items. Moreover, it is recommended to expand the Prot’s PS2 interest in sports scale to new sports which have primarily appeared in the last 20 years
INFLUENCE OF KINETIC AND KINEMATIC PARAMETERS ON THE DURATION OF 3 POINT JUMP SHOT IN BASKETBALL
No full textKošarka je vrlo dinamična sportska igra. Brze i precizne kretnje svakog igrača nužne kako bi mogao pratiti ritam današnje košarke. Skok šut je definitivno element košarkaške igre koji je među najbitnijima u košarci pa tako i vrijeme trajanja njegova izvođenja radi mogućnosti upućivanja lopte prije dolaska obrambenog igrača, a najizvođeniji je upravo šut za 3 poena. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio utvrditi imaju li određeni kinematički i kinetički parametri utjecaj na vrijeme trajanja skok šuta za tri poena. Istraživanje je provedeno na 13 košarkaša (dob: 15,54 ± 0,88 godina, visina: 188,99 ± 5,32 cm, težina: 73,02 ± 10,36 kg) koji su izveli 65 šuteva za 3 poena. Šutevi su analizirani pomoću Xsens (Awinda) sustava, 94 Fifty Smart Sensor Basketball i NOVEL uložaka za mjerenje sile, te su promatrane varijable (VCTPL, VIL, KRSŠ, F_D i F_L) pokazale značajan utjecaj (r2 =0,60) na varijablu vrijeme trajanja šuta (VTŠ) nakon provedene regresijske analize.Basketball is a very dynamic sports game. Fast and precise movements of each player are necessary to be able to follow the rhythm of today's basketball. Jump shot is definitely a skill in basketball that is among the most important in basketball, and so is the duration time of its execution due to the opportunity of shooting the ball before the arrival of a defensive player, and the most performed is the 3 point shot. The aim of this study was to determine whether certain kinematic and kinetic parameters have an impact on the duration of a three-point jump shot. The research was conducted on 13 basketball players (age: 15,54 ± 0,88 years, hight: 188,99 ± 5,32 cm, weight: 73,02 ± 10,36 kg) who performed 65 shots for 3 points. Shots were analyzed using the Xsens (Awinda) system, 94 Fifty Smart Sensor Basketball and NOVEL force measuring insoles, and the observed variables (VCTPL, VIL, KRSŠ, F_D and F_L) showed a significant effect (r2 = 0.60) on the variable duration of the shot (VTŠ) after the regression analysis
Interest and attitudes of parents from the area of the town of Krapina for the inclusion of primary school children in the alpine skiing school
No full textCilj ovog rada je pomoću sastavljenog anketnog upitnika utvrditi interes roditelja osnovnoškolske djece s područja grada Krapine za njihovo uključivanje u školu alpskog skijanja. Osim interesa za učenjem alpskog skijanja upitnikom se utvrđuju i stavovi roditelja prema samostalnom odlasku njihove djece na zimovanje, korisnosti programa zimovanja za djecu osnovnoškolske dobi te spremnost za izdvajanje određenih financijskih sredstava za ovakav program. U istraživanju su sudjelovale 144 osobe (20 muškog spola i 124 ženskog spola, prosječne dobi 39,32±4,44 godine), roditelji osnovnoškolske djece s područja grada Krapine. Rezultati ankete pokazali su da roditelji smatraju program zimovanja i uključivanje u školu alpskog skijanja korisnim za osamostaljivanje, socijalizaciju i zdravlje djece. Za uključivanje djece u školu alpskog skijanja problem predstavljaju potrebni financijski izdaci. Želju da djeca savladaju vještinu alpskog skijanja na visokom nivou iskazalo je 47,5% roditelja.The aim of this paper is to determine the interest of parents of primary school children from the city of Krapina for their inclusion in the alpine skiing school using a questionnaire. In addition to the interest in learning alpine skiing, the questionnaire also determines the attitudes of parents towards their children's independent winter trip, the usefulness of winter trip programs for primary school children and the willingness to allocate certain funds for such a program. The study involved 144 people (20 males and 124 females, mean age 39.32 ± 4.44 years), parents of primary school children from the city of Krapina. The results of the survey showed that parents consider the winter trip program and inclusion in the alpine skiing school useful for independence, socialization and children's health. The necessary financial expenses for including children in alpine skiing school are a problem. 47.5% of parents expressed their desire for children to master the skill of alpine skiing at a high level
THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF FOOTBALL FANDOM IN ENGLAND AND ITS SPREAD IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
No full textU ovom radu pobliže će se objasniti povijesni razvoj nogometne igre te sukladno tome i razvoj navijačkog pokreta u Engleskoj te njegovo širenje po europskim zemljama. Sam navijački pokret razvija se dulje od stoljeća te će biti opisano kako su društveni faktori utjecali na njega. Mnogo je sociologa kroz povijest dalo viđenje tog fenomena kroz razne teorije. U svakoj europskoj zemlji navijači su imali drugačiji put, no kod svih je zajednička karakteristika neupitna podrška klubu za koji navijaju i neće prezati ni pred čim da to i dokažu.This thesis will closely explain how the football and football fandom developed throughout history. What influenced it and how did different social factors have an impact on its development. Football-fan movement had been developing for more than a century and it will be described how social factors influenced it. Many sociologists throughout history gave their view of this phenomenon through various theories. In each European country,football fans had a different path, but a common characteristic is that they all had unquestionable support for the club they root from and that they will surpass anything to prove it
FUNCTIONAL IMBALANCE OF THE POSTERIOR KINETIC CHAIN IN PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL PLAYERS
No full textDanašnji nogomet na profesionalnoj razini zahtijeva od igrača iznimne napore te izvrsnu pripremljenost kako bi mogli pružiti vrhunsku izvedbu iz utakmice u utakmicu, a sportska dijagnostika može nam pomoći u prevenciji ozljeda i optimizaciji treninga. Cilj je ovog istraživanja utvrditi postoji li funkcionalni disbalans mišića stražnjeg kinetičkog lanca kod profesionalnih igrača u nogometu. U istraživanju se koristilo uzorcima 52 zdrava profesionalna nogometaša: seniora HNK-a Rijeka, NK-a Lokomotiva i nogometnog kluba FK Titograd. Prosjek godina iznosi 22,88 ± 5,11 godina, težine 76,57 ± 6,31 kg, a visine 182,30 ± 5,81 cm. Metoda kojom se koristilo u istraživanju jest tenziomiografija, a korišteni parametri tenziomiografije bili su vrijeme kontrakcije () i maksimalni pomak trbuha mišića (), a testirani mišići jesu: biceps femoris (BF), erector spinae (ES), gluteus maximus (GT), semitendinosus (ST). Iz dobivenih rezultata možemo zaključiti kako postoji funkcionalni mišićni disbalans stražnjeg kinetičkog lanca kod profesionalnih nogometaša u ovom istraživanju. Smatra se kako je regija stražnjeg kinetičkog lanca kod nogometaša jedna od najpogođenijih ozljedama, što je, u principu, i točno, a ovo istraživanje dokazuje postojanje funkcionalnog mišićnog disbalansa stražnjeg kinetičkog lanca kod profesionalnih nogometaša. Možemo zaključiti kako je potrebno provoditi kvalitetne prevencijske programe te kontrolno-dijagnostičke postupke u cilju smanjenja broja i težine ozljeda.Professional football nowadays requires exceptional effort and excellent physical condition
from players to be able to provide top performance from game to game, and sports diagnostics
can help us prevent injuries and optimize training routines. The goal of this research is to
determine whether there is a functional posterior kinetic chain muscle imbalance associated
with professional football players. The study used a sample of 52 healthy professional football
players from HNK Rijeka, NK Lokomotiva and FK Titograd. The average age of players was
22,88 ± 5,11 years, weight 76,57 ± 6,31 kg, and height 182,30 ± 5,81 cm. The method used in
the study was tensiomyography, and its parameters were time of contraction (Tc) and
maximal muscle displacement (Dm). Tested muscles are: biceps femoris (BF), erector spinae
(ES), gluteus maximus (GT), semitendinosus (ST). From the obtained results we can conclude
that there is functional muscle imbalance of the posterior kinetic chain in professional
footballers in this research. The region of the posterior kinetic chain in footballers is
considered to be one of the most affected, which is in principle correct, and this research
shows that there are functional muscle imbalances in professional football players. We can
conclude that it is necessary to implement good prevention programs and control-diagnostic
procedures in order to reduce the number and severity of injuries
The Impact Of Distance Learning And The Improvement Of Physical Literacy On Changes In The Fitness Status And Physical Activity Of Adolescents
No full textProblem nedovoljne tjelesne aktivnosti i s tim povezan problem smanjenja mjera stanja fitnesa globalni je problem kojemu su dodatno pridonijeli pandemija bolesti COVID-19 i mjere socijalnog distanciranja. Tjelesna pismenost i povećanje razine tjelesne pismenosti mogli bi pomoći povećanju tjelesne aktivnosti i razine stanja fitnesa. Ovome bi osobito mogla pridonijeti činjenica da se tjelesna pismenost može razvijati i metodama učenja na daljinu. Glavni cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je utvrditi učinkovitost originalno razvijenog programa edukacije na daljinu u pogledu poboljšanja domene znanja i razumijevanja tjelesne pismenosti i kvantitativnog povećanja tjelesne aktivnosti adolescenata. Dodatni ciljevi bili su: utvrditi pouzdanost i valjanost mjernog instrumenta za procjenu tjelesne pismenosti adolescenata, utvrditi povezanost tjelesne pismenosti s tjelesnom aktivnosti i utvrditi povezanost tjelesne pismenosti sa stanjem fitnesa. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 544 (365 Ž, 179 M) adolescenta Osječko-baranjske županije u dobi od 14 do 18 godina, uključenih u redoviti srednjoškolski sustav Republike Hrvatske, a koji su bili podijeljeni u intervencijsku i kontrolnu skupinu. Intervencijska skupina dobivala je u razdoblju od 12 tjedana animirane videomaterijale kojima se željelo utjecati na poboljšanje tjelesne pismenosti. Varijable uključene u istraživanje bile su: tjelesna aktivnost, morfološke antropometrijske varijable, stanje fitnesa i domena znanje i razumijevanje tjelesne pismenosti. Ispitanici su testirani u svim varijablama na početku i na kraju studije. Pouzdanost je analizirana izračunavanjem Kappa koeficijenta za test-retest protokole, valjanost upitnika utvrđena je analizom razlika karakterističnih skupina ispitanika (dob, spol, sportski status), a učinci intervencije utvrđeni su primjenom višefaktorske analize varijance za ponovljena mjerenja (vrijeme × skupina). Pouzdanost upitnika za procjenu tjelesne pismenosti bila je odgovarajuća i u skladu s dosadašnjim istraživanjima. Razlike po spolu u tjelesnoj pismenosti nisu utvrđene, ali se zapravo potvrđuje valjanost primijenjenih upitnika. S druge strane, uočavaju se razlike po dobi te su stariji adolescenti imali bolju tjelesnu pismenost od mlađih adolescenata. Konačno, sportaši imaju bolju tjelesnu pismenost od nesportaša, čime je potvrđena valjanost upitnika za procjenu tjelesne pismenosti. Intervencija je imala značajne učinke u pogledu poboljšanja srčano-žilne izdržljivosti i održavanja indeksa tjelesne mase. Dodatno, u istraživanju je zabilježen porast indeksa tjelesne mase s porastom tjelesne mase kod kontrolne skupine te se može reći da je kontrolna skupina pratila uobičajene biološke trendove promjena u 8 adolescenciji, dok je intervencija omogućila pozitivne učinke u tom smislu (održavanje odnosa prirasta tjelesne mase i tjelesne visine, što je rezultiralo održavanjem indeksa tjelesne mase). Nisu uočeni učinci u pogledu poboljšanja (i) tjelesne pismenosti i (ii) tjelesne aktivnosti ispitanika, što je objašnjeno (i) visokom razinom tjelesne pismenosti na početku studije i (ii) činjenicom da je završno testiranje provedeno krajem školskih praznika, a što je bilo uvjetovano pandemijom bolesti COVID-19. Istraživanje je dalo jasnu sliku da je u predmetnom kurikulumu Tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture u Hrvatskoj u određenoj mjeri zanemaren dio koji se odnosi na razvoj teorijskih znanja o važnosti i zdravstvenim dobrobitima tjelesne aktivnosti, odnosno dio usmjeren na razvoj tjelesne pismenosti. Stoga bi u budućnosti kreatori politika, kao i svi ostali dionici sustava odgoja i obrazovanja, trebali razmisliti o uvođenju koncepta tjelesne pismenosti u predmetni kurikulum Tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture te od najranije životne dobi djeteta početi s njezinim razvojem.The problem of physical inactivity and the related issue of a decrease of physical fitness measures is a global problem additionally aggravated by the COVID-19 pandemic and social distancing measures. Physical literacy and an increase of physical literacy (PL) levels could contribute to an increase of physical activity and fitness status. This could be further facilitated by the fact that PL can also be developed through distance learning methods. The main aim of this research is to determine the effectiveness of a created authentic distance education program in terms of improving the domain of knowledge and understanding of PL and the quantitative increase in physical activity levels among adolescents. Additional objectives are: to determine the reliability and validity of the measuring instrument for assessing physical literacy among adolescents, to determine the relationship between physical literacy and physical activity and to determine the relationship between physical literacy and fitness status. The study included 544 (365 female, 179 male) adolescents from Osijek-Baranja County, aged 14 to 18, included in the regular high school system of the Republic of Croatia. They were divided into an intervention and a control group. Over the period of 12 weeks, the intervention group received animated videos aimed at improving PL. The variables included in the study were: physical activity, morphological anthropometric variables, fitness status, knowledge and understanding of PL. Participants were tested in all the named variables at the beginning and at the end of the study. Reliability was analysed by calculating the Kappa coefficient for test-retest protocols. The validity of the questionnaire was determined by analysing differences in characteristic groups of participants (age, gender, sports status), while intervention effects were determined using the multivariate analysis of variance for repeated measurements (time x groups). The reliability of the questionnaire for PL was appropriate and in line with previous research. The differences in PL based on gender were not determined, but the validity of the applied questionnaires was verified. On the other side, the age differences are evident, i.e. older adolescents have a better PL than younger adolescents. Finally, athletes have a better PL than respondents not involved in sports, which also confirmed the validity of the questionnaire for the assessment of physical literacy. An intervention had significant effects on improving the cardiovascular endurance, and maintaining the physical mass index. Additionally, the study proved an increase in body mass index with an increase of physical mass in the control group and thus it can be concluded that the control group followed the common biological trends of 10 changes in adolescence while the intervention enabled positive effects (maintaining the ratio of body mass gain and height increase thus resulting in maintaining the physical mass index). The effects in relation to the improvement of (i) PL and (ii) physical activity of respondents was recognised and the named is explained by (i) a high level of PL at the beginning of study and (ii) by the fact that the final testing was, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, conducted at the end of the school holidays. The study indicates that the physical education curriculum in Croatia to a certain extent neglects the development of theoretical knowledge on the importance and health benefits of physical activity, i.e. the segment aimed at developing PL. Therefore, in future policy makers, as well as other stakeholders in the educational system, should consider the introduction of the physical literacy concept in the physical education curriculum and thus start developing it from the earliest age
Razina i čimbenici utjecaja na tjelesnu aktivnost kod adolescenata tijekom pandemije bolesti COVID-19
No full textThe main aim of this doctoral thesis is (i) to determine the changes in physical activity levels (PAL) because of the pandemic and measures of social distancing and (ii) to determine the factors that are associated with PAL and changes in PAL among adolescents due to social distancing measures. Precisely, Study 1 aimed to determine the associations between gender and fitness status; Study 2 aimed to determine the association of living environment; Study 3 aimed to determine the association of familial factors; and Study 4 aimed to determine the associations between substance use and misuse and sports participation with PAL and PAL changes among adolescents due to social distancing measures. Studies were carried out on adolescents from Croatia (Study 1 and Study 2) and Bosnia and Herzegovina (Study 3 and Study 4), all attending high school. All studies followed a similar testing procedure that consisted of two testing points: baseline, conducted before lockdown (during February and
early March 2020), and follow-up, conducted during the COVID-19 lockdown (during April 2020). Study 1 included 388 adolescents aged 16.4±1.9 years from southern Croatia. During the baseline testing, participants were assessed on PAL (assessed with PAQ-A), gender (female/male), anthropometrics(body height, mass, body mass index), and physical fitness tests
(long jump, bent-arm hold test, sit and reach test, 400 meters running, beep test, and the maximal number of abdominal sit-ups in 60 seconds). Follow-up testing included only PAL assessment. Results of Study 1 evidenced a significant PAL decline for the total sample (t-test = 3.46, p<0.001), primarily influenced by PAL decrease in boys (t-test=5.15, p<0.001). The fitness status was consistently positively correlated with PAL at both testing waves among boys and girls, and the most evident association was noted between anaerobic and aerobic endurance capacities and PAL. Differences in changes in PAL between genders were most likely related to the fact that boys' PAL is mostly related to sports participation. Associations between fitness status and PAL indicate the importance of physical literacy in maintaining PAL in challenging circumstances such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Study 2 included 823 adolescents aged 16.5±2.1 years from Split, Croatia. During the baseline testing, participants were assessed on PAL (using PAQ-A), gender, anthropometrics, physical fitness tests, and living environment (urban/rural). Follow-up testing included only PAL assessment. The results of Study 2 showed a considerable influence of the living environment on the PAL decrease, with a larger decrease in urban adolescents (F=2.98, p<0.001). Logistic regression showed a higher likelihood for
normal PAL at baseline in adolescents with better fitness status, with no strong confounding effect of the urban/rural environment. Dynamic strength (OR:1.44, 95% CI:1.22–1.68), aerobic endurance (OR:1.64, 95% CI:1.10–2.24), and anaerobic endurance (OR:0.79, 95% CI:0.60–0.980) were positively correlated with normal PAL at follow-up. The differences between rural
and urban adolescents regarding the established changes in PAL are explained by the characteristics of the living communities (i.e., lack of sports clubs and activities in rural areas) and the level of restrictive measures in the studied region and country. Study 3 included 688 adolescents (15–18 years of age) from Bosnia and Herzegovina. The baseline testing included
assessment of PAL (using PAQ-A), sociodemographic-, parental-, and familial factors, while follow-up included only PAL assessment. In Study 3, a significant decline in PAL was recorded between two testing points (t-test: 11.88, p < 0.001). Father’s education was positively correlated (baseline: OR (95%CI): 6.63 (4.58–9.96), follow-up: 3.33 (1.19–7.01)), and familial
conflict was inversely correlated (baseline: 0.72 (0.57–0.90), follow-up: 0.77 (0.60–0.99)) with PAL before and during the pandemic. Study 3 evidenced that family cohesion and higher parental educational level reduce the incidence of PAL decline during the pandemic. Therefore, this study highlights the importance of the parent-child relationship and parental support in
promoting PA during regular life and challenging situations like the COVID-19 pandemic. Study 4 included 661 students aged 15–18 years attending high school from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Baseline testing consisted of PAL assessment (by PAQ-A), sports factors, and substance use and misuse factors. Follow-up testing during the COVID-19 lockdown included only the PAL assessment. Baseline sports factors, including individual-sports participation, team-sports participation, sports experience, and sports achievements, were higher in adolescents with a sufficient PAL at follow-up (MWZ: 6.65, 7.95, 7.48, and 6.78, respectively,
p < 0.01). Smoking cigarettes negatively affected PAL at follow-up (MWZ: 1.56, p = 0.04). Drinking alcohol was positively correlated with PAL at baseline (MWZ: 1.56, p = 0.04), while it did not affect follow-up PAL. The results of Study 4 confirmed the value of sports participation in attaining PAL during the COVID‑19 lockdown. The influence of substance use and misuse on PAL before and during the pandemic points to adolescents' social and cultural
aspects of substance use and misuse behaviors.Glavni cilj ovog doktorskog rada je (i) utvrditi promjene razine tjelesne aktivnosti (TA) kao rezultat pandemije i nametnutih mjera socijalnog distanciranja i (ii) utvrditi čimbenike koji su povezani s TA i promjenama TA kod adolescenata uslijed mjera socijalnog distanciranja. Točnije, Studija 1 imala je za cilj utvrditi povezanost spola i fitness statusa; Studija 2 imala je za cilj utvrditi povezanost životne sredine; Studija 3 imala je za cilj utvrditi povezanost obiteljskih čimbenika; i studija 4 imala je za cilj utvrditi povezanost upotrebe psihoaktivnih supstanci te sudjelovanja u sportu s TA i promjena u TA kod adolescenata uslijed mjera socijalnog distanciranja. Istraživanja su provedena na adolescentima iz Hrvatske (Studija 1 i Studija 2) i Bosne i Hercegovine (Studija 3 i Studija 4), koji pohađaju srednju školu. Sve studije slijedile su sličan postupak testiranja koji se sastojao od dva vremena testiranja: inicijalnog, provedenog prije pandemije (tijekom veljače i početkom ožujka 2020) i finalnog, provedenog tijekom pandemije bolesti COVID-19 (tijekom travnja 2020). Metode Studija 1 Istraživanjem je obuhvaćeno 388 adolescenata u dobi od 16,4±1,9 godina iz Splita, Hrvatske. Inicijalno testiranje je uključivalo procjenu TA (procijenjeno PAQ-A upitnikom), spol (žensko/muško), antropometriju (tjelesna visina, masa, indeks tjelesne mase)
i testove tjelesnog fitnessa (skok u dalj, test izdržaj u visu, test sjed raznožno, trčanje na 400 metara, beep test i maksimalni broj trbušnjaka u 60 sekundi). Finalno testiranje uključivalo je samo procjenu TA. Rezultati Studija 1 Za ukupan uzorak zabilježen je značajan pad TA (t-test=3,46, p<0,001), prvenstveno zbog smanjenja TA kod dječaka (t-test=5,15, p<0,001). Fitness status bio je sustavno pozitivno povezan s TA u obje točke testiranja kod dječaka i djevojčica, a najočitija povezanost zabilježena je između anaerobnih i aerobnih kapaciteta i TA.Zaključak Studija 1 Razlike u promjenama TA između dječaka i djevojčica najvjerojatnije su povezane s činjenicom da je TA kod dječaka uglavnom povezana s bavljenjem sportom. Povezanosti između fitness statusa i TA ukazuju na važnost tjelesne pismenosti u održavanju
TA u izazovnim okolnostima kao što je pandemija bolesti COVID-19. Metode Studija 2 Istraživanje je obuhvatilo 823 adolescenta u dobi od 16,5±2,1 godina iz Splita, Hrvatske. Tijekom osnovnog testiranja sudionicima se procijenila TA pomoću PAQ-A upitnika, izmjerila se antropometrija, testovi tjelesnog fitnessa i životnog okruženja
(urbano/ruralno). Naknadno testiranje uključivalo je procjenu TA. Rezultati Studija 2 Rezultati su pokazali značajan utjecaj životne sredine na smanjenje TA, uz veće smanjenje kod urbanih adolescenata (F=2,98, p<0,001). Logistička regresija pokazala je veću vjerojatnost za normalnu razinu TA prije pandemije u adolescenata koji su imali bolji fitness status, bez utjecaja urbanog/ruralnog okruženja. Jakost (OR:1,44, 95% CI:1,22–1,68), aerobna izdržljivost (OR:1,64, 95% CI:1,10–2,24) i anaerobna izdržljivost (OR:0,79, 95% CI:0,60–0,980) bile su pozitivno povezane s normalnim razinama TA za vrijeme pandemije. Zaključak Studija 2 Razlike između ruralnih i urbanih adolescenata u utvrđenim promjenama
u TA objašnjavaju se karakteristikama životnih sredina (tj. nedostatak sportskih klubova i aktivnosti u ruralnim područjima), te razinom restriktivnih mjera u proučavanoj regiji i državi. Metode Studija 3 Ovo istraživanje obuhvatilo je 688 adolescenata (15-18 godina) iz Bosne i Hercegovine. Inicijalno testiranje uključivalo je procjenu TA (koristeći PAQ-A), sociodemografske, roditeljske i obiteljske čimbenike, dok je finalno testiranje uključivalo samo procjenu TA. Rezultati Studija 3 Zabilježen je značajan pad razina TA između dvije točke testiranja (t-test: 11,88, p < 0,001). Očevo obrazovanje bilo je u pozitivnoj korelaciji (inicijalna vrijednost: OR (95% CI): 6,63 (4,58–9,96), finalna vrijednost: 3,33 (1,19–7,01)), a obiteljski sukob bio je u obrnutoj korelaciji (inicijalna vrijednost: 0,72 (0,57–0,90), finalna vrijednost: 0,77 (0,60–0,99)) s TA prije i tijekom pandemije. Zaključak Studija 3 Ova studija je dokazala da obiteljska kohezija i viša razina obrazovanja roditelja smanjuju pad TA tijekom pandemije. Stoga ova studija naglašava važnost odnosa između roditelja i djeteta u promicanju PA tijekom uobičajenog života, kao i tijekom kriza i izazovnih situacija poput pandemije COVID-19. Metode Studija 4 Istraživanjem je obuhvaćen 661 učenik u dobi od 15 do 18 godina koji je pohađao srednju školu iz Bosne i Hercegovine. Inicijalno testiranje sastojalo se od procjene TA, sportskih čimbenika i faktora uporabe i zlouporabe supstanci. Finalno testiranje tijekom
pandemije bolesti COVID-19 uključivalo je procjenu TA. Rezultati Studija 4 Osnovni sportski čimbenici, uključujući individualno sudjelovanje u sportu, sudjelovanje u timskim sportovima, sportsko iskustvo i sportska postignuća, bili su viši u
adolescenata koji su imali dovoljne razine TA za vrijeme pandemije (MWZ: 6,65, 7,95, 7,48, odnosno 6,78, p < 0,01). Pušenje cigareta negativno je utjecalo na TA u finalnom mjerenju (MWZ: 1,56, p = 0,04). Konzumacija alkohola bila je u pozitivnoj korelaciji s TA prije pandemije (MWZ: 1,56, p = 0,04), dok nije imala utjecaja na TA za vrijeme pandemije. Zaključak Studija 4 Rezultati studije potvrdili su važnost sudjelovanja u sportu u postizanju dovoljne TA tijekom pandemije bolesti COVID-19. Utjecaj uporabe i zlouporabe supstanci na TA prije i tijekom pandemije ukazuje na društvene i kulturne aspekte upotrebe supstanci kod adolescenat
ATHLETE BRANDING
No full textDobar marketing je pokretač razvoja i napretka svih poduzetničkih aktivnosti, a kako krajem prošlog stoljeća sport postaje sastavni dio poduzetničkih aktivnosti i jedan od oblika, ne iznenađuje činjenica da se marketing sve više koristi u sportu. Jedan od oblika marketinga je i brendiranje. Isprva su se brendirali proizvođači sportske opreme i rekvizita, ali uskoro se aktivnost brendiranja obavlja i na živim osobama. Sportaši, odnosno njihovo ime i sportski uspjesi postaju brend. Sport je oduvijek privlačio gledatelje i navijače tako da se tu stvorila nova niša u kojoj je moguće ostvarivati profit, a upravo to je glavni cilj brendiranja, kako tvrtki, pa tako i sportaša.Good marketing is the driving force behind the development and progress of all entrepreneurial activities, and since at the end of the last century sport became an integral part of entrepreneurial activities and one of the forms, it is not surprising that marketing is increasingly used in sports. One of the forms of marketing is branding. At first, manufacturers of sports equipment and props were branded, but soon the branding activity was also carried out on living persons. Athletes, that is, their name and sports achievements become a brand. Sports have always attracted spectators and fans, so a new niche has been created where it is possible to make a profit, and this is precisely the main goal of branding, both for companies and athletes